End of year Individual Research Projects

THE BEST
INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PROJECTS
OF Y8 AND Y9.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES.
END OF YEAR 2022 - 2023
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At the end of the year, in Global Perspectives the students have
completed another research project, in this case the work has been
individual.
This is a compilation of the best projects made by Y8s and 9s. As
you will be able to appreciate, there is already a noticiable progress
in the quality of the work pursued. Although, there still is loads of
space for improvement.
Again, I minimised the editing when publishing this compilation,
trying to keep it as original and genuine as possible. In fact, there
have been only slight modification of format, in order to unify the
content.
I hope the readers are as impress as I am of this fantastic job.
FerminProfe.
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES AND THE SIMILARITIES IN THE
TERRORIST THREATS IN SPAIN, EUROPE AND USA
Research paper conducted by A.K
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary……………………………………………………………………….3
Resumen……………………………………………………………………….3
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….4
Methodology…………………………………………………………………...5
Analysis………………………………………………………………………...6
● What are the reasons for committing terrorism, and how does it
differ in different countries?
● How does terrorism affect its survivors?
● What are the factors that contribute to children being involved in
terrorist organisations?
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..14
Bibliographic References………………………………………………….15
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SUMMARY
This research paper describes what are the differences and similarities between the
terrorist threats in different places like Spain, Europe and USA, how a traumatic
event like terrorism can affect its survivors and the factors that contribute to children
being involved in terrorism organisations and how they recruit them.
RESUMEN
Este papel de investigación describe las diferencias y similitudes entre las
amenazas terroristas en lugares como España, Europa y la EE.UU, como un evento
traumático como terrorismo puede afectar a superviventes y los factores que
contribuyen a niños estar involucrados en organizaciones terroristas y como los
recluten.
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INTRODUCTION
I decided to choose this topic of terrorism because I think that it is important to feel
safe in one’s home country without fearing for their lives when they go on a train,
thinking that there might be a suicide bomber or walking on the street thinking that
there could be a terrorist attack any moment. There also needs to be more
awareness of the recruitment of children, because every child deserves a good
childhood without having to kill people at such a young age or getting sent off to
suicide missions before they’d even had a chance to experience life and to become
adults and live a happy life. Most of the time, these children get manipulated into
joining these terrorist groups or they are forced to join them, and I think it's really sad
that these children don’t even have a choice. And I personally think that to tackle the
problem, you have to know the cause of the problem.
Terrorism is still an issue today because a year ago a 72 year old valencian woman
was arrested for being affiliated with a terrorist group. Before this case, there was
never a person over 70 arrested for terrorism in Spain. This tells us that there are still
terrorists today, and they can be of any age, the youngest person arrested for
terrorism in Spain was barely 15. (Falcó, 2023)
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METHODOLOGY
The type of research that I have conducted is called a mixed method, which means I
used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. I collected both numerical
data and statistics in my research and collected and analysed data from the internet
for my research paper to draw conclusions.
I used the keywords ‘terrorism’, ‘spain’, ‘europe’, ‘children’ ‘violent’ ‘terrorist groups’
and more to find the information that I needed for this research paper.
I checked the reliability of these websites by checking if they have an author, looking
for spelling errors, etc. I know that Wikipedia is infamous because anyone can write
anything there, however those Wikipedia articles are specifically linked to multiple
sources and most Wikipedia articles are written by professionals, not just random
people. I refrained from finding all my information there, but sometimes I had to use it
for some information I couldn’t find anywhere else. I knew La Moncloa and the
Federal Bureau of Investigation were reliable sources because their websites ended
with .gov, which meant that these two websites were controlled by the government,
which can be biased in some cases, but in this case, it will provide accurate
information about terrorism. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime is a wellknown
information source related to different crimes and Drugs, which means that
they provide accurate information about terrorism since they have a good reputation
and they are an overall reliable source. CSIS is also a reliable source because it is a
popular research centre in the United States. The newspaper of Levante contained
no suspicious things, it had no spelling mistakes, it had an author, it had a date of
publication, etc.
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ANALYSIS
What are the reasons for committing terrorism, and how does it
differentiate in different countries?
In Spain, some terrorists acted upon these ideologies.
● Radical Nationalists: The bloodiest and longest terrorist group in Spain, ETA
(Euskadi Ta Askatasuna or Basque Homeland and Liberty), belonged to this
ideology.
● Extreme Left-Wing: The principal exponent from this category was GRAPO,
which was a armed terrorist Marxist-Leninist group aiming for the formation of
a Spanish Republican State.
● Ultra Right-Wing: Their objective is to return to a dictatorship like Franco’s and
to respond to ETA with more terrorism.
● Jihadists: Jihadists want to implant a Caliphate under an orthodox
interpretation of sharia, islamic law.
In Spain, most of the violent armed terrorist groups are Radical Nationalists, also
known as separatists, who want independence from Spain. This means that the
reason for committing terrorism in Spain is mostly to do with political stuff, and
wanting to separate. (La Moncloa, n.d)
For example ETA, killed 829 people, there were more than 3,000 attacks between
the years of 1968 and 2002 and it left more than 2,000 people injured. (Wikipedia,
n.d)
However, there is also another violent group in Spain which is called al-Qaeda,
which caused a train bombing incident in Madrid in 2004, which killed 193 people
and injured around 2,000 people, which makes it the deadliest terrorist attack in the
history of Spain. This was a response due to Spain’s involvement in the attack on
Iraq in 2003. However al-Qaeda is not a Radical Nationalist group like ETA, it is
more like ISIS, because it is built with the same ideology. Both ISIS and al-Qaeda
are jihadist, meaning that they are extreme islamists.
Here is a graph of terrorist attacks in the European Union by type between the years
2010-2021. This includes completed, failed and prevented attacks. The numbers
between 2010 and 2019 also include the UK.
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Source: (European Council n.d)
As you can see by the graph, the groups that committed the most terrorism in
Europe are ethno-nationalists and separatists followed by non-specified terrorism,
Left-wing and anarchist terrorism, Jihadist and religiously inspired terrorism, Rightwing
and Other. The separatists attacked the most in 2012, where there were 167
attacks committed by them and they completely stopped in 2021.
However in this graph where we can see the terrorism related arrests, we can see
that Jihadists and religiously inspired terrorism are the ones who are arrested more
often than Separatists, even though they are one of the ones who commit the least
terrorism in Europe compared to the separatists and the Ethno-Nationalists. The
most frequent arrests regarding Jihadists was in the year 2016 where there were a
total of 718 arrests throughout the European Union. In 2021, the most frequent
offence leading to an arrest was membership of a terrorist group, followed by
planning or preparing an attack. The rest of the suspects were charged with
financing terrorism, recruitment and incitement to terrorsism. (European Council, n.d)
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Source:(European Council, n.d).
In the USA, the threat is not separatists like in Europe and Spain, the main threat is
actually white suprematists and right-wing extremists. In fact, right-wing extremists
perpetrated two thirds of the attacks and plots in 2019 and over 90 percent between
January 1st and May 8th 2020. Jihadism is also considered a threat, but not as much
as those white suprematists. (Jones S., Doxsee C., Harrington N., 2020)
In conclusion, most of the terrorist attacks in the world are committed because of
politics. In Spain, the most popular political terrorist attacks were committed by
separatists like ETA, EPOCA, Terra Lliure, MPAIAC, etc. In Europe the most popular
attacks were also from separatists and ethno-nationalists, but the most arrested
related to terrorism are Jihadists and those who are religiously inspired. And in the
USA, the most important threat are white suprematists terrorist groups like the KKK.
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How does terrorism affect its survivors?
The common reactions following a terrorist attack are:
● Shock and numbness: At first survivors may go into a state of shock. They
may feel detached, as if they’re watching a movie or having a bad dream that
will never end. The numbness protects them from feeling the full impact of
what has happened all at once.
● Intense Emotion: As shock begins to wear off, they might feel intense grief
and cry uncontrollably.
● Fear: They might feel intense fear and startle easily, become extremely
anxious when they leave their home or are alone, or experience waves of
panic. They might also feel intense anxiety and horror. They might also be
afraid that the terrorist may return and harm you or your loved ones once
again. These feelings will go away or lessen over time.
● Guilt: Victims who were harmed in a traumatic event want to understand why
the crime happened and families wonder why their loved one was harmed.
Some people find it easier to accept what happened if they can blame
themselves in some way. This is a normal way of trying to feel a sense of
control over their lives.
● Anger and Resentment
● Depression and Loneliness: Depression and Loneliness are often a large part
of trauma for victims. It may seem like these feelings will last forever. Feelings
of depression and loneliness are even stronger when a victim feels like no
one understands. This is why a support group for victims may be helpful,
since other victims will understand such feelings.
● Isolation: The victims might feel as if they are different from everyone else and
that others have abandoned you. People are horrified by terrorism, which
causes them to find it hard or uncomfortable around the victim. They cannot
understand why the victim feels and acts the way they do because they have
not gone through it.
● Physical Symptoms of Distress: It is common to have headaches, fatigue,
nausea, difficulty sleeping, weight gain or loss, lower-back aches,
chills/sweats, twitches/shakes, feel uncoordinated and/or teeth grinding.
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● Panic: The victim might feel as if they are going crazy because traumatic
disasters like terrorism seem unreal and incomprehensible. Their feelings
might be so strong and overwhelming that they frighten themselves.
● Inability to Resume Normal Activity: It may be hard to think and plan, life can
seem flat and empty and the things that they used to do before that seemed
enjoyable now seem meaningless.
● Delayed Reaction: Some individuals experience no immediate reaction. They
may be energised by a stressful situation and not react until weeks or months
later. (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d)
What are the factors that contribute to children being involved in terrorist
organisations?
The reasons for the recruitment of children are complex, and they may vary,
depending on the situation. It also appears that children are not just recruited
alongside adults, but are specifically targeted, because they can provide various
advantages to the groups. Here are some of the reasons as to why they are
recruited:
● Visibility and propaganda: Terrorist groups exploit children to boost their
visibility. For example: in the analysis of a six-month data set of ISIL
propaganda contained a total of 254 events that included photos of children
and 38 percent of the images were of children engaged in acts of violence or
being exposed and normalised to violence. These images are used to shock,
and show the power and ruthlessness of the group to the public.
● Demography: The demographic shift in poor countries has led to an increase
in the percentage of children regarding the overall population, making this
group most available for recruitment and abduction. For example: in each of
the countries affected by Boko Haram, children constituted over 50 per cent
(in some cases 60 per cent) of the overall population.
● Community expectations: There are some places where armed groups are
perceived as a defence against the threat of violence from a different group or
from the state. In that case, family and communities may expect and push
children to join the ranks of the group. However, where an armed group is
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unpopular among the population, it may be harder to recruit adults. In such
cases, recruiting children proves easier for the groups.
● Economic considerations and effectiveness: When recruiting children,
terrorists benefit from notable economic advantages. Children are usually paid
less (if at all) and require less food to survive. The evolution of warfare and
the prevalence of small arms have reduced the effectiveness gap between a
child and an adult. Children remain less expensive than adult combatants, but
not necessarily less effective when used to carry out violence.
● Control: Children are more easily intimidated and easier to control, both
physically and mentally, than adults. They are also more likely to show loyalty
to authority figures and are especially susceptible to following beliefs and
behaviours of those who they love and respect. The terrorist groups may see
children as an ‘investment in the future generation’.
● Tactical advantages: Children, particularly girls, are increasingly being used
as spies for delivering messages, carrying materials and undertaking suicide
attacks. The reason for this is that children have less understanding of the risk
they face, hence they display less anxiety. They are also more likely to do as
they are ordered, and they arouse less suspicion which can be crucial in
getting closer to the targets.
The practices employed to recruit children may vary according to a number of
factors, including the situation of the group and that of the child.
● Forcible recruitment: Children may be kidnapped, adducted, coerced through
threats or purchased from traffickers. Children living in poverty, without
parental care, and street children are particularly vulnerable to forcible
recruitment.
● Recruitment through ties between the group and community leadership:
Sometimes people support terrorist groups because the group is perceived as
defending the community from other armed groups. Families and community
leaders may encourage children to join the armed group.
● Economic enticement: The groups may offer food, accommodation and
protection, encouraging loyalty.
● Transnational recruitment: Some children crossing borders to join terrorist
groups do so on their own, some travel with a parent or grown-up relatives
and others are forcefully abducted and therefore cross borders.
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● Use of schools: Certain terrorist groups have territorial control over some
specific areas, including schools which can be used to brainwash children into
joining these groups.
● Propaganda: Joining a group may be portrayed as offering status and
prestige, smart uniforms and weapons. It is also shown as an opportunity for
power, especially for children without educational opportunities or
employment. They also often focus on ‘victimhood’ using images that show
the ‘crimes of the enemy’, that triggers anger, creating empathy for those
injured and killed and creating a desire for revenge. They may also use
communication material, specifically cartoons that have been designed to
appeal to children. Those cartoons often glorify terrorist attacks, including
suicide attacks.
● Online recruitment: Specific websites advertise the existence of the groups
and, in many instances, multiple sites in different languages include different
messages tailored to specific audiences. Social media platforms such as
email, chat rooms, e-groups, message boards, video recordings and
applications are especially popular recruitment tools that can also facilitate
tailored approaches. The perpetrator may use the method called ‘grooming’,
which consists of the perpetrator learning about the individual’s interests in
order to tailor the approach and build up a relationship of trust. They can also
track the online behaviour of Internet users and identify those vulnerable to its
propaganda and tailor the narrative to suit its target audience. (Melotti,
Martins, Grams and Peschke, 2017)
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the differences between the reasons to commit terrorism in Spain,
Europe and USA is that in Spain, the most dangerous terrorist group was ETA, a
basque separatist group that killed approximately 853 people, in Europe it is ethnonationalists
and separatists, and in the USA it is white suprematists.
Regarding the similarities between the studied regions, the reasons to commit
terrorism in three different places, is that both in Spain, Europe and USA there are
problems with jihadist and religiously inspired terrorism. In Spain, the most
dangerous terrorist attack was performed by Al-Qaeda in response to the invasion of
Iraq, which killed 193 people and injured about 2,000. In Europe, jihadists and
religiously inspired people were the most arrested and in the USA was also attacked
by Al-Qaeda, which caused 2,996 deaths and more than 6,000 people injured.
There are different reactions to experiencing terrorism, and it depends on the person
and how they deal with it. A lot of terrorists recruit children for different reasons like
using them as suicide bombers, having them as spies, the main reasons is that
children are more vulnerable to propaganda and brain-washing, as well as they are
cheaper to maintain. They use lots of different ways to recruit children in their
terrorist groups such as forcible recruitment, where they physically force children into
joining their groups, economic enticement, where they promise to give them food,
accommodation and protection in exchange for loyalty, propaganda, etc.
So the government needs to address the issue of terrorism as it can cause great
loss, fear and suffering for the people directly hurt or killed by it and their families. As
well as the participants of the terrorist groups, especially children who are victims of
manipulation.
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
European Council (n.d). Terrorism in the EU: facts and figures. European Council.
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/terrorism-eu-facts-figures/
(accessed 18/05/2023)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (n.d). Coping after Terrorism for Survivors. Federal
Bureau of Investigation. https://www.justice.gov/file/1189156/download (accessed
25/05/2023)
Jones S., Doxsee C., Harrington N. (2020). The Escalating Terrorism Problem in the
USA. CSIS. https://www.csis.org/analysis/escalating-terrorism-problem-united-states
(accessed 24/05/2023)
La Moncloa (n.d). El terrorismo en España. La Moncloa.
https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/ (accessed 10/05/2023)
Falcó M. (2023). Jubilada y yihadista: una valenciana de 72 años detenida por su
relación con el terrorismo. Levante.https://www.levanteemv.com/sucesos/2023/05/02/jubilada-yihadista-valenciana-72-anos-86730848.html
(accessed 07/06/2023)
Melotti G. ,Martins A.,Grams U. and Peschke K. (2017). Handbook on Children
Recruited and Exploited by Terrorist and Violent Extremist Groups. UNODC
https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Child-
Victims/Handbook_on_Children_Recruited_and_Exploited_by_Terrorist_and_Violent
_Extremist_Groups_the_Role_of_the_Justice_System.E.pdf (accessed 04/05/2023).
Wikipedia (n.d). 2004 Madrid train bombings. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings (accessed 11/05/2023)
Wikipedia (n.d). List of ETA attacks. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks#:~:text=829%20people%20killed&t
ext=From%201968%20until%202002%2C%20there,more%20than%202%2C000%2
0people%20injured. (accessed 11/05/2023)
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HOW CAN THE SPANISH AND AMERICAN MEDIA CHANGE
OUR THOUGHTS ON THE LGBTQIA+ COMMUNITY?
BHA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3
RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 4
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 4
WHAT IS THE LGBTQIA+ COMMUNITY? ...................................................................... 4
WHEN DID LGBTQIA+ AWARENESS START TO BE MORE OR LESS MAINSTREAM?
........................................................................................................................................ 5
HOW ARE LGBTQIA+ YOUTH TREATED IN THE WORLD OF TODAY? ...................... 6
HOW CAN THE MEDIA BE A SAFE SPACE FOR LGBTQIA+ YOUTH? ........................ 7
HOW CAN TV TEACH PEOPLE ABOUT THE LGBTQIA+ COMMUNITY? ..................... 7
WHAT ARE SOME FAMOUS BUSINESS THAT DON’T SUPPORT LGBTQIA+? ........... 8
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 9
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................... 9
2

SUMMARY
My topic is about LGBTQIA+ awareness in media and how it affects people in both
Spain and The US. My questions are about what LGBTQIA+ community is and how
the media affects both the youth, the adults and the people who support it.
RESUMEN
Mi tema es sobre la conciencia LGBTQIA+ en las redes y cómo afecta a las
personas tanto en España como en los Estados Unidos. Mis preguntas son sobre
qué es la comunidad LGBTQIA+ y cómo las redes afectan tanto a los jóvenes como
a los adultos y a las personas que los apoyan.
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INTRODUCTION
I’ve chosen this topic because I have a lot of lgbtqia+ friends and I'm really interested
in it too. I wanted to inform myself of the struggles of lgbtqia+ people in spain and in
other places.
This topic is important because lgbtqia+ people are in more of a risk of being
attacked than non-lgbtqia+ people just for being who they are. People are scared
going out in the street or on a date with their partner.
METHODOLOGY
To find my information I searched up a few keywords: lgbtqia+, media, awareness,
and more.
I chose the references by searching up the key words and finding websites. I read
through them to see if they were believable then looked for the same information in
other websites. I also looked up the reliability of the publisher and if they weren’t
reliable i didn't use them.
It's mostly qualitative research because there barely is any info in numbers but there
is quantitative data.
ANALYSIS
WHAT IS THE LGBTQIA+ COMMUNITY?
LGBTQIA+ is an abbreviation for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or
questioning, intersex, asexual/aromantic/aroace, and more. These terms are used to
describe a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity. (TheCenter, n.d).
Everyone has a sexual orientation and gender identity. Sexual orientation is who you
are romantically or physically attracted to. Gender identity is the internal sense of
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being male, female, both or neither, which is separate from your biological sex.
People who have a different sexual orientation or gender identity from most people
fall under the umbrella term LGBTQ+. It is really important to know that identifying as
LGBTQ+ is NOT a mental illness or disorder. (Mhanational, n.d)
WHEN DID LGBTQIA+ AWARENESS START TO BE MORE
OR LESS MAINSTREAM?
It is important to remember that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people,
communities, and relationships existed long before these names were commonly
used. LGBTQIA+ people existed back in ancient Rome and Greece and are seen in
a lot of art from that era. (lgbtqhistory, n.d)
The history of gay rights movements, initially LGBT and later LGBTQI, can be
understood only in light of the forms of persecution and oppression faced by
individuals who had relationships with people of their own gender and/or did not
conform to the social expectations of their own gender. They first started being
normalised in the first half of the nineteenth century. There has been an increasing
awareness of the demands made by the LGBTQI movement during the early twentyfirst
century, mostly with regard to measures for combating discrimination, which are
at the foundation of the European Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights. (ehne,
n.d)
The Second Republic, a republican government that ruled Spain from 1931 to 1936,
saw women's legal rights expand and remove the crime of homosexuality from the
Spanish Criminal Code in 1932. The Second Republic marked the start of an era of
rising intellectualism and cultural awareness in Spain for the LGBTQ+ population.
LGBTQ+ people in Spain suffered brutal persecution under Francisco Franco's rule
after the Civil War. Multiple national laws and decrees passed made homosexuality
illegal under the Franco dictatorship, and LGBTQ+ people were held in internment
camps, imprisoned, or killed.
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Homosexuality remained illegal after Franco's death and the end of the dictatorship
in 1975 until the Kingdom of Spain's government changed this rule in 1979.
However, LGBTQ+ movements began to grow in Barcelona, Sitges, and Ibiza in the
1960s in spite of the dictatorship. (Racamonde, 2022)
HOW ARE LGBTQIA+ YOUTH TREATED IN THE WORLD OF
TODAY?
The concepts of caring for LGBT individuals as well as those of caring for young
people more generally must be understood by providers in order to ensure highquality
care for LGBTQ youth. While the majority of LGBTQ youth are in good
physical and mental health, some LGBTQ youth are more at risk for depression,
anxiety, eating disorders, and other body image-related issues, peer bullying, and
family rejection. (ncbi, n.d)
Schools, the authorities, enforcement, district attorneys, judges, and juvenile
defenders in the US are not prepared to handle the unique problems and
experiences that these young people go through. As a result, the system frequently
causes more harm by unfairly criminalizing these youth, subjecting them to harmful
treatment that deprives them of their basic civil rights, as well as imposing harsh
school sanctions, designating them as sex offenders, or detaining them for minor
offenses. (Hunt, MoodieMills, 2012)
State legislators in at least seven states proposed measures that would restrict the
rights to young transgender and nonbinary people throughout the first week of the
year. The majority of the bills introduced this week are similar to the two categories
of legislation that made up the majority of the record number of anti-trans bills
introduced last year: those that prohibit trans children from participating on school
sports teams that reflect their gender identity and those that limit their access to care
that is gender-affirming.
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More than 20 states submitted legislation last year banning health care for trans
adolescents, and two of those states, Arkansas and Tennesse passed it into law.
(Lavietes, 2022)
HOW CAN THE MEDIA BE A SAFE SPACE FOR LGBTQIA+
YOUTH?
Since 1981, acceptance of the LGBTQ community has increased internationally, with
56 out of 175 countries seeing an increase in acceptance.
While the size of the LGBTQ community continues to grow significantly, we can also
observe how media representation affects social acceptance. The majority of
Americans not only feel comfortable viewing LGBTQ individuals in media and
advertisements, but they also favourably view businesses that are LGBTQ-inclusive.
Businesses are aware of the contribution that LGBTQ representation can make to
the advancement of acceptance and equality. More than 90% of agencies and
advertisers concur that through representation, businesses may increase customer
familiarity with varied groups of people and dissolve social boundaries. (Kate, Zafar,
2022)
HOW CAN TV TEACH PEOPLE ABOUT THE LGBTQIA+
COMMUNITY?
Growing up can be a lonely experience for LGBTQIA+ children. It can be isolating,
excluding and bad for their mental health if their parents don't accept them or if their
friends don't understand them. The 2022 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental
Health by The Trevor Project found that 73 percent of LGBTQ children reported
having anxiety symptoms, while 58 percent reported depression, and that 45 percent
of LGBTQ kids had seriously considered trying to commit suicide in the previous
year.
However, the study also discovered that LGBTQ children who experienced strong
social support from their families reported suicidal thoughts at a rate that was less
7

than half that of those who did not. In addition, 89 percent of LGBTQ teens said that
having LGBTQIA+ people represented in shows and movies made them feel good
about themselves. It is clear that LGBTQ TV characters can offer comfort, which has
a bigger influence than many think. (Guha 2022)
WHAT ARE SOME FAMOUS BUSINESS THAT DON’T
SUPPORT LGBTQIA+?
Chick-fil-A is the most well known homophobic brand. Chick-fil-A CEO, Dan Cathy
came out as being "very much" against gay marriage. Since then, the company has
maintained a similar position, with one new Chick-fil-A location opening for every one
that shuts down. (Chatel, 2013)
Walt Disney Studios has created a wide range of content, from high-budget fails to
low-budget masterpieces; yet, modern day shows flop in comparison to "The Owl
House," both in terms of production quality and diversity—two things that Disney has
struggled to achieve. The characters in this three-season show come from a diversity
of ethnic and racial backgrounds and explore both sexuality and gender in open and
positive ways. The main character alone says it all: Afro-Latina teen Luz Noceda
identifies as bisexual and gender nonconforming.
The issue, however, is that Disney suddenly cancelled the show, shocking both
viewers and the writers, and condensed the initially approved, fully developed future
seasons into a final third season. The show's creators were only given three
"specials," slightly longer episodes, to wrap up every loose end that the first two
seasons had been building to.
The cause? There are a handful business people who supervise what fits within the
Disney brand, and one of those people felt TOH didn't suit the "brand," according to
"The Owl House" creator Dana Terrace in a Reddit post. (Choi, 2023)
8

Snickers had posted and put on spanish tv an ad accused of homophobia and
transphobia. In the ad, spanish influencer Aless Gibaja after eating a snickers icecream
turns into a bearded man with a deep voice.
Alot of people have reported this as transphobia and some people have even tried to
boycott or remove snickers ads from spanish tv. After being accused, Snickers
deleted the advert because of “misunderstanding that may have been caused.” (bbc,
2021)
CONCLUSION
Lgbtqia+ awareness is important because in too many places lgbtqia+ people are
harassed, sued, jailed and even killed.
Media can help lgbtqia+ people to feel safe, this why having lgbtqia+ representation
is important, not only do they educate people but they can make the community
comfortable especially the youth if they aren’t accepted by their family or even if they
are. It can make them feel like they are not alone, like people are going through the
same thing they are. LGBTQIA+ youth have it really bad in some places, they can be
executed, imprisoned,or abandoned. In America transgender people can’t get the
healthcare they need to transition and binders can get really expensive, so
expensive that most teens can’t afford them.
The media can be great and terrible at showing lgbtqia+ community, sometimes they
show lgbtqia+ people as a bunch of weirdos obsessed their sexuality, which they
aren’t, sometimes they show them like normal people who have hobbies, a job,
friends, etc. just living a normal life. The media will sometimes change how we see
the community, but that doesn't mean we have to stop supporting them.
9

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
BBC (2021). Snickers Spain pulls TV advert after homophobia accusations. BBC.
Chatel, A (2013). 7 Companies That Don't Support Gay Rights. Huffpost.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anti-gay-companies_n_4110344 (4/5/2023)
Choi, R (2023). Disney is homophobic. What’s new?. TheBerkelyBeacon.
https://berkeleybeacon.com/disney-is-homophobic-whats-new/ (4/5/2023)
EHNE (n.d). Gay rights and LGBTQI movements in Europe.
EHNE.https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/gender-and-europe/demographic-transitionsexual-revolutions/gay-rights-and-lgbtqi-movements-in-europe
(22/05/2023)
Guha, N (2022). Why LGBTQIA+ Representation in TV Shows and Movies Is So Important.
Parents. https://www.parents.com/parenting/dynamics/lgbtq/why-lgbtqia-representation-tvshows-and-movies-is-so-important/
(4/5/2023)
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58120598 (22/05/2023)
Hunt, J, MoodieMills, A (2012). The Unfair Criminalization of Gay and Transgender Youth.
AmericanProgress. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-unfair-criminalization-ofgay-and-transgender-youth/
(4/5/2023)
Kate, E, Zafar, H (2022). Why LGBTQ representation should be a priority for business and
media. WorldEconomicForum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/why-lgbtqrepresentation-should-be-a-priority-for-business-and-media/
(4/5/2023)
Lavietes, M (2022). At least 7 states proposed anti-trans bills in first week of 2022.
NBCNews. https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/least-7-statesproposed-anti-trans-bills-first-week-2022-rcna11205
(4/5/2023)
lgbtqhistory (n.d). LGBTQ Rights Timeline in American History. lgbtqhistory.
https://lgbtqhistory.org/lgbt-rights-timeline-in-american-history/ (18/05/2023)
MhaNational (n.d). LGBTQ+ Communities and Mental Health. MhaNational.
https://mhanational.org/issues/lgbtq-communities-and-mental-health (4/5/2023)
NCBI (n.d). CARING FOR LGBTQ YOUTH IN INCLUSIVE AND AFFIRMATIVE
ENVIRONMENTS. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5119916/
(4/5/2023)
Racamonde, M (2022). The history of LGBTQ+ rights in Spain. europeana.
https://www.europeana.eu/en/blog/the-history-of-lgbtq-rights-in-spain (22/05/2023)
TheCenter (n.d). WHAT IS LGBTQIA+?. TheCenter. https://gaycenter.org/about/lgbtq/
(4/5/2023)
10

How has coronavirus affected the USA, Spain and
comunidad Valenciana and how have they dealt with
Covid-19 pandemic?
By J.Y.

SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 2
ПІДСУМОК ................................................................................................................ 2
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 3
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 3
ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 4
What is Coronavirus and what is pandemic? ........................................................ 4
How Coronavirus affected Comunidad Valenciana? ............................................. 4
How many cases and deaths of Coronavirus were in Spain compared to the
USA? .................................................................................................................... 5
What measures did Spain take during the Coronavirus? ...................................... 6
How did Coronavirus affect Spain and Spanish people? ...................................... 7
How has Coronavirus affected education in the USA and in Spain? .................... 8
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 8
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ........................................................................ 9
1

SUMMARY
In my project I was analysing how did Covid-19 affected the different countries, and
how did these countries deal with it. To answer this question I was analysing smaller
questions such as what is pandemic, how did Covid-19 affected Comunidad
Valenciana, cases and deaths because of Coronavirus in different countries around
the world, and effect of Covid-19 on education.
Keywords: Pandemic, Covid-19, cases, deaths, recovered, education.
ПІДСУМОК
У своєму проекті я аналізував, як Covid-19 вплинув на різні країни, і як ці країни
впоралися з ним. Щоб відповісти на це запитання, я аналізував дрібніші
запитання, наприклад, що таке пандемія, як Covid-19 вплинув на Comunidad
Valenciana, випадки та смертність від коронавірусу в різних країнах світу та
вплив Covid-19 на освіту.
Ключові слова: Пандемія, Covid-19, випадки, смерті, одужали, освіта.
2

INTRODUCTION
I chose the topic Coronavirus because, in my opinion, this is a quite interesting topic
for analysing and you can make your knowledge of how pandemic effects on
countries much wider. I think that this is a very important topic because if the
pandemic will happen in the future people will already know what to do to stop the
spreading of the pandemic.
My topic is very important now also, the guardian posted that maybe Coronavirus
was a lab leak a few weeks ago. Now when people know how to deal with the Covid-
19 they start thinking about where it came from , because it is interesting for us
where the deadly virus came from (The guardian, 2023).
Even now, when the virus is not as dangerous as before, people are still worried
about it. South China Morning Post posts that a Hong Kong gloves tycoon pivots to
produce Covid killing reusable with lifespan up to 4 years (Sitto, 2023).
METHODOLOGY
In my project my keywords to find information were Pandemics, Covid-19, affected
and government. When I was doing this project I was trying to choose only reliable
sources of information. I was trying to look for the authors and the date to know if the
source is reliable or not. If there is no name of the author this means that the person
who was writing this is not sure in his words so he decided not to show his name so
that later he would not be accused of false information.
I have done Mixed research. In my first question I was using Qualitative research
because it is easy to explain what a Pandemic is with no numbers. In my second
question I was doing mixed research because it was also to explain how the amount
of tourists decreased in percent. In the third question I was doing Quantitative
research because I need to know the exact number of deaths, cases and recovered
people to make the comparison of two countries. In the fourth question I was doing
mixed research to explain the measures that Spain took and the dates when this
happened. In my fifth question I was doing Quantitative research to explain the
3

impact on the economy better. In my last question I was doing mixed research to
explain how Covid-19 affected education and to show the difference between the
marks before Coronavirus and after.
ANALYSIS
What is Coronavirus and what is pandemic?
Pandemic is a disease that spreads across some nations and has a big impact on
humans. Usually pandemics spread from person to person very quickly and easily
(Ready, 2022).
Coronaviruses are a special type of viruses. There are numerous varieties, and
some of them are disease-causing. A Covid-19 is a respiratory ailment virus which
was discovered in 2019 (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2022).
How Coronavirus affected Comunidad Valenciana?
Spain is one of the nations most vulnerable when a crisis impacts the tourism sector
because of its significant economic importance. Travel and tourism have suffered as
a result of the poor reputation of the nation brought on by the high infection rates.
With an 87% decline in tourist traffic, the Balearic Islands have been the most badly
hit. The initial increase in the series under study can be seen in the travels made by
Spanish citizens within Spanish territory. In this dire circumstance, domestic tourism
4

not only gives an opportunity for all regions, but the sorts of accommodations also
play a crucial role (National Library of Medicine, 2021).
British tourists typically make up 45% of Benidorm's population, although this figure
was around 24% during the pandemic (Bono, 2021).
How many cases and deaths of Coronavirus were in Spain
compared to the USA?
Coronavirus affected a lot in Spain. In Spain there are 13,845,825 cases of
Coronavirus. Most of the people who were infected recovered from all the cases,
13,681,014 recovered and 120,964 dead (Worldometer, 2023).
Compared to Spain in the USA there are 106,772,583 cases of Covid-19. There are
1,162,474 deaths and 104,735,126 recovered (Worldometer, 2023).
5

What measures did Spain take during the Coronavirus?
To stop the pandemic, the Spanish government decided to take a series of
movement restrictions and social distancing.Spanish government closed education
on all levels not to allow coronavirus spread. On March 10, all flights from Italy to
Spain were cancelled. 4 communities that had been affected by coronavirus very
hard were placed in quarantine on March 12 by the Catalan government. On March
13 the state of emergency was proclaimed. Since the declaration in the state of
emergency, all lessons at schools have been cancelled, major gatherings and
unnecessary travel are prohibited, and employees are encouraged to work online
(National Library of Medicine, 2020).
6

How did Coronavirus affect Spain and Spanish people?
The economic impact was also very serious. In 2020, the GDP dropped by 10.8%
and this was the most serious recession in 80 years, and the worst in Europe. The
weight of the tourists and hospitality sectors, which account for 26% of GDP , five
points more than the EU average. The amount of international tourists fell from 83.6
million in 2019 to under 20 million in 2020, the lowest level since the 1960s (Chislett,
2021)
There are 277,539 restaurants and bars in Spain. Spread over 47,326,687
inhabitants of Spain, this means that there is one bar per 170 inhabitants in Spain
(In Spain News, 2022)
How has Coronavirus affected education in the USA and in
Spain?
Now it is clear that the coronavirus did not pass the United States without
consequences for its formation. For the first time, hundreds of colleges have adopted
classes without requiring ACT or SAT scores, potentially allowing more low-income
applicants to enroll in the most elite courses ( Bombardieri, 2021)
Studies show Covid’s Negative Impact on US Education and Life Expectancy
The special assessment was a nationally representative of 9 year old students from
school. Between 2019 and the first months of 2022, the country saw its sharpest
7

decline in reading skills. At the same time, it also identified the first drop in maths
performance (Garver, 2022)
Spain
As Covid-19 got worse and worse, most countries decided to close their schools and
universities. In Spain, if the non-mandatory curriculum is ignored, each week before
school corresponds to approximately 30 hours of mandatory face-to-face study, or
2.9% of the total time required for study. Schools were to replace this time with
online learning, in most cases with the assistance of teachers and parents (OECD,
n.d.)
CONCLUSION
Coronaviruses are special types of viruses, a Covid-19 is a respiratory ailment virus
which was discovered in 2019. Covid-19 had a big impact on Spain especially in
Comunidad Valenciana because it is a zone whose economy is holding on tourists.
Being more precise, British tourists typically make up 45% of Benidorm’s population,
although this figure was around 24% during the pandemic. In percentage, Spain was
better at dealing with Coronavirus from all the cases 99.1% recovered, meaning a
slim percentage of deceases. However, in the USA from all the cases 98.9%
recovered and others died.
Spain took a lot of measures to stop the spreading of the pandemic like closing
schools and starting working online, but it still has affected the economy and
education of Spain and USA.
In 2020, the GDP of Spain dropped by 10.8% and this was the most serious
recession in 80 years, and the worst in Europe. The special assessment was a
nationally representative of 9 year old students from school in the USA. Between
2019 and the first months of 2022, the country saw its sharpest decline in reading
skills. At the same time, it also identified the first drop in maths performance.
8

In conclusion I would like to say that Coronavirus affected a lot on the countries and
regions I was analysing in this project. One of the questions was how did the
countries deal with Covid-19, after this project I can understand that Spain and
America were trying to deal with Covid-19 by closing schools and working online, but
now we could understand that even considering their effort Coronavirus affected on
education, economy and our lives a lot.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Bombardieri M. (2021). Covid-19 changed education in America permanently.
Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/15/covid-changed-educationpermanently-479317
(17/05/2023).
Bono F. (2021). Valencia health chief concerned over rise in coronavirus infections
among tourists in Benidorm. El Pais. https://english.elpais.com/society/2021-10-
26/valencia-health-chief-concerned-over-rise-in-coronavirus-infections-amongtourists-in-benidorm.html
(10/05/2023).
Chislett W. (2021). Challenges and opportunities for Spain in times of Covid-19.
Elcano. https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/work-document/challenges-andopportunities-for-spain-in-times-of-covid-19/
(17/05/2023).
Garver R. (2022). Studies Show COVID's Negative Impact on US Education and Life
Expectancy. VOA. https://www.voanews.com/a/studies-show-covid-s-negativeimpact-on-us-education-and-life-expectancy-/6727572.html
(17/05/2023).
In Spain News (2022). Spain has more bars per inhabitant than hospital beds. In
Spain News. https://inspain.news/spain-has-more-bars-per-inhabitant-than-hospitalbeds/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20most%20recent,per%20170%20inhabitan
ts%20in%20Spain (17/05/2023).
Johns Hopkins Medicine (2022). What is Coronavirus? Johns Hopkins Medicine.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus
(04/05/2023).
9

National Library of Medicine (2020). Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19
Pandemic in Spain: Large-Scale, Online, Self-Reported Population Survey. National
Library of Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7485997/#:~:text=To%20combat%20t
he%20pandemic%2C%20the,Madrid%20and%20La%20Rioja%20regions
(11/05/2023).
National Library of Medicine (2021). Tourism and Sustainability in Times of Covid-19:
The Case of Spain. National Library of Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7918083/ (10/05/2023).
OECD (n.d.). School education during Covid-19 were teachers and students ready?
OECD. https://www.oecd.org/education/Spain-coronavirus-education-countrynote.pdf
(17/05/2023).
Ready (2022). Pandemics. Ready. https://www.ready.gov/pandemic (04/05/2023).
Sitto P. (2023) Hong Kong gloves tycoon pivots to produce Covid killing reusable
with lifespan up to 4 years. South China Morning Post.
https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3222206/hong-kong-glovestycoon-pivots-produce-covid-killing-reusable-masks-lifespan-4-years
(1/06/2023).
The Guardian (2023) Covid lab leak theory should not be ruled out, top Chinese
scientist says. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/30/covid-lab-leak-theory-should-notbe-ruled-out-chinese-scientist
(1/06/2023).
Worldometer (2023). Spain. Worldometer.
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/spain/ (11/05/2023).
Worldometer (2023). USA. Worldometer.
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/ (11/05/2023).
10

HOW DO THE USA, EU AND SPAIN DEAL WITH
TERRORISM?
Author: D. S.

Table of contents
SUMMARY ................................................................................. 3
ПІДСУМОК ................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 4
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 4
ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 5
How Spain, USA, and the EU suffer from terrorism? ................. 5
What measures do governments of those countries take to
prevent further terrorist attacks? ................................................ 7
What is the political and economic impact of terrorism? ............ 9
What motivates people to commit terrorist acts? ...................... 10
Conclusion ............................................................................... 11
Bibliographical references ................................................... 133

SUMMARY
In summary, terrorism has significantly affected the USA, EU and Spain. The USA
has founded such agencies like the CIA, FBI and NCTC and enhanced border
security. While Spain actively gathers intelligence and participates in international
antiterrorist operations and engages its citizens to prevent recruitment and
radicalization. The EU is using a quite similar strategy to avert terrorism. Any type of
terrorism has economical and political consequences, such as: Increased security
measures, changing public opinion on countries, communities and even races and
negative impact on industries, especially on those depending on foreigners.
Keywords: Terrorism, Economics, Politics, Antiterrorism, Psychology, Spain, USA,
EU.
ПІДСУМОК
Загалом, терроризм мав значущий вплив на США, ЄС та Іспанію. США
заснувало такі агенцію з безпеки як: ЦРУ, ФБР та NCTC та посилювала нагляд
за кордонами. В той час, Іспанія активно збирає розвідувальні дані та приймає
участь у міжнародних антитерористичних операціях та комунікує з її
мешканцями, щоб запобігти вербування та радикалізацію. ЄС також
використовує схожу систему щоб усунути тероризм. Будь який тип терроризму
має свої наслідки на політику та економіку країни, наприклад: Підвищення рівня
охорони, зміна громадської думки про деякі країни, спільноти на навіть раси
людей та негативний вплив на індустрії, особливо ті, що залежать від іноземців.
Ключові слова: Терроризм, Економіка, Політика, Антитерроризм, Психологія,
Іспанія, США, ЄС.

INTRODUCTION
I chose the topic of terrorism, because I was interested in reading about war crimes
and terrorism of russians during the Ukrainian war, and when I saw this topic I
wondered, how do other countries suffer from terrorism and what do they do to
prevent it? And I was very interested in the research, reading all those counterterrorism
strategies, finding documents and articles from archives was very
fascinating.
I believe that my topic is important, because terrorism is an endless problem as there
are always some people that are not satisfied with power, the order of things in the
world, or simply hate people based on their ideology and religion. Even now,
everyday we can see many articles in the news about this topic. For example, the
UN has opened a new counter-terrorism office in Spain. Would the government
spend money and open offices for those demands if the terrorism wasn’t a relevant
problem (European interest, 2023)?
METHODOLOGY
In this project I researched information about the political and economic impact of
terrorism on the world and such regions as: Spain, USA and the EU,measures that
their government is taking to prevent further attacks and probable motives that
people have to commit terrorism.
Finding certain information for my topic was quite interesting, mainly because of how
controversial the topic of terrorism is. That's why I mainly chose websites of
government and trusted universities. I tried to find independent researches on the
topic of the psychology of terrorism, and for other questions I searched for official
websites. Those websites were very helpful in my question about the anti-terrorist
strategies. I used lots of keywords, but the main ones were: Terrorism, counterterrorism,
strategy, economic impact and of course lots of statistics. Mainly I used a
mixed style of research, because I was searching for both statistics and information
about my topic.

ANALYSIS
How Spain, USA, and the EU suffer from terrorism?
Firstly, we need to understand how Spain, the USA and the EU suffer from terrorism.
In order to do so, I researched some of the recent and some of the biggest cases
through the 21st and 20th centuries.
Almost every decade a big attack happens in the USA, those news shocking the
whole world and changing our perception about terrorism. According to the ‘’Our
world in data’’ only in 2020 over 103 incidents took place in the USA. Highest
number of attacks was reached in 1970 with 468 cases (Ritchie and others, 2022.).
Spain, on the other hand, was attacked much less due to its level of development
being much lower both in the military and technological spheres. However, there

were some relatively large incidents. One of them is the bombing of cafeteria
Rolando, 13 people were killed and over 70 injured. However, in the last couple
years the frequency of terrorist acts was much lower (Angus, 2014).
(Statista Research Department, 2023).
The European Union had not been so peaceful. Over the years there were some big
cases of terrorism, for example: London bombings in 2005 or 7/7 which took lives of
52 people and injured over 700 of London citizens and the 2015 Paris attacks which
took lives of 130 citizens and left hundreds wounded. One of the factors that led to
such attacks was the open borders of the EU, which made the preparation and
coordination of terrorist attacks several times easier (BBC, 2015; Strom and
Eyerman, n.d.).

What measures do governments of those countries take to prevent
further terrorist attacks?
Now, when we have mentioned how those countries suffer from terrorists, we should
tell how their governments counteract these situations. And this is our next question:
‘’What measures do governments of those countries take to prevent further terrorist
attacks?’’
In order to prevent terrorism US government has created different agencies, the
most significant ones are: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). Those
organisations are observing, analysing, trying to predict and avert future attacks.
Another method of lowering terrorism threat that the USA uses is enhancing
security at borders by monitoring the flow of people and goods, including using
advanced screen techno. Thereby making the smuggling of weapons and potentially
dangerous individuals more difficult (Homeland security, n.d.).

Spain, on the other hand, does not have so many agencies. This is mainly caused
by the relatively small size of a country and its smaller impact compared to the USA
or the whole EU. However, it has some, two main agencies are: The National
Intelligence Center (CNI) and the National Police, which work closely to gather
intelligence, assess threats, and monitor potential terrorist attacks. Spain also
actively joins international operations. It participates in the EU's Counter-Terrorism
Group and engages in joint operations, shares intelligence and much more. Spain
works not only on the international level but also actively engages local communities.
Its government actively engages people to prevent radicalization and recruitment. To
prevent contraband, Spain is enhancing security levels in infrastructure, airports and
ports. It involves monitoring passengers, scanning packages, surveillance systems
and collaboration with international partners (Grande-Marlaska Gómez, 2019) .
Overall, the EU's anti terror strategy is laying on four main pillars: Prevent, protect,
pursue and respond. Prevent: EU is working to prevent radicalization and
recruitments to the terrorist states by using social exclusion, marginalisation and
online propaganda. Which promotes social cohesion, intercultural dialogue, and
community resilience. Protect: which involves enhancing security and civil guards on
critical infrastructure, improving border control and sharing intelligence with member
states. Pursue: The EU supports legal frameworks and law enforcement cooperation

to find and punish terrorists. Respond: The EU emphasises a coordinated and
effective response to terrorist attacks. Enhancing capabilities of managing crisis and
rapid response methods. The EU supports victims and their families ensuring that
they receive help, assistance and protection (European Commision, 2011; EN,
2021).
What is the political and economic impact of terrorism?
Now, when we have invested, how do countries suffer and prevent terrorism. We are
going to research the impact of terrorism on economics and politics. Biggest impact
terrorism has on security measures as the government has to adapt to new dangers
rapidly if attacks appear. Sometimes terrorism can lead to political fragmentation
which can threaten the lives of citizens. Terrorism can also undermine business
confidence and investment probability, especially in the area that was under attack.
The fear of future attacks and the unpredictability of their occurrence can make
businesses more cautious in their decisions. Terrorism can affect businesses directly
and indirectly, attacks on infrastructure, roads or any transportation system impede
movements of goods affecting supply chains and causing logistic problems. Major
part of some countries is tourism, and this sector of the economy is very vulnerable
to the impacts of terrorist attacks. People can be scared and afraid of the possibility
of attacks, as this industry is fully dependent on customers. Decreasing the number
of tourists will lead to problems with the economy and rising unemployment
(McCarthy, 2019; La moncloa, 2013; Bardwell and Iqbal, 2020)

What motivates people to commit terrorist acts?
My fourth and final question will touch on the roots of terrorism. I will research
reasons that motivate people to commit terrorist acts. There are many reasons for
terrorism, main ones are: political beliefs, ideological extremism, revenge and
psychological factors.
Political beliefs include political independence, self-determination, or overthrowing
the current government. People can feel oppressed, if those people get access to
weapons they commit terrorist acts.
The second reason is ideological extremism. Some people are driven by religious
fundamentalism. People may interpret their beliefs in extreme and radical manner,
perceiving violence as justifiable methods of achieving their goals and imposing their
worldview. Extremist ideologies often present violence as necessary as combating
your enemies to the death.
Sense of revenge can also be a reason for terrorism. Loss of loved ones or feeling of
injustice can motivate people to seek revenge in the form of violence to certain

groups, government or a society. A feeling of collective identity with people who
suffered similar experiences possibly can fuel anger inside some individuals.
Some terrorists have psychological vulnerabilities that contribute to their motivation.
These vulnerabilities may include a desire for power, recognition, or a sense of
significance. Terrorist organisations manipulate these desires to recruit more people.
For example, individuals seeking for the purpose of life may be drawn to the
extremist ideologies propagated by those organisations. (Gomez and others, 2021;
Borum, 2004)
Here is a percentage of key reasons why joining radical islamist movements:
(Office of the United Nations high Commissioner for Human Rights, n.d.)
Conclusion
The USA has been significantly affected by terrorism, with numerous attacks
occurring almost every decade. The EU has also faced major terrorist attacks,
including London bombing and Paris attacks. While Spain has experienced less

attacks in recent years. My second question was ‘’What is the political and
economic impact of terrorism?’’ Terrorist attacks lead to increased security level,
changing public opinion on countries, communities and even races and negative
impact on industries, especially on those depending on foreigners. My last question
was ‘’What motivates people to commit terrorist acts?’’ Terrorist acts are often
motivated by a combination of different factors: political beliefs, ideological or
religious extremism, a desire for revenge and psychological illnesses.
However, my biggest question was ‘’How do the USA, EU and Spain deal with
terrorism?’’ The USA, EU and Spain prevent terrorism through intelligence gathering,
law enforcement efforts, taking part in international antiterrorist operations and
preventive measures. They collaborate through agencies like the FBI, Europol and
National Police and actively engage local communities to prevent radicalization and
recruitment.
In conclusion, terrorism is one of the worst crimes of all. Nobody has a right to take
innocent lives, even in the name of good as it seems to them intentions. Terroism is
a major problem in many countries, especially in the middle east where terrorist
attacks taking lives of more than 50 thousands people every year. The USA and EU
are actively trying to eradicate terrorism in America and Europe by forming alliances,
and providing international operations. But terrorism will only gain momentum as
terrorism threat in many countries is rising and lots of political disagreements have
appeared in the world with the war in Ukraine.

Bibliographical references
BBC(2015). Paris attacks: What happened on the night. BBC.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34818994 (17/05/2023).
Borum, R. (2004) Psychology of Terrorism. OJP.
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/208552.pdf. (30/05/2023)
Caroline Angus(2014). 13 September 1974: The Bombing of Cafeteria Rolando.
Caroline Angus. https://carolineangus.com/2014/09/13/13-september-1974-thebombing-of-cafeteria-rolando/
(24/05/2023)
EN(2021) Action Document for EU support to Green Economy in Jordan. EN.
www.neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu. (28/05/2023)
European Commision(2011) Implementation record of the Speak Up! Conclusions.
European Commision. commission.europa.eu (30/05/2023)
European Interest(2023). UN inaugurates new counter-terrorism office in Spain.
European Interest. https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/un-inaugurates-newcounter-terrorism-office-in-spain/.
(7/06/2023)
Gomez, A. Martinez, M. Martel, F. A. Lopez-Rodriguez, Vazquez, L. A. Chinchilla, J.
Paredes, B. Hettiarachchi, M. Hamid, N. Swann W. B. (2021) Why People Enter and
Embrace Violent Groups. Frontiers.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.614657/full. (31/05/2023)
Grande-Marlaska, G. F.(2019) NATIONAL Counter-terrorism STRATEGY 2019.
BOE. www.dsn.gob.es (25/05/2023)
Harrison Bardwell and Mohib Iqbal(2020) The Economic Impact of Terrorism from
2000 to 2018. Aus der Zeitschrift Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public
Policy. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/peps-2020-0031/html.
(31/05/2023)

Homeland security(n.d.) Targeted Violence and Terrorism Prevention Grant
Program. Homeland security. https://www.dhs.gov/tvtpgrants(24/05/2023)
La moncloa(2013) THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY. La Moncloa.
www.lamoncloa.gob.es (30/05/2023)
McCarthy, N.(2019) The Global Economic Impact Of Terrorism. Statista.
https://www.statista.com/chart/11875/the-global-economic-impact-of-terrorism/.
(30/05/2023)
Office of the United Nations high Commissioner for Human Rights(n.d.) Human
Rights, Terrorism and Counter-terrorism. Office of the United Nations high
Commissioner for Human Rights. www.ohchr.org (30/05/2023)
Ritchie, H. Hasell, J. Mathieu, E. Appel, C. Roser, M.(2020). Terrorism. Our world in
data. https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism (16/05/23)
Statista Research Department(2023). Number of terrorist attacks in Spain 1970-
2021. Statista.https://www.statista.com/statistics/541176/incidences-of-terrorismspain/
(17/05/2023)
Strom, K. J. Eyerman, J.(n.d.) Interagency Coordination: Lessons Learned From the
2005 London Train Bombings. NIJ. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/interagencycoordination-case-study-2005-london-train-bombings(24/05/2023)

WILDFIRES.
HOW MUCH DAMAGE DO THEY CAUSE IN
SPAIN AND AUSTRALIA?
Author: V.V.O.
1

Table of contents
SUMMARY 3
RESUMEN 3
INTRODUCTION 4
METHODOLOGY 4
ANALYSIS 4
What is a wildfire? 4
What are the main causes of wildfires? Comunidad Valenciana, Spain, Australia 5
When are wildfires most likely to occur? Comunidad Valenciana, Spain, Australia
5
How can we, as people, prevent them? Comunidad Valenciana, Spain, Australia 6
Are there any innovations or prototypes to fight against wildfires? 6
What have been the worst cases of wildfires? Comunidad Valenciana, Spain,
Australia 7
CONCLUSION 8
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 8
2

SUMMARY
Wildfires can and have to be prevented by keeping the forests clean of materials that
can go on fire because of the hot temperature as they tend to happen in the summer.
There have been numerous wildfires that have consumed thousands of hectares,
and to prevent them, innovations and prototypes have been developed.
Keywords: wildfire, prevention, innovations, prototypes.
RESUMEN
Podemos prevenir incendios forestales manteniendo los bosques limpios de
materiales inflamables que pueden incendiarse debido a la temperatura caliente que
suele ocurrir en verano. Ha habido numerosos incendios forestales que han
consumido miles de hectáreas, y para prevenirlos se han desarrollado innovaciones
y prototipos.
Palabras clave: incendio forestal, prevención, innovaciones, prototipos.
3

INTRODUCTION
Wildfires are becoming more common because of global warming. I'm going to be
talking about how wildfires affect Spain and Australia, how much damage they cause
and what are people doing to stop this.
Between 1998 and 2017, 6.2 million people were affected by wildfires and volcanic
activity, with 2400 attributable deaths worldwide from suffocation, injuries, and burns,
but the size and frequency of wildfires are growing due to climate change. (W.H.O.,
2023)
METHODOLOGY
The keywords I used to search for this information were: wildfire, cause, time period,
prevention, innovations, prototypes, cases. To check the reliability of the websites I
read through other ones to see if they say the same thing unless it’s an official
website.
I did qualitative research for all of the questions. sQualitative research is any study
that uses information that does not provide ordinal values.
ANALYSIS
What is a wildfire?
A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire that burns in the wildland vegetation, often in rural
areas. For hundreds of millions of years, wildfires have caused destruction in forests,
grasslands, savannas, and other habitats.
They aren't limited to a specific continent or environment. In addition to vegetation
above the earth, wildfires can also spread below soil. Typically, ground fires start in
soil that is rich in organic materials like plant roots, which can feed the flames.
(N.G.S., 2022)
4

What are the main causes of wildfires? Comunidad Valenciana,
Spain, Australia
The main cause of wildfires in Comunidad Valenciana and Spain is the
Mediterranean climate, the summer season and prolonged hot weather is naturally
favourable to wildfires. So basically the main cause is the temperature of the
summer season. (E.F.N.C.P, n.d.)
Comparing this to Australia, one of the major causes there is global warming.
Droughts are more frequent and fires spread faster and uncontrollably, the hot
weather and high temperature also influence the Australian wildfires. (Pandey, S,
2022)
When are wildfires most likely to occur? Comunidad
Valenciana, Spain, Australia
In the Comunidad Valenciana and Spain, there are wildfires year round, though they
mostly occur in summer due to the dry conditions in forests and rural areas creating
a sort of tinderbox where any little spark could end up razing thousands of hectares
to burnt ash. (S.N.T., 2023)
In northern Australia, the dry season, which often lasts throughout winter and spring,
is when bushfires are at their highest. The peak bushfire seasons in southern
Australia are in the summer and autumn. Although the main dates of the wildfire
season are these, serious fire activity can occur at any time depending on the local
environment. (Pandey, S, 2022)
5

This is a table that shows the fire danger seasons in all parts of Australia. (A.D.R.,
n.d.)
How can we, as people, prevent them? Comunidad Valenciana,
Spain, Australia
The cleanliness of the forests is essential in Comunidad Valenciana and Spain.
Summertime brings the hottest temperatures of the year, and more people are
outside in the forests enjoying their surroundings. This summer, if you go exploring
the mountains or the woods, keep in mind that you must pick up all of your trash and
avoid leaving flammable items behind. Some people forget flammable things which
end up causing wildfires. (T.L., 2022)
Fuel reduction is important to avoiding bushfires in Australia because by reducing
the fuel, fires are prevented from starting and from spreading further. The intentional
burning down of these fuels by various fire and land management agencies is one of
Australia's tactics to reduce the accumulation of fuels in grassland and woodland
areas. (U.N.D.R.R, n.d.)
6

Are there any innovations or prototypes to fight against
wildfires?
At the moment, there are five innovative solutions to fight wildfires:
- To look from very high up with satellites (Sentinel-2 from ESA has a device on
which you can see thirteen different light wavelengths, a system like this can be used
to predict forest fires)
- Predicting forest fires using sensors on trees (a system of solar-powered sensors
that hang from trees and measure temperature, humidity, and air pressure levels has
already been developed)
- Detection by drone (long-range drones can be used to find/detect wildfires)
- Extinguishing it as quick as possible (if prevention has not been successful)
- Changing the weather (this one is the most uncertain, but the idea is simple: just
make it rain. There’s been a lot of research into manipulating clouds to try and make
it rain, this even succeeded, albeit under special circumstances)
What have been the worst cases of wildfires? Comunidad
Valenciana, Spain, Australia
Less than 100 kilometres north of Valencia, a forest fire that started on March 23
quickly intensified and burned across thousands of hectares of land. At 11:45 am
that day, the fire was not first detected by Meteosat's SEVIRI instrument;
nevertheless, only 15 minutes later, a significant signal became visible, indicating a
fast intensification of the initial burning. (Eumetsat, 2023)
Spain experienced a horrible fire in 1994, with a total area burned down of 437635
hectares. The worst was in Catalonia, where between the third and the eighteenth of
July, 76000 hectares were completely burnt. Additionally, these flames resulted in
five fatalities, over 40 injuries, and the damage of around 35 farmhouses. (FS, 2022)
Up to 400 different bushfires were reported on February 7, 2009, in Victoria,
Australia. Although there is uncertainty about the exact quantity of land that these
wildfires destroyed, it is generally agreed that the burned area exceeded 4,500
square kilometres (1,737 square miles). 173 people were killed and 2,029 homes
were destroyed by the fires. (N.G.S., 2022)
7

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a wildfire is an uncontrolled fire that destroys wildland vegetation
which is mainly caused by the weather. They mostly occur in summer due to the hot
weather and we can avoid them by keeping the forests clean and not leaving
flammable objects behind. There have been a lot of wildfires that burnt up thousands
of hectares and innovations and prototypes have been created to fight wildfires.
As you have read, the worst cases of wildfires have caused injuries, deaths and
destroyed thousands of hectares of land. There have even been prototypes
designed especially to fight against the damage wildfires cause.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
- A.D.R. (n.d.) Bushfires. Australian Disaster Resilience (16/5/23)
https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire/
- E. (2023) First major wildfire in Spain in 2023. Eumetsat. (8/4/23)
https://www.eumetsat.int/first-major-wildfire-spain-2023
- E.F.N.C.P (n.d.) Wildfire prevention: a reason for promoting pastoralism in Spain.
European forum on nature conservation and pastoralism. (8/4/23)
https://www.efncp.org/projects/projects-spain-navarra/wildfire-prevention/
- N.G.S. (2022) Wildfires. National Geographic Society (9/4/23)
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildfires/
- Pandey, S (2022) What are the Causes Behind Australian Bushfires? Vedantu
(8/4/23) https://www.vedantu.com/blog/australian-bushfires-causes
- S.N.T. (2023) Spain is in flames: Summer forest fire season comes early this year.
Spanish News Today (15/4/23) https://spanishnewstoday.com/spain-is-in-flamessummer-forest-fire-season-comes-early-this-year_2072749-a.html
8

- T.L. (2022) What to do and what to avoid if you witness a forest fire in Spain. The
Local.es (18/5/23) https://www.thelocal.es/20210722/what-to-do-and-what-to-avoidif-you-witness-a-forest-fire-in-spain
- U.N.D.R.R. (n.d.) Wildfire prevention in Australia. United Nations Office for Disaster
Risk Reduction. (18/5/23)
https://www.unisdr.org/2000/campaign/PDF/Articulo_6_Australia_eng.pdf
- Durkstra, R (2023) Five innovative solutions for fighting wildfires. Innovation
Origins. (22/5/23) https://innovationorigins.com/en/five-innovative-solutions-forfighting-wildfires/
- FS (2022) The worst fires in the history of Spain. Fascinating Spain. (29/5/23)
https://fascinatingspain.com/legend-of-spain/history/worst-fires-history-of-spain/
- N.G.S. (2022) Feb 7, 2009 CE: Black Saturday Bushfires in Australia. National
Geographic. (29/5/23) https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/blacksaturday-bushfires-australia/
- E.P.A. (2023) Climate Change Indicators: Wildfires. Environmental Protection
Agency. (30/5/23) https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicatorswildfires
- W.H.O. (2023) Wildfires. World Health Organisation. (8/6/23)
https://www.who.int/health-topics/wildfires#tab=tab_1
9

WHAT ARE THE CURRENT CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN SPAIN, INDIA
AND USA?
I. B.

SUMMARY
Children's rights are in fact pretty similar but still different in the following countries;
Spain, India and the USA.
This is mainly because of the circumstances in the different countries. For example
the economic conditions in the three countries are different and that affects the
education system as well as the health care.
In all three countries several organisations are present to watch over the children's
rights.
RESUMEN
Barns rättigheter är förvånansvärt lika, men de är ändå olika i de följande länderna;
Spanien, Indien och USA.
Det här är huvudsakligen på grund av omständigheterna i de olika länderna.
Till exempel de ekonomiska förutsättningarna i de tre länderna är olika och det
påverkar utbildningssystemet men också sjukvården.
I alla tre länder är flera organisationer närvarande för att bevaka barns rättigheter.

INTRODUCTION
I chose this topic because the children's rights are always relevant since the children
are our future.
It’s important for children to know what rights they have, so I wanted to inform people
about that.
METHODOLOGY
I have searched up different articles on google and read them to decide for myself if
they are biassed or not. Then I also read other articles concerning the issue just to
fact-check my original article.
Some important words that I’ve used in this article are words such as; children's
rights, economics, health and education. For this written article I’ve used both
qualitative data and quantitative data for my work.
For when i wrote the amount of children going to school or not going to school I used
a lot of percentages in my data.
ANALYSIS
What would be the ideal children’s rights?
Health
Young people should have access to great healthcare, nutritious
food, clothing, clean water, electricity, and a safe home.
Children should learn healthy routines in their home and in school.
We should be aware of children's mental, physical and emotional
health especially if they aren’t home.
The government has a responsibility to offer help to the families in
need as well, that cannot afford health expenses.

Education
Primary school should have no costs for children, as well as secondary school
should be accessible for every child.
Children should be able to get the best education available.In school children
should learn to express themselves through different talents as well as
learning how to be an active citizen.
They should also learn about different cultures and to respect other people.
Family
All children have the right to live together with their family.
No matter who the care-givers are, the home environment should be a loving
and safe place.
Children are not to be separated from their parents if not both of the parents
are abusive or neglectful, or they feel unsafe in their home.
A child of divorce should be able to stay in contact with the other parent
except if it causes harm to the child.
Children and parents who live in different countries should be able to travel so
they can be together.
Non-discrimination
A child should be able to be treated respectfully regardless of what gender
they are or, their sexual orientation, their race, religion or ethnicity.
As well as their physical appearance or any disability they may have or their
economic status.
Any children that have disabilities should be able to get the help they need.
The children that are born in the country that they live in should get the same
treatment as Refugee children.
Children from other countries should have access to carry out any traditions
according to their religion or culture.
The arts

All children have the right to participate in creative activities whether it's sports
or arts.
Cultural activities should represent children from all different backgrounds.
Children must not be exposed to art designed to disturb or provoke them.
They will however be free to create art that is controversial or unpopular.
(Children First Canada, 2020)
What does child poverty look like in Spain, India and the USA?
In Spain, child poverty rates are higher than ever, child poverty in Spain includes a
number of things; It includes dropping out of school and a lack of socialisation
among individuals of similar age.
Studies show that 1 out of 3 children have a possibility to be socially excluded or
impoverished.
This study also shows that a lack of nutrition and education also has an impact on
impoverished children.
This is true to middle class and low class families.
Impoverished children have an impact on the whole of society counting young adults,
senior citizens and parents.
Spain’s dropout rates have increased ever since 2008, it’s 23% higher than the EU
average.
The children don’t go around hungry all day. It's just that the parents buy the wrong
types of food, non-nutritious food because it's cheaper.
(Yang A, 2019)
India is a home for the most impoverished children in the world right now,
30% of all the children in the world living in extreme poverty are children in India.
Adults are less likely to live in extreme poverty, it’s the children that are at risk.
Children are 50% more likely to live in extreme poverty than adults are.
The world bank and UNICEF have made a study called “Ending extreme poverty”
They focus on helping the children that live in extreme poverty.
When a child doesn't get the basic needs of a human being such as food,
somewhere to sleep, somewhere to clean themselves etc, it will stunt their growth.

The poverty among Indian children went up with 150 million additional children
during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Here are the poverty rates per household with different amounts of children in 2011-
2012:
USAID funding standing for the United states agency for international development
has saved up to 2 million lives of indian kids in the last 30 years. Save the children
also help out with saving indian children in poverty everyday. They have managed to
help up to 86,000 children getting out of poverty.
(Scott A, 2020)
Children with the highest poverty rates in the USA are Children under 5 years old,
children of single mothers, children of colour and children in the south.
The poverty rates have changed from 11.6 million to 11.1 million between 2020 and
2021. But the pandemic has still managed to create a poor childhood for many kids.
A number of 74 million children live in the United States and up to 11 million children
out of those live in poverty.
3 million children out of the 11 million children are under the age of 5, (The highest
rate of any age group). Almost half of all children already living in poverty went into
extreme poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic.

4 million children have lived or are living without health insurance.
Up to 9 million children have experienced food insecurity.
Some poverty is due to racism, the income of a white family in 2021 was ($102,700)
which is like the double of a black family's income ($46,600) and a hispanic family as
well ($57,800) and additionally a American Indian/Alaska Native family which is;
($53,900).
Ever since 2005 black families have always earned the lowest income. The CTC
took over 4 million children out of poverty through different kinds of governmentally
accessible programs. A recent study shows that more than 1,000 parents were
reported for spending their CTC payments on the basic household necessities; such
as rent, clothing and food. Different organisations will still continue to pull children
out of poverty.
(children's defence fund, 2023)
Do all children from Spain, India and America have access to good
education?
In Spain the education is proportional to a high level. Public schools are available for
free for all children aged 6 to 16. There are many different types of schools available
in Spain, for example: Spanish schools, international schools, norwegian schools
and swedish schools. The education system is split up into four different sections;
preschool, primary, secondary and upper secondary.
Preschool which is the first stage of Spanish education is not required to take at all.
Preschool has no costs and is not academic, in preschool children advance the
required physical and mental skills such as writing and reading.
Primary education which begins at the age of 6 and ends at the age of 12 is
obligatory in Spain. In primary school children learn the basic subjects including:
mathematics, languages, science, literature and the arts, etc. physical education is
also introduced.
During primary school each individual student is graded on all of the subjects. In
case of the grades being too low students are forced to repeat that part of school.

Secondary education in Spain is obligatory for all students aged 12 to 16. This is the
third stage of the Spanish education system.
This includes private schools, State schools and state-funded private institutions.
Throughout secondary students get to learn the same subjects as in primary school;
maths, languages, history etc. but in Spanish secondary schools you learn these
subjects at a more advanced level. The students can also choose from a few elective
subjects like music or foreign languages. The students who do not achieve the
grades that are expected will need to repeat the year.
After secondary school you can choose to take upper secondary school but it’s not
mandatory, you’ll have a few options such as; Bachillerato which is an education
which will allow students to study further on into university, vocational which is a
course students take to learn different kinds of working skills. After this you can
choose to move onto university.
(Study in Spain, N.d)
In India the education system isn’t exactly as organised as the Spanish education
system, but it has improved throughout the years. India has increased the amount of
children going to school. In 2006 a whole 13.46 million children in India were out of
school but this has now (in 2014) decreased to 6.1 million, which is still a
humongous amount but it's better than before. 29% of a 100 children in India drop
out even before finishing elementary school. About 50% of all teenagers in India do
not finish secondary school. 50 million children do not attain an appropriate grade for
continuing to learn. The grades have always been lower than expected. Help will still
be needed for Indian education to move forward.
(UNICEF, N.d)
In the USA there’s only 0,5% of all children not going to primary school. More
children go to school since there is no ongoing conflict in the USA. Unlike in Sudan
where there are constant conflicts which makes it harder for the kids to bring
themselves to school every day.

Another reason may be that in the USA children do not need to work to provide for
their family with money since most families in the USA are reasonably wealthy.
There are also many types of different schools such as public schools which allow
not so wealthy families to take their kids to school.
(Roser M, 2021)
CONCLUSION
I’ve talked about different sub-topics concerning children's rights like; Economics,
education, health, poverty and family etc. I have come to the conclusion that the
children's rights in Spain, India and the USA cannot possibly be equal because of the
different kinds of challenges the countries are facing. The USA may have better
education than Spain and India but it’s because of their conditions, the children in the

USA don’t work but in India some children have to work instead of going to school in
order to provide money to their family.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Children First Canada. (2020). 12 Child Rights Everyone Should Know. Children
First Canada. https://childrenfirstcanada.org/blog/12-child-rights-everyone-shouldknow/.
(Seen: 8/5/23).
Children’s defence fund. (2023). The state of America's children. Children’s defence.
fund.https://www.childrensdefense.org/the-state-of-americas-children/soac-2023-
childpoverty/#:~:text=The%20pandemic%20forced%20children%20already,to%205.5%20
million%20in%202021. . (Seen: 8/6/23).
Roser M. (2021). Access to basic education: Almost 60 million children of primary
school age are not in school. Our World In Data. https://ourworldindata.org/childrennot-in-school.
(Seen: 8/6/23).
Scott A. (2020). 6 FACTS ABOUT CHILD POVERTY IN INDIA. The Borgen project.
https://borgenproject.org/child-poverty-in-india/. (Seen: 1/6/23).
Study in Spain. (N.d). Spanish education system. Study in Spain. https://rb.gy/vl5u7 .
(Seen: 12/6/23).
UNICEF. (N.d). Education. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/india/what-wedo/education.
Seen: 8/6/23).
Yang A. (2019). CHILD POVERTY IN SPAIN AMONG A BOOMING ECONOMY.
The borgen project. https://borgenproject.org/child-poverty-in-spain-among-abooming-economy/.
(Seen: 15/5/23).

WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF BULLYING IN TEENAGERS IN MADRID,
SPAIN AND SWEDEN?
(H, C)

Table of contents
SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 3
RESUMEN................................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 4
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 4
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................... 4
How does bullying affect people?........................................................................................ 4
What country has the highest rate of deaths because of bullying? ...................................... 5
Which country has the toughest bullying laws? .................................................................. 6
How many cases of bullying are there in Spain? ................................................................. 7
How does Sweden deal with bullying? ................................................................................ 8
Why is the bullying rate in Sweden so low? ........................................................................ 8
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 9
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................. 9

SUMMARY
In this document I’m going to talk about bullying and its statistics in different countries, the
problems that it causes, how it affects people, the consequences, some laws in Sweden and
some bullying cases that have happened in Spain.
Keywords: death, suicide, laws, average, cases, rate.
RESUMEN
En este documento voy a hablar sobre el bullying y sus estadísticas en diferentes países, los
problemas que causa, cómo afecta a la gente, sus consecuencias, algunas leyes en Suecia y
algunos casos que han pasado en España.
Palabras clave: muerte, suicidio, leyes, media, casos, tasa.

INTRODUCTION
I chose this topic because I’m interested in how bullying affects people and how people talk a
lot about it but don’t talk in depth about the topic. This topic is very important because it’s
been happening since a long time ago and even though people think it's not a big thing
anymore it still is.
There are a number of recent news regarding bullying. For example, La provincia (2023)
talks about a case in france that a 13y old girl named Lindsey killed herself and her
classmates celebrated it. Another example can be found in Levante-emv (2023) a mother
received a text from her daughter asking her to pick her up from school as she was scared
they were going to hit her.
METHODOLOGY
Some of the keywords are: affect, deaths, laws, cases,dealing and rate. I chose my sources by
their title, the one that caught my attention the most or the title that answered my question. I
checked their reliability by searching the author, publisher and if they had any social media
and they were real. I used a mixed method researching for information.
ANALYSIS
How does bullying affect people?
Bullying has a detrimental impact on the people who suffer it, it can cause scars that stay with
them throughout life. It affects how you see yourself, what you think about yourself and not
only mentally but physically too (Family lives, 2022).
The victim can develop depression, anxiety and health complaints because of bullying. On
the other hand the bully when they grow up can become abusive, abuse the consumption of
drugs and alcohol and have criminal convictions (Stop bullying, 2021).
Depending on the bullying you’re suffering the consequences can be different. Such as
physical bullying, they hit you, kick you or even spit you. It makes you think what you did to

deserve this and you start to hate how you are. Same as psychological bullying, calling you
names, spreading rumors and more can affect you into thinking you aren’t normal and that
you should change for them. Bullying also affects how you treat people or your surroundings.
If you go less to school and your grades, you start to be more secretive and maybe even more
defensive when you see someone care (Mclean hospital, 2022 ;Office of Communications,
2017).
What country has the highest rate of deaths because of
bullying?
In the past decade headlines reporting the tragic stories of a young person’s suicide death
linked in some way to bullying (physical, verbal or online) have become regretably common.
We know that bullying behavior and suicide-related behavior are closely related. This means
youth who report any involvement with bullying are more likely to report high levels of
suicide-related behavior than youth who don’t report any involvement with bullying behavior
(Cdc, 2014).
Targets of cyberbullying are at greater risks for self harm and suicidal behavior.
Approximately 18% of youth report self-harming at least once. Students who experienced
bullying or cyberbullying are nearly 2 times more likely to attempt suicide. Suicide ideation
and attempt among adolescents have nearly doubled since 2008 making suicide the
2ndleading cause of death for individuals 10-34 years of age (Megan meier foundation,
2023).
Between Spain and Sweden, Sweden has less bullying rate than in Spain by around 5% more
than in Sweden. In Sweden it's more common to bully boys more than girls, bullying girls in
Sweden is less common compared to Spain.

(OECD, 2009)
In this graph you can see many European countries and some Northern American countries
that compare bullying statistics. On the left side are children who reported bullying others
and on the left children who reported being bullied. Sweden and Spain are the last two
countries. Spain has around 6% of children who report bullying others and 5% of children
who report being bullied. On the other hand Sweden has around 5.4% of children who report
bullying others and nearly 5% on children who report being bullied. Comparing both to the
OECD average of OECD they are pretty low.
Which country has the toughest bullying laws?
Spain is the only EU country in which cyberbullying is punished by its criminal code
according to a study presented by the European Parliament. According to Spain’s definition,
cyberbullying only differs from bullying in that it is carried out via digital media (Morgan, S
.2016).

Because cyberbullying has become such a damaging and deadly issue, lawmakers have
created cyberbullying laws to help protect victims from online bullies and to bring these
bullies to justice. In number one we have Canada, making cyberbullying face suspension
from school. Repeat bullies may face expulsion and possible jail time. And one of the
countries with the weakest bullying laws is the U.S.A. The following states have policies in
place but no concrete laws to protect cyberbullying victims: Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky and
Massachusetts. In these states the school is to decide an appropriate punishment (Woda, S.
2014).
How many cases of bullying are there in Spain?
In 2017-2018 407 complaints of bullying were made, and only 83 were looked into. One case
of bullying in Spain is Natalia de Agustin, age 17 who dropped out of highschool because she
couldn’t handle being bullied. She suffered from bullying for nine years at 4 different schools
in the Madrid region (Domínguez, I. 2019).
The annual bullying report collected the opinions of 5,123 students and 229 teachers. During
the course of the pandemic, with many students either attending class online or in smaller
groups, this number dropped by 15% (The local, 2022).
Another case of bullying in Spain is about a 15 year old who committed suicide named Kira,
she was being harrassed and bullied by teachers and students at her highschool, she was being
bullied for being an emigrant. She jumped off the roof of her house and killed herself
(Lucena,A. 2022).
How does Sweden deal with bullying?
In Sweden bullying in preschools and school has attracted the concern and interest of the
government. Children’s rights have been championed early in comparison to the rest of the
world, beginning as early as 1979 (Cederborg, A. 2016).
Swedish authorities, decision makers and school leaders have been pioneers in working to
prevent bullying. Sweden used to be at the top of the class, but that is no longer true. In this
bullying index, Swedish pupils end up on the 12th, the 22th and 19th and 14th place, just
above the OECD average (Öhrbom,D 2017).

More than a sixth of all Swedish 15 year olds experience bullying at least a few times a
month, according to a OECD survey investigating student wellbeing in the developed world.
A total of 17.9 percent of Swedish pupils told the study they were exposed to some form of
bullying “at least a few times a month”, slightly below the OECD average of 18.7 percent
(The local, 2017).
Why is the bullying rate in Sweden so low?
Sweden has the least amount of school bullying in the western world, a recent report from
OECD shows, coming in far below the average at only 4 percent despite a number of highprofile
cases in the past few years (The local, 2015).
According to Swedish law, all preschools and schools have the responsibility to prevent the
exposure of children to bullying. The implications of this law is when teaching staff learn that
children have been subjected to bullying behavior, they are expected to work and to
investigate toward a solution to prevent bullying practices from happening again (Öhrbom,D
2017).
CONCLUSION
Bullying changes people to the worst, the victims can develop depression and if the bullying
is physical some serious injuries. Bullying people changes them. They become more secretive
and develop a higher chance of having mental health issues and drug abuse. Between Spain
and Sweden Spain has a higher rating of bullying by around 5%. Bullying in Sweden is low
because of some laws they have in schools for teachers to investigate. Bullying affects
everyone, Swedish teenager have said that they have experienced bullying at least once in
their life, in Madrid and Spain cases have made more people suicide, affecting them
mentally.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Cdc. (2014). The relationship between bullying and suicide. Cdc.
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv/bullying-suicide-translation-final-a.pdf
(11/05/23)
Cederborg, A .(2016). Research expanding current understandings of bullying in Sweden.
89612016000100011 (23/05/23).
Domínguez, I. (2019). Bullying in spain: “Let’s hope you KYS”- How Spain is failing
bullying victims. El pais.
https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/07/08/inenglish/1562600636_068148.html (17/05/23).
Family Lives. (2022). How bullying affects children. Family Lives.
Scielo. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-
https://www.familylives.org.uk/advice/bullying/advice-for-parents/how-does-bullying-affectyour-child
(10/05/23).
L,M (2023) Una niña de 13 años se suicida víctima de bullying y sus compañeros lo celebran.
La provincia. https://www.laprovincia.es/sucesos/2023/06/05/nina-13-suicida-victimabullying-88314045.html
(8/06/23)
Lucena,A. (2022). School bullying against migrants sets off alarms in Spain. El ciudadano.
https://www.elciudadano.com/en/school-bullying-against-migrants-sets-off-the-alarms-inspain/09/19/
(18/05/23).
Mclean hospitals. (2022), Mental health impact of bullying on kids and teens. Mclean
hospitals. https://www.mcleanhospital.org/essential/bullying-kids-teens (11/05/23).
Megan meier. (2023). Bullying, cyberbullying and suicide statistics. Megan meier
foundation. https://www.meganmeierfoundation.org/statistics (12/05/23).
Morgan, S .(2016). Cyberbullying: A creeping phenomenon, only punishable in law by
Spain. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/social-europe-jobs/news/cyberbullying-acreeping-phenomenon-only-punished-by-law-in-spain/
(31/05/23).

Office of communications. (2017). How does bullying affect health and well-being? .
Nichd.nih. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/bullying/conditioninfo/health (11/05/23).
Öhrbom,D .(2017). Sweden no longer a model country in preventing bullying. Hig.se .
OECD. (2009). Bullying. OECD. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/soc_glance-2008-
34-
en.pdf?expires=1683798774&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=9290EFEBC3319FD4951
B6FAD6F32232A (12/05/23).
https://www.hig.se/Ext/En/University-of-Gavle/Arkiv/Externa-nyheter/2017-06-20-Swedenno-longer-a-model-country-in-preventing-bullying.html
(23/05/23).
Stop bullying .(2021). Effects of bullying. Stop bullying.
https://www.stopbullying.gov/bullying/effects (10/05/23).
The local, (2022). Is bullying a problem in Spanish schools?. The local.
https://www.thelocal.es/20220916/is-bullying-a-problem-in-spanish-schools (17/05/23).
The local. (2017). More than one in six school kids get bullied in Sweden: study. The local.
Sánchez,G .(2023). Mamá estoy encerrada en el baño porque tengo miedo a q me peguen ven
a por mi. Levante-emv. https://www.levante-emv.com/comunitatvalenciana/2023/05/31/bullying-hija-ataques-ansiedad-terror-salir-calle-88054917.html
(8/06/23).
https://www.thelocal.se/20170419/more-than-one-in-six-schoolkids-get-bullied-in-swedenoecd-pisa-study
(23/05/23).
Woda, S. (2014). Cyberbullying laws around the globe: Where is Legislation strongest?.
Resources uknowkids. https://resources.uknowkids.com/blog/cyberbullying-laws-around-theglobe-where-is-legislation-strongest
(17/05/23).

Why are children (mainly girls) neglected from
education? (Iran, Europe & Spain)
J.S

Table of contents
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3
RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 4
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 4
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN GO TO SCHOOL DAILY? .................................. 5
WHAT IS THE AVERAGE AGE CHILDREN START SCHOOL IN EACH COUNTRY? ... 5
HOW COMMON IS IT FOR STUDENTS GETTING INTO HIGH SCHOOL IN… ............. 6
WHAT ARE THE REASONS CHILDREN DON’T CONTINUE THEIR EDUCATION
WHEN THEY REACH HIGHSCHOOL IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES?............................ 8
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 9
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................... 9

SUMMARY
This is an informative research project about Children’s rights around the world. I
have done research about the topic on the internet to have a pre-knowledge about
the topic, summing it to what I already knew. The countries I have chosen to analyze
this topic are: Iran, Europe & Spain.
Keywords: Iran, Europe, Spai, rights, children
RESUMEN
Este proyecto de investigación informa sobre los derechos de los niños en el mundo.
He investigado sobre el tema en internet para tener conocimientos previos sobre el
tema, añadiendolo a lo que ya sabía. Los países que he escogido para analizar este
tema son: Irán, Europa y España.
Palabras clave: Irán, Europa, España, derechos, niños.

INTRODUCTION
I chose this topic because I want to spread awareness about this worrying topic. I
made a document about Children’s rights around the world. I have researched the
topic on the internet to have knowledge about it. The countries I have chosen are:
Iran, Europe & Spain.
Why is this topic important?: This topic is very important to spread awareness
because there are lots of people that fight for their rights everyday, in Iran, this is
very problematic.
METHODOLOGY
Keywords: children, rights, Iran, Europe, Spain, school, education
I chose the sources on the basis of their reliability. So I chose websites I knew before
or good websites that I can verify easily their credibility. The websites I couldn’t verify
right away, I checked in google if they were good credibility sources.
The question: “What percentage of children go to school daily?” is quantitative data
because it is a percentage and it helps to to compare other countries
The question: “What is the average age children start school in each country?” is
quantitative data because I need to compare the average age of the different
countries and this way it’s easier
The question: “How common is it for students getting into high school in…” is
qualitative data
The question: ”What are the reasons children don’t continue their education when
they reach high school in different countries?” is qualitative data

ANALYSIS
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN GO TO SCHOOL DAILY?
Iran
The number of children that can attend school in Iran in 2022 was 84.71%, a 0.08%
increase from 2020. But in 1976 there was a big problem with education in Iran, only
33.58% of children had an education so this is a big problem for those children’s
future, they can’t have any knowledge on how to write or read so it may be difficult
for them to get a real job. (Macrotrends 2023; Ghadarkhan, 2023)
Europe
Altogether, there were nearly 76 million students enrolled in schools and pre-schools
in Europe in 2022, 17.6 million upper secondary education students attend school,
18.3 million lower secondary education students attend school, 24.5 million primary
education students attend to school and 15.6 million early childhood students attend
to school (European Union 2021; Max Roser 2021)
Spain
97% of 3-5 year-olds in Spain were enrolled in early childhood education in 2022 in
Spain, compared to 83% on the average of some other countries. But only 33% of
children before primary schools attend private education. In 2021, 62% of 18-24
year-olds are still in full- or part-time education or training at either upper secondary
or tertiary level (OECD 2022; OECD 2020)
WHAT IS THE AVERAGE AGE CHILDREN START SCHOOL
IN EACH COUNTRY?
Iran
The mean age that children start school is when the child is 6 years old, and the total
duration of their education is 6 years if they don’t have any problem attending school,

their education finishes when they reach the ninth grade (HCCF 2022; Daisy Lorenzi
2011)
Europe
The average age when children start school is 6 years old, but in France it’s
compulsory for children to start their education progress when they are 3. There are
nurseries where children start to go at the age of 1 or below; Their education journey
starts at 6 years and it’s obligatory to at least finish the 11th grade but there are
infinite possibilities from there. (Niall McCarthy 2018; European Commission 2022)
Spain
The obligatory age to get enrolled into school is 6 years old in Spain, it’s not
compulsory to take your kid to nursery school but 70% of parents get their kids to go
to a nursery school from 0 to 4 years old. Private education is only 6% of population,
children attending charter schools are 26% of the population and the rest attend
public school. (CASER 2022; Casvi 2023)

HOW COMMON IS IT FOR STUDENTS GETTING INTO HIGH
SCHOOL IN…
Iran
Surprisingly, children that have had a good education in Iran have lots of
opportunities of attending highschool in their country or around the world. Lots of
them are educated later on, not at the supposed age. The real problem of Iran was
back 40 years ago when nearly nobody could attend education so older people,
when they were younger had less education/rights so that was a main cause of them
not attending highschool. (The world bank data 2022; Samari Hazira 2015)
Europe
In the year 2020, 17.9 million students were enrolled in highschool education. High
School education includes both general and vocational studies and it usually starts
when they reach 18 years. So the great majority do attend highschool and if they
don’t, the reason is they don’t have money or the person doesn’t want to.(Our Kids
2021; eurostat 2022)
Spain

In the year 2021, 1.679.518 people got tuition to attend high school. 2008 was the
year that less people got enrolled in highschool, only 1.430.147 people got enrolled
into highschool. This data compared to 2020 is very low.
WHAT ARE THE REASONS CHILDREN DON’T CONTINUE
THEIR EDUCATION WHEN THEY REACH HIGHSCHOOL IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES?
Iran
There are lots of different reasons children don’t continue their education when they
reach highschool, there are 7 reasons:
- financial constraints: some families in india maybe can’t afford to send their
children off to highschool.
- lack of infrastructure: in some places in India, there may not be any option of
highschool education so because they can’t travel because of money they
don’t go.
- Limited availability of educational opportunities: There might be limited
availability of vacants.
- social and cultural factors: This might affect especially girls (stereotypes(more
difficult to find a vacant for them))
- employment opportunities: Some children need to work to maintain their
families so instead of going to highschool, they work instead. (Iran Focus
2018; Tony Liu 2022)
Europe
There are many reasons why some young people give up education: personal or
family problems, learning difficulties, or a fragile socio-economic situation. The way
the education system is set up, school climate and teacher-pupil relations are also
important factors. (European Commission 2020; reliefweb 2020)

Spain
The main reasons students don’t attend highschool after the finish of their prior
education are: economic situations, learning difficulties, no vacants available, lack of
learning. Other people decide not to go and study without going to highschool or
directly they don’t study anything for some of the problems mentioned before.
(Expatica 2022; Spain's education system n.d.)
CONCLUSION
The conclusion I can make from this research project is that children in Iran are
educated less or more poorly, there are lots of examples of this- especially of girlslike
children not going to school because of fright or obligation to not go and this is a
problem with the government. In Europe, we rarely have this type of problem
because of our government.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
n.a. (2023). Iran Rate Literacy 1976-2023. Macrotrends.
https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/literacyrate#:~:text=Adult%20
literacy%20rate%20is%20the,a%203.2%25%20
increase%20form%202016 n.d.
n.a. (2021). Almost 76 million pupils and students enrolled in the EU.
Ghadarkhan, Samaneh. (2022). No ID? No School: Why 400,000 Iranian
Children are Locked Out of Education. Iranwire.
https://iranwire.com/en/provinces/106931-no-id-no-school-why-400000-
iranian-children-are-locked-out-of-education/ 25/08/2022.
eurostat.https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-

/ddn-20210427-
1#:~:text=Altogether%2C%20there%20were%20almost%2076,all%20of
%20these%20education%20levels.&text=This%20information%20come
s%20from%20data%20on%20education%20enrolments%20published%
20by%20Eurostat%20today (27/04/2021)
Roser,Mike. (2021). Access to basic education: Almost 60 million
children of primary school age are not in school. Our World in data.
https://ourworldindata.org/children-not-in-school (02/11/2021)
n.a. (2022). Overview of the Education system in Spain. OECD.
https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=ESP&tres
hold=10&topic=EO#:~:text=In%202020%2C%2097%25%20of%203,%2
d Primary%20 level%20 was%2033%25 n.d.
n.a. (2021). Highlights in Spain. OECD https://www.oecd-
ilibrary.org/sites/8ce9b3f6-
en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/8ce9b3f6-
en#:~:text=In%20Spain%2C%20in%202021%2C%2062,OECD%20
average%20 of%2054%25 n.d.
n.a. (2022). Islamic Republic Of Iran. Human Capital Country Brief.
https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/7c9b64c34a8833378194a026ebe4
e247-0140022022/related/HCI-AM22-IRN.pdf (October 2022)
Lorenzo, Daisy. (2011). What does Iran's education system look like?.
Surfiran.https://surfiran.com/how-does-irans-education-system-look-like/
n.d.

McCarthy, Niall. (2018). When do children start school in Europe?.
Statista.https://www.statista.com/chart/13378/when-do-children-startschool-in-europe/
28/03/2018
n.a. (2022). Compulsory education in Europe 2022. European
Commission.https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/media/2837/download
#:~:text=The%20 most%20 common%20
age%20to,education%20at%203%20years%20old n.d.
n.a. (2022). All about primary education in Spain for kids. CASER Grupo
Helvetia.https://www.caserexpatinsurance.com/blog-typical-nonspanish/primary-education-in-spain-forkids#:~:text=Children%20being%20
primary%20education%20in,children%20aged%206%20to%208 n.d.
n.a. (2023). El modelo educativo español, ¿a qué edad puede
escolarizarse un niño?. Eurocolegio Casvi. https://casviboadilla.es/elmodelo-educativo-espanol-a-que-edad-puede-escolarizarse-unnino/#:~:text=Escolarizar%20o%20
no%20a%20un,espa%C3%B1ol%20
depender%C3%A1%20de%20 cada%20familia. (18/03/2023)
n.a. (2022). Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 16 and above
that attend highschool). The World Bank data.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS (24/10/2022)
Hazari, Samira. (2015). What does school education look like in Iran?.
British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/whatdoes-school-education-look-iran
(21/04/2015)

n.a.(2022). 93.3 million pupils and students enrolled in the EU. eurostat.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-
20220428-3#:~:text=Meanwhile%2C%2017.9%20 million%20
students%20 were,students%20 begin%20their%20
primary%20education. (28/04/2022)
n.a. (2021). Education in Europe. Our Kids. https://www.ourkids.net/plen/education-european-countries.php
Fernández, Rosa. (2022). Número de estudiantes matriculados en
universidades en España del curso 2008 al 2020. statista.
https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/479374/alumnos-matriculados-enuniversidades-en-espana/
(28/08/2022)
n.a. (2016). The Spanish Education System. Spainwise.
https://spainwise.net/education/ n.d.
n.a. (2018). Millions of Iranian children deprived from education. Iran
Focus. https://iranfocus.com/life-in-iran/33045-millions-of-iranianchildren-deprived-of-education/
(19/09/2018)
Liu, Tony. (2022). Myth vs Fact: Iranian education. AIC. http://www.usiran.org/resources/2016/10/10/education
(12/07/2022)
n.a. (2020). European Education Area. European Commission.
https://education.ec.europa.eu/education-levels/school-education/earlyschool-leaving#:~:text=There%20are%20my%20
reasons%20why,relations%20are%20 also%20 important%20 factors
n.d.

n.a. (2020). 20 reasons why, in 2020, there are still 260m children out of
there-are-still-260m-children-out-school (7/02/2020)
n.a. (2023). Education in Spain. Expatica.
school. reliefweb. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/20-reasons-why-2020-
https://www.expatica.com/es/education/children-education/education-inspain-103110/
(10/01/2023)
n.a. (2022). Spanish Education System. Housinganywhere.
https://housinganywhere.com/Spain/spanish-education-system (n.d.)

HOW DO TOURISTIC PLACES GET PEOPLE TO GO TO THEM IN
COSTA BLANCA, MURCIA AND BASEL?
Author: Y. E. A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 2
RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ 2
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 3
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 3
How do you attract people to go to you? .................................................................... 3
What would be the main things to make your place stand out? ................................ 4
What kind of employment is there in tourist places? ................................................. 5
What touristic offer does Costa Blanca, Murcia and Basel have? ............................. 5
What are the ranges of 1-5 stars hotels in Costa Blanca, Murcia and Basel? .......... 6
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 8
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................... 9
1

SUMMARY
In this project I have talked about the tourist attractions and how they work. The questions
that will be talked about are; how they attract people, how they stand out; what employment
is there; what does Costa Blanca, Murcia and Basel offer; ranges of 1-5 stars in hotels.
Key words: Costa Blanca, Murcia, Basel, tourist attractions, attract.
RESUMEN
En este proyecto he hablado sobre las atracciones turísticas y cómo funcionan. Las preguntas
de las que se estará hablando son; cómo atraen a la gente, cómo se destacan; qué empleo hay
allí; qué ofrece la Costa Blanca, Murcia y Basilea; rangos de 1-5 estrellas en hoteles.
Palabras claves: Costa Blanca, Murcia, Basilea, atracciones turísticas, atraer.
2

INTRODUCTION
I have chosen this topic because I love traveling and my parents work in the tourism industry.
I also love marketing, this topic really interests me and it helped me to understand how
businesses work or how they attract people.
Nonetheless, according to Theimportantsite (n.d), tourism is important because it employs a
lot of people (almost 5.5 million people were employed by the tourism industry, USA 2021).
Another reason Theimportantsite states is that tourism supports low-income countries for
example the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) the 30% of their export revenues come
from tourism.
METHODOLOGY
In this research project for every question I had mostly used the word “tourism”. The key
words that I used are: attraction, tourist place, offer, stand out, etc. I checked the source to see
if it was reliable by looking if it used words like always or never, I checked if the facts were
right by checking other articles/sources.
The methods I used are the qualitative and the quantitative method. I used the qualitative
method because it was the best approach to extract the information related to concepts
explanation. I spent the most time on analyzing and writing the text. I used the quantitative
method because I used statistics on the question regarding “What are the ranges of 1-5 stars
hotels in Costa Blanca, Murcia and Basel?” because then it is easier to compare the three
places.
ANALYSIS
How do you attract people to go to you?
3

According to Evertsdal (2018) the most important things/factors that tourists search
for are their own personal needs. For people that are in businesses and work a lot, the
closer you are to the airport the better because they need to work. So when they arrive
they can get there as soon as possible to their room. The aesthetics of the inside
should match the outside. For example if you have a hotel in a forest you could have
more plants or more green,etc. With services you don’t have to do something
complicated, you can have basic cleaning services.
According to the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (2019) tourists need to have interesting
places nearby, like culture, architecture or landscape, etc.
What would be the main things to make your place stand out?
The Shoutoutuk (2022) says that there are 7 main factors to make your business stand
out are:
● Find your unique selling point
You need to be different from other places, because why would people go to
you if there is another place that does the same.
● Your branding must be consistent and professional
This is very important, because it’s the first thing customers see.
● Offer great customer service
When you have great customer service the customer will have a good
experience.
● Get some attractive signage
It’s good to have signage which eye-catching and memorable
● Keep up with the latest trends
Keeping up to date with the latest trends can make new customers come in.
● Innovative products or services
If you introduce innovative products or services customers could come in and
buy them
● Keep your prices competitive
4

If you keep your prices competitive people are more likely to buy your
products or services.
The Time.ly (2023) states that you can attract tourists by promoting local attractions
and they also say that you should host festivals because they bring people together. It
also helps to promote buisnesses.
What kind of employment is there in tourist places?
Solimarinternational (2022) states that 10% of all jobs are connected to tourism. They
also say that there are two types of employment in the tourism industry:
● Direct employment in tourism
● Indirect employment in tourism
Solimarinternational says that direct employment is “where employees are involved in
the creation of a direct tourism output fall”. They don’t really explain what indirect
employment really is but they give a lot of examples and some of them are: travel agency
staff, guides, taxi and bus drivers, food and beverage suppliers.
Just like Reyesavilla (2023) states that hotels, travel agencies, airlines and other passenger
transportation services, agencies that provide recreational facilities, tour guides, tourist shops,
etc are all jobs that are directly related to tourism (Direct employment in tourism). Their
article also says that companies that sell goods and services to the tourism sector are
indirectly related to tourism (Indirect employment in tourism).
What touristic offer does Costa Blanca, Murcia and Basel
have?
Lascolinas (2022) say that Costa Blanca (Southeastern coast of Spain) is one of the most
popular tourist destinations of Spain. In the summer it has an average of 28º. The Costa
Blanca has two considered tourist capitals Benidorm and Alicante. Costa Blanca is known for
5

the beaches, the indoor and outdoor markets. Costa Blanca also has Moros y Cristianos which
is a festival in Spain. The origin of this festival is from the battles that the Christians and
Moors.
If we look at Travelsnippet (2022), they say multiple reasons why you should visit Murcia.
They say Murcia gives a “Small town vibe” which means that it’s not as crowded as other
tourist places. Travelsnippet say that the history is another reason you should visit Murcia,
where they say things you can visit like: The Arabic Walls, Museo de Arqueologia or the
Churches and the Mosques.
Myswitzerland (n.d) assures that Basel is known for its museums. A lot of people know it as
the city of museums because it is home to 40 museums. When you visit Basel you have a
choice of where to go: Kleinbasel and Großbasel, which translates to Littlebasel and
Bigbasel. In Carnaval Basel celebrates differently, they don’t celebrate Carnaval they
celebrate Fasnacht. Fasnacht is very important for Basel, and before Fasnacht there is
something called Morgenstreich where all the lights of the city go out and music plays in the
streets.
What are the ranges of 1-5 stars hotels in Costa Blanca, Murcia
and Basel?
Costa Blanca:
ACCOMODATION IN
MURCIA ACCORDING TO
THEIR STAR RATING
STARS
NUM. Hotels
1 Star 21
2 Star 51
3 Star 151
4 Star 121
5 Star 11
(booking.com)
6

According to this graph ¾ or 76.6% of all the hotels are 3 or 4 stars and 3.1% of all the
hotels are 5 stars. So we can assume that hotels look for people that are in the middle class.
ACCOMODATION IN
MURCIA ACCORDING TO
THEIR STAR RATING
STARS
NUM. Hotels
1 Star 12
2 Star 31
3 Star 41
4 Star 34
5 Star 1
(booking.com)
If we look at this graph there are nearly the same amount of 2 star hotels and 4 star hotels.
We can also assume that Murcia’s hotels look for people between the middle class and lower
class.
ACCOMODATION IN
MURCIA ACCORDING TO
THEIR STAR RATING
STARS
NUM. Hotels
1 Star 2
2 Star 3
3 Star 27
4 Star 26
5 Star 1
(booking.com)
This graph shows that most of Basel’s hotels (89.9%) are either 3 or 4 star hotels. Just like
Costa Blanca or murcia they try to attract tourists in the middle class.
7

CONCLUSION
To attract people you need to make them feel at home or just to make them comfortable. If
you sell a product or a service you can make it unique or link it with what’s popular at that
time. There are two types of jobs that are linked to tourism which are: Direct Employment in
Tourism and Indirect Employment in Tourism. If you want to visit a popular place with
beaches on the Mediterranean Sea then Benidorm is the place for you. If you are looking for a
place that looks like a small town then you should go to Murcia. Basel is a place that has a lot
of museums (about 40). The only question with statistics is where we can assume that hotels
look for middle-class people.
So basically tourist attractions can attract people by uniqueness of the region or of business
itself. You can also have good customer service, and to be eye-catching. Something that
Costa Blanca can do is to have more museums or something that Murcia could do is to have
bigger festivals like Costa Blanca.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Brown.A (2022). The best places to visit in Costa Blanca, Spain. Lascolinas.
https://lascolinas.properties/blog/the-best-places-to-visit-in-costa-blancaspain/#:~:text=Costa%20Blanca%20is%20also%20famous,%2C%20Benissa%2C%20Villajo
yosa%20and%20J%C3%A1vea. (Seen: 2/5/23)
Evertsdal (2018). What are the most important that people look for when booking holiday
accommodation. Evertsal.https://evertsdal.com/what-are-the-most-important-factors-thatpeople-look-for-when-booking-holiday-accommodation/
(Seen: 1/5/23)
Fields.L (2023). Direct and indirect jobs created by tourism. Reyesavilla.
https://reyesavila.es/turismo/puestos-de-trabajo-directos-e-indirectos-que-crea-el-turismo/
(Seen: 18/5/23)
8

M.S (n.d) Basel. myswitzerland. https://www.myswitzerland.com/en/destinations/basel/
(Seen: 2/5/23)
S.O.U (2022). 7 Tips To Make Your Business Stand Out. Shout Out UK.
https://www.shoutoutuk.org/2022/03/11/7-tips-to-make-your-business-stand-out/ (Seen:
1/5/23)
Smoken-Huberty.E (n.d). 10 Reasons Why Tourism is Important. Theimportantsite.
https://theimportantsite.com/10-reasons-why-tourism-is-important/ (Seen: 29/5/23)
Soja.I (2022). 10% of Jobs are Worldwide Connected to the Tourism Industry – What Does
That Mean?. Solimar International. https://www.solimarinternational.com/10-of-jobs-areworldwide-connected-to-the-tourism-industry-what-does-that-mean/
(Seen: 2/5/23)
Time (2023). 10 Tips for Attracting Tourists to your Destination. Time.
https://time.ly/blog/tips-for-attracting-tourists-to-your-destination/ (Seen: 1/5/23)
Travelsnippet (2022) Is Murcia Worth Visiting: 7 Reasons We Think It Is. travelsnippet.
https://travelsnippet.com/europe/spain/is-murcia-worthvisiting/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=is-murcia-worth-visiting
(Seen: 15/5/23)
Universitat (2019). What most attracts us to a tourist destination? Attractions, culture and
gastronomy. Science Daily.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190408114002.htm (Seen: 1/5/23)
Visitelche (n.d) Moros y Cristianos. Visitelche. https://www.visitelche.com/en/fiestas/morosy-cristianos
(Seen: 1/6/23)
9

How do Valencian protest songs and Irish
protest songs about freedom differentiate?
Z.V
1

Table of contents
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3
РЕЗЮМЕ .............................................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 4
What is the central theme of most Irish protest songs?? ................................................. 4
What were the Troubles?? .............................................................................................. 5
What is the central theme of most Valencian protest songs? ........................................... 5
What was la Guerra de Sucesion and how did it make an impact? .................................. 6
How can we compare the two? ....................................................................................... 6
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 6
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................... 7
2

SUMMARY
My research project is about the differences between Irish and Valencian protest music, how
it has impacted each community and the history behind each conflict which initiated the ideas
for these songs.
Keywords: protests, Ireland, Valencia, Troubles, music, conflicts, war of succession
РЕЗЮМЕ
Изследователският ми проект е посветен на разликите между ирландската и
валенсианската протестна музика, как тя е повлияла на всяка от общностите и
историята на всеки от конфликтите, които са дали началото на идеите за тези песни.
Ключови думи: протести, Ирландия, Валенсия, Проблеми, музика, конфликти, война
за успех
3

INTRODUCTION
For my question, I have chosen to talk about the differences between Irish protest songs and
Valencian ones.I have chosen this topic because I find it quite interesting as there is also a lot
more history than you would expect behind it.
This topic is important as the songs are the way people express the conflicts from the past and
how they've affected so many people. The songs usually honour people who have died or to
honour a tragic event. Garza (2021) said “Ambiguity lies within the song’s opening line:
“Another head hangs lowly / Child is slowly taken.” when talking about the Cranberries song
“Zombie” after an incident during the Troubles.
METHODOLOGY
In order to find all the information I needed, I had to go through many websites and check
them each out thoroughly. The ones I have chosen are all trustworthy sources as they are all
very well known not to spread fake news. I also did a lot of background checks on the
website/company.
All the research conducted can be considered mixed, since I had to both analyse texts and
articles as well as numbers and numerical data. For example, I used the numerical data when
trying to figure out the main theme of Valencia protest songs and counted how many times a
word repeats during each song.
ANALYSIS
What is the central theme of most Irish protest songs??
Irish rebel songs are traditional songs that are essentially about the different uprisings against
English Crown rule. (Wiki, 2023) Musicians who backed Irish nationalism and republicanism
sometimes chose to write songs about earlier uprisings. “How long, how long must we sing
this song?” - U2. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Irish rebel songs focus on physical force Irish
4

republicanism in the context of the Troubles in Northern Ireland.For eg: Sunday bloody
sunday, Give Ireland back to the Irish, Belfast child, Go on home British soldiers etc.
(O’hara, 2023) So all of the most popular Irish protest songs revolve around the Troubles and
the impact they made on the whole country.
What were the Troubles??
The troubles were a series of bombing and shootings that lasted for about thirty years in
Ireland. In 1921, Ireland decided to become an independent state, however Northern-Ireland
remained a part of the UK. This created a “split” between the nationalists who wanted to
become independent and the unionists who wanted Northern-Ireland to be a part of the UK.
(BBC, 2023). Then on the 30th of Jan 1972, protesters ( all northern catholics) were marching
in protest of the British policy of internment of suspected Irish nationalists. British authorities
had ordered the march banned, and sent troops to confront the demonstrators when it went
ahead. 13 people died and 17 were injured. That day is known as Bloody sunday.
(HISTORY, 2010). After that came the Good Friday agreement. It was a political deal to end
the thirty years of “the Troubles” . It was signed in April of 1998 and approved by public
votes in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. (BBC, 2023)
What is the central theme of most Valencian protest songs?
song topic 3 most common words
Som moviment freedom & politics grita, fuego, de parar
La flama (freedom) freedom n politics flama, avaçant, sentiments
Putrefactes freedom n politics a vivir, era horta, encima
El cant dels Maulets freedom n politics maulets, bull, mes
Quan caminaven
freedom n politics
rebels, caminavem,
somnis
The theme of most of these songs have to do with freedom and rebellion. This is because of
the effects of the Spanish war of succession and how Aragon and many other provinces
5

around it lost many of their rights. Many people then felt oppressed and made music to help
spread the message of the situation.
What was la Guerra de Sucesion and how did it make an
impact?
In the Spanish War of Succession, two heirs to the Spanish throne were fighting. In the end,
Philip V won. He had Castilla backing him so, when he took the Spanish crown, he removed
the Aragonian laws to impose the Castilian ones. This was felt from those realms as a loss of
independence and, what was worst, sovereignty and identity. A feeling that has been carried
on up to our days. (Diaz, 2023)
How can we compare the two?
The Valencian songs that focus on the Spanish war of succession are all written in
Valenciano but the Irish songs are written in english.
The Irish songs are also much more popular and that is because they are written in English
(an international language) but it is also quite contradictory as it is England that the Irish were
fighting. However, I can almost guarantee that if the songs were written in Irish they
wouldn't have gained so much popularity and the conflicts wouldn't have been so known.
And because of this, that is why the Valencian protest songs are not so popular and unless
you are from Spain or even from the area there is a very small chance of you knowing about
the issues between Castilla and Aragon/Valencia at all. And not only that but many or even
most people do not celebrate the conflicts between Castilla and Aragon whereas in the Uk
and all round the world we have “Good Friday ''.
CONCLUSION
The difference between the two is not massive. They both mainly focus on freedom, war and
conflicts. Although the music itself is quite different. The Irish songs aren't necessarily slow
but in comparison to the Valecian songs they definitely appear as so. But still they aren't too
incredibly different.
6

So to answer my overall question of “How do Valencian protest songs and Irish protest songs
differentiate?” I think that their main differences are the language that they are written in,
how much popularity each has gained and how the popularity has affected each situation/how
celebrated or mourned they are. And during my research, I have come to realise how much
the language you choose to write a song in can affect its popularity. And how that can affect
history itself.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
BBC, (2023), Good Friday Agreement: What is it?, BBC news,
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-61968177, (2.5.23)
Beaudoin.K, (2015), 10 songs that prove Irish music is the original protest music,
https://www.mic.com/articles/112942/10-songs-that-prove-irish-music-is-the-originalprotest-music,
(2.5.23)
Diaz.M, (2023), Aragon, from the kingdom to the statue of autonomy, Go Aragon,
https://www.goaragon.eu/aragon-from-the-kingdom-to-the-statute-of-autonomy/, (2.5.23)
Garza.M, (2021), Songs of Protest: How The Defied Irish Violence with “Zombie”,
Afterglow,https://www.afterglowatx.com/blog/2021/10/4/songs-of-protest-how-thecranberries-defied-irish-violence-with-zombie,
(6.6.23)
HISTORY, (2010), “Bloody Sunday” in Northern Ireland, A&E television networks,
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bloody-sunday-in-northern-ireland, (2.5.23)
O’hara.K, (2023), 21 Best Irish Rebel Songs Ever Written, The Irish Road Trip,
https://www.theirishroadtrip.com/irish-rebel-songs/, (16.5.23)
Wikipedia, (2023), Irish rebel song, Wikipedia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_rebel_song, (23.5.23)
7

WHAT IMPACTS DOES TERRORISM HAVE ALL OVER THE
WORLD?
By A.O.L.
8

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 9
RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 10
What is terrorism? ......................................................................................................... 11
How is terrorism impacting economy? ........................................................................... 12
9

SUMMARY
My topic is terrorism in Spain, USA and EU. I’ve talked about what it is, how it affects
teenagers, young people and the economy. Finally what is it’s history, here I’ve included
examples of some terrorist attacks in those places.
Keywords: Terrorism, Spain, Europe, USA
RESUMEN
El tema del que he hablado es el terrorismo en España, Estados Unidos y Europa. He incluido
su definición, cómo afecta a los adolescentes, a los jóvenes y a la economía. Finalmente, he
incluido algunos ejemplos de algunos ataques terroristas en estos lugares.
Palabras clave:
10

INTRODUCTION
The topic I chose is terrorism, I chose it because I like it and it is interesant. It is a very
important topic because it is being more frequent each time and we are giving it more
importance because terrorist attacks don’t have any justification. Over the years, security
priorities in foreign policy have changed. The rise of new technologies and new
communication networks has removed barriers but has also led to the emergence of new
challenges, risks and threats (Ministerio de asuntos exteriores, Unión Europea y cooperación,
n.d).
METHODOLOGY
To do the research I have used internet, I’ve looked for the reliability of the sources in google
and if it didn’t tell me how reliable they are I looked for details that told me that the source
wasn’t reliable such as: lots of exclamation marks, punctuation errors or if they didn’t
reference other sources to support their information.
The type of research is qualitative because my questions didn’t include percentages or graphs.
The key words I used to answer my questions are terrorism, impact and world.
ANALYSIS
What is terrorism?
There are two types of terrorism:International terrorism and domestic terrorism.
International terrorism are violent or criminal acts committed by individuals or groups who
are inspired by foreign terrorist organizations or nations.
Domestic terrorism are violent and criminal acts committed by individuals or groups to
further goals. (FBI,N.D)
Terrorism is the use of force or violence to intimidate a government or its citizens to certain
political or social objectives. (Austintexas.gov, N.D)
11

Terrorism involves the intimidation of populations or governments through the threat of
violence, causing death, serious injury or the taking of hostages. (United Nations, N.D)
How is terrorism impacting economy?
By 2020, a trend of domestic terrorist groups had developed in countries around the world.
The United States, itself, has experienced an increase in domestic terrorism and according to
June 2022.There has been several recent violent attacks against minority communities,
schools, houses of worship, and mass transit. (Ross, 2022)
How is terrorism impacting teenagers and young people?
Areas subject to a terrorist attack become less attractive. The impact of terrorist attacks is
also shown to last for as long as two years after the incident occurred they make an impact on
businesses. (Petmezas, 2022)
Terrorism worries society more and more each time, deaths and destruction have a direct
impact in the economy of Spain. Iraq is the most affected country. (Gago, 2018)
Terrorist attacks have had a powerful impact on children and their families. Media and
television exposure of terrorist events throughout the world has increased. There is increasing
concern about the effects of this exposure on children who witness these violent images.
(Fremont, Pataki and Beresin, 2005)
What is the history of terrorism in Spain?in EU? and in USA?
Spain:
Anarchist attacks in Spain from 1890 to 1897, they were committed against great
personalities from history.(Pedrero, 2020)
During thirteen years, between 1973 and 1986, the Polisario Front carried out 289 terrorist
attacks against Spanish citizens, mainly workers in phosphate mines.(Berbell, 2021)
12

EU:
Between 2019 and 2021, 1 560 people were arrested in EU member states on suspicion of
terrorism-related offenses. (European council, 2023)
Pan Am flight 103, also called Lockerbie bombing. 21/12/1988 (Augustyn, 2023)
During the evening of 22nd May 2017, the Arena was the venue for a concert by Ariana
Grande where an improvised explosive device exploded. (Manchester arena inquiry, n.d)
USA:
On July 22, 1916, when a suitcase bomb killed 10 and seriously injured 40, at the city’s
“Preparedness Day” parade. (Waxman, 2016)
CONCLUSION
Terrorism affects all over the world, I know this because I’ve compared the impact of
terrorism in Spain, USA and EU and overall they are quite similar.
Terrorism has an impact all over the world such as economic problems due to robberies, loss
of tourism because people don’t want to go to places where they feel insecure and it also
impacts teenagers life because some teenagers take it as an example.
13

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Augustyn, A (2023). Pan Am flight 103. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Pan-
Am-flight-103 (31/5/2023)
Austintexas.gov(N.D). What is terrorism?.
Austintexas.gov.https://www.austintexas.gov/faq/what-terrorism (15/5/2023)
Berbell, C (2021). Confilegal. El Frente Polisario ejerció el terrorismo contra españoles, así
lo reconoció el Gobierno de España en 2006. https://confilegal.com/20210520-el-frente-
polisario-ejercio-el-terrorismo-contra-espanoles-asi-lo-reconocio-el-gobierno-de-espana-en-
2006/ (29/5/2023)
European Council (2023). Infographic - Terrorism in the EU: facts and figures. European
Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/terrorism-eu-facts-figures/
(31/5/2023)
F, Wanda , Pataki, C and Beresin, E (2005). Pubmed. The impact of terrorism on children
and adolescents: terror in the skies, terror on television.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15936667/ (17/5/2023)
FBI(N.D). Terrorism. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism (15/5/2023)
Gago, J (2018). el Economista. El efecto del terrorismo en el mundo: un impacto del 10%
sobre el PIB mundial. https://www.eleconomista.es/economia/noticias/9010692/03/18/Lospaises-mas-afectados-economicamente-por-el-terrorismo-en-el-mundo.html
(17/5/2023)
Gov.Uk (n.d). Gov.Uk. Terrorism. https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/spain/terrorism
(18/5/2023)
Homeland Security (2022). Summary of Terrorism Threat to the United States. Homeland
Security. https://www.dhs.gov/ntas/advisory/national-terrorism-advisory-system-bulletinnovember-30-2022
(5/6/2023)
Manchester Arena inquiry (n.d).
14

Pedrero, D (2020). Archivos historia. La propaganda por el hecho: atentados anarquistas en
1921/ (29/5/2023)
Petmezas, D (2022). Durham University. The economic impact of terrorsim.
España (1850-1921). https://archivoshistoria.com/atentados-anarquistas-en-espana-1850-
https://www.durham.ac.uk/business/impact/world-economy/the-economic-impact-ofterrorism/
(17/5/2023)
Ross, S (2022). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/080216/top-5-
ways-terrorism-impacts-economy.asp (15/5/2023)
United Nations(N.D).OHCHR, terrorism and violent
extremism.https://www.ohchr.org/en/terrorism (15/5/2023)
Waxman, O (2016). The Bomb That Rocked San Francisco 100 Years Ago. Time.
https://time.com/4411324/san-francisco-1916-bombing-preparedness-day-paradeanniversary-centennial/
(31/5/2023)
Interpol (n.d). Terrorism. Interpol. https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Terrorism (5/6/2023)
Ministerio de asuntos exteriores, Unión Europea y cooperación (n.d). Global security.
Ministerio de asuntos exteriores, Unión Europea y cooperación.
https://www.exteriores.gob.es/en/PoliticaExterior/Paginas/SeguridadGlobal.aspx (5/6/2023)
15

What can Spain, UK and Australia learn from each
other regarding Ocean’s Protection?
A.M.
1

Table of contents
Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………………….
2
SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
KEYWORDS: Ocean protection,water, sea pollution, law of protection, eutrophication,
Spain, The UK, problems, Australia……………………………………………………………..
Error! Bookmark not defined.
РЭЗЮМЭ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 3
КЛЮЧАВЫЯ СЛОВЫ: ахова акіяна, вада, забруджванне мора, права аховы,
марское асяроддзе, эўтрафікацыя, Іспанія, Вялікабрытанія, праблемы, Аўстралія
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Why do the oceans need protection?.................................................................................. 4
What are the Ocean’s protection laws in Spain, UK and Australia?................................. 5
What are the main problems that Spain, UK and Australia have to face in relation to
their seas and oceans?......................................................................................................... 5
What innovations could be applied to protect the oceans?.............................................. 8
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES……………………………………………………………. 10
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………………...
Error! Bookmark not defined.
2

SUMMARY
Ocean–is a part of our life. It’s all around the Earth, and if we contaminate it, the Earth will
die, and the life on it also. In this project I was searching for main problems for each of the
countries, why do the oceans need protection? What are the ocean protection laws in each
country, what innovations could be applied to protect the oceans?
KEYWORDS: Ocean protection,water, sea pollution, law of protection, eutrophication, Spain,
The UK, problems, Australia.
РЭЗЮМЭ
Акіян - гэта частка нашага жыцця. Гэта паўсюль вакол Зямлі, і калі мы забрудзім гэта,
Зямля памрэ, і жыццё на ёй таксама. У гэтым праекце я шукаў асноўныя праблемы для
кожнай з краін, чаму акіяны маюць патрэбу ў абароне? Якія законы аб ахове акіяна
існуюць у кожнай краіне, якія новаўвядзенні можна прымяніць для аховы акіянаў?
КЛЮЧАВЫЯ СЛОВЫ: ахова акіяна, вада, забруджванне мора, права аховы,
марское асяроддзе, эўтрафікацыя, Іспанія, Вялікабрытанія, праблемы, Аўстралія
3

INTRODUCTION
I chose this topic, because I think we should care about our oceans and seas, because we swim
in them. Life there is also very important.
This topic is important because we need to protect our oceans from pollution, rubbish that is in
the seas and oceans.
METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted by many different sources of information. I tried lots of sources
of information and I also looked for them. But the main thing here is whether they are reliable
or not. My method is to collect data from the internet or sources of information and look by
who it was made and if it is a famous and trustful source it is reliable. Also, I was reading the
sources of information and extracting the main bits of information from the source.
I needed qualitative data. And it was a secondary data, because I collected it from different
sources that were already written by someone else. I chose these methods because I think they
are more suitable for this topic and with their help it’s easier to do this topic.
ANALYSIS
Why do the oceans need protection?
1. The ocean regulates our climate and provides the air we breathe—It not only functions
as the lungs of the planet, providing us with the air we breathe, but also as the world’s
largest carbon sink helping to combat the negative impacts of climate change.
Additionally, the oceans have taken up more than 90% of the excess heat in the climate
system helping to regulate the temperatures on land.
2. The oceans feed us— The ocean and its biodiversity provide the global community with
15% of the animal protein we eat. In least developed countries, seafood is the primary
source of food. Currently, more than 10 million tons of fish go to waste every year
because of destructive fishing practices.(United Nations, N.D.)
4

The reality is that the ocean is sustaining all of us at this moment. Covering more than
70% of the world's surface, it is the largest ecosystem on earth. It is essentially the
planet’s support system, regulating the air we breathe, the climate we live in, the food
we eat and much more. (Sea the Beauty, N.D.)
What are the Ocean’s protection laws in Spain, UK and Australia?
Spain:
Spain's protection law is Law 41/2010 for the protection of the marine environment.(Osaka
Blue Ocean Vision, 2023)
UK:
The UK’s protection law is the Law of the sea is a body of customs, treaties and international
agreements by which governments maintain order, productivity and peaceful relations on the
sea.(NOAA, 2021)
Australia:
The maritime boundaries displayed in AMSIS (Australian Marine Spatial Information System),
including the continental shelf limits, have been determined in accordance with the provisions
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.(Australian Government, N.D.)
What are the main problems that Spain, UK and Australia have to face in relation to
their seas and oceans?
Spain:
Spain is one of the most water-stressed industrialized countries in the world. The country faces
the challenge of ensuring long-term water securities.
“The first thing rain washes away is the memory of the drought”. This is a metaphor that is
particularly connected with Spain.
5

The endless “water wars” between who defend the natural capital represented by the
environment, and intensive agriculture washouts, , who are blamed for the deterioration of
aquifers(coasts) . Degradation of wetlands such as “Doñana” , “The Tablas de Daimiel” , etc.
Along with agriculture , the tourism industry generates more than 50 million tourists in Spain,
more in the summer season when rainfall is the lowest and is another major factor of water
stress.This is the main problem in Spain, related to the sea and water in it. (We are water,
foundation, N.D.)
In 2016, an extreme eutrophication – a massive growth of algae caused by a discharge of
nutrients, mainly from agriculture– turned the water here green and killed 85 percent of the
seagrass. Thousands of fish were beached on the shore, unable to breathe because of a lack of
oxygen resulting from the degradation of excessive algae and changes to salinity.
The lagoon stank. House prices plummeted, tourist numbers fell and the economy suffered.
(Theguardian,2020)
UK:
From sheltered sea lochs to wild open water, from seafood beds to deepwater corral–the UK’s
coasts and seas truly are amazing.
The UK’s seas are some of the hardest working in Europe. As well as being home to an amazing
range of the other wildlife and environment they also support many industries.
And of course their seas and coasts are vital for people and livelihoods too– not just the UK's
essential fishing industry but tourism, shipping, etc.
But despite the importance of their seas, it has to be said they’ve not been managed enough
very sustainably. Overuse and a lack of proper protection has caused environmental damage.
Some of the vulnerable species like the harbor purpose are now at risk. This also puts industries
and peoples’ jobs at risk as a healthy sea.
They’re working closely with all the people who are involved to use them(seas), regulating and
protecting oceans– including government, scientists and local communities.
6

Like the UK and Scottish Marine Acts– are put into practice effectively. So that we can make
sure that our valuable marine industry has a sustainable future and the UK’s seas are properly
valued and looked after. (WWF, N.D)
The UK has largely achieved its aim of Good Environmental Status for eutrophication. A small
number of eutrophication problems remain in coastal and estuarine waters, representing 0.03
per cent of the total UK Exclusive Economic Zone and 0,41 percent of estuarine and coastal
waters.
The eutrophication assessment is based on the following four OSPAR (Oslo and Paris
Conventions).
1. Inputs of nutrients: shows whether measures put in place to reduce nutrient
loads are working.
2. Nutrient concentrations: shows how trends in nutrient concentrations are
changing.
3. Chlorophyll concentrations: shows whether phytoplankton biomass is below
assessment levels and whether there is any change.
4. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen near the seafloor: shows whether
concentrations of oxygen are at levels that support a healthy marine ecosystem.
(UKKMAS, 2018)
Australia:
1. Water data is still very sparse west of the ranges or away from the coast:
Despite all of Australia’s efforts and investment, data is still very sparse(rare) west of the ranges
or away from the coast, which makes forecasting and management difficult. They are working
on novel solutions to integrate satellite data to fill the data gaps. Australia is up there with the
US and Europe in public (water) data accessibility, they are big proponents of open data and
increased data access.
2. Climate change may increase the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria blooms:
7

Climate change resulting in increasing temperatures and associated increased rainfall intensity
will increase the occurrence and risk of eutrophication. Eutrophication is when a body of water
becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of plants
and algae. The factors triggering cyanobacteria bloom formation are found to be especially
complex. ( The university of Sydney, 2018)
What innovations could be applied to protect the oceans?
1. Washing machine filters capture microplastics
More people seem to be waking up to the problem of microplastics. When clothes made from
synthetics and fibers are washed, millions of tiny particles of plastic are released into the drains,
through water treatment plants and out into the rivers, lakes and oceans, where they cause great
damage. A Slovenian startup, called PlanentCare, has come up with a way to remove
microplastics before they go down to drain.
PlanetCare has developed a filter which can be attached to a washing machine, and which can
catch around 90% of the fibers shed from clothes. The cartridges need to be charged monthly,
and the used ones can be sent back to PlanetCare, which cleans and returns them to customers.
PlanetCare has plans to recycle the microplastics it collects in the cartridges. (Spring Wise,
2020)
2. Waste collection ‘Race’ raises sea pollution awareness
Merging elements of a race and a treasure hunt, 20 teams, made up of two swimmers and two
kayakers, aimed to collect 8 km of waste from the sea. “With this event, they wanted to raise
awareness that the protection of the environment is of concern to everyone, especially as 80%
of the waste in the Mediterranean comes from the land”. (Spring Wise, 2020)
1. The Ocean Cleanup
Cleaning the oceans in this lifetime is nearly impossible.
One man, he was 20 years old, was fed up with the trash, so he started The Ocean CleanUp,
which uses long floating barriers that work with ocean currents to collect the trash. Because
8

most of the current flows underneath and the plastic floats at the top, this technology prevents
the bycatch of unwanted fish and other marine species. (TechRepublic, 2015)
2. Sea robots
For years, scientists have been using robot-like machines to explore the depths of the
ocean, where humans cannot reach. Now, they can control robots above the water, and
send robots with lights, sensors, and tools to bring back samples, take photos, and
explore the seabed and the creatures that live deep underwater.
Smarter nets
Every year, millions of dead fish are thrown back into the ocean. They were too young and
small or caught unsafely and end up dying because they are so stressed out from being caught.
One type of technology came out of a partnership between scientists and fishing companies in
New Zealand. Precision Seafood Harvesting uses high–tech trawl nets to identify and catch
specific fish species instead of using traditional sprawling nets that catch everything in their
path.(TechRepublic,2015)
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I want to say that oceans and seas are important for us. We need to protect them
from rubbish and everything else that can get there. Fortunately, humans invented technologies
that can take the rubbish out of the water. But we, humans, also need to care about the seas and
oceans. Robots can’t do everything instead of us. And I was talking about the guy who invented
the beach clean up. This guy was very smart at this point.
Our planet contains a lot of water. And if it would be contaminated, our planet would go down,
I mean it would practically die. And we, people will also die.
So, please, don’t throw rubbish into the seas and oceans.
The air we breathe on Earth is very important for us. We can’t live without the air. Also, the
ocean can feed us, the food, I mean fish that is in the seas and oceans, is caught and then we
9

eat it. Each country has their own laws, for example, in this work, I have Law of protect the
marine environment.
In each country there are lots of problems with oceans and seas. For example, Spain faces the
challenge of ensuring long-term water securities.
We need to protect our oceans from harmful things or the things that get in the ocean. For
example, for this, we can use: sea robots, ocean CleanUp.
As I see, in this presentation, all countries have different problems with seas and oceans. Spain,
The Uk, and Australia have different laws of protection of the sea and oceans. The main
problem of three countries is Eutrophication. Spain’s main problems are rain and the tourists.
In the UK’s seas the main problems are tourism, shipping etc. . Australia’s problem is climate
change.
The problem that the countries are sharing is eutrophication. Eutrophication–is when there is a
lot of water in the sea, and the rays of light from the sun don't get through the water, and the
living organisms in the water are dying.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
GA.GOV.(N.D.) Australian Government, Geoscience Australia. Australian Ocean
Governance and Relevant Legislation. Claire Krause. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientifictopics/marine/jurisdiction/amsis/australian-ocean-governance-and-relevant-legislation
(Seen:
10/5/23)
G20MPL. (2021) Spain Actions and Progress on Marine Plastic Litter. Marta Martínez –Gil
Pardo de Vera and José González Serrano. https://g20mpl.org/partners/spain (Seen: 10/5/23)
MOAT.CEFAS.(2018).Eutrophication.UKKMAS . https://moat.cefas.co.uk/pressures-fromhuman-activities/eutrophication
(Seen: 11/6/23)
OCEANSURVICE.(N.D)What is the Law of the sea? National Ocean Service.
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lawofsea.html#:~:text=The%20law%20of%20the%20sea
%20is%20a%20body%20of%20customs,outer%20limit%20of%20internal%20waters. (Seen:
10/5/23)
10

SEATHEBEAUTY. (N.D.) Why do we need to protect our oceans? Sea the Beauty.
https://www.seathebeauty.net/index.php/why-protect-our-oceans(Seen:8/5/23)
SPRINGWISE.(2020).Top 7 innovations protecting the ocean . Spring Wise
https://www.springwise.com/innovation-snapshot/world-oceans-day/ (Seen:10/5/23)
SYDNEY. ( 20/3/18) 5 biggest challenges facing Australian water. The University of
Sydney. https://www.sydney.edu.au/science/news-and-events/2018/03/20/5-biggestchallenges-facing-australian-water.html
(Seen:11/5/23)
TECHREPUBLIC. (2015) . 4 technologies that will help save the oceans . Lindsey Gilpin.
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/4-technologies-that-will-help-save-the-oceans/ (Seen:
11/5/23)
THEGUARDIAN.(2020). Can Spain fix its worst ecological crisis by making a lagoon a
legal person?. Ricardo Perez–Solero.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/18/can-spain-fix-its-worst-ecologicaldisaster-by-making-a-lagoon-a-legal-person
(Seen:1/6/23)
UN. (N.D.). United Nations. 5 reasons you should care about our oceans. United Nations.
https://www.un.org/en/desa/5-reasons-you-should-care-about-ourocean#:~:text=The%20ocean%20affects%20us%20all,future%20survival%20on%20this%20
planet. (Seen:8/5/23)
WEAREWATER.(N.D). Water in Spain: the challenge of dry land. We are Water .
Foundation. https://www.wearewater.org/en/water-in-spain-the-challenge-of-a-dryland_349631
(Seen:11/5/23)
WWF. (N.D.) UK seas. World Wildlife Fund. https://www.wwf.org.uk/where-we-work/ukseas
(Seen: 11/5/23)
11

Terrorism in Spain, the UK and
the USA. What do they have in
common?
D.D
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 3
RESUMEN .............................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 4
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 5
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 6
WHAT WAS/IS THE MAIN TERRORIST THREATS IN SPAIN? .......................... 6
- WHAT WAS ETA’S MAIN GOAL? ................................................................................. 6
- HOW LONG DID ETA'S CAMPAIGN OF VIOLENCE LAST, AND HOW MANY
PEOPLE WERE KILLED? ......................................................................................... 6
- WHEN DID ETA ANNOUNCE THE CESSATION OF ARMED ACTIVITY? ............. 7
WHAT WAS/IS THE MAIN TERRORIST THREATS IN THE UK? ........................ 8
- WHAT WAS AL-QAEDA'S / ISIS’S MAIN GOAL? ................................................. 10
- IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AL-QAEDA AND ISIS? ........................... 10
- WHEN DID AL-QAEDA / ISIS ANNOUNCE THE CESSATION OF ARMED
ACTIVITY? .............................................................................................................. 10
WHAT WAS/IS THE MAIN TERRORIST THREATS IN THE USA? ................... 11
- WHAT WAS THE AL-QAEDA / ISIS MAIN GOAL? ............................................... 11
- HOW LONG DID THE IRA’S CAMPAIGN OF VIOLENCE LAST, AND HOW MANY
PEOPLE WERE KILLED? ....................................................................................... 11
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 12
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................... 13
2

SUMMARY
Terrorism can have many forms like State terrorism or terrorism carried out by small
political groups. As the saying goes,”One man's terrorist is another man's freedom
fighter”. As history continues to evolve and change, terrorism and its use will also
continue to evolve and change. In the end political dialogue has brought most
political terrorist groups to the peace table, like IRA and ETA, Al-Qaeda and ISIS
continue to be the exception. By investigating terrorism in different countries(UK,
USA, SPAIN), as I have mentioned in the previous pages, terrorism is just the use of
violence to political ends.
Keywords: Terrorism, Political Violence, Terrorist attacks in Spain, UK, USA,
terrorist threats.
RESUMEN
El terrorismo puede adoptar muchas formas, como el terrorismo de Estado o los
pequeños grupos políticos. Como dice el refrán inglés, "el terrorista de un hombre es
el luchador por la libertad de otro". Como la historia sigue evolucionando y
cambiando, el terrorismo y su uso también seguirán evolucionando y cambiando. Al
final, el diálogo político ha llevado a la mayoría de los grupos terroristas políticos a la
mesa de la paz, como el IRA y ETA; Al Qaeda y el ISIS siguen siendo la excepción.
Al investigar el terrorismo en diferentes países (Reino Unido, Estados Unidos,
España), como he hecho en las páginas anteriores, el terrorismo no es más que el
uso de la violencia con fines políticos.
Palabras clave: Terrorismo, Violencia politica, ataques terroristas en España,
Reino Unido y en Estados Unidos, terrorist threats.
3

INTRODUCTION
As the source of information Britannica states, the definition of terrorism is: “the
calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and
thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Terrorism has been practiced
by political organizations with both rightist and leftist objectives, by nationalistic and
religious groups, by revolutionaries, and even by state institutions such as armies,
intelligence services, and police.” When two different cultures or religions collide, or
one tries to influence the other. There is often a reaction, from one side or another
that can be weak or extreme. If it is extreme, led by extremists/terrorists then
terrorism will continue as long as different opposing views on culture and religion
clash.
Terrorism has been around for decades, and was quite prevalent in the 1970s mainly
due to the Middle east. Terrorism was a way of using political violence to get your
own political ends. Terrorism hasn't changed much in the intervening years and
unfortunately still innocent civilians are the main victims and pay for it with their lives.
In this essay I am just investigating terrorism in the USA, UK and Spain, although
there are so many countries I could include(France, Italy, Libya, Somalia, Iraq.etc.)
But in the end the USA, UK and Spain are good examples for what happens in
terrorism activity. Sometimes nowadays, the word terrorism is thrown around loosely
to cover a lot of actions that would not have been considered terrorism decades ago,
for example: young children terrorizing residents in the street, being terrorized or
bullied on social media. I will not be investigating these modern interpretations of
terrorism, but rather the older form of military terrorism.
METHODOLOGY
Nowadays, the main source, if not the only source to find information on a subject as
wide and important as terrorism is the internet. To find the relevant information I
needed on terrorism in Spain, USA, UK, I had to go through a lot of different articles,
but the important data I wanted had to be balanced, so it had to be from reliable
4

sources. So I used mainly mainstream media with information from terrorism activity
from each country. I used sources like: BBC, Al Jazeera, Gobierno de España,etc.
This maximized the reliability of my data, which was both qualitative and quantitative.
I stayed away from articles written by extremist, far right, far left, groups. As these
would not be balanced and would be totally biased due to the nature and extremist
views of the people writing them. So in the end, I hope that by using the mainstream
media, mentioned above, I was able to write a balanced and accurate essay.
In order to find different sources of information I used the key words: Terrorism,
political terrorism, State terrorism, Political violence, Political ends, terrorist groups,
terrorist cells, terrorist attacks, Spain, UK, USA, ETA, IRA, Al-Qaeda and ISIS.
ANALYSIS
WHAT WAS/IS THE MAIN TERRORIST THREATS IN SPAIN?
Spain has a long history of terrorism, with the Basque separatist group ETA being
the topic that most stands out. ETA, which stands for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
(Basque Homeland and Liberty), was formed in the 1950s and sought to create an
independent Basque state in Spain and France. The group carried out a campaign of
violence that lasted for over 50 years and claimed the lives of more than 800 people.
In 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of armed activity," effectively ending
its campaign. (Astier.H) (C. Angela)
- WHAT WAS ETA’S MAIN GOAL?
ETA, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Country and Freedom), was responsible for
the death of 853 people between 1968 and 2010. ETA 's violent campaign was
driven by the desire for the independence of the Basque Country.
5

- HOW LONG DID ETA'S CAMPAIGN OF VIOLENCE LAST, AND HOW MANY
PEOPLE WERE KILLED?
Between 1968 and 2010, 853 people were killed.
- WHEN DID ETA ANNOUNCE THE CESSATION OF ARMED ACTIVITY?
ETA announced their cessation of armed activity in October 17 2011.
The other principal terrorist campaign was Al-Qaeda, which was linked to terrorist
attacks in Spain in the past. One of the most notable incidents was the Madrid train
bombings that occurred on March 11, 2004. Multiple bombs exploded on commuter
trains in Madrid, resulting in the deaths of 191 people and injuring thousands more.
The attack was carried out by an Islamist extremist group with connections to Al-
Qaida.
The Britannica source states that the cause of this terrorist attack was supposedly
because of: “Prime Minister José María Aznar’s support for the U.S.-led invasion of
Iraq, the Islamic connection inevitably put Iraq back on top of the political agenda.
This favored the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), which had
strongly opposed the war. On March 14 the PSOE scored an upset victory at the
polls, and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero was sworn in as prime minister three days
later.” (M. Ray)
6

WHAT WAS/IS THE MAIN TERRORIST THREATS IN THE UK?
The UK has also experienced significant terrorist activity, particularly from Irish
Republican groups such as the Provisional IRA and more recently from Islamist
extremist groups. The Provisional IRA was active from the late 1960s until the late
1990s and carried out a campaign of violence in both the UK and Ireland, targeting
military and civilian targets. (K. Cowell-Meyers) (V. Kearney)
- What was the IRA's main goal?
For the British army to leave the north of Ireland and for self-rule in Northern Ireland.
- How long did the IRA’s campaign of violence last, and how many
people were killed?
According to the newspaper, the Belfast Telegraph: 3,168 deaths and 25 years of
terror is what the IRA caused.
- When did the IRA announce the cessation of armed activity?
As the Belfast Telegraph reported; the IRA announced ceasefire after 25 years, and
the date this newspaper was published was the 31st of August 1994.
7

More recently, Islamist extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda / ISIS have carried out
attacks in the UK, including the 7/7 bombings in London in 2005 and the Manchester
Arena bombing in 2017. (F. McKenna)
- WHAT WAS AL-QAEDA'S / ISIS’S MAIN GOAL?
To free the Islamic world from Western domination.
- IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AL-QAEDA AND ISIS?
They lasted from 2000 to 2017, although small numbers of followers still exist.
- WHEN DID AL-QAEDA / ISIS ANNOUNCE THE CESSATION OF
ARMED ACTIVITY?
For now and are unlikely in the future to ever announce a cessation of armed activity
/ violence.
WHAT WAS/IS THE MAIN TERRORIST THREATS IN THE USA?
The USA had been active in the middle east for decades, to preserve its access to
oil. It supported many different governments in the middle east. It became the target
of significant terrorist activity, most notably the attacks of September 11, 2001,
carried out by the Islamist extremist group Al-Qaeda. In order to push them out of the
middle east. The attacks, which targeted the World Trade Center in New York and
the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., killed nearly 3,000 people and caused significant
damage to property. This was the beginning of the American war on terror which
continues up to this day. It took place in Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, Libya, and
numerous other countries. (K. Zimmerman)
- WHAT WAS THE AL-QAEDA / ISIS MAIN GOAL?
To push western countries like the USA, UK,etc. out of the muslim Middle East.-
HOW LONG DID THE IRA’S CAMPAIGN OF VIOLENCE LAST, AND HOW MANY PEOPLE
WERE KILLED?
8

The campaign has lasted nearly 25 years and Al-Qaeda and ISIS are much smaller
and weaker than they were at their peak. Although Al-Qaeda and ISIS do still exist in
small numbers.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, terrorism is something that will continue to happen when extremists /
terrorists try to counter the influence of other countries, which they consider to be
against their own extreme beliefs. Each of the campaign goals were all the same,
and they were to remove the influence of foreign countries. Terrorism was at its peak
in the first decade and a half of the 2000’s.
As ETA and IRA have both given up political violence, the only remaining terrorist
threats which Spain/USA/UK have in common are the risk from the only remaining
two big terrorist groups that can threaten the USA/UK/Spain/Europe which are Al-
Qaeda/ISIS. These two terrorist groups will never give up their extreme islamic
beliefs, they continue to spread their extreme beliefs, mainly via the internet. Al-
Qaeda/ISIS still operate in Afghanistan, in parts of Africa like Somalia and Libya,
Yemen, Arabian peninsula and many more places.
They are basically kept under control by the continuous assassination of their
leaders or anyone in a position of authority by the USA/UK using drones.Although Al-
Qaeda and ISIS are probably at their weakest now, due to the continuous
assassination of their leaders, if left alone they would possibly grow back to
becoming again a powerful terrorist organization. So continuous monitoring and
surveillance of its members and affiliates needs to be continued or we risk the repeat
of terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda/ISIS in the USA/UK/Spain.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
C. Angela(2018) ETA: Basque separatist group disbands after decades of conflict.
Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/3/eta-basque-separatist-groupdisbands-after-decades-of-conflict
(Seen: 4/5/2023)
9

F. McKenna(2015) Persons injured (number) due to the security situation in Northern
Ireland (only), 1969 to 2003. CAIN. https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ni/security.htm#05 (Seen:
11/5/23)
F. McKenna(2015) Security related incidents (number) in Northern Ireland (only),
shootings, bombings, and incendiaries, 1969 to 2003. CAIN.
https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ni/security.htm#06 (Seen: 11/5/23)
H. Astier(2017). From Eta to Stockholm: Is terror more of a threat to Europe than
before? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39540371 (Seen:
2/5/2023)
J. Prieto Mendaza(n.d.) Terrorism in Spain. Gobierno de España.
https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/pdf/servicios-al-ciudadano/ayudas-ysubvenciones/ayudas-a-victimas-de-actos-terroristas/unidades-didacticas-eningles/02_TERRORISM-IN-SPAIN_2-BACHILLERATO.pdf
(Seen: 2/5/2023)
K.Cowell-Meyers(2023) Irish Republican Army. Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Irish-Republican-Army (Seen: 4/5/23)
M. Ray(2018) Madrid train bombings of 2004. Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Madrid-train-bombings-of-2004 (Seen: 2/5/23)
V. Kearney(2014)'It's Over': Reporting the IRA ceasefire 20 years ago. BBC.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-28957532.amp (Seen: 8/5/2023)
K. Zimmerman(2023)Don’t Underestimate Al-Qaeda or ISIS in the Coming Year.
Critical threats. https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/dont-underestimate-al-qaedaor-isis-in-the-coming-year
(Seen: 25/5/23)
10

How does the tourist appeal of Benidorm,
Torremolinos and Albufeira compare with
each other?
1

Summary
The topic of this project is tourism, by comparing Benidorm, Torremolinos and
Albufeira with the same questions so you can make your own conclusion.
This project will answer, what makes the tourism destinations attractive, how does
the tourism places differentiate itself from other destinations in the global tourism
market, what has contributed to the success of the tourism destination, how will this
places change in the future because of tourism and what tourists of the places I
choose are looking for in the destination.
Resumen
El tema de este proyecto es el turismo, comparando Benidorm, Torremolinos y
Albufeira con las mismas preguntas para que puedas sacar tus propias
conclusiones.
Este proyecto responderá a las siguientes preguntas: qué hace a los destinos
turísticos atractivos, cómo se diferencian los lugares turísticos de otros destinos en
el mercado turístico global, qué ha contribuido al éxito de los destinos turísticos,
cómo cambiarán estos lugares en el futuro debido al turismo y qué buscan los
turistas en los destinos que he elegido.
2

Introduction
I have chosen this topic because my family through generations has worked in
tourism on benidorm and i will continue and expand to other places so it is important
for me to see how other tourist destinations work as a tourism industry and how they
can compare to benidorm and the aspects the other tourist places are better and
worse than benidorm.
To prove how good Benidorm is as a tourism destination, we can find news of
Molpeceres (2023) that say that Benidorm is again the Favorite place for British
tourists.
To prove how good Torremolinos is as a tourism destination, we can find news of
Europapress (2023) that say that Torremolinos again surpassed the number of
tourists with now one million.
To prove how good Benidorm is as a tourism destination, we can find news of Uxia
(2023) that say that Albufeira is now the paradise for Gallegos.
Methodology
On this project I tried to use the question to find information, but sometimes I didn't
find what I wanted so I used different questions that will give me the same answer,
for example instead of “What makes a X tourist destination attractive?”, “What are
the most beautiful things about X place…?” This helped a lot to find things that were
closer to what I wanted. When all the results appeared I chose the one which was
looking as a clean page with a title that could give me what I was looking for, then I
read all the pages to find the author's name, the date and one piece of information
that could help me complete my question.
My research is qualitative because it has provided me with good information from
specialists, which has been used to ask the same question for different regions and
compare the results.
3

Analysis
What makes a tourist destination attractive?
Benidorm:
During your time in Benidorm, you can enjoy two sandy beaches, the Playa de
Poniente and the Playa de Levante. But there are also really charming natural coves
in the surrounding area. In addition, Benidorm has a truly spectacular nightlife.
(Juma, 2023)
Torremolinos:
Over the years, Torremolinos has evolved as an attractive and appealing resort,
noted for its clean sandy beaches, wide choice of hotels and restaurants and
unparalleled variety of entertainment, activities and nightlife available.
(Andalucía.com, N.D)
Albufeira:
Albufeira is a coastal city, renowned for its club culture, beach bars, lively
restaurants and endless entertainment. Every year thousands of holidaymakers are
drawn to its stunning beaches and exciting nightlife.
(Butler, 2023)
How does the tourism places below differentiate itself from other
destinations in the global tourism market?
Benidorm:
Benidorm promises around 300 days of sunshine per year, which is one of the main
reasons British people are so drawn to it. This makes it perfect to visit all the year
and that is why lots of tourists go there.
(Barry, 2023)
Torremolinos:
Torremolinos is a popular destination known for its beautiful beaches, rich history,
and vibrant nightlife. Visitors can relax on the sandy shores, explore historical
4

landmarks, and enjoy a lively atmosphere with numerous bars and clubs. It offers a
delightful blend of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and entertainment options,
Torremolinos is a great option to have a little bit of everything on your trip.
(Tripadvisor N.D)
Albufeira:
The Algarve region of Portugal is a popular destination for travelers looking to
experience the beauty of the country. With its stunning beaches, picturesque
villages, and delicious cuisine, it's no wonder why tourists flock to the Algarve area
every year without fail. Algarve offers you everything like Torremolinos and Benidorm
but with a much better price.
(PortugalGetaways, 2023)
What are the key factors that have contributed to the success of these
tourism destinations?
Benidorm:
Benidorm's initial growth in popularity can be attributed to the package holiday
explosion, and continues year round, due to the night-life based around the central
concentration of bars and clubs.
(Visit benidorm, 2022)
Torremolinos:
Torremolinos gained popularity due to its stunning beaches, pleasant climate, and
vibrant atmosphere. Over the years, it has become a sought-after destination for
tourists seeking relaxation, cultural experiences, and exciting nightlife. Its blend of
natural beauty, historical sites, and lively entertainment options has contributed to its
reputation as a favored spot for travelers from around the world.
(Andalucía.com, N.D)
Albufeira:
Albufeira, a city in southern Portugal, is famous for a few reasons. First, it has
stunning beaches with beautiful sand and clear water, like Fisherman's Beach and
5

Praia da Oura. Second, it has a lively nightlife with lots of bars, clubs, and live music
venues. Third, its Old Town is a charming area with narrow streets, white houses,
and traditional Portuguese vibes. Fourth, Albufeira has good tourist facilities,
including hotels and resorts. Lastly, visitors can enjoy water sports and outdoor
activities along the coastline.
(Francis, N.D)
How will these places change in the future because of their tourism?
Benidorm:
Benidorm has the potential for future growth by prioritizing the enhancement of
tourism. Strategic investments in infrastructure, accommodations, and attractions
have the capacity to draw a greater number of tourists, enticing them to extend their
stays and subsequently fostering heightened economic growth and prosperity within
the city.
(Giner, 2019)
Torremolinos:
Torremolinos has a lot of plans for the future “The City Council wants to approve the
General Plan including the mega-project which will include shops, a ski track and
giant wave pool for surfing”, there will also be the biggest shopping mall of
Andalucia, this will help Torremolinos to grow as a tourism destination and be bigger
than ever.
(El sol digital, 2015)
Albufeira:
Albufeira has made a plan for the future, these include enhancing the existing
tourism infrastructure, implementing sustainable initiatives to protect the
environment, and improving community services to foster an inclusive environment.
The city aims to upgrade accommodations, attractions, and amenities to provide an
exceptional experience for visitors. It also seeks to promote eco-friendly practices
such as renewable energy utilization, effective waste management, and sustainable
transportation options. Additionally, Albufeira plans to prioritize the improvement of
6

healthcare, education, and public transportation systems while developing
recreational spaces and cultural venues. These measures are intended to support
the city's growth and create a thriving and harmonious community.
(Sul, 2022)
What tourists of the places below are looking for in the destination?
Benidorm:
Out of season, Benidorm attracts mostly romantic couples and more mature visitors,
including thousands of pensioners from all over Europe, including Spain looking for
warm weather and great value for money. In summer Benidorm is full of British
people that look for cheap vacations and good beaches.
(Procodis, 2020)
Torremolinos:
World famous tourist destination Torremolinos is one of the most beautiful resorts in
the Costa del Sol. As the name Costa del Sol signifies, this region is famous for its
sunny days and splendid beaches. The area has one of the best climates in Europe.
Every year, a great number of tourists visit the area for sun and sand tourism.
(Zengin, 2022)
Albufeira:
Albufeira is a coastal city, renowned for its club culture, beach bars, lively
restaurants and endless entertainment. Every year thousands of holidaymakers are
drawn to its stunning beaches and exciting nightlife.
But, there is another, more calmed side to the party capital of the Algarve. Around 40
minutes drive or transfer from Faro Airport, Albufeira is central to the region's main
tourist attractions and a great base for exploring the Algarve.
(Buttller, 2023)
7

Conclusión
Benidorm: Benidorm is an attractive tourist destination due to its sandy beaches,
charming natural coves, and vibrant nightlife.
Torremolinos: Torremolinos stands out as an appealing destination due to its clean
sandy beaches, wide range of hotels and restaurants, and variety of entertainment
options.
Albufeira: Albufeira attracts tourists with its club culture, beach bars, lively
restaurants, exciting nightlife, and stunning beaches.
Benidorm: Benidorm differentiates itself by offering approximately 300 days of
sunshine per year, making it a year-round destination with great weather.
Torremolinos: Torremolinos sets itself apart by offering a delightful blend of natural
beauty, cultural heritage, and vibrant nightlife.
Albufeira: Albufeira distinguishes itself by providing stunning beaches, lively nightlife,
and a charming Old Town at a more affordable price compared to other destinations.
Benidorm: Benidorm's success can be attributed to the package holiday explosion
and its thriving nightlife scene.
Torremolinos: The success of Torremolinos is due to its stunning beaches, pleasant
climate, and a mix of natural beauty, historical sites, and entertainment options.
Albufeira: The success of Albufeira can be attributed to its stunning beaches, lively
nightlife, charming Old Town, and good tourist facilities.
Benidorm: Benidorm has the potential for future growth by investing in infrastructure,
accommodations, and attractions to attract more tourists.
Torremolinos: Torremolinos has plans for major projects, including a shopping mall
and a ski track, to foster growth as a tourism destination.
Albufeira: Albufeira plans to enhance tourism infrastructure, implement sustainable
initiatives, improve community services, and promote eco-friendly practices for
continued growth.
8

Benidorm: Tourists in Benidorm seek warm weather, great value for money, and
cheap vacations, attracting a variety of visitors.
Torremolinos: Tourists visiting Torremolinos are drawn to the sunny days, splendid
beaches, and a great climate for sun and sand tourism.
Albufeira: Tourists in Albufeira look for club culture, beach bars, exciting nightlife,
stunning beaches, and the opportunity to explore the Algarve region.
Bibliographical references
Andalucia (2023). Torremolinos. (Andalucia.com)
https://www.andalucia.com/torremolinos/home.htm#:~:text=Over%20the%20years%
2C%20Torremolinos%20has,entertainment%2C%20activities%20and%20nightlife%
20available.
(05/05/2023).
Barry, A (2023). Why is benidorm so important for tourists?(express.co.uk)
Juma (2023). Top 15 Unique Things to Do in Benidorm. (Placesofjuma)
https://www.placesofjuma.com/best-things-to-do-inbenidorm/#:~:text=During%20your%20vacation%20in%20Benidorm,has%20a%20tr
uly%20spectacular%20nightlife. (05/05/2023).
Buttler, F (2023). Best Guide to Albufeira, Algarve 2023
(Myguide Algarve)
https://www.myguidealgarve.com/travel-articles/guide-to-albufeiraalgarve#:~:text=Albufeira%20is%20a%20coastal%20city,party%20capital%20of%20t
he%20Algarve. (31/05/2023)
https://www.express.co.uk/travel/articles/1558298/behind-the-scenes-hotelbenidorm-sun-sea-sangria-rio-park-hotel-expat-travel(2023)
9

Tripadvisor (N.D). Things to do in Torremolinos(Tripadvisor).
Torremolinos_Costa_del_Sol_Province_of_Malaga_Andalucia.html(N.D)
Visitbenidorm (2022). History of Tourism in Benidorm (VisitBenidrom)
https://en.visitbenidorm.es/ver/1322/benidorm--a-land-with-history.html(2022)
Andalucia (2023). Torremolinos. (Andalucía.com)
https://www.andalucia.com/torremolinos/home.htm#:~:text=Over%20the%20years%
2C%20Torremolinos%20has,entertainment%2C%20activities%20and%20nightlife%
20available.
(05/05/2023).
https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g187440-Activities-
Portugal Getaways (2023). Exploring Portugal’s Algarve Region: What To Do
(PortugalGetaways)
https://portugalgetaways.com/en-us/destination/algarve/general-articles/what-to-doalgarve#:~:text=The%20Algarve%20region%20of%20Portugal%20is%20a%20popul
ar%20destination%20for,area%20every%20year%20without%20fail.(2023)
Francis, J (N.D). Hoteles.com. Las 8 mejores actividades en Albufeira.
(es.hoteles.com)
https://es.hoteles.com/go/portugal/mejores-actividadesalbufeira?pos=HCOM_ES&locale=es_ES
(N.D)
Giner, C (2019) New era for Benidorm as resort embraces sustainability.
(euronews.com)
https://www.euronews.com/next/2019/12/16/new-era-for-benidorm-as-resortembraces-sustainability
(16/12/2019)
El sol digital (2015) Torremolinos streamlines the project of the largest shopping and
entertainment center of Andalucia.
(El sol digital)
10

(1/12/2015)
Procodis (2020) Welcome to Benidorm – Is Benidorm right for you?
(benidormmyguide)
https://www.benidormguide.org/welcome_to_benidorm.html#:~:text=Out%20of%20s
eason%2C%20Benidorm%20attracts,and%20great%20value%20for%20money.
(20/1/2020)
Zenging (2022) Torremolinos is in High Demand. (Spanishomes)
https://spainhomes.com/blog/area-guide/torremolinos-is-in-high-demand
(03/12/2022)
https://www.elsoldigital.es/torremolinos-streamlines-the-project-of-the-largestshopping-and-entertainment-center-of-andalucia/
Sul (2021) A “Albufeira Safe” and plans for the future close Albufeira Summit.
(Sulinformacao)
https://www.sulinformacao.pt/en/2021/04/uma-albufeira-safe-e-planos-para-o-futuroencerram-a-albufeira-summit/&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=es
(10/4/2021)
Buttler, F (2023). Best Guide to Albufeira, Algarve 2023
(Myguide Algarve)
https://www.myguidealgarve.com/travel-articles/guide-to-albufeiraalgarve#:~:text=Albufeira%20is%20a%20coastal%20city,party%20capital%20of%20t
he%20Algarve. (31/05/2023)
Molpecers, D (2023). Benidorm vuelve a ser la cuna del turista británico tras el
brexit: supera ya el 50% de la ocupación (El Independiente)
https://www.elindependiente.com/economia/2023/06/05/benidorm-vuelve-a-ser-lacuna-del-turista-britanico-tras-el-brexit-supera-ya-el-50-de-la-ocupacion/
(05/06/2023)
Europa Press (2023). Torremolinos (Málaga) vuelve a superar el millón de turistas
en 2022 tras la pandemia.(Europapress)
11

https://www.europapress.es/andalucia/malaga-00356/noticia-torremolinos-malagavuelve-superar-millon-turistas-2022-pandemia-20230129154451.html
(29/01/2023)
Uxia, M (2023). El Algarve, el paraíso del sur de Portugal que atrae cada año a más
gallegos.(El Español)
https://www.elespanol.com/treintayseis/articulos/economia/el-algarve-el-paraiso-delsur-de-portugal-que-atrae-cada-ano-a-mas-gallegos
(24/3/2023)
12

HOW DOES POVERTY COMPARE BETWEEN SPAIN, EU AND USA?
Author: S.T.
1

Table of contents
SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 3
RESUMEN .............................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 3
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 4
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 5
1. What is poverty?............................................................................. 5
2. What are the causes of poverty? .................................................... 5
3. How many people live below the poverty line? (Spain, EU, USA) ... 8
4. What kind of problems do children in poverty face? ...................... 11
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 12
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES: ................................................... 13
2

SUMMARY
The topic of my research is poverty in Spain, the European Union and the United
States of America. Firstly, I answered what poverty is. To understand the research it is
important to understand what it is talking about. The second sub-topic is ‘What are
the causes of poverty?’ The third sub-topic I have chosen is ‘How many people live
below the poverty line?’ And lastly, I wrote about what kind of problems children in
poverty face.
Keywords:
RESUMEN
El tema de mi investigación es la pobreza en España, la Unión Europea y los Estados
Unidos. En primer lugar, respondí qué es la pobreza. Para entender la investigación es
importante entender de qué está hablando. El segundo subtema es ¿Cuáles son las
causas de la pobreza? El tercer subtema que he elegido es ¿Cuántas personas viven
por debajo del umbral de la pobreza? Y por último, escribí sobre qué tipo de
problemas enfrentan los niños en situación de pobreza.
3

INTRODUCTION
I have chosen this topic because in my opinion it is a very important one in modern
society. I think it is important to raise awareness about poverty because it is such a
crucial issue. Poverty is something that anyone can suffer. Poverty is also a hot topic
for lots of news articles. Many famous news companies have repeatedly made
headlines about poverty. (Eurostat, 2022.)
METHODOLOGY
For the first subtopic I used a qualitative research method. This means I collected and
analyzed textual data and used them to draw conclusions. I found my data through the
Internet. The keyword of my search was ‘poverty’. I used the website Britannica to
answer my question. I analyzed the content thoroughly, making sure it makes sense. I
checked the reliability of the website Britannica and it showed a high score of factual
reporting and credibility.
For the second subtopic I used mixed methods. I collected and analyzed both textual
and numerical data. I found my data using the Internet. The keywords were ‘causes’
and ‘poverty’. The websites I used were World Vision and Human Rights Careers. To
check the reliability, I checked other sources of information to see if they have similar
content.
In the third subtopic I used quantitative research design, meaning I collected and used
numerical data and used statistical methods to add to my research. The keyword was
‘poverty line’. I found my data on the Internet. I analyzed the content, specifically the
numerical data to make sure it made sense. For reliability, I checked with other
sources.
In the fourth subtopic I used a qualitative research design. The keywords were
‘problems’, ‘poverty’ and ‘children’. The data was collected on the Internet. I made
sure it was a reliable source by checking the punctuality and the overall quality of the
content. I also checked other sources and they said similar things.
4

ANALYSIS
1. What is poverty?
Poverty is the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money
or material possessions. Several types of poverty may be distinguished depending on
such factors as time or duration (long- or short-term or cyclical) and distribution
(widespread, concentrated, individual). Poverty has been associated with poor health,
low levels of education or skills, an inability or an unwillingness to work, high rates
of disruptive or disorderly behavior, and improvidence. (Britannica, 2023).
2. What are the causes of poverty?
One of the 10 main and well known causes of poverty is lack of access to clean water
and nutritious food. No clean water and non nutritious food is such an immense
problem in our world that up until 2019, 2.2 billion people still lack access to clean
drinking water at home. More than 820 million people globally did not have enough
food to eat. It’s difficult for anyone to work long hours and travel long distances to
work if they don’t have enough to eat or are constantly ill from waterborne illness. It
also affects the younger population; severe acute malnutrition is also the direct cause
of death for 2 million children every year. (Abulencia, 2022).
Secondly, a cause that is any less important, lack of access to basic healthcare.
Healthcare only becomes more expensive each year. Half the world’s population does
not have access to basic health services. Every year, more and more families are
driven to poverty because of health expenses. Around 800 million people spend at
least 10 percent of their household budgets on health expenses. Frequent illnesses that
are caused because of lack of the access to basic healthcare prevent a person from
succeeding in school or holding down a job. Lack of healthcare clinics, trained
professionals and medical supplies in a region only worsen the problem. (Abulencia,
2022).
5

Another well known cause is inequality and social injustice. Inequality can happen
when one group has fewer opportunities and resources than others. That can be caused
by many factors such as gender, race, economic situation, social status, age and
physical ability. Gender discrimination remains a common form of inequality in many
parts of the world. Examples such as the underrepresentation of women in running
their countries (only 24 per cent hold office in national parliaments). In addition, it’s
much harder for women to own property such as agricultural land (globally, only 13
percent is women-owned). There are also limiting cultural factors that discriminate
against girls and women. In many of the world’s poorest countries, girls and women
eat the least, last, and of the poorest-quality food. In many countries, husbands can
prevent their wives from working. A large number of countries still lack laws
protecting women against domestic violence. (Abulencia, 2022).
Conflict and instability are among the most common causes of poverty in the world
today. Conflict can refer to an armed struggle or protracted violence. It affects a
nation’s people like in the regions of Syria, Myanmar, Ethiopia, South Sudan and
Iraq, to name a few. People’s lives can be devastated, especially when forced to flee
to safer places. For children, this displacement can mean months or years of missed
education. Adults often lose jobs, careers and livelihoods. (Abulencia, 2022).
Lack of education. Poverty is a cycle and without education, people aren’t able to
better their situations. According to UNESCO, over 170 million people could be free
of extreme poverty if they only had basic reading skills. However, in many areas of
the world, people aren’t getting educated. The reasons vary. Often, families need kids
to work, there aren’t schools close by, or girls aren’t being educated because of
sexism and discrimination. (Soken-Huberty E., n.d.).
Lack of good jobs. When you don’t have a good job, you aren’t getting a good
income. In many countries, traditional jobs like farming are disappearing. The
Democratic Republic of Congo is a good example, where most of the population live
in rural areas stripped of natural resources from years of colonialism. Half of the
country lives below the poverty line. However even in nations like the United States
where many people do have jobs, those jobs aren’t paying enough. (Soken-Huberty E,
n.d.)
6

Lack of infrastructure can keep people in poverty. A few examples of basic
infrastructure are roads, electricity and water networks, railways, mass transit and
telecommunications.Without these, communities can remain isolated from the rest of
the world, especially in rural areas. A region with no proper roads can’t form trading
networks that would benefit multiple communities. (Abulencia, 2022).
Nowadays, climate change is a very impactful cause of poverty. The World Health
Organization projects approximately 250,000 additional deaths between 2030 and
2050 due to heat stress, malnutrition, malaria and diarrhea.
Extreme drought can destroy harvests, forcing people to migrate to survive. Climate
change is also causing an increase in the number of forest fires and wildfires,
worsening air pollution and making food less nutritious. With all these factors
combined, the World Bank estimates 132 million people will be pushed into poverty
over the next 10 years.
Around the world, many governments lack the ability or willingness to provide
support to struggling citizens. In wealthy countries like Canada, government support
may include food assistance, free healthcare, low-income housing, low-income tax
credits, training programs and financial assistance. But, without sufficient government
support, escaping poverty is more difficult. (Abulencia, 2022).
The lack of financial safety safety nets also contributes to causes of poverty. Financial
safety nets are resources that are set aside for use during one-off expenses or
emergencies. Great examples are saving accounts, small loans or insurance policies.
Their main purpose is to ensure that an individual or a family can overcome possible
financial difficulties that are caused by mounting debt, sudden loss of livelihood,
illnesses, natural disasters or other unpredictable circumstances. These financial
safety nets are so important, because without them, one huge expense can cause an
individual to become poor and create long-lasting problems. But for those who
already live in extreme poverty, these safety nets are a privilege they cannot afford.
(Abulencia, 2022).
7

3. How many people live below the poverty line? (Spain, EU,
USA)
SPAIN
The value of the poverty threshold in Spain is 6,279.7 Euros. A person will be
classified as poor if their income per consumption unit is lower than this figure.
This graph shows the poverty rates in Spain by age and sex.
A fifth of the population is below the poverty threshold, exactly 19.9%. We can see
that women have a greater risk of being poor than men, as the poverty rate for men is
19%, almost two points lower than the rate for women. This negative situation for
women is general across all age groups. If we pay attention to the age variable, it can
be seen that the most unfavorable groups are people under 16 years and those above
65 years. The poverty rate for children (under 16 years) is 24.3% and it is 29.6% for
those above 65 years. It is visible that the poverty rates in the other groups are lower,
as these groups contain people of working age. In the case of people aged between 25
and 49 years, the poverty rate is 15.6% and in the group of people aged between 50
and 64 years, the rate is 16.6%. In the group with the youngest people (between 16
and 24 years), the poverty rate is slightly higher at 19.1%. (Instituto nacional de
estadística, n.d.).
8

EUROPEAN UNION
Eurostat, the European Statistics Agency, produces comparable ‘at risk of poverty’
figures for each EU member state. The data is calculated using the 60 percent of
median income poverty line in each country.
While there have been some reductions in poverty in recent years across the EU, the
data suggests that poverty remains a large and ongoing EU‐wide problem. In 2021 the
average EU‐27 level implied that 73.7 million people live in poverty across all EU
member states.
(Social Justice, 2022).
USA
According to the official poverty measure of the U.S. Census Bureau, 37.9 million people
lived in poverty in 2021. There are several key trends that help understand poverty in the
United States since poverty varies from gender, age, race, region etc.
One of the main ones was the statistics of poverty compared to race, gender and age. (Peter G
Peterson Foundation, 2023).
9

This graph shows the comparison of the races that are in poverty in the US. We can certainly
see that Black and Hispanic people have much higher poverty rates than others.
This graph shows us the poverty rates of different age groups in the USA. It is visible that the
poverty rate of the elderly has increased significantly whereas the poverty rate of children
under 18 has slightly decreased.
10

The last graph shows the individual earnings of an average worker, it is comparing the
earnings of men and women. We can see that both median earnings have dropped in a year,
however it is important to take notice that the earnings of women have always stayed below
men’s, making women more likely to live below the poverty line. (Peter G. Peterson
Foundation, 2023).
4. What kind of problems do children in poverty face?
HEALTH
The impact of poverty on young children is significant and long lasting. Low-income
children are at greater risk than higher-income children for a range of cognitive,
emotional, and health-related problems. Some of these include negative effects on
executive functioning, below average academic achievement, poor social emotional
functioning, developmental delays, behavioral problems, asthma, inadequate nutrition,
low birth weight, and higher rates of pneumonia.
Psychological research also shows that living in poverty can cause differences in
structural and functional brain development in children and adolescents in areas
related to cognitive processes that are critical for learning, communication, and
academic achievement, including social emotional processing, memory, language, and
executive functioning. (American Psychological Association, 2022).
11

EDUCATION
It is also known that children living in poverty often attend under-resourced,
overcrowded schools that lack educational opportunities, books, supplies, and
appropriate technology. In addition, families living below the poverty line often live
in school districts without proper equal learning experiences for gifted and special
needs students with learning differences. (American Psychological Association,
2022).
HUNGER
Research has found that hunger and undernutrition can have lots of negative effects
on child development. As example, maternal undernutrition during pregnancy
increases the risk of negative birth outcomes, including premature birth, low birth
weight, smaller head size, and lower brain weight. Children in hunger are at least
twice as likely to report being in fair or poor health and at least 1.4 times more likely
to have asthma, compared to food-secure children. (American Psychological
Association, 2022).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, poverty is lacking a socially acceptable amount of money and or
material possessions.
There are many causes of poverty in this world including access to clean water and
food, lack of health care, social injustices such as racism, conflicts like wars, lack of
education etc. As you may have noticed, all of the causes mentioned are the opposite
of what healthy life should look like.
Anyone can live below the poverty line, no matter what gender, race or age you are.
Some specific races are more likely to be affected than other ones. Age and gender
also play a role.
Children in poverty face many difficult issues in life. Children suffer mental health
problems, lack of education and constant hunger.
12

Poverty is a universal issue that any country in the world can face. The European
Union has lower poverty rates than the United States. Spain however does struggle
with poverty more than other EU countries.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES:
Abulencia, C. (2022). 10 major causes of poverty and how we can help solve them.
World Vision. https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/child-sponsorship/major-causes-ofpoverty
(10/05/2023)
American Psychological Association. (2022). Exploring the mental health effects of
poverty, hunger and homelessness on children and teens. American Psychological
Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/socioeconomic-status/poverty-hungerhomelessnesschildren#:~:text=Poverty%20is%20associated%20with%20substandard,%2C%20and
%20under%2Dresourced%20schools. (18/05/2023)
Britannica. (2023). poverty. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/poverty
(04/05/2023)
Eurostat. (2022). over one in 5 a risk of poverty or social exclusion. Eurostat.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220915-1
(07/06/2023)
Instituto nacional de estadística. (n.d.) Descriptive study of poverty in Spain. Instituto
nacional de estadística.
https://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/sociales/estudiodesc_en.pdf (10/05/2023)
Peter G. Peterson Foundation. (2023). 7 Key Trends In Poverty In The United States.
Peter G. Peterson Foundation. https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2023/02/7-key-trends-inpoverty-in-the-united-states
(07/06/2023)
Social Justice. (2022). Poverty: a European perspective. Social Justice
https://www.socialjustice.ie/article/poverty-europeanperspective#:~:text=In%202021%20the%20average%20EU,across%20all%20EU%2
0member%20states. (10/05/2023)
Soken-Huberty, E. (n.d.). 10 Common Root Causes of Poverty. Human Rights
Careers. https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/root-causes-of-poverty/
(11/05/2023)
13

Language bias. Why do people prefer some
languages instead of others? The case of
Valencian, Spanish and English.
Author: J. S. R.
1

Table of contents
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 2
RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ 2
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3
METHODOLOGY: ................................................................................................................ 3
ANALYSIS: .......................................................................................................................... 3
CONCLUSIÓN ...................................................................................................................... 6
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES: .................................................................................. 7
2

SUMMARY
I have talked about the importances of a local, national and international language in my area,
Valenciano,Spanish and English.Summarizing my big question: As i said in my conclusion
people prefer english just because of the difficulty and popularity.Since english has become
more popular as the time passed this has made that more people want to learn english.Chinese
is less learned because it is much more difficult.
RESUMEN
He hablado sobre la importancia de los lenguajes en mi zona local,nacional e
internacional,valenciano,español e inglés.Resumiendo mi pregunta importante:Como dije en
la conclusión,la gente prefiere inglés por la dificultad y popularidad comparado con el idioma
chino.Como a lo largo de los años el inglés se ha estado volviendo más popular, más gente ha
querido aprender ingles.Chino es menos estudiado porque es más difícil.
3

INTRODUCTION
I will be talking and researching about language bias, preference between languages and how
biased these 3 languages:Spanish, English and Valenciano, including Chinese that is in the
big question.I have chosen this topic because it is a topic that it is not talked about a lot and
that could be actually quite interesting because it could answer some important questions that
maybe you asked yourself.
METHODOLOGY
I have chosen the topic of language bias because it is a topic that actually untouched and
actually could be interesting how the important languages of today are important, how they
became such a successful language and why is it learned by a lot of schools(E.g English)
Firstly, for my research I have looked up and copied the link of the three most relevant
websites that could potentially could answer my question.
After putting the 3 links in all of my questions and looking at all the links and identifying if
the links were bad , for example if it referenced another website or quote of a famous person.I
used the information of the most relevant links and also my opinion and knowledge to answer
the question.
For this project I preferred to use quantity that quality so that my answer could be as detailed
as possible. After that I referenced all of the websites.
ANALYSIS
What is the use of languages?
According to britannica.com,to facilitate communication, in the sense of transmission of
information from one person to another.
Languages are important because they make us understand what a person wants,needs or how
they feel.( Henry Robins and Crystal, 2023).
4

Why is it important to keep different languages?
In my opinion it is actually quite important to keep different languages all around the world
because if all suddenly had to learn english because all the country have decided to speak
only english in their country, billions of people will have to learn a completely different
language that they never heard before and also maybe having a different literature, which can
make learning english difficult.Sooner or later people are going to get tired of all the days
speaking english and learning english so people will go back to the original language because
they feel comfortable with their own language (Williams, 2017).
Why do people prefer to learn some languages instead of others?
English is a more common language in the world than other languages . English is the most
widely spoken language in the field of knowledge and literature and learning English opens
up prospects for admission to the best universities and to learn about different cultures.
English is the key to communicating with others.(Rahiminezhad, 2019).
Why do people prefer to learn European languages?
European languages are more popular because there are spoken a lot around the world,which
can mean that it is advantageous when traveling around the world.According to
graduateshotlines.com learning any of the more popular languages within Europe will help
candidates to communicate better within classrooms and work spaces in any developed
country in the world.(graduateshotline, 2022).
Why is English the most learned language in the world,why not other
languages?
I did not find anything about why is it the most learned languages but why is it important and
how did it become the most popular language: The english language became popular because
of the british empire.The British empire was the biggest empire in the history of the world
and since it had colonies all around the world, the english language was important for the
trade language and diplomatic language around the world.After the fall of the British empire
5

most countries decided to keep english as an official language in their countries.English is
also important because it is the language of science,aviation,computers and
tourism.(Hammond, 2014).
Why in Comunidad Valenciana they speak more often valenciano rather than
spanish when it is in Spain?
I found out that my questions did not make a lot of sense because google could not find
anything similar for what i was asking but i found websites talking about if valencian was
important for foreign people:Valencian is not actually that important to learn because even
though in 2017, more than 50% of residents in valencia ,valencian its mother language,but
also have spanish as a second language (TheLocal, 2021).
What are the number of speakers of Valenciano, Spanish and English
I only found one source that answered my question:Wikipedia.
Wikipedia is sometimes known because wikipedia sometimes does not always tell the truth.
According to wikipedia there are around 2.4 million valencian speakers around the globe but
this fact might not be true because that information was published in 2004 and then edited in
2017.(Wikipedia, 2017).
According to statista.com : There are around less than 600 million people that speak spanish
and spanish is an official language in 20 countries.All of these countries are located in south
america and central america. (Lyons, 2017).
Also according to statista.com there are around 1.5 billion people that speak the English
language.English is an official language in 86 countries located all over the
world.(WorldData, n/d).
Why is Chinese one the most spoken language in the world but it is learned by
a smaller number of people compared to english?
Chinese it is learned by a smaller number of people because it is one of the hardest languages
in the world.Chinese does not have and alphabet,chinese language is logosyllabic which
means each character means a syllable spoken in chinese, it can also be a word and if you
6

join another character in can mean another word.Chinese also haves a lot of words that sound
the same, like “Sì” that means 4 and “Sǐ” which means die.This is actually a superstition in
china, so some chinese people try to avoid the word four as much as possible.(DailyChinese,
2020).
The tone in the english language is usually passive, in chinese language it is usually active.
Chinese also has a different emphasis in the sentences,in the English language the emphasis
is usually in the beginning of the sentence and Chinese emphasis is usually on the last part of
the sentence.(Taub, 2022).
CONCLUSIÓN
The main idea is that it could be important that there are a lot of languages in the world
because this leaves more freedom for people to learn the language they like and feel
comfortable talking about,this also avoid conflicts later.Also it is also important to have a
major speaking language in the world because it helps with communication all over the
world.
Summarizing my questions:People prefer some languages just because of their preference
and their difficulty and popularity.
Summarizing my big question: Chinese is learned by a smaller number of people compared to
English because it is a language that has the opposite characteristics compared to English and
most languages in the world.
Chinese has 24 basic characters in the alphabet but combining these characters can make up
to thousands of new characters.
7

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES:
D.Crystal and R. Henry Robins.(2023).Language.Britannia
https://www.britannica.com/topic/language.(Seen:10/5/23).
Hammond.(2014)How did English become the world's most spoken language?.ESL
ResearchGate.(2019).Why do people prefer to learn English more than other languages as
foreign language?.ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why-do-people-prefer-to-learn-English-more-than-otherlanguages-as-foreign-language(Seen:1/5/23).
graduateshotline.com.(2022)Learning European languages.graduateshotline.com.
https://europe.graduateshotline.com/learning-popular-europeanlanguages.html#:~:text=Unlike%20the%20US%2C%20Europe%20has,developed%20countr
y%20in%20the%20world.(Seen:1/5/23).
Stories.https://blog.esl-languages.com/blog/learn-languages/english-language-global-numberone/.(Seen:
8/5/23).
The Local.(2021).Do i need to learn valencian if I live in Spain's Valencia region?.The
Local.es.https://www.thelocal.es/20201119/do-i-need-to-learn-valencian-if-i-live-in-spainsvalencia-region.(Seen:
10/5/23).
Daily Chinese.(2020)How Chinese is different from other languages.Daily
Chinese.https://www.dailychinese.app/readings/how-chinese-is-different-from-otherlanguages/(Seen:
15/5/23).
O.Taub.(2022).6 Major Differences between English and Chinese.Dig
Mandarin.https://www.digmandarin.com/6-major-differences-between-english-andchinese.html(Seen:
15/5/23).
8

wikipedia.(2023)Valencian
language.wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_language
(Seen:15/5/23) .
Dylan Lyons(2017)How Many People Speak Spanish, And Where Is It Spoken?.Babbel
WorldData.info.(n/d)English speaking
countries.WorldData.info.https://www.worlddata.info/languages/english.php#:~:text=English
%20speaking%20countries&text=With%20272.48%20million%20native%20speakers,Englis
h%20as%20their%20mother%20tongue.(Seen: 24/5/23).
Magazine.https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/how-many-people-speak-spanish-andwhere-is-it-spoken(Seen:22/5/23).
Kevin Williams(2017)Why learning multiple languages is
important.inlingua.https://idc.edu/learning-multiple-languagesimportant/#:~:text=Rather%20than%20living%20in%20a,global%20awareness%20and%20g
lobal%20thinking.(Seen: 22/5/23)
9

What is the economic impact of tourism in
Benidorm, Malaga, Marmaris (Turkey).
Author: J. A.
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ___________________________________________________________ 3
RESUMEN____________________________________________________________ 3
INTRODUCTION ______________________________________________________ 4
METHODOLOGY _____________________________________________________ 4
ANALYSIS ___________________________________________________________ 4
What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Benidorm? __________________ 4
What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Malaga? ____________________ 5
What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Marmaris? __________________ 6
How tourism can affect Local people? ____________________________________ 6
How does tourism affect pollution? ______________________________________ 7
CONCLUSION ________________________________________________________ 8
REFERENCE _________________________________________________________ 8
2

SUMMARY
In this project of global perspectives I'm going to talk about tourism and why
tourism is important for the World.
To find out why tourism is important I have researched about the economic
impact because of tourism in Benidorm, Malaga and also in Marmaris (Turkey).
Also I have researched about how local people can be affected by tourism for
example losing their jobs, new taxes etc. Finally I have researched how pollution
can be affected by tourism.
Keywords: Tourism, Economy, Pollution and Impact
RESUMEN
En este proyecto de perspectivas globales voy a hablar sobre el turismo y el
porqué es tan importante el turismo en el Mundo.
Para saber por qué es importante el turismo, he investigado el impacto económico
del turismo en Benidorm, Málaga y también en Marmaris (Turquía).
También he investigado cómo la gente local puede verse afectada por el turismo,
por ejemplo, perder sus trabajos, nuevos impuestos, etc. Finalmente, he
investigado cómo la contaminación puede verse afectada por el turismo.
Palabras clave: Turismo, Economía, Contaminación y Impacto
3

INTRODUCTION
I have chosen the topic of tourism because I think this is a very interesting topic
and also because my Dad has a supermarket in Calpe. This could demonstrate to
him how his supermarket has a bigger economic impact in summer when a lot of
tourists go on vacations to Calpe.
Examples of the importance of tourism for those regions can be found attending to
the current news. This way, Ayuntamiento de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (2023)
indicates that the City Council travelled to the digital tourism congress in
Benidorm, this demonstrates the importance of tourism in Benidorm, Gran
Canaria and the rest of Spain.
Another example can be found is that Marmaris economy is mainly from the
tourism industry, Murat Deliveli known as the dean of tourism. He was one of the
founders of the first hotels in Marmaris, he died at the age of 88 due to health
problems. He was very important to the people of Marmaris because he was the
founder of a large majority of the hotels in Marmaris.(İhlas Haber Ajansı, 2023).
Also Malaga, the Spanish city that has invested the most in attracting tourists, as
shown by the exponential increase in tourist homes. In 2022, the Port of Malaga
received 267 calls, very close to the 288 in 2019(Molina C., 2023)
4

METHODOLOGY
For doing this research project I have been researching and writing about this
question:
● What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Benidorm?
● What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Malaga?
● What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Marmaris?
● How tourism can affect Local people?
● How does tourism affect pollution?
For finding relevant and important information I have used the following
keywords:air quality, tourism, economy, Local people/citizens
I have used a Mixed method because in most of the questions I have used a
Qualitative research design method But for example in the question of the impact
of tourism in the economy of Benidorm I used some percentages. Also in the
question of how tourism affects the pollution and air quality I used graphs to show
the quality of the air in Benidorm and Malaga.
ANALYSIS
What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Benidorm?
The big majority of the hotels in Benidorm are in family hands with hotels that in
a big part are of three stars, in rooms that are distributed equally between Spanish
and foreigners, with the majority Spaniards who they are from Madrid and
Basques among the firsts there are more or less 22% of them and British among
the seconds who are more than the 60%, Perhaps it is for this reason that even the
BBC broadcasts a television series called Benidorm.(Rodriguez-Rata. Aleix,
2018).
5

Main destinations of travellers staying in hotel
establishments and tourist apartments in Spain (Asociacion
de Geografos españoles, n.d)
How can we see on the map of the Main destinations of travellers staying in hotel
establishments and tourist apartments in Spain, being the Balearic and Canary
Islands the most visited territories, behind them they are also quite visited
Catalonia, Andalusia and the Valencian Community. In which we can clearly see
Benidorm and it is not by chance that the most touristic sites are the coastal
areas.(Asociacion de Geografos españoles, n.d)
In 2013 Spain was the world’s third country with more tourism. In the 1960s,
Benidorm was a coastal town inhabited mainly by fishermen and farmers. In any
case, it later became a vacation spot prepared for mass tourism and package tours.
Today, the Gran Bali, is the tallest hotel in Europe, standing in Benidorm with 52
floors and 776 rooms. (Chislett, 2014)
What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Malaga?
According to Jacobo Florido, the Councilor for Tourism in Malaga, "luxury
tourism has grown by 30% in recent months"
Malaga offers many different exclusive services to luxury tourists, including a
great cultural offer thanks to its museums and exquisite cuisine with more than
eight Michelin Star restaurants.(Hodgson C., 2022)
6

In 2022 in Malaga, 27 foreign companies opened operations, making a total of 72
new companies, creating thousands of new opportunities to work in the beautiful
city of Malaga from 2019, according to the Annual Report of the Malaga Investor
Office 2022.
Malaga is the first Andalusian province to make a gross foreign investment with
more or less 348 million euros in 2021, 32.47% more than the money invested the
previous year. (Open4Business, Malaga, n.d)
What is the impact of tourism in the economy of Marmaris?
Tourism can generate positive or negative impacts in three main categories:
economic, social and environmental. These impacts can be analysed using data
collected by companies, governments, and industry organisations.
This is an example of why people want to travel. Because they are In search of a
healthy life or active trips that involve hiking, wellness and sports tourism, they
want to visit the world etc.(Westcott. M and Anderson. W, n.d)
Marmaris is a very good place to travel because it has lots of accommodations,
which is why it has a big impact on its economy. That's why lots of people want to
visit Marmaris. Marmaris boasts the most comprehensive and best equipped
network of hotel, apartment, holiday villas and holiday accommodation in the
western coasts of Turkey.
Marmaris offers a wide range of accommodation opportunities from 3 star, 4 star,
5 star and family friendly hotels, apartments to quality holiday villas and
apartments from standard packages to deluxe residences.(Marmaris Town, 2023)
How tourism can affect Local people?
Tourists generate important economic activity and employment for the
community. It is believed that tourists annually spend more than 80 million euros
in shops and almost 100 million euros in food and drink.
7

But also there are some negative things about tourism, a large influx of new
visitors often drives up the cost of products and services, forcing locals to pay
more for food, drinks, transportation, etc. (Hwb, n.d)
Tourism has a wide range of beneficial socio-cultural effects on local
communities, including the creation of jobs and revenue, the development of
infrastructure, and the enhancement of social services like banking and
telecommunications.(Research leap, 2022)
In the quest to make more money, some tourist spots have pushed out local
residents and businesses to make way for luxury resorts and major tourist
draws.(Nadine Sykora, n.d)
How does tourism affect pollution?
Evolución de la calidad del aire en Comunitat
Valenciana(Miguel Ángel Ceballos,2022)
This graph shows us the evolution of the quality of the air in the Valencian
community, how we can clearly see in 2020 the O3 decreased a lot because of
quarantine and people could not go out of their home’s.(Miguel Ángel
Ceballos,2022)
8

Evolución de la calidad del aire en
Andalucía(Miguel Ángel Ceballos,2022)
In this graph we can see the quality of the air but this time in Andalusia we can
see that in this graph the O3 also decreased in 2020 because they had nearly the
same rules that in the Valencian community in quarantine.(Miguel Ángel
Ceballos,2022)
I have been searching for information about the air quality in Marmaris but I
could not find anything reliable about it, so we can only see the air quality in the
Benidorm (Valencian Community) and Malaga (Andalusia).
9

CONCLUSION
In conclusion tourism is very important in all places because tourism has
economic impacts, more opportunities for jobs, more cultures and understanding
other cultures, traditions, etc. this can be really helpful for knowing cultures and
for knowing new languages.
The hotel industry in Benidorm is mostly dominated by family businesses, with a
notable presence of three-star accommodation. The city attracts a diverse range of
guests, both Spanish and foreign, with a significant proportion coming from
Madrid and the Basque region. British tourists make up the majority, with over
60% of visitors. Benidorm's popularity is further highlighted by its representation
in the media. Regarding the tourist panorama of Spain, the Balearic Islands and
the Canary Islands emerge as the most sought after destinations, closely followed
by Catalonia, Andalusia and the Valencian Community. Benidorm, with its
captivating coastal areas, occupies a prominent place among the main tourist
spots. Originally a humble fishing and farming village, it has become a successful
and prosperous centre for mass tourism and package tours. In particular, the city
boasts the remarkable Grand Bali, an imposing hotel that claims the title of the
tallest in Europe.
Luxury tourism in Malaga has experienced a significant growth of 30% recently,
according to Jacobo Florido, Councilor for Tourism. The city offers exclusive
services such as cultural attractions, including museums, and exquisite cuisine
with more than eight Michelin Star restaurants. In 2022, Malaga saw the opening
of 27 foreign companies, totaling 72 new companies and creating numerous
employment opportunities. In addition, Malaga achieved a gross foreign
investment of approximately 348 million euros in 2021, 32.47% more than the
previous year, making it the first Andalusian province to achieve this
achievement.
Tourism can create both positive and negative impacts in three different ways: the
economy, society and the environment.
10

One of the reasons people are drawn to travel is their pursuit of a healthy and
fulfilling lifestyle. As well as the desire to explore different parts of the world.
Marmaris stands out as an exceptional tourist destination, mainly due to its wide
range of accommodation, which contributes significantly to its thriving economy.
The city boasts an impressive and well-equipped network of hotels, apartments,
holiday villas and other forms of accommodation along Turkey's western shores.
Visitors to Marmaris can choose from a diverse selection of options, including 3,
4 and 5 star hotels, family-friendly establishments, as well as high-quality holiday
villas and apartments offering standard and luxury packages.
Tourism brings large and important economic benefits to communities, as tourists
spend more than 80 million euros annually on shops and almost 100 million euros
on food and drink. In local communities, such as job creation, income generation,
infrastructure improvement and improvement of social services. Unfortunately, in
some cases, local residents and businesses have been displaced to make way for
luxury resorts and popular tourist attractions.
In the Valencian community, the O3 decreased a lot because of quarantine and
people could not go out of their home’s. In Malaga because of having the same
rules as the Valencian Community in quarantine the O3 also decreased a lot.
I have been searching for information about the air quality in Marmaris but I
could not find anything reliable about it.
REFERENCE
(Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles), (n.d). ECONOMÍA Y FUNCIONES
URBANAS: ¿Qué actividades económicas caracterizan a las ciudades?
Gobierno de España. https://www.ign.es/web/resources/recursoseducativos/economia-funcionesurbanas/Solucion_FuncionesUrbanas_Benidorm.pdf.
(4/5/23)
(Rodriguez-Rata. Aleix), (2018). Benidorm, de pueblo pesquero a Manhattan
mediterráneo. LA VANGUARDIA.
11

https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20180915/451800483753/benidorm
-pasado-y-presente-pueblo-pesquero-manhattan-mediterraneo.html
(5/5/23)
Ayuntamiento de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, (2023), El Ayuntamiento participa
en el Congreso Digital Tourist de Benidorm sobre turismo inteligente.
Ayuntamiento de las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
https://www.laspalmasgc.es/es/ayuntamiento/prensa-ycomunicacion/notas-de-prensa/nota-de-prensa/El-Ayuntamiento-participaen-el-Congreso-Digital-Tourist-de-Benidorm-sobre-turismo-inteligente/
(31/5/23)
Molina .C, (2023), Barcelona, Málaga y Palma, tres visiones contrapuestas sobre
cómo abordar el turismo masivo de cruceros. Cinco dias.
https://cincodias.elpais.com/companias/2023-06-03/barcelona-malaga-ypalma-tres-visiones-contrapuestas-sobre-como-abordar-el-turismo-masivode-cruceros.html
(5/6/23)
Chislett. William, (2014). Spain’s flourishing tourism: the mainstay of the
economy. Real instituto elcano.
https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/commentaries/spains-flourishingtourism-the-mainstay-of-the-economy/
(3/5/23)
Hodgson. C, (2022). luxury tourism grows by 30% in Spain’s Malaga. The Olive
Press. https://www.theolivepress.es/spain-news/2022/11/27/luxurytourism-grows-by-30-in-spains-malaga/
(16/5/23)
Hwb,(n.d), Impacts of Tourism. Hwb.
https://hwb.gov.wales/api/storage/8e18c0d6-3393-42c3-ae62-
09648421cc61/Section7-ImpactsofTourism.pdf (24/5/23)
12

İhlas Haber Ajansı, (2023), Marmaris'in duayen turizmcisi hayata veda etti.
Haberler.com. https://www.haberler.com/yerel/marmaris-in-duayenturizmcisi-hayata-veda-etti-15994305-haberi/
(5/6/23)
Marmaris Town, (2023). General Information About Marmaris – Getting to Know
Marmaris. Marmaristown. https://marmaristown.com/aboutmarmaris/#:~:text=With%20its%20surroundings%2C%20long%20coastli
ne,navigate%2C%20press%20the%20arrow%20keys. (18/5/23)
Miguel Ángel Ceballos ,(2022), La calidad del aire en el Estado español durante
2021. Ecologistas en Acción. https://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/wpcontent/uploads/2022/06/informe-calidad-aire-2021.pdf
(31/5/23)
Nadine Sykora, (n.d), 5 WAYS TOURISM CAN HAVE A NEGATIVE
IMPACT. do something.org https://www.dosomething.org/us/articles/5-
ways-tourism-can-have-a-negativeimpact#:~:text=Tourism%20can%20encourage%20the%20displacement,e
conomy%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20community. (24/5/23)
Open4Business Malaga, (n.d). BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. Ayuntamiento de
Málaga. https://openforbusiness.malaga.eu/en/economicdata/#.ZFJDcD1Bzrc
(16/5/23)
Research leap, (2022), The Impact of Tourism Development on the Local
Communities. Research leap. https://researchleap.com/the-impact-oftourism-development-on-the-local-communities-innamibia/#:~:text=The%20impacts%20of%20tourism%20on,as%20teleco
mmunications%20and%20banking%20services. (24/5/23)
Westcott. M and Anderson. W, (n.d). Impacts of Tourism. BCcampus Open
Publishing. https://opentextbc.ca/introtourism2e/chapter/1-x-impacts-oftourism/#:~:text=Tourism%20can%20generate%20positive%20or,%2C%2
0governments%2C%20and%20industry%20organizations. (23/5/23)
13

What is Environmental Protection, why is it
important and how we should take care of it.
S.K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Summary
резюме
Introduction
Methodology
Analysis
Conclusion
Biological References
2

SUMMARY
My conclusion for this topic I have chosen are easily described as poor environment
in each country that should be improved to live longer healthier lives and appreciate
the surrounding around as and all the living organisms. There are many similar
problems Moldova, Switzerland and China have in common such as air pollution and
water pollution which is very important. Many living organisms and humans have
died because of poor environmental protection which is not ok. Climate changes and
natural disasters are mentioned in each country's information as it’s a huge problem
which damages the earth and living organisms. There are environmental problems
such as cutting trees, which produce oxygen, as well as recycling and wasting into
the seas and oceans and trash just everywhere. Huge problem right now is global
warming which is extremely dangerous and harms our environment and us.
All those environmental problems are harmful to the environment and living
organisms, if people would appreciate environment better and take care of it by
simple and easy ways to help then it would be better for our earth and for us and
others, just by recycling or not buying plastic bags can change everything and
decrease water pollution and air pollution etc and make it extinct, which will take a
long time but if not well worst for our environment.
In conclusion, people should take care of our environment and make serious
decisions about changing it to a better environment.
The severity of effects caused by climate changes will depend on the path of future
human activities. More greenhouse gas emissions will lead to more climate extremes
and widespread damaging effects across our planet. However, those future effects
depend on the total amount of carbon dioxide we emit. So, if we can reduce
emissions, we may avoid some of the worst effects, agreed by NASA,
KEYWORDS
·Environmental protection·Natural disasters·Water pollution·Protect·Air pollution
·Climate·Moldova·Research·Switzerland·Effects·China·World hunger·Living
organisms·Animal and plant cruelty·Earth·Resources·Humans·Biodiversity
3

РЕЗЮМЕ
Мой вывод по выбранной мною теме легко охарактеризовать как плохую
окружающую среду в каждой стране, которую следует улучшать, чтобы прожить
более здоровую жизнь и ценить окружающее как и все живые организмы. У
Молдовы, Швейцарии и Китая много общих проблем, таких как загрязнение
воздуха и воды, что очень важно. Многие живые организмы и люди погибли изза
плохой защиты окружающей среды, что недопустимо. Климатические
изменения и стихийные бедствия упоминаются в информации каждой страны,
поскольку это огромная проблема, которая наносит ущерб земле и живым
организмам. Существуют экологические проблемы, такие как вырубка
деревьев, которые производят кислород, а также переработка и отходы в моря
и океаны и мусор повсюду. Огромной проблемой сейчас является глобальное
потепление, которое очень при очень опасно и наносит вред окружающей
среде и нам.
Все эти экологические проблемы вредны для окружающей среды и живых
организмов, если бы люди лучше ценили окружающую среду и заботились о
ней простыми и легкими способами помощи, тогда было бы лучше и для нашей
земли, и для нас, и для других. Покупка пластиковых пакетов может изменить
все и уменьшить загрязнение воды и воздуха и т. д. и сделать эту проблему
очень редкой, что займет много времени, но если мы не начнем то хуже
для нашей окружающей среды.
В заключение, люди должны заботиться об окружающей среде и принимать
серьезные решения по ее изменению в лучшую сторону.
результаты последствий, вызванных изменениями климата, будет зависеть от
направления будущей деятельности людей. Увеличение выбросов парниковых
газов приведет к увеличению экстремальных климатических явлений и
широкомасштабным разрушительным последствиям на нашей планете. Однако
эти будущие эффекты зависят от общего количества углекислого газа, который
мы выбрасываем. Таким образом, если мы сможем сократить выбросы, мы
сможем избежать некоторых из худших последствий, по мнению НАСА,
4

глобального изменения климата (2023 г.).
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА
·Защита окружающей среды ·Стихийные бедствия·Загрязнение воды
·Защитить· Загрязнение воздуха ·Климат·Молдова·Исследования·Швейцария
·Эффекты· Китай· Мировой голод·Живые организмы·Жестокое обращение с
животными и растениями· Земля·Ресурсы·Люди·Биоразнообразие
5

INTRODUCTION
In this research I am going to talk about what is the environment, why environmental
protection is important, environment in Moldova, environment in Switzerland,
environment in China, how to protect our environment, summary, резюме, graphs,
biological references, conclusions, and methodology. All this information given will
tell what environmental protection actually is and how it is in some countries to find
main problems of environmental protection or their similarities in those countries. In
conclusion of my introduction I would like to say that the environment is very
important and we should take care of it and learn about it more as you are going to
find further about environmental protection by reading my research.
METHODOLOGY
My aim was to describe what environmental protection is and why it is so important
and how it affects our world. As well as choosing it because of my aims I also chose
it, as these problems and matter are very rare to be talked about.
Most of the time I used quantitative data research as the process of collecting and
analyzing information but I used qualitative data for my two graphs I used for my
research so I used both which means my research is mixed. I collected my
information by reading many sites, summarizing it and adding to my research
question.
The data was collected through the internet and I would find reliable sites or other
sources of information I found reading the information and compared with other
sources to see if they are reliable. To make sure they are reliable I read them
through to make sure it makes sense and understand myself what I have read. If I
didn’t feel like it makes sense, I would just read the information from many sources
of information and write about it myself and then find someone who’s research is
similar to mine. I could agree as they are more or less the same. As I already said
the data was analyzed by finding similar and reliable information.
Explanation of graphs:
·In the first graph we can see that it is used to show China’s energy consumption
6

and as we can see it is very high
·The second graph made by me is used to show water sources in China from 1960
to 2020 and as we can see there is very little of the resources left of water.
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?
Environment can be described as all the living and non-living elements and their
effects that influence human life and their own. While all living organisms are
animals, plants, forests, underwater animals, and birds, non-living or elements
include water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air. In conclusion, environmental protection
is the protection of all living organisms and needed resources from environmental
problems such as air pollution, water shortage, world hunger, danger to the planet,
natural disasters…
In conclusion, environmental protection is very important for the health and wellbeing
of both humans and the natural world. It involves protecting and preserving the
natural environment and its resources for the benefit of current and our future.
Hamilton and Macintosh (2008) confirmed this by writing Environmental protection
can be defined as the prevention of unwanted changes to ecosystems and their
constituent parts.
WHY IS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IMPORTANT?
Environmental protection is very important because we consider other living
organisms and our planet beings. By doing simple and easy tasks we can save
many living organisms' lives and World hunger, Cruelty to animals or Water shortage
would no longer need to exist. So in faster saying we need environmental protection
is two saves lives, conserve resources and make sure it doesn't harm our
environment, protect animals, prevent natural disasters, have a better and cleaner
environment to live in and solve environmental problems such as air pollution, Soil
erosion, the water shortage, the Plastic waste in the environment, climate change…
In conclusion, Environmental conservation enables nature to get on with the job of
7

keeping us and the planet healthy. Conserving the environment is extremely
important because a lot of environmental degradation is very dangerous or will take
hundreds of years to fix and harm humans and animals.
This was confirmed by Christopher Schulz(2020) when writing Environmental
protection means consideration for other living beings. Not only for animals and
plants, but also for other people. By paying attention to world hunger, Cruelty to
animals or Water shortage would no longer need to exist today if everyone acted
responsibly.
HOW DO WE PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT?
Recycle-One of the most important part as it helps to reduce the need for landfill and
forms of disposal. People should organize their rubbish to then recycle in needed
places.
Volunteering- Volunteering on helping clean up places with rubbish such as parks,
roads, near sea areas etc. It is very important to leave our community clean for
ourselves and other human organisms.
Educate- Show and teach the surrounding that environmental protection is very
important for our earth to live a longer life with cleanier planet we are on and help
understand the importance of natural resources.
Shop wisely- Buy less plastic and unnecessary items and come with your own
shopping back.
Plant plants-Trees provide food and oxygen which we cannot live without. Try as well
to use paper and books wisely so we can re-use them without making new ones and
killing thousands and thousands of trees.
Bike or walk more- Cars produce toxic chemicals which harm our environment.
In conclusion, we should take good care of our environment and take this as a
serious matter because it is the future of our planet and the harm it will do to us and
other living organisms.
8

MOLDOVA
Moldova while failure to adequately manage natural capital will result in increasing
costs of substituting the services it provides: Reducing air pollution will make people
healthier: Currently, welfare costs associated with air pollution by fine particles
(PM2.5) represent about 6.5% of GDP equivalent in Moldova, compared to 3.8% on
average in the EU. The mean exposure to PM2.5 by Moldova’s population largely
exceeds the WHO guideline (17 vs 10 μg/m3 ). One of the main sources of air
pollution is transport. A less wasteful, more resource-efficient approach will make the
economy more competitive: The current economic model of Moldova relies on the
service sector (61%), with an important share of agriculture (13%, compared to 2.4%
in the EU), which accounts for 32% of employment. Despite some improvements,
Moldova’s CO2 and energy productivity remains one of the lowest among the EaP
countries and well below the EU level. Greening will provide new employment and
economic growth opportunities: Despite strong growth in GDP per capita and some
progress in reducing poverty
Eu4 environment(2019-2020).
Moldova is highly vulnerable to climate change and related disasters, with an
average annual economic loss of 2.13% GDP. The country’s unique biodiversity is
currently threatened by climate change, habitat fragmentation and over-exploitation.
The conservation of the Prut river wetland, and supporting the efficient management
of the protected areas is an important milestone to reverse the biodiversity loss and
ensure livelihoods wellbeing. Moldova is still highly dependent on external energy
sources. While there is a decrease in the country’s energy intensity, it is still higher
than the average energy intensity in the EU countries by 29%.
The result of worldwide implementation of the strategy would be a reduction in
annual PM2.5 and black carbon emissions from on-road vehicles by over 85%,
resulting in 100,000/yr fewer premature deaths in 2030, mobilizing cities and
individuals to take action on air pollution to protect our health and the planet.
air pollutant emissions inventories, which has allowed it to prioritize emissions
reductions from key sectors, like transportation, and improved its reporting to the
9

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. This work is paving the
way for informed policy making, improved emission reduction strategies, and the
ability to track the effectiveness of these activities.
It’s a clear sign that Moldova takes the threats of climate change, biodiversity loss
and pollution seriously, and is determined to turn these problems into opportunities.
The EU LIFE Programme is there to help make Moldova’s environmental protection
better - cutting dependencies, cutting pollution, improving our health and preparing
our economies for the future. It’s also an opportunity for the people of Moldova, for
private and civil society organisations to receive support for their action on climate,
biodiversity protection, circular economy and clean energy transition.
European commission(2022)
In conclusion, Moldova has shown that Moldova's soil and climate have made the
country one of the most intensive agricultural regions, consequently putting
significant pressure on the environment because of soil erosion, water pollution,
waste associated with food…
SWITZERLAND
The food cycle, housing, mobility and consumption of all kinds use up natural
resources and have an impact on the environment. In order to preserve vital natural
resources for future generations, the Confederation provides incentives for
innovative and sustainable products and informs the population about
environmentally sustainable behaviour. It pursues an environmental policy geared
towards resource-saving, climate-friendly and sustainable technologies and
solutions. As closed cycles are becoming increasingly important for aluminium, PET,
glass, concrete and other materials, ever more companies and individuals are
repairing products or replacing components to extend their service life and relying on
locally generated renewable energy instead of fossil fuels. Clean and resourceefficient
solutions pay off in three ways: they increase the security of supply, reduce
environmental and health impacts, and strengthen the competitiveness of our
economy in the fast-growing global cleantech market. That is why Switzerland's
public sector is increasingly requiring environmentally friendly and resource-saving
10

products in its procurement processes.
The focus is on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which are the main cause of
the climate-warming greenhouse effect.Biodiversity is necessary for human life and
economic activity, shapes a country's cultural identity, and has a positive impact on
people's health and well-being. We depend on biodiversity for food, medicine and
other products as well as the leisure and tourism industry.vehicles and combustion
engine-driven machinery have also had a positive impact on air quality. Measures to
reduce emissions have resulted in a 50% decline in particulate matter concentrations
over the last 20 years. Soil is a limited and non-renewable resource with great
ecological and economic value, unfortunately, Switzerland's soils are also subject to
continuous degradation caused by construction activities, erosion, compaction and
pollution. Switzerland's landscapes are a major reason for its high quality of life.
Switzerland has many initiatives in place to reduce the environmental impact of their
citizens. Although many other European countries take part in environmental
preservation, Switzerland stands a cut above the rest because of their strict
regulations. As a small but wealthy nation, Switzerland also has more resources and
support to dedicate to their environmental initiatives.
The momentum(2022).
In conclusion Switzerland's most problematic environmental concerns are water
pollution, air pollution, and soil degradation.
CHINA
The climate crisis is accelerating at a pace like never before. From deforestation and
droughts to air and plastic pollution, these are just several factors that are
exacerbating climate change and its consequences are felt everywhere in the world.
China is certainly not spared by the effects of global warming and is experiencing
more frequent natural disasters, which lead to destruction, great human suffering,
and biodiversity loss. As of 2021, the economic superpower is ranked fourth in the
world among countries with the most natural disasters worldwide. On track to
becoming the world’s largest economy, China’s extremely rapid industrial expansion
11

in recent decades has also contributed to record levels of air and water pollution.
Here are five of the most worrisome environmental issues in China.
First on the list of environmental issues in China is air pollution. The country’s poor
air quality is not exactly news and the quality of air has progressively deteriorated.
Estimated to cause an average of 1.2 million premature deaths every year, China’s
poor air quality is primarily attributed to the rapid economic expansion the country
experienced since 1979, which resulted in a drastic increase in coal-powered
industrial production and electricity demand, as well as an exponential rise in private
vehicles. Based on this, it is clear that in China, the water you drink is as dangerous
as the air you breathe.
Besides pollution, water availability in China is also among the most worrisome
environmental issues in China. It is exacerbated by the climate crisis, the effects of
which considerably diminish the country’s accessible water resources, triggering
severe shortages. Despite being home to almost 20% of the global population, China
has only 6% of the world’s total freshwater resources.
Plastic pollution is not surprisingly also among the most pressing environmental
issues in China. This problem has long plagued China largely thanks to the fact that
the country is the world’s largest producer and consumer of plastics. Home to onethird
of the world’s single-use plastic production facilities, in 2020 alone China
produced about 60 million tonnes of plastic waste. However, on average, only about
17% is recycled in some shape or form.
Last on our list of environmental issues in China is biodiversity loss. As a
consequence of nature degradation and increased pollution from human activities,
the country is threatening the survival of thousands of animal and plant species.
12

BREAKDOWN OF CHINA’S ENERGY CONSUMPTION
High on the list of environmental issues in China is water pollution. As much as 90%
of the country’s groundwater is contaminated by toxic human and industrial waste
dumping, as well as farm fertilisers, causing about 70% of rivers and lakes to be
unsafe for human use. Nearly half of the population does not have access to water
that is safe for human consumption, while two-thirds of the rural population has to
rely on tainted water due to a lack of adequate systems to treat wastewater.
Last on our list of environmental issues in China is biodiversity loss. As a
consequence of nature degradation and increased pollution from human activities,
the country is threatening the survival of thousands of animal and plant species.
China takes advantages to make environment better that would allow China to turn
13

the climate problems into an opportunity: increasing returns on the production and
development of low-carbon technologies such as wind and electricity storage; a high
domestic savings rate and a leadership position in green finance; and the ability to
create high-skilled jobs in high-productivity industries. China already has an
estimated 54 million “green jobs”, with over 4 million jobs in renewable energy. China
has also announced that it will no longer build coal-fired power plants abroad and will
step up support for other countries in developing green and low-carbon energy.
Worldbank(2022).
CONCLUSIONS
In the widest sense it concerns the protection of the natural environment by
individuals, organisations and governments. The “environment” means the physical
surroundings common to all of us including air, space, water, land, plants, and
wildlife - as well as that of future generations.Environment is any activity to maintain
or restore the quality of environmental through preventing the emission of pollutants
or reducing the presence of polluting substances in environment.
Environment is important because it enables nature to get on with the job of keeping
us and the planet healthy. Conserving the environment is extremely important
because a lot of environmental degradation is very dangerous or will take hundreds
of years to fix and harm humans and animals.
We should take good care of our environment and take this as a serious matter
because it is the future of our planet and the harm it will do to us and other living
organisms. We can take care of it by recycling, volunteering, educating, saving
resources, not harming our environment, shopping wisely and using electric cars or
bikes instead of fuel cars.
In conclusion, environmental issues in China are water pollution. The country's
groundwater is contaminated by toxic human and industrial waste dumping, causing
about 70% of rivers and lakes to be unsafe for human use.
14

BIBlOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Hamilton.C. and Macintosh. A. (2008).Environmental Protection and Ecology.
ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetarysciences/environmental-protection.
(04/05/2023).
Schulz.C(2020).10 reasons why environmental protection is so important.Care
Elite.https://www.careelite.de/en/why-environmental-protection-is-soimportant/#zusammenleben.
(08/05/2023).
EU4 environment(2019-2020).A partnership for green development in
2020.pdf (10/05/2023).
Undp(2023)Climate change, environment and energy.
https://www.undp.org/moldova/climate-change-environment-energy (10/05/2023).
houseofswitzerland(2020). Key aspects of environmental protection in Switzerland.
Moldova.https://www.oecd.org/countries/moldova/Country-profile-Moldova-2019-
https://houseofswitzerland.org/swissstories/environment/key-aspects-environmentalprotection-switzerland
(15/05/20203).
ccacoalition(2023). Moldova - National Planning on short-lived climate pollutants.
https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/activity/moldova-national-planning-short-livedclimate-pollutants
(15/05/2023).
Martina.I(2023). Top 5 Environmental Issues in China in 2023. earth.
https://earth.org/environmental-issues-inchina/#:~:text=China%20is%20certainly%20not%20spared,the%20most%20natural
%20disasters%20worldwide (15/05/2023).
Noa.A(2021). Ten Simple Things You Can Do to Help Protect the Earth. Ocean
service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ocean/earthday.html (18/05/2023).
NASA(2023). The effects of climate change. Global climate change.
https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/ (19/05/2023).
15

European commission(2022) Moldova joins the LIFE programme for environment
and climate. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/moldova-joins-life-programmeenvironment-and-climate-2022-11-28_en
(22/05/2023).
The momentum(2022) Why Switzerland is a highly rated eco-friendly travel
destination. https://www.themomentum.com/articles/why-switzerland-is-a-highlyrated-eco-friendly-travel-destination
(22/05/2023).
The World bank(2022) China’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy and Climate
Resilience Needs Shifts in Resources and Technologies.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/12/china-s-transition-toa-low-carbon-economy-and-climate-resilience-needs-shifts-in-resources-andtechnologies#:~:text=China%20already%20has%20an%20estimated,green%20and
%20low%2Dcarbon%20energy. (22/05/2023).
Studocu(2023) Environmental Conservation. https://www.studocu.com/en-
us/document/community-college-of-philadelphia/environmental-
conservation/environmental-conservation-conclusion/41816505 (29/05/2023).
StudyMalaysia (2018) What is environmental protection all about
https://studymalaysia.com/education/top-stories/what-is-environmental-protection-allabout#:~:text=Environmental%20conservation%20enables%20nature%20to,dangero
us%20to%20humans%20and%20animals. (29/05/2023).
Holmes.S (2021) Concurrences. Environmental Protection.
https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/environment-protection#references.
(08/06/2023).
16

O. M.
What makes Benidorm, Barcelona and Bangkok a
big tourist destination?
17

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 19
RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 19
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 19
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 20
ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 20
How many people come to Benidorm in a year? ........................................................... 20
How many people come to Barcelona in a year ? .......................................................... 21
How many people come to Bangkok in a year ? ............................................................ 21
What is the impact of tourism in Benidorm ? ................................................................. 21
What is the impact of tourism in Barcelona ? ................................................................. 22
What is the impact of tourism in Bangkok ? ................................................................... 22
Why is Benidorm a tourist destination?.......................................................................... 22
Why is Barcelona a tourist destination? ......................................................................... 23
Why is Bangkok a tourist destination? ........................................................................... 23
How does Benidorm deal with tourism ? ........................................................................ 24
How does Barcelona deal with tourism ? ....................................................................... 24
How does Bangkok deal with tourism ? ......................................................................... 25
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 25
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................. 26
18

SUMMARY
Tourism is present in every place and it brings with it positive and negative impacts
on the place's economics and environment. There is a lot of tourism in big cities and
the capital of the countries. In some places they create activities for tourists so that
they have more tourism and win more money.
Keywords: Tourism, Benidorm, Barcelona, Bangkok
RESUMEN
El turismo está presente en todos los lugares y trae consigo impactos positivos y
negativos en la economía y el medio ambiente del lugar. Hay mucho turismo en las
grandes ciudades y en las capitales de los países. En algunos lugares se crean
actividades para los turistas con el fin de tener más turismo y ganar más dinero.
Palabras clave: Turismo, Benidorm, Barcelona, Bangkok,
19

INTRODUCTION
I chose this topic because where I live and nearby places have a lot of tourism. I
think it's important because some count¡ries live from tourism.
METHODOLOGY
In order to find the information I have used the internet and to get the information I
have used the following keywords: Tourism, Benidorm, Barcelona, Bangkok. I chose
the sources that answered my question or helped me answer it. In order to check if
they were trustable I searched the publisher or author to see if the person really
exists and works on that topic.
I used a mixed method of analysis, including Qualitative in most of the questions and
Quantitative in all of them.
ANALYSIS
How many people come to Benidorm in a year?
In 2022 the population in Benidorm was about 70 thousand people but during
summer the population increased up to 12 times up to 1 million people.
(WTG Spain7, 2022).
Around 20 million people visit Benidorm during the year. Most of them come from
England and places in the north.
( Big7Travel, n.d).
20

How many people come to Barcelona in a year ?
In Barcelona there are 32 million annual tourists and from that 32 million people
about half are day trippers. (Responsible Travel, n.d. ).
About 3 million people visit Barcelona during the summer with over 5,438,000
overnight stays.Most of them come from the United States. (Ajuntament de
Barcelona, 2022)
How many people come to Bangkok in a year ?
In 2023 Bangkok welcomed 21.2 million visitors and has also been ranked the most
visited city 5 times. During the first half of 2023 tourism has increased from 2020-
2023. Most of the tourists come from China, Malaysia, Japan and Russia. (Reeler,
2023).
In 2019 Thailand was welcoming 22.7 million visitors and Bangkok was the place
where most of those visitors went. (Talty, 2019)
What is the impact of tourism in Benidorm ?
Tourism has mainly negative impacts on Benidorm's environment.However when
these Negative impacts reached the point when tourism was beginning to decline,
the authorities took action and started investing money to help the environment.
(Simon,n.d.).Today Benidorm contributes 12% of Spain's gross national product
which means that the town's revenue is 17 million Euro every day of the year. That is
an incredible 702,802 Euro/hour.
21

What is the impact of tourism in Barcelona ?
The tourism sector is one of the main drivers of economic activity in Barcelona, with
150,000 direct and indirect jobs. It generates 8.6% of the city’s employment and is
the fourth-greatest wealth-creation activity, accounting for 7.3% of the GDP. 59.9%
of Barcelona’s local residents think that this city has reached the limit of its capacity
and the districts with the most visitors, Ciutat Vella and Gràcia, want less of them.
(Ortiz, 2019)
What is the impact of tourism in Bangkok ?
Positive effects of tourism: Visitors from around the world bring a lot of money into
the country. This money is spent on improving the country’s transport systems,
electricity supply and telecommunications. Tourism also provides jobs for locals and
helps promote Thai culture to the rest of the world. Negative effects of tourism:
Space is needed to build hotels, restaurants and shops.The natural environment is
destroyed for new developments, and to provide building materials. Noise and air
pollution are increasing and the amount of litter is growing. Tourism doesn’t just
create problems for the local people, it also affects wildlife. (Tigtag.n.d.)
Why is Benidorm a tourist destination?
Located in the Marina Baixa region in Alicante, Benidorm is one of the top tourist
destinations on the Costa Blanca, thanks to its excellent beaches and its wide range
of accommodation, restaurants and leisure activities.
Benidorm offers a whole range of possibilities: from strolling along the seafront
promenade or swimming in the sea, to enjoying a range of water sports or taking a
boat trip to the island of Benidorm. …Not to mention the various local festivities, and
its mouth-watering cuisine featuring rice and fish as its star ingredients.
(Spain info.n.d.)
22

Why is Barcelona a tourist destination?
Barcelona is a beautiful city on the coast of northeastern Spain. Every year, more
than 27 million visitors come to the city to enjoy its culture, magnificent architecture,
beaches, and world-renowned athletic events. (Rokou. 2022)
Barcelona is famous for its outstanding football team, stunning architecture, lively
nightlife, sandy beaches, and world-class cuisine. Not to mention a vibrant cultural
heritage anIntroduction
I chose this topic because where I live and nearby places have a lot of tourism. I
think it's important because some count¡ries live from tourism.
d colourful neighbourhood festivals that attract visitors from around the world.
(Barcelona Lowdown.n.d.)
It has a wide range of great restaurants, cultural and leisure activities, as well as a
wide variety of hotels and an ideal climate. (Ajuntament de Barcelona, n.d.)
Why is Bangkok a tourist destination?
Thailand has a high reputation for spicy food, Buddhist temples and shopping.
(Maxwell.2013)
Uma Puacksumran, a former flight attendant and Bangkok local, has traveled to fifty
countries across five continents. Puacksumran has visited dozens of cities, yet
Bangkok has always stood out to her as the best holiday destination. Here are five
reasons why Bangkok has a reputation for being one of the world's top tourist
destinations, according to Puacksumran:
1. Bangkok is one of the world's most affordable major cities for tourists to visit.
2. Bangkok is a modern, bustling city, yet rich with culture and tradition.
3. Bangkok's food scene is one of the most vibrant and diverse in the world.
4. Bangkok is Asia's party capital.
5. There's something to do in Bangkok at all hours of the day.
(Descalzota. 2022)
As a type of tourism in Thailand with a comparatively long adventure elephant riding
history many new dimensions of adventure tourism have recently emerged in
23

Thailand. Various kinds of adventure on water, land, and air can be enjoyed in
Thailand. This involves exploration of exotic locales and remote areas and engaging
in various adventurous activities. (Sharafuddin,n.d.)
How does Benidorm deal with tourism ?
The beaches of Benidorm already have the 'S' mark for Tourism Sustainability, a
badge recently created by the Institute for Spanish Tourism Quality (ICTE) to
guarantee compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) regarding
the management and provision of tourists services, in this case of the
beaches.(Benidorm.org, 2023)
Being a very popular place among local and international visitors, Benidorm pays
special attention to accessibility, mobility and sustainability of the city, by protecting
the natural environment and creating various projects related to intelligent tourism.
( Nawatzki, n.d.)
How does Barcelona deal with tourism ?
Authorities in Barcelona have introduced new measures to tackle problems with
large tour groups in one of Spain’s most popular destinations. The latest rules will
see noise restrictions, number caps and one-way systems for tours in the historic
centre including around Antoni Gaudí’s Casa Battló and FC Barcelona’s Camp
Nou.(Hughes. 2022)
Some destinations which have been hugely impacted by overtourism have taken
drastic measures to curb overtourism, from segregating tourists and residents, to
tightly controlling visitor numbers. Barcelona, however, is targeting accommodation.
The local government is not currently issuing any new licences for tourist
accommodation, and new regulations have been introduced to reduce the number of
short term private lets, which would effectively prevent these from being used by
tourists. (Brown.n.d.)
24

How does Bangkok deal with tourism ?
As Thailand is facing increasing competition from neighboring countries such as
Vietnam and Myanmar, the Thai government has made visa procedures easier. For
Chinese and Indian visitors the Thai government introduced a six-month multiple
entry visa and reduced the visa-on-arrival charges. In addition, for visitors from 19
countries Thailand waived visa fees, while visitors from 52 countries, including the
Netherlands, can stay up to 30 days in Thailand when entering via an international
airport. (Netherlands Embassy in Bangkok, 2017)
CONCLUSION
Benidorm, Barcelona and Bangkok are big tourist destinations because they have
quite a lot of activities to do. In these places they create activities for tourists so that
they have more tourism and win more money.
25

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Ajuntament de Barcelona.(n.d.). The tourism sector in Barcelona. Ajuntament
de Barcelona.
https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/turisme/sites/default/files/documents/150514
_the_tourism_sector_eng_0.pdf.(17/5/23)
Ajuntament de Barcelona(2022).Nearly three million people visited the city in
the summer.Info Barcelona.
https://www.barcelona.cat/infobarcelona/en/nearly-three-million-peoplevisited-the-city-in-the-summer_1212653.html.(10/5/23)
Barcelona Lowdown. (n.d.). 10 Things That Barcelona Is Famous For.
Barcelona Lowdown. https://barcelonalowdown.com/what-is-barcelonafamousfor/#:~:text=Barcelona%20is%20famous%20for%20its,visitors%20from%20ar
ound%20the%20world.(17/5/23)
Benidorm.org.(2023). Benidorm's beaches already have the 'S' mark for
Tourism Sustainability.
Benidorm.org.https://benidorm.org/en/comunicacion/news/benidormsbeaches-already-have-s-mark-tourismsustainability#:~:text=The%20beaches%20of%20Benidorm%20already,this%
20case%20of%20the%20beaches.(24/5/23)
Big 7 Travel (n.d.).7 interesting facts about Benidorm.Big 7 Travel.
https://www.enjoytravel.com/en/travel-news/interesting-facts/interesting-factsbenidorm#:~:text=Widely%20criticised%20for%20its%20mass,a%20record%2
0number%20of%20tourists.(9/5/23)
26

Brown, Vicki. (n.d.). OVERTOURISM IN BARCELONA. Responsible travel.
https://www.responsibletravel.com/copy/overtourism-in-barcelona.(18/5/23)
Descalzota, Marielle. (2022). A former flight attendant who's been to more
than 50 countries shares 5 reasons why Bangkok is the best holiday
destination for tourists. insider. https://www.insider.com/where-to-go-holidaybangkok-best-tourist-destination-2022-8.(17/5/23)
Hughes, Ann, Rebeca. (2022). Barcelona: One-way streets and no more
megaphones in crack down on disruptive tourists. Euro news.Travel.
https://www.euronews.com/travel/2022/06/27/barcelona-one-way-streets-andno-more-megaphones-in-crack-down-on-disruptivetourists#:~:text=27%2F06%2F2022-
,Guided%20tours%20in%20Barcelona%20will%20have%20capped%20numb
ers%20and%20limited,of%20Spain%27s%20most%20popular%20destination
s.(17/5/23)
Nawatzki,Valeska.(n.d.). Benidorm: A sustainable city covered with
enchanting natural spaces. Max Tourism. https://www.maxtourism.com/benidorm-a-sustainable-city-covered-with-enchanting-naturalspaces/#:~:text=The%20model%20of%20the%20city,Award%20that%20the%
20city%20holds.(25/5/23)
Ortiz,Astrid. Alguero,Pont,Marga. (2019). Tourism, between wealth and
residents’ complaints. Barcelona Metrópolis.
Netherlands Embassy in Bangkok.(2017). Tourism industry in Thailand.
Netherlands Embassy in Bangkok.
https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2017/06/factsheet-toerisme-inthailand.pd.(17/5/23)
https://www.barcelona.cat/metropolis/en/contents/tourism-between-wealth-
27

and-residentscomplaints#:~:text=The%20tourism%20sector%20is%20one,for%207.3%25%
20of%20the%20GDP.A.(16/5/23)
Reeler Shannon. (2023). Revealed: These Are The Most Visited Cities In The
Rokou, Tatiana. (2022).Why is Barcelona so popular with tourists. Travel daily
Simon Sarah. (n.d.). TOURISM: Mass tourism in Benidorm - impacts. Quizlet.
World 2023. Atlys. https://www.atlys.com/post/the-most-visited-cities-in-theworld.(10/5/23)
Responsible Travel (n.d.).Overtourism in barcelona.Responsible Travel.
https://www.responsibletravel.com/copy/overtourism-inbarcelona#:~:text=When%20it%20comes%20to%20Barcelona,most%20of%2
0the%20cruise%20passengers.(10/5/23)
news.https://www.traveldailynews.com/column/featured-articles/why-isbarcelona-so-popular-with-tourists/.(17/5/23)
Sharafuddin, Ali, Mohamed.(n.d). Types of Tourism in Thailand.Faculty of
Business Administration, St. Theresa International College.
https://agrilife.org/ertr/files/2015/09/5.-eRTR_CMTRY_Vol.12-
No3.4_Sharafuddin.pdf.(17/5/23)
https://quizlet.com/41217048/tourism-mass-tourism-in-benidorm-impactsflash-cards/.(11/5/23)
Spain info. (n.d.). Benidorm. Spain info.
https://www.spain.info/en/destination/benidorm/#:~:text=Located%20in%20the
%20Marina%20Baixa,accommodation%2C%20restaurants%20and%20leisure
%20activities.(16/5/23)
28

Watts, Maxwell, Jake. (2013). Why Bangkok is the world’s number one tourist
Talty Alexandra. (2019). Bangkok Is The Most Visited City In The
World...Again. Forbes.
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Tigtag.(n.d.). Tourism in Thailand. Tigtag.
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%20of%20the%20world.(16/5/23)
destination.Quartz.https://qz.com/88412/why-bangkok-is-the-worlds-numberone-tourist-destination.(17/5/23)
WTG Spain (2022).Benidorm - the Spanish Las Vegas, that never sleeps.
WTG Spain.
https://wtgspain.com/guide/benidorm#:~:text=According%20to%20official%20
data%20from,up%20to%201%20million%20people.(9/5/23)
29

HOW DID THE PANDEMIC AFFECT TOURISM IN BENIDORM,
SPAIN AND LOS ANGELES?
P.N
30

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY………………………………………………………………….…3
RESUMEN……………………………………………………………...……3
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………...4
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………….4
ANALYSIS………………………………………...……………………………
4
What is a pandemic?............................................................................................4
What is covid-19?.................................................................................................5
Why is it dangerous?.............................................................................................5
What is tourism?...................................................................................................5
Why is tourism important?.................................................................................6
Is tourism important in Benidorm?.......................................................................7
Is tourism important in Torremolinos?.................................................................7
Is tourism important in Los Angeles?...................................................................8
How was tourism during the COVID pandemic?.................................................8
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………...10
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES……………………………………11
31

SUMMARY
This work talks about tourism in the Covid era in Benidorm, Torremolinos and Los Angeles.
During this research I answer questions such as: What is tourism, what is covid, how does
covid impact tourism...
Keywords: Tourism, Covid, Pandemic, Dangerous, Benidorm, Torremolinos, Los Angeles.
RESUMEN
En este trabajo hablo sobre el turismo en la epoca de covid en Benidorm, Torremolinos y Los
Angles. Durante este trabajo respondo a preguntas como: Qué es el turismo, Que es el covid,
cómo impacta el covid en el turismo…
Palabras clave: Turismo, Covid, Pandemia, Peligroso, Benidorm, Torremolinos, Los
Angeles.
32

INTRODUCTION
I picked this topic because I think tourism is very important nowadays. It helps the economy,
lets us learn about different cultures, and makes the whole world come together. When people
from different places visit each other, they can share their ideas and traditions. It's all about
being respectful and understanding each other. Tourism connects people and makes them
forget about stereotypes. The main goal is to make the world more open and connected.
In this article we can find information about how Benidorm has recovered tourism in a such a
short time (Reinosa, 2021)
METHODOLOGY
To make this work, I first searched for terms like "tourism," "covid," "pandemic,"
"dangerous," "Benidorm," "Torremolinos," and "Los Angeles" in Google. Then I started
looking at several publications and websites, and I compared the data to various sources of
information to determine its reliability. I made sure to include reliable news sources, official
websites, and scientific publications in my search. By comparing the data with many sources,
I was able to spot any incorrect or biased information and concentrate on the reliable sources.
This work has conducted a mixed methodology. I used quantitative research in questions 5
and 9 because it was easier to find information in graphs instead of texts. I used qualitative
research in the rest of the questions because I coudn’t find any graph to explain it.
ANALYSIS
1) What is a pandemic?
A pandemic is a global spread of a new disease. When a disease is only spreaded in a specific
region, it is called an outbreak. If the disease is spreading rapidly and it's difficult to control,
it is normally called epidemic. If the disease is spread across all countries or continents, it is
called a pandemic. Throughout history, we have passed through several influenza pandemics.
These pandemics usually emerge from animal influenza viruses and differ from the seasonal
flu. One important distinction is that most individuals do not possess immunity against a
33

pandemic influenza virus, even if they have had a previous encounter with seasonal flu or
received a seasonal flu vaccine. (Torrey, 2022; Health direct, 2022)
2) What is covid-19?
Coronavirus Disease 2019, also known as COVID-19, is a severe respiratory illness caused
by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It was initially identified in Wuhan, China, in December
2019, and after fast spreading to other countries, it became a worldwide pandemic.
Although COVID-19 symptoms might vary, frequent ones include fever, cough, breathing
problems, tiredness, body aches, sore throats, and a loss of taste or smell. In extreme cases
could result in organ damage and pneumonia. When an infected individual coughs, sneezes,
talks, or breathes, respiratory droplets are produced and normally it spreads the virus.
It can also spread when contaminated surfaces are touched and then the face is
touched.(World health organization, n.d; Hopkinsmedicine, 2022)
3) Why is it dangerous?
COVID 19 is dangerous because it is a virus that humans didn't experiment before,
which means that no one has developed an immunity to it. Furthermore, this virus
primarily affects the upper respiratory system and is extremely contagious, exactly
like the flu. It is a very dangerous virus as a result of these factors.
It's important to pay attention to any symptoms that may appear in the key days four
to six after obtaining the virus. Older people or those who already have illnesses like
high blood pressure, obesity, asthma, or diabetes may face worsening lung-related
symptoms during this time. So, throughout this period, it's really important to pay
special notice to any changes in your body. (Ucihealth, 2020; Mayoclinic, 2022)
4) What is tourism?
Tourism refers to people making personal or professional trips outside of their native area.
There may be relations between travelers and the areas they visit on a social, economic, and
cultural level when people travel. Visitors may be locals or non-locals of the destination, and
they can be categorized as tourists or excursionists. Domestic Travel Activities associated
34

with travel include sightseeing, entertainment, and cross-cultural interactions. Spending
money on things like hotels, transportation, and other goods and services is another regular
aspect of it.
There are various forms of tourism:
● Domestic Travel
● Inbound travel
● Outbound Travel (unwto, n.d; Henleyco, n.d)
5) Why is tourism important?
For poor nations and emerging economies, tourism offers enormous advantages. It
supports the growth of the regional economy, opens up job possibilities, and helps in
the development of essential facilities. Additionally, tourism may significantly
contribute to the preservation of cultural traditions, natural surroundings, and cultural
assets while also lowering poverty and inequality.
Among the benefits of tourism are:
● Growth in the economy
● The expansion of a nation,
● Employment creation
●
Fusion of many societies
35

(Unwto, n.d)
In this graph we can see the decline of tourism in 2020. Tourism decreased
significantly from February to April. January had the highest amount of tourism while
April had the least. Tourist arrivals decreased by 74%, resulting in a loss of 1 billion
international tourist arrivals and a loss of 1.3 billion euros. Also, the dropping of
income increased 11 times.
6) Is tourism important in Benidorm?
On the Costa Blanca, Benidorm is a well-known tourist destination in Alicante, Spain.
It attracts tourists all year round because of its many sand beaches, clear waters, and
comfortable temperature. The town also offers a great collection of luxuries and
tourist destinations, which now has aided it gain popularity as a vacation destination.
It is not unusual that ten million people travel each year to Benidorm to enjoy the
city's numerous accommodations and attractions. (Spain info, 2020; Enjoy travel,
2021)
7) Is tourism important in Torremolinos?
Torremolinos is a very popular tourist destination known worldwide for its beautiful
location on the Costa del Sol. It is now an internationally recognized and known
tourist destination. The city has a total size of 20 square kilometers and it is simple to
get there by A7 road. Its location is ideal for visitors since it is just eight kilometers
36

from Málaga airport. Furthermore Torremolinos is situated only 14 kilometers from
Malaga city and you can go to places by Renfe. (Investincities, n.d; Spainguides,
2021)
8) Is tourism important in Los Angeles?
Los Angeles is a popular vacation spot and a well-known tourism destination. The
city got more than 50 million tourists in 2019 alone. Over a fifth of these visitors were
international visitors. In 2018, visitors spended over $24.6 billion during their short
time in Los Angeles. This highlights how, in addition to being a popular domestic
tourist destination, Los Angeles also attracts people from all over the world, who
contribute greatly to the city's economy. (Tlg, n.d; Bg, 2023)
9) How was tourism during the COVID pandemic?
n.d)
(Hosteltur,
In this graph we can see the cancellation of hotels in 2020. Tourism decreased so hotel demand also.
The week 24/3 had the highest number of cancellations while the week 11/2 had the least. The alarm
state increases the percentage of cancellations, with the largest volume being grouped together due to
the announcement of the mandatory closure of tourist establishments.
37

Evolution of travelers staying in hotel establishments in Andalucía
(Jda, n.d)
(The information in this graphs are not of Torremolinos because I didn’t find good information)
In the month of July, nearly 2,000 hotel establishments were open in Andalucia, a 27.6% decrease
compared to the previous year. The impact on the hotel staff was even greater, with a decrease of
48.8%.
On the other hand, in rural tourism accommodations, which are a minority type and have been less
affected by the COVID crisis, there is a significant increase in Spanish travelers, with a rise of 32.3%
in July compared to the previous year.
Evolution of travelers in rural tourism accommodation in Andalucía
(Jda, n.d)
38

Forecast number of visitors to Los Angeles in 2020 (in millions)
(Statista, n.d)
Los Angeles, California was estimated to account for only 29 million visitors in 2020. This
showed a decline of approximately 22 million visitors when compared to the pre-COVID-19
estimate of 51 million visitors.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a pandemic spreads globally, affecting all countries and continents. COVID-
19, a severe respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-, quickly became a global
pandemic. Additionally, tourism benefits poor nations and emerging economies through
economic growth, job creation, infrastructure development, cultural preservation, and societal
fusion.
I think tourism is very important all around the world. COVID-19 has made tourism go down
a lot, especially in 2021. But in 2022, it started getting better because travel restrictions were
reduced and the global economy was improving. But even though things are improving, the
tourism industry still has a lot of challenges to deal with. Such as…
Even though tourism is working again in 2022, there's still a worry about new variants and
the possibility of more covid waves. This makes people uncertain about traveling and affects
their confidence in going on international trips.
39

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES:
BMZ, (n.d). Economic significance of tourism. BMZ.
https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/tourism#:~:text=Tourism%20generates%20income%20and%2
0creates,and%20wastewater%20management%2C%20for%20example. (10/5/2023)
Hopkinsmedicine, (2022). What is coronavirus?. Hopkinsmedicine.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus. (4/5/2023)
HT, (n,d). El impacto del coronavirus en Benidorm y sus mercados emisores. Hosteltur.
BG, (n,d). The Most Surprising Los Angeles Tourism Statistics And Trends in 2023. Blog
gitnux. https://blog.gitnux.com/los-angeles-tourismstatistics/#:~:text=Los%20Angeles%20is%20a%20popular,during%20their%20stay%20in%2
02018. (10/5/2023)
ET, (2021). The Things You Should Know About Benidorm. Enjoy Travel.
https://www.enjoytravel.com/en/travel-news/interesting-facts/interesting-factsbenidorm#:~:text=The%20Things%20You%20Should%20Know,million%20people%20visit
%20every%20year. (10/5/2023)
Health direct, (2022). What is a pandemic?. Health direct.
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/what-is-a-pandemic#:~:text=is%20a%20pandemic%3F-
,A%20pandemic%20is%20the%20worldwide%20spread%20of%20a%20new%20disease,the
%20same%20as%20an%20epidemic. (4/5/2023)
https://www.hosteltur.com/136132_infografia-impacto-del-coronavirus-en-benidorm-y-susmercados-emisores.html.
(25/5/23)
40

IIC, (n.d). Torremolinos. Invest in cities.
https://investincities.com/en/torremolinos/#:~:text=Torremolinos%20is%20one%20of%20the
,Sol%2C%20%E2%80%9CPioneer%20Destination%E2%80%9D. (10/5/2023)
JA, (n,d). Efectos del COVID en el turismo de Andalucía. Junta de Andalucía.
https://ws089.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/blog/2020/09/turismojulio-covid/.
(25/5/23)
JTP, (2021). Advantages and Disadvantages of Tourism. JavaTPoint.
https://www.javatpoint.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-tourism. (10/3/2023)
MC, (2022). COVID-19: Who's at higher risk of serious symptoms?. Mayoclinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-atrisk/art-20483301.
(10/5/2023)
REINOSA A, (2023). Benidorm, segundo destino turístico más rápido en recuperarse de la
Covid: ¿cuáles son las claves?. De Alicante.
https://www.elespanol.com/alicante/benidorm/20230605/benidorm-segundo-destinoturistico-rapido-recuperarse-covid/769173379_0.html.
(7/6/2023)
SG, (2021). Torremolinos travel guide. Spain guides. https://spainguides.com/topdestinations/torremolinos/#:~:text=Torremolinos%20is%20located%20in%20the,to%20sunn
y%20and%20cheap%20Spain. (10/5/2023)
SI, (2020). Tourism in Benidorm. Spain Info.
https://www.spain.info/en/destination/benidorm/#:~:text=Benidorm%20is%20one%20of%20
the%20most%20important%20tourist%20resorts%20on,first%20rate%20infrastructures%20a
41

nd%20services. (10/5/2023)
Statista, (n,d). Forecast number of visitors to Los Angeles, California in the United States in
2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/977116/number-of-tourists-los-angelescalifornia/.
(25/5/23)
THC, (n.d). Travel and tourism. The Henley
College.https://www.henleycol.ac.uk/media/2960/travel-and-tourism.pdf. (10/5/2023)
TLG, (n,d). Tourism master plan. Tourism lacity gov.
https://tourism.lacity.gov/sites/g/files/wph1946/files/2021-08/Tourism_Master_Plan.pd.f.
(10/3/2023)
TORREY T, (2022). Epidemic vs. Pandemic: What Are the Differences?. Verywellhealth.
https://www.verywellhealth.com/epidemic-vs-pandemic-
2615168#:~:text=If%20the%20disease%20is%20limited,is%20regarded%20as%20a%20pan
demic. (4/5/2023)
Ucihealth, (2020). Why is COVID-19 so dangerous?. Live well.
https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2020/04/why-is-covid19-sodangerous#:~:text=But%20it%20is%20a%20virus,what%20makes%20it%20so%20dangerou
s. (10/5/2023)
UNWTO, (n.d). Glossary of tourism terms. UNWTO. https://www.unwto.org/glossarytourism-terms.
(10/5/2023)
WHO, (n.d). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1. (4/5/2023)
42

WHAT IS THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM IN COSTA
BLANCA, THE REST OF SPAIN AND PERU?
Author: RC

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY 2
RESUMEN 2
What is the economy like in Benidorm? 3
What is the percentage of tourists that go to Peru to visit Machu Picchu? 5
What do the tourists see that attracts them to go to Spain? 6
Is Benidorm growing as a tourist destination? 6
What are tourists looking for in Peru? 7
What are the future plans of Benidorm and Machu Picchu? 7
CONCLUSIONS 8
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 9
1

SUMMARY
I’ve decided to write about tourism and its effects on the economies of the Costa Blanca, in
the rest of Spain and Machu Picchu, Peru.
I have been researching Benidorm’s economy, the proportion of visitors to Peru who visit
Machu Picchu, what draws people to Spain, whether Benidorm is becoming a more popular
tourist destination, what people look for in Peru, and what the future plans are for both
Benidorm and Peru (BMZ, n.d.).
RESUMEN
He decidido escribir sobre el turismo y sus efectos en las economías de la Costa Blanca, en el
resto de España y Machu Picchu, Perú.
He estado investigando la economía de Benidorm, la proporción de visitantes de Perú que
visitan Machu Picchu, qué atrae a la gente a España, si Benidorm se está convirtiendo en un
destino turístico más popular, qué busca la gente en Perú y cuáles son los planes futuros para
ambos Benidorm. y Perú.
2

INTRODUCTION
My parents suffered when the COVID-19 was here and they had to close their businesses,
therefore I picked tourism and the impact that it had on the economy.
For poor nations and emerging economies, tourism presents fantastic prospects. It boosts the
local economy, supports the construction of local infrastructure, generates jobs, protects the
environment, preserves cultural heritage, and fights poverty and inequality.
METHODOLOGY
I’ve been looking up terms like Spain, Peru, economic impact, and tourism to Machu Picchu.
I selected them from among the many available websites based on their reliability. I’ve
noticed that it doesn’t have any grammar mistakes, doesn’t have an appealing title, and has
too many photographs.
I used the qualitative and quantitative approaches in my research, using the quantitative
approach for the graphs and the statistics on the number of tourists to Benidorm and Machu
Picchu. All of the questions have been answered using the qualitative methodology.
ANALYSIS
What is the economy like in Benidorm?
The majority of the businesses in Benidorm are tourism related to hotels, house rentals,
restaurants, bars, nightclubs. Modern and new structures provide information about current
developments and, consequently, about growth over the last few decades. There must be an
acceptable climate for this activity, with little rain and heat for several months, as seen by the
large number of people on the beach.
Similar to how the enormous number of tourists it receives as tourists indicates the need to
provide the city with good infrastructure to supply it, and treat the waste that is generated as
well as good means of communication (AGE, n.d.).
3

An example of how important tourism is for Benidorm’s economy can be found by analysing
the graph above, where it can be seen that since the crisis in Spain the companies have
increased. But when coronavirus arrived all the companies were affected more than others.
The ones that went worse were the restaurants and the hotels. A good example of how
important the tourism sector is in Benidorm can be found by checking the drop in the
numbers of companies registered from 5.600 to 5.490 during the Covid pandemic. This
shows that the coronavirus made a great impact in the Benidorm companies because although
tourism is a stable sector it can have problems if there are any sorts of pandemics or
something that stops tourists from entering Spain (Epdata, 2023).
4

What is the amount of tourists that go to Peru to visit Machu
Picchu?
The most visited tourist destination in Peru is Machu Picchu, one of the most famous
archeological sites in the entire world (Whitman, n.d.).
According to a forecast from Peru’s Ministry of Culture, the Inca citadel of Machu Picchi
anticipates seeing more than 1.111 million tourists this year. The ministry said that the
current visitor capacity per day is 3, 044 people. The number of visitors to all circuits and at
all times is included in this figure (Andina, 2022).
The number of tourists who visit Machu Picchu annually has increased by 700% since it was
discovered by Hiram Bingham in 1911, from a low of 10,000 in the 1980s to a peak of
approximately 1.2 ,million visits in 2013 (Whitman, n.d.).
Due to COVID-19, Machu Picchu remained closed to tourists until 2020. It didn’t start
operating until November of the same year, but it did so with few tourists and at odd hours to
abide with the health regulations in effect at the time. Due to the political situation that
constantly puts pressure on tourist services, there is currently a broad spectrum of
uncertainty.
5

Tourists who do not visit Machu Picchu do not generate demand for guides, hotels,
restaurants, or other services, the income has been reduced by 100%. Everything moves
based on tourism (Romero, 2023).
What do the tourists see that attracts them to go to Spain?
Spain’s numerous regions make you feel like you’re traveling to several different countries in
one, which is one of the best reasons to go there. Some people not only speak Spanish, but
also their own native language.
One of the many reasons Spanish festivals are well-known is their extreme ubiquity. Every
town tends to host one distinctive festival throughout the year. While many of Spain’s
festivals have religious roots, some have evolved into wild celebrations rather than
sacramental ceremonies (Salihi, n.d.).
Spain’s extensive and varied history is reflected in its rich and diversified culture. Spain has a
diverse range of cultural attraction to suit every taste, from its ancient Romans and Moorish
influence to its modern artistic and literary movements (Spain Guides, n.d.).
Is Benidorm growing as a tourist destination?
Benidorm is located in the province of Alicante, it is a part of the Valencian Community and
is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea. It is 50 kilometers from Alicante and 140 kilometers
from Valencia.
With its privileged location, Benidorm benefits from a unique microclimate, as well as warm
winters and cool summers moderated by the marina. These features allow residents to enjoy
both the natural beauty and the emergence of a contemporary, comfortable city.
Due to its unique geomorphic configuration, the surrounding mountains shield it from wind
action that could change its pleasant climate (Ordónez, Rovira, n.d.).
6

What are tourists looking for in Peru?
The Incas, the greatest South America empire of all times, left behind an architectural and
cultural legacy in Peru that has made it a famous tourist destination.
Machu Picchu and the Incas are the most famous thing about Peru, there are loads of other
reasons to visit Peru. Peru is one of the largest countries in South America, Peru’s landscape
is diverse. The exotic Amazon Rainforest, which is home to native tribes and unusual fauna,
is located in the east (Lau, 2022).
What are the future plans of Benidorm and Machu Picchu?
Benidorm will surprise everyone with its future beaches in a less arid time thanks to a new
“green” renovation plan that includes, among others innovations, adding vegetated dunes to
its popular coastal area. In other municipal plans, there will also be decorative lighting, a
pathway of nativity, and a green zone next to Poniente.
Even if the goal of the dunes in the sand is to protect the beach from climatic changes and
address ecological concerns, it will undoubtedly serve as an additional incentive for the huge
number of tourists that travel to this location every year (Fernández, 2023).
In 2023, 2024, or any other time soon, Machu Picchu won’t be closed to visitors. No, the
ancient sanctuary of Machu Picchu in Peru, South America, is not closing, to put it simply.
While there have undoubtedly been a few brief closures as a result of unforeseen events, the
magnificent citadel will always remain open to the public (Kosloski, 2023).
7

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, Benidorm’s majority of businesses are related to hotels, house rentals and
restaurants. The weather conditions are extremely good, little rain and heat for several
months, as seen by the large number of people on the beach.
Benidorm has had an increase in companies since the crisis came but in 2021 when
coronavirus came. The number of companies decreased, they were mainly restaurants and
hotels.
Machu Picchu is the most visited tourist destination and one of the most famous
archeological sites in the world. The number of tourists, which increases every year, has
happened since it was discovered by Hiram Bingham.
Both of these lovely places can be better. If both of them join their ideas it would be even
better. Benidorm hasn’t got as many historical resources as Machu Picchu has but Machu
Picchu hasn’t got for example the coast and the climate that Benidorm has.
I have learnt that although tourism is a stable sector it can have problems if there are
pandemics or something new that appears that can stop tourists from coming to visit Spain.
8

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
AGE. (n.d.). Economic activities that characterize cities. AGE. (10/05/2023).
https://www.ign.es/web/resources/recursos-educativos/economia-funcionesurbanas/Solucion_FuncionesUrbanas_Benidorm.pdf
Andina. (2022). Machu Picchu expects to receive over 1 million visitors in 2022. Andina.
BMZ. (n.d.). Tourism. BMZ. (7/06/2023).
https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/tourism#:~:text=Tourism%20offers%20great%20oppor
tunities%20for,to%20reduce%20poverty%20and%20inequality.
Epdata. (2023). How many companies are there in Benidorm?. Epdata (25/05/2023).
(17/05/2023). https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peru-machu-picchu-expects-to-receiveover-1-million-visitors-in-2022-876636.aspx
https://www.epdata.es/datos/numero-empresas-municipiolocalidad/140/benidorm/1499
Fernández, JL. (2023). This is how Benidorm and its beaches of the future will be. ABC C
Valenciana. (24/05/2023). https://www.abc.es/espana/comunidad-
valenciana/benidorm-planifica-playas-futuro-dunas-luces-ornamentales-
20230316145155-nt.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
Kosloski, D. (2023). Is Machu Picchu Closing Permanently?. Peru Travel Blog.
(24/05/2023). https://www.cachilife.com/machu-picchu-closing-permanently/
Lau, S. (29/04/2022). 13 Amazing Reasons to visit Peru. The Planet. (11/05/2023).
https://theplanetd.com/visit-peru/
Ordónez, M, Rovira, Z. (n.d.). Benidorm, from the fishing rod to the umbrella. University of
Alicante. (17/05/2023). https://web.ua.es/es/giecryal/documentos/alumnos/benidormde-la-cana.pdf?noCache1310066024810
Romero, M. (2023). Machu Picchu What is the situation of the world and why does it
continue to be closed?. El Comercio. (25/05/2023). https://elcomercio.pe/peru/machu-
9

picchu-cual-es-la-situacion-de-la-maravilla-del-mundo-y-por-que-continuatotalmente-cerrada-cusco-machu-picchu-turismo-paro-nacional-noticia/?ref=ecr
Spain Guides. (n.d.). Top Reasons to visit Spain. Spain Guides. (11/05/2023).
Salihi, B. (n.d.). 7 Reasons To Visit Spain At Least Once in Your Lifetime. Travel Triangle.
(17/05/2023). https://traveltriangle.com/blog/reasons-to-visitspain/#:~:text=Diverse%20Cultures,languages%2C%20in%20addition%20to%20Spa
nish.
https://spainguides.com/spain-travelguide/#:~:text=Culture,cultural%20attractions%20for%20every%20taste.
Whitman, M. (n.d.). How many Tourists visit Machu Picchu annually. MMPG. (10/05/2023)
https://www.machupicchutrek.net/how-many-tourists-visit-machu-picchu-annually/
10

RELIGIONS
By Patlazhan I.
1

SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 2
ЗМІСТ ............................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 3
ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 4
What is the importance of religions? .......................................................................... 4
Why do we need to keep aware of religions? ............................................................. 5
Why are there so many people that stay apart from religions? ................................ 6
What conflicts do Judaism and Muslims have (have had)? ...................................... 7
Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 10
Bibliographical references ......................................................................................... 11
2

SUMMARY
Religion has always been with us but not everyone is aware of the important role that
religions play in everyday life. In this article you would find answers to questions you
may have wondered about and how the government in some countries treats religions.
Keywords: religions, atheists, conflicts, constitution.
ЗМІСТ
Релігія завжди була з нами, але не всі усвідомлюють важливу роль, яку вона
відіграє у повсякденному житті. У цій статті ви знайдете відповіді на питання, які
вас цікавлять, а також про те, як уряд деяких країн ставиться до релігій.
Ключові слова: релігії, атеїсти, конфлікти, конституція.
3

INTRODUCTION
Religion is a theme which is discussed and known even from the ancient world. Many
conflicts today are based on religious disagreements and there are also disputes
between religious people. I chose this topic because I am raised in a religious family
and it is interesting to know and analyze things that are usually not discussed around
the family table. I know quite a lot about religious beliefs and the ancient world although
I was curious to dive into the details of religious concepts and what religions explain as
sin.
My topic is important and the article by Pressbooks (n.y.) also talks about the
importance of religions, conflicts that arise because of religions and much more.
Additionally, the article BBC (n.d.) explains and talks about war that appears because of
religious disagreements. This theme needs to be discussed and known because there
are more religious people than non-religious people, so there are disputes between
religions, to understand why this happens you need to know something about religions.
METHODOLOGY
This article is relevant today for people who are interested to know something new
about religions. Here are discussed themes like why there are religious people and
atheists, conflicts because of religious disagreement, importance of religion and why
religions still occupy an important part of our lives.
For finding the information that I needed I used some specific words that relate to the
question that I made before starting the research to help sort information that I wanted
to talk about. I looked at such factors of small questions, subtopics and relevant
information which I could include in my research article.
4

I used a qualitative method to make my article. I looked at the information and based on
themes that I needed to use, I analyzed what I read from these articles and collected
relevant information in my research. When I chose what articles may be useful I put all
the data and links in the article and after that started to write the answers on the
questions based on information that I read.
Before putting the information from articles I checked their reliability. I carefully checked
the availability of grammar mistakes and quality pictures, the references which they
include and if the article was up-to-date.
ANALYSIS
What is the importance of religions?
Have you ever questioned how the world was made or what awaits us after death?
Well, in this case where scientists are powerless, religions can explain these. Religion
gives a purpose or meaning to live, understand how the world was produced and make
sense about things that cannot be explained by scientists. Also, religion enhances
social stability and unity.
People have common beliefs or even if they are different they can discuss or even
gather in some communities. In Judaism Torah or in christianity Bibliya teach moral
behavior, how to help others and be a good member of society. Knowledge of religions
may help with understanding yourself, moral peace and psychological well-being, how
to be satisfied with your life and what you have and explain the importance of home
values.
5

What is important to biodiversity is that religion motivates people to work for positive
social change, reducing the environmental footprint. Religions are the foundation of
morals and beliefs, it helps shape us and determine what we see as right and wrong
and also lead you to follow the path of righteousness. (University of Minnesota, n.d.;
Targetstudy, 2018)
Why do we need to keep aware of religions?
If you read something about any religion you possibly understood that religion explains
how the world, environment and us were made. Make us believe in many kinds of moral
values. Like the importance of your family, friends, behavior toward other peoples and
also teach us that happiness is not only concerned about money or how rich you are.
Beliefs make life easier, many people say that religion has all the answers to
unexplained theories and things. Religions also explain the importance of freedom. For
example when Jewish came out of slavery and were making their way to Israel for 40
years to gain freedom.
Religions teach us how to communicate with society, spending wisely time with your
family and the importance of friendship. Make precepts about behavior, purpose in life
and also help the needy when you have such an opportunity. (TOK2022, n.d.)
Why are there so many people that stay apart from religions?
(Pew Research Center, 2018)
6

According to the diagram above, elaborated by Pew Research Center(2018), Atheists
ranked 18% of all religions. To compare, it is even more than Hinduism. Atheists take
3rd place from all of the religions. In Europe 18 out of 34 countries said that new
generations are less religious than older ones. Globally, 46 out of 106 countries said
that adults under 40 said that religion isn’t very important to them.
People that were raised in a religious family often don’t accept religions in the future.
When bad things happened in their life while religious people said “Go to church”, “It’s
happened because of your bad attitude in previous life” atheists took care and found a
way to solve their problems by themselves.
Mostly, in religions there are too many rules which are necessary to follow and this
position does not suit several people. For someone, belief in God does not have strong
evidence to believe, although as researchers said, atheists know about religions even
more than religious people do. What atheists don’t like about religions is that people
absolve themselves from responsibility and pray to God.
With going apart from religions, the world became more tolerant. There is an allegation
that religions prevent global development. From 2007 to 2019 the rate of religious
people fell. During this time the world has changed on the positive side. To compare,
nowadays LGBT, minorities, tattoos, piercings have become normal although in the past
people were killed because of this. If people don’t like the financial position they are in
now, they choose another job which has bigger payment, open their own business
instead of praying to God to live in prosperity. (Scott McGreal, 2014; NPR stuff, 2013)
What conflicts do Judaism and Muslims have (have had)?
Judaism is the first monotheistic religion, i.e. a belief in one God, while Islam emerged
in the 7th century AD. About 2,000 years after Judaism. Muslims recognise all Jewish
prophets and all holy men before Mohammed. Judaism in turn does not recognise
Muslim prophets and saints. Likewise, Judaism does not consider Mohammed a
7

prophet or Messiah, but acknowledges his existence. Unlike Judaism, Islam is a
missionary religion, i.e. when they want to introduce other nations to their faith.
For Jews the main holy place is Jerusalem and the Temple Mount which is built on
Mount Moriah where Abraham had to sacrifice his son. And the same place is the place
where the Prophet Muhammad is said to have ascended to God in a dream. The whole
of Israel and consequently Jerusalem were seized by the Muslims and were under
Muslim domination for a long time. In 1967 Jerusalem was totally liberated after a 6 day
war, but the Jews decided not to destroy the 3rd most important Muslim saint place after
Mecca and Medina, the Al Aqsa Mosque.
Until today, there have been bloody conflicts over Jewish visits to the sacred site. In
other words, the main religious conflict between Islam and Judaism is over the
possession of holy areas in Israel, the most important of which is the Temple Mount in
Jerusalem. (M. Brenner, 2017)
What does the legislation of Spain, Europe and Israel say about
religions?
Spain
The Spanish Constitution says in Chapter 2, Division 1 (Fundamental Rights and Public
Freedoms) mounted in article 16.3 “There shall be no State religion. The public
authorities shall take the religious beliefs of Spanish society into account and shall
consequently maintain appropriate cooperation with the Catholic Church and the other
confessions.” Additionally, in its Chapter 2, Section 1 (Fundamental Rights and Public
Liberties) establishes in the article 16.1 that there is “Freedom of ideology, religion and
worship of individuals and communities is guaranteed, with no other restriction on their
expression than may be necessary to maintain public order as protected by law”. In its
Part 1, Chapter 2(Rights and Liberties) installed in the article 14 that “Spaniards are
equal before the law and may not in any way be discriminated against on account of
8

birth, race, sex, religion, opinion or any other personal or social condition or
circumstance.” In Chapter 2, Section 1 (Fundamental Rights and Public Liberties)
establishes in the article 18.1 that there is “The right to honour, to personal and family
privacy and to the own image is guaranteed”.
While analyzing all of these states, the conclusion is that Spain is accepting and has
been tolerant toward any religion. The legislation of Spain protects and makes sure
there is no bullying or discrimination against other religions.This freedom of speech and
action in Spain has led to immigrants being so fond of Spain.
Europe
The legislation of the European Union in Part 1,Title 1 (Definition and Objectives of the
Union) states in in article 4.2 that “In the field of application of the Constitution, and
without prejudice to any of its specific provisions, any discrimination on grounds of
nationality shall be prohibited”.Chapter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union in
title 2(Freedoms) claim in article 10.1 that “Everyone has the right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to change religion or belief
and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or in private, to
manifest religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance.” In title 3
(Equality), article 22 says that “The Union shall respect cultural, religious and linguistic
diversity”.
To sum up, the European Union respects and protects the rights of everyone and
prohibits discrimination on any grounds, including religion.
Israel
Freedom of religion in Israel states that “All persons ... shall enjoy full liberty of
conscience and the free exercise of their forms of worship, subject only to the
maintenance of public order and morals”. “No ordinance shall be promulgated which
shall restrict complete freedom of conscience and the free exercise of all forms of
worship”“Every person in Israel enjoys freedom of conscience, of belief, of religion, and
9

of worship. This freedom is guaranteed to every person in every enlightened,
democratic regime, and therefore it is guaranteed to every person in Israel”
The state of Israel guarantee freedom of religion, liberty of conscience, free exercise of
worship, and the prohibition of any ordinance that restricts this freedom.
Conclusion
Religion plays a significant role in our life, as it provides the answers to many questions
which scientists can’t explain. Religion gives meaning and purpose to life, helps to
understand how the world was created, contributes moral behavior and also social
stability and unity. However, many people chose to stay apart from religions and be a
part of the atheist community. Many individuals reject religion due to a lack of empirical
evidence, dissatisfaction with religious rules, or a belief that it absolves people from
personal responsibility. This shift affects the world and community, for the last decade
the world has become more tolerant and progressive. Additionally, conflicts between
religions, such as the ongoing dispute between Judaism and Islam over holy sites in
Israel, highlight the tension between religions.
Spain, the European Union and Israel demonstrate a high level of tolerance towards
different religions. Spanish legislation protects religious freedom, prevents
discrimination and encourages cooperation with different faiths. The European Union
respects cultural and religious diversity, prohibits discrimination on grounds of
nationality and upholds the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Israel
also guarantees full freedom of conscience, free exercise of religion and freedom of
worship for all people. These countries prioritize religious tolerance, ensuring that
people are free to practice their religions without fear of discrimination or persecution.
10

Bibliographical references
●
University of Minnesota (n.d.). Sociological Perspectives on Religion. Pressbooks.
(accessed 10/05/2023)
https://pressbooks.howardcc.edu/soci101/chapter/17-3-sociological-perspectives-onreligion/#:~:text=Religion%20ideally%20serves%20several%20functions,work%20for%2
0positive%20social%20change.
● Targetstudy (2018). Importance of Religion in Life. Targetstudy(accessed 10/05/2023)
https://targetstudy.com/articles/importance-of-religion-in-life.html
● TOK2020 (2019). Knowledge and Religion. TOK2020 (accessed 14/05/2023)
https://www.tok2022.net/knowledge-and-religion.html
●
Scott A. McGreal (2014). More Knowledge, Less Belief in Religion?. Psychology Today.
(accessed 17/05/2023)
●
Michael Dimock (2018). The age gap in religion around the world. Pew Research Center
(accessed 18/05/2023)
●
NPR stuff (2013). More Young People are Moving Away From Religion, But Why?
NPR(accessed 17/05/2023)
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/unique-everybody-else/201401/moreknowledge-less-belief-in-religion
https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/06/13/young-adults-around-the-world-areless-religious-by-several-measures/
https://www.npr.org/2013/01/15/169342349/more-young-people-are-moving-away-fromreligion-but-why
●
Michael Brenner(2017).The roots of conflict between Islam & Judaism.Classroom.
(accessed 25/05/2023)
https://classroom.synonym.com/the-two-different-tribes-of-islam-12084082.html
●
Gobierno de España (1978). The Spanish Constitution. Boletín Oficial del
Estado.(accessed 07/06/2023)
11

https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf
●
Prof. Shimon Shetreet (2001). Freedom of Religion in Israel. Israel Ministry of Foreign
Affairs (accessed 07/06/2023)
https://web.archive.org/web/20130424041502/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/20
00_2009/2001/8/Freedom%20of%20Religion%20in%20Israel
● Pressbooks (n.d.). Social Perspectives on Religion. Pressbooks. (accessed 08/06/2023)
https://pressbooks.howardcc.edu/soci101/chapter/17-3-sociological-perspectives-onreligion/#:~:text=Religion%20serves%20several%20functions%20for,work%20for%20pos
itive%20social%20change.
12

What are the differences with children's
rights between Spain, EU and India?
L.A.C

Table of content
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 4
- What are children's rights? ............................................................................................ 4
- Why are they important? ............................................................................................... 5
- What is the responsibility of families regarding children’s rights? .................................. 6
- Do they have the same rights as adults? ....................................................................... 6
- How are children's rights in Spain? ............................................................................... 7
- How are children’s rights in India? ................................................................................. 7
- How are children rights in the EU? .............................................................................. 10
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 10
Bibliography References .................................................................................................. 11

SUMMARY
My work is about children Rights. I discovered the differences between rights in India, Spain
and the EU. I also wrote about what it means, why it is important, how parents and families
are responsible for children's rights…
Keywords: Children, Rights, Spain, EU, India, Responsibilities, Family, Parents.
RESUMEN
Mi trabajo trata sobre los derechos de los niños. Descubrí las diferencias entre los derechos
en la India, España y la UE. También escribí sobre lo que significa, por qué es importante,
cómo los padres y las familias son responsables de los derechos de los niños...
Palabras clave: Niños, Derechos, España, UE, India, Responsabilidades, Familia, Padres.

INTRODUCTION
I chose this topic because I think it’s very interesting and a good project to talk about. There
is a lot of information that I can write and explain. I chose this topic also because I wanted to
understand the differences between some countries and how Children Rights are respected
and violated. For my comparison I had chosen Spain, India and the European countries.
Children Rights it's also an important topic to understand because it is a serious case. Like I
said, they are important and they need to be respected. We can find news like this ones:
Así es el maltrato infantil en España: la mitad son adolescentes y sube la gravedad
India presses Germany to send back baby Ariha living in Berlin foster care, calls it
‘infringement of rights’
Putting children at the center – Council of Europe and EU synergies in protecting
children’s rights
METHODOLOGY
I used these keywords to find the answers to my questions: Children, rights, India, Spain, EU.
My text is quantitative because all my resources are from websites.
When I searched them I made sure they weren't fake by doing research about the websites to
see if it was reliable.
ANALYSIS
- What are children's rights?

The law defines childrens as people under 18 years of age and who need special care
and protection to live better. Any child of any age has rights that people need to
respect. This includes the right to speak out and express opinions, as well as rights to
equality, health, education, a clean environment, a safe place to live and protection
from all kinds of harm.
This rights started in 1989. The objective of changing the world and making it a better
place, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was finally created.
They made a promise to every child to protect and fulfill their rights, by adopting an
international legal
Since then, the United Nations has ratified numerous international treaties and
agreements relating to human rights, notably the Convention on the Rights of the
Child. These agreements provide a foundation for talking about and enforcing human
rights. The rights and values they define are made into binding legal responsibilities
for the States that choose to abide by them. A legal and other framework is also
established to hold governments responsible for any violations of human rights.
(Crin, n.d.).
- Why are they important?
All children under the age of 18 have a natural right to some fundamental freedoms
known as child rights. These rights are applicable to every child in the world,
irrespective of race, color, parents, creed and gender. The future well-being of any
civilization depends on children's healthy development.
Children are more susceptible than adults to poor living situations such as poverty,
inadequate health care, nutrition, safe water, housing, and environmental pollution
since they are still growing and developing.
(Olomu, 2021) (UNICEF, n.d.)
Janna Jihad is a teenage girl who has grown up in the Palestinian village of Nabi
Salih. The Palestinian territory has been under Israel’s military occupation since 1967.
Janna, and Palestinian children like her are denied their rights and face discrimination

on a daily basis. The Israeli army regularly arrests children from Janna’s village often
during journeys to other places or to their houses. For example, if any children were
sick, it could be nearly impossible to get to a hospital.
In 2009, when Janna was three, people of her community protested for the right of
peace and they began weekly demonstrations. But they were met with violence.
Jannas uncle and her friends were killed. One day she got her mothers phone and
started recording herself talking about what was happening. Everyone saw her videos.
She became famous. Janna became the youngest press card-carrying journalist in
the world, at the age of 12.
(Amnesty, 2023)
- What is the responsibility of families regarding children’s
rights?
The first people with the authority to act on behalf of a kid and guarantee that their
rights are upheld are their parents. By making decisions on behalf of their kid, the
father and mother exercise their rights and fulfill their obligations. Their obligations
are to safeguard the child's safety, education, growth, security, health, and morality. In
accordance with their abilities and the child's needs, parents must feed and care for
their kids. Every child has the right to have parents. Additionally, parents are
responsible for paying for general educational expenses, holidays, health insurance,
etc.
Parents watch over their child by controlling his or her comings and goings (Ba.D
n.d.)
- Do they have the same rights as adults?
In addition to having specific rights that take into account their unique needs, children and
adolescents also enjoy the same fundamental rights as adults. Children are neither the
property of their parents nor are they helpless objects of charity. They are people with rights
because they are people.

Obviously, children can’t do all the things adults do. A kid of 10 years old can not drive a car.
These things are just banned because of security. It is important to think about the children’s
security, that is why there are some rights that adults have, so they can do things that children
can’t. If we return to the example of driving, adults can drive and help children with it. If a
kid needs to go to school, adults can drive them. Doing this they help children without
making them do nothing.
(UNICEF n.d.)
- How are children's rights in Spain?
Although Spain is an economically advanced European country, it has a fairly high
poverty rate. There is a very large difference between the poor and the rich, which
has led to discrimination against children from poor families. The Spanish healthcare
system has made some progress. The populace has access to medical staff and
supplies. Additionally, Spain offers free healthcare, which is crucial in the fight
against prejudice.
Although, poor families with children that need healthcare, can choose in between
two hospitals. In private hospitals you need to pay. Poor families have difficulties
paying the salary that these hospitals require. Spain also has public hospitals. These
hospitals do not have a mandatory rule to pay. These families can come to these
centers. The bad thing about these hospitals is that they are always full. To have an
appointment with a doctor, you can wait more than 3 months.
(Humanium n.d.)
- How are children’s rights in India?
According to the Indian constitution children have special rights, examples of this are:
●
Right to and identity
Children have the right to a name, to have their legal registration with the
government, and to nationality (the right to be a citizen). This guarantees both
access to social services and national support.
● Right to health

Medical care, nutrition, protection from harmful habits (including drugs) and safe
working environments are covered under the right to health. The Indian
constitution elaborates on the access to special care and support for children
with special needs, as well as quality health care (including drinking water,
nutrition, and a safe environment).
● Right to education
Right to free primary education is critical for helping children develop
discipline, life skills while finding a safe and healthy environment to nurture a
child’s physiological development. This includes freedom from violence, abuse
or neglect.
● Right to a family life
If not family members, then children have the right to be looked after by caretakers.
Children must live with their parents until it is not necessary.
Save The Children (n.d.)
It’s true that not everyone respects those rights.
Both girls and boys in India face early marriage, domestic abuse, sexual violence,
violence at home and in school, trafficking, child labour …
● Early marriage
Indian law defines child marriage as a union in which one or both partners are
under the age of 21. The majority of child marriages involve females, many of
whom come from low-income families. In India, child marriages are common.
United Nations Population Funds, (2022)

Marriage under 18 is illegal in India, though almost a quarter of married
Indian women wed before their 18th birthday. An example is provided by
Aljazeera (2023), indicating that a girl aged 15 and already pregnant after
marrying last year, Pinku Das Sarkar has no idea what to do following her
husband’s February 2 arrest in a controversial police crackdown on child
marriage in northeastern India.
●
Domestic abuse
A major social threat is domestic violence. However, despite the fact that its many
causes, including alcoholism and patriarchy, are regularly published, the effects on
children receive less attention.
The definition of domestic violence relates to looking at an abusive relationship
between a husband and wife through various lenses (physical, emotional, sexual and
financial among others). However, children are equally and sometimes even more
traumatized through such abusive relationships than the adult partners. Aul.A (2022)
● Sexual violence
There are 2 types of sexual violence:
Physical
It is noticed that in most cases there is clear physical contact between the
offender and the victim. The contact includes penetrative sex, fondling of
the victim's genitals, or making the child do it. Sexual intent in the form of
touching and kissing is considered a physical form.
Non-Physical
It is not necessary that there shall be any physical contact for the abuse to
occur. Actions like sowing pornographic pictures or videos to a child or
using a child in such material accounts for the abuse. Bhatnagar.I.(n.d.)

- How are children rights in the EU?
The Council of Europe believes that children are fully-fledged holders of human
rights and not mere subjects of protection. Children must enjoy the protection offered
by all international human rights. The European Convention on Human Rights applies
equally to all individuals: children must enjoy the same protection as adults.
Eliminating all forms of violence against children, including sexual violence,
exploitation and corporal punishment; promoting child-friendly justice and social
services; guaranteeing the rights of children in vulnerable situations; and promoting
children’s participation in decisions affecting them are among the key objectives of
the Council of Europe’s activities in the area of children’s rights. Council Of Europe
(n.d.)
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU guarantees the protection of the rights
of the child by the EU institutions and by EU countries when they implement EU law.
Article 24 on the rights of the child and Article 32 on the prohibition of child labour
specifically cover children's rights.
Council Of Europe (n.d.)
Conclusion
What are the differences with children's rights between Spain, EU and India?
Spain, the EU and India have children rights like other countries. They all try to respect the
rights but they don't do it sometimes.
Spain, the EU and the Indian’s rights have some similarities and differences.
Spain, despite being economically advanced, struggles with a significant poverty rate and a
wide wealth gap, leading to discrimination against children from poor families. While the
country has made progress in its healthcare system, providing access to medical staff and
supplies, the availability of free healthcare is crucial in combating prejudice. However, poor

families with children face a difficult choice between private hospitals that require payment,
which they often cannot afford, and public hospitals that offer free care but suffer from
chronic overcrowding, resulting in lengthy wait times of over three months for doctor
appointments.
The Council of Europe emphasizes that children have full human rights and should be
protected accordingly, in line with international standards. This includes safeguarding
children from all forms of violence, promoting child-friendly justice and social services,
ensuring the rights of children in vulnerable situations, and encouraging their participation in
decision-making processes. The European Union's Charter of Fundamental Rights further
guarantees the protection of children's rights, with specific provisions on child labor and the
rights of the child.
Children in India are granted special rights under the constitution, including the right to
identity, health, education, and a family life. However, these rights are not always respected.
Child marriage is a prevalent issue, with many young girls forced into marriages before the
legal age. Domestic abuse is another significant concern, with children often being the silent
victims of abusive relationships. Sexual violence against children can take both physical and
non-physical forms, with offenders engaging in inappropriate physical contact or exposing
children to explicit materials.
Bibliographical References
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL,(2023) Children’s human rights. AMNESTY
INTERNATIONAL. https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/child-rights/ (22/05/2023)
Aul.A (2022) Childrens are the forgotten victims of domestic violence, The Times Of India,
ALJAZEERA (n.d.) India child marriage arrests leave families without breadwinner,
ALJAZEERA,https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/3/1/india-child-marriage-arrests-
leave-families-without-
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/children-are-the-forgotten-victims-ofdomestic-violence/
(31/05/2023)

Ba.D, (n.d.) Family and children rights. HUMANIUM.
https://www.humanium.org/en/family-andchildrensrights/#:~:text=Rights%20and%20responsibilities%20of%20parents&text=The%20
father%20and%20mother%20use,%2C%20security%2C%20health%20and%20morality.
(10/05/2023)
Beri. N, (2023) India presses Germany to send back baby Ariha living in Berlin foster care,
calls it ‘infringement of rights’ WION. https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-presses-
germany-to-send-back-baby-ariha-living-in-berlin-foster-care-calls-it-infringement-of-rights-
600117 (07/06/2023)
Bhatnagar.I.(n.d.)Child sexual abuse in India. Legal Service India,
breadwinner (31/05/2023)- https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-4985-childsexual-abuse-in-india.htm
(01/06/2023)
Council Of Europe (2023) Putting children at the center – Council of Europe and EU
synergies in protecting children’s rights. Council Of Europe.
https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/putting-children-at-the-centre-council-of-europe-and-eusynergies-in-protecting-children-s-rights
(07/06/2023)
Council Of Europe (n.d.) Children’s rights TOPICS. Council Of Europe,
https://www.coe.int/en/web/children/topics#:~:text=The%20European%20Convention%20on
%20Human,the%20protection%20of%20children's%20rights. (01/06/2023)
CRIN(n.d.).What are children's
rights?.CRIN.https://archive.crin.org/en/guides/introduction/what-are-childrens-rights.html
(04/05/2023)
Humanium (n.d.) Children of Spain. Humanium. https://www.humanium.org/en/spain/
(15/05/2023)
Olomu.S,(2021)Importance of children rights to the world. Voices Of Young.
https://www.voicesofyouth.org/blog/importance-child-right-world . (10/05/2023)

Rodrigo. A, (2023) Así es el maltrato infantil en España: la mitad son adolescentes y sube la
gravedad. EFE. https://efe.com/espana/2023-04-26/maltrato-infantil-espana-violenciaadolescentes/
(07/06/2023)
Save The Children (n.d.) Fundamental of child rights in India, Save The Children,
https://www.savethechildren.in/blog/child-protection/fundamentals-of-child-rights-in-india/
(15/05/2023)
UNICEF. (n.d.) The healthy development of children is crucial to the future well-being of
any society, UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/child-rights-why-theymatter#:~:text=The%20healthy%20development%20of%20children,water%2C%20housing
%20and%20environmental%20pollution. (10/05/2023)
UNICEF (n.d.) Children’s Rights And What They Matter.UNICEF.
https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/child-rights-why-theymatter#:~:text=Children%20and%20young%20people%20have,subject%20of%20th
eir%20own%20rights. (15/05/2023)
United Nations Population Funds, (2022) Child marriage, United Nations
Population Funds. https://www.unfpa.org/child-marriage-frequently-askedquestions#:~:text=Child%20marriage%20and%20early%20marriage,compromised
%20ability%20to%20grant%20consent. (31/05/2023.

What can Comunidad Valenciana, the rest of Spain and
Ukraine can learn from each other regarding
environment protection?
A.S

The table of contents
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 3
КРАТКОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ............................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 4
METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 4
ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 5
What are the consequences to the actions of people in Comunidad Valenciana
that pollute the environment? ................................................................................ 5
Are there any teams or public movements to clean up the environment in
Ukraine? ................................................................................................................... 6
Do politics actively help or sponsor projects to help the environment in
spain? ........................................................................................................................ 6
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 7
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ............................................................ 8

SUMMARY
This research work contains information about how countries like Spain, Comunidad
Valenciana and Ukraine can help each other achieve their goals in protecting nature. To do
so, there has been collected information such as what laws are there regarding environment
protection in Spain/Comunidad Valenciana and what are the consequences if you break
them, what projects or public movements were made regarding environment protection in
Ukraine and what do politics do and do they sponsor any projects regarding environment
protection in Spain?
Keywords: Environment protection, information, politics,countries, laws
КРАТКОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Эта исследовательская работа содержит информацию о том, как такие страны, как
Испания, Валенсийское сообщество и Украина, могут помочь друг другу в достижении
своих целей в защите природы. Для этого была собрана информация о том, какие
законы об охране окружающей среды существуют в Испании/Comunidad Valenciana и
каковы последствия их нарушения, какие проекты или общественные движения были
сделаны относительно защиты окружающей среды в Украине и чем занимается
политика. и спонсируют ли они какие-либо проекты по защите окружающей среды в
Испании?
Ключевые слова: Защита окружающей среды, информация, политика,
страны, законы

INTRODUCTION
In 2023 protecting our environment is very important because humanity keeps harming and
polluting our environment which causes climate change, extinction of a variety of animal
species, floods, droughts and oil pollution of lakes and oceans and animals die because of
thinking that plastic is food etc.
So in this essay my goal is to inform people about what Comunidad Valenciana, the rest of
Spain and Ukraine can learn from each other regarding environment protection so we can all
learn from each other to save our environment and become more informed about environment
protection.
If we address ourselves to the news, we can find current examples of how important this
matter is. In this way, Igini (2023) indicates that there will be horrible consequences to the
actions of the US towards the pollution of the environment which tells us again, we need to
protect our environment. Dailynewsegypt (2023) informs about the environmental problems
in egypt and that they are trying to solve them.
METHODOLOGY
To collect the data for my essay I used qualitative research design method and Mixed
method.I used the qualitative research design method by picking out articles in the internet
and analysing the text and coming up with conclusions, to come up with one or multiple
conclusions I read a couple of trusted sources and extracted data from them to came up with a
more deep and complexed answers to each of my questions.
I used the mixed method for extracting numerical data for a more accurate answer and to
support my facts but I not only extracted the numeral data, I was supposed to analyse the
textual data to support my numeral data and to provide more information and facts to make
my essay more reliable.
To check the reliability of the sources I paid more attention to the spelling, the release date of
the source, is the source known? Do any other sources write something similar? Because if
the source is the only one that gives that particular information that can not be found in other

sources that means that the source is probably not reliable , If the source doesn't give facts or
numerical data to support the idea its not reliable, If the source has grammar mistakes it's not
reliable!!! And if the source was published in 2003 the data was probably accurate in 2003
but the data will be different from 2023 so if you use the facts from 2003 it won't be accurate
anymore.
ANALYSIS
What are the consequences to the actions of people in Comunidad
Valenciana that pollute the environment?
In spain and Comunidad Valenciana are many laws of order that are used to protect the
environment, some of the laws have lots of fines included some of the fines are around 2000€
or more
Article 108 of law 07/2022 states that "the abandonment, including littering, the dumping
and uncontrolled management of any type of non-hazardous waste puts people's health at
serious risk or is causing serious damage or deterioration to the environment”, and it is
therefore an offence.
Article 109 of the same law states that the fine for minor infractions can be up to €2,001, for
serious infractions penalties range from €2,001 to €100,000 and for very serious offences
penalties go from €100,000 to €3.5 million. So that's how you can get easily fined for
throwing away non-hazardous materials like cardboard etc.
There are more laws connected to water(here is one example)
Royal Legislative Decree 1/2001 governs fresh water and its associated land (the hydraulic
public domain). Under this rule, the use of water for private purposes is subject to obtaining a
concession granted by the basin authority. Other activities, such as the use of the river d or
the discharge of wastewater, require an authorisation, also granted by the basin authority
And Air pollution related laws:
Air pollution activities not covered by a single environmental permit, and which meet certain
thresholds, require an authorisation for potentially polluting activities to the atmosphere (Law
34/2007 of 15 November on air quality and atmosphere protection).
Obviously there are much more laws related to any topic or part of the environment
protection but here are some of the examples from the cites (These are only spanish laws)

Are there any teams or public movements to clean up the environment
in Ukraine?
There are plenty of groups and fundraisers that help to clean the environment. For example, a
group of youngsters and teenagers from a village called Maiaky decided to take part in the
World Water Week. First their priority was a small local beach and later the river etc and
thanks to some help from UNICEF they created an eco-club called Chysto tak. Among the
seven teams of kids across Donetsk and Luhansk regions, they were granted up to
60,000UAH. Not only they cleaned everything up but they also encouraged the villagers and
people around ukraine and set up recycling bins and other bins for paper, plastic, cardboard ,
glass etc to keep the area clean and make small but confident steps towards our goal to help
and clean our ecosystem.This was an example of a small group of activists but there is a
group called “Let’s do it Ukraine” it has been operating in 24 regions for around 6 years with
the efforts of the local governments,activists, social media, businesses etc they have collected
up to 2.5 million participants. This “let’s do it Ukraine '' is a part of “Let’s do it world” which
unites over 180 countries and up to 20 million people that participate worldwide. This group
was created to slowly but surely clean up our ecosystem and help the world. Even if there is a
warzone in Ukraine, the next clean up day will take place on September the 16th 2023!!!!
Do politics actively help or sponsor projects to help the environment in
spain?
83% (eight points higher than the European average of 75%) of the Spanish population say
that their government does NOT care or are simply unconcerned about the climate change
situation. They say that the measures that were taken are way too flexible and that allows
individuals and businesses to avoid changing their actions and following the
measures.Therefore, according to 58% of Spaniards, Spain will not be able to dramatically
reduce its carbon emissions by 2050 as promised in the Paris Agreements. Because of that
81% of the Spanish people request stricter government measures. But The OECD's
environmental performance review report for Spain, which was created and published at the
beginning of March 2015, acknowledges the significant progress that Spain has made
recently. It attracts attention to the amazing progress that has been made in a variety of
environmental performance areas, such as a less carbon-, energy-, and resource-intensive

economy, a significant expansion of protected natural areas, and the introduction of new,
effective laws that significantly reduce the administrative burden on businesses and people
and increase cooperation between public authorities.The Energy Efficiency Strategy for the
State Road Network, which will cost close to €30 million, was presented by the Council of
Ministers. It intends to reduce the State Road Network's current annual energy usage of 145
million kilowatt hours by half. The lighting system will be modernised, resulting in energy
demand reductions, maintenance cost reductions, and a reduced reliance on fossil fuels,
thanks to the €510 million investment planned until 2028. The requirements for a segment to
be lit remain the same in order to prioritise road safety.
CONCLUSION
In comunidad Valenciana people that pollute the environment or break the rules get strict
consequences and fines.
In Ukraine people team up and take part in many environmental projects. Teenagers
succeeded in creating a team winning a money prize and cleaning up the local beaches and
the land in the village.
The main idea of the third question (Do politics actively help or sponsor projects to help the
environment in spain?). The people in Spain are not really happy with the amount of value
the Spanish government gives to environmental protection, they say that the laws they create
are way too easy to be tricked and some businesses still manage to keep on polluting without
any consequences. But the Spanish government managed to create significant changes in the
environmental performance areas, such as a less carbon-, energy-, and resource-intensive
economy, a significant expansion of protected natural areas, and the introduction of new,
effective laws that significantly reduce the administrative burden on businesses and people
and increase cooperation between public authorities.
So the main idea of the text is that Comunidad Valenciana, the rest of Spain and Ukraine can
learn from each other to help our ecosystem by making the laws more strict and making the
government sponsor / fund more projects that will help the environment. The community can
team up to make projects themselves etc. Regarding the laws, they need to not only be stricter
but to keep people from finding any ways to trick or get past the laws like some businesses.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
thelocal(2022)You can now be fined €2,000 in Spain for leaving cardboard in the
Menendez.U(2023)The Environment and Climate Change Law Review:
worldcleanupday(2023)Ukraine l world cleanup day
https://www.worldcleanupday.org/country/ukraine(17/5/2023)
UNICEF(2019)Youngsters team up to transform the environment in
street.https://www.thelocal.es/20221004/you-can-now-be-fined-e2000-in-spain-forleaving-cardboard-in-the-street(17/5/2023)
Spainhttps://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-environment-and-climate-change-lawreview/spain(17/5/2023)
Ukraine.https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/stories/youngsters-team-transform-environmentukraine(17/5/2023)
Europeaninvestmentbank(2021-22)81% of Spanish people in favour of stricter
government measures imposing behavioural changes to address the climate
emergency.https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-360-81-percents-of-spanish-people-infavour-of-stricter-government-measures-imposing-behavioural-changes-to-address-theclimate-emergencyç(18/5/2023)
councilofministers(2022)The Government of Spain promotes the environmental
sustainability of the
state'https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/councilministers/Paginas/2022/2022102
5_council.aspx(18/5/2023)
M.Igini(2023)Top 6 Environmental Issues the US Is Facing in 2023
https://earth.org/top-environmental-issues-us/

What is the impact of tourism on the economy of Benidorm,
Granada and Dubrovnik?

SUMMARY
In this work I have been talking about tourism in general and tourism in specific
places, which are Benidorm, Granada and Dubrovnik. I did 5 questions that can
answer about tourism linked to climate change, types of tourists, types of tourism
and more things. Key words: Economy Benidorm, economy Granada, economy
Dubrovnik, tourism, climate change
Keywords:
RESUMEN
En este trabajo he estado hablando sobre el turismo en general y el turismo en sitios
específicos que son Benidorm, Granada y Dubrovnik. He hecho 5 preguntas que
hablan un poco sobre si el cambio climático afecta el turismo, tipos de turistas y
turismo y más cosas. Palabras clave: economía Benidorm, economía Granada,
economía Dubrovnik, turismo, cambio climático

INTRODUCTION
I've chosen this topic because it's a topic I'm interested in. Tourism is an important
topic because tourism generates income and creates easily accessible training
opportunities and jobs, as well as sale markets for services and local products.
One example of why tourism is important in Benidorm's economy is in Castaños
(2023). 400 business men made an assembly in the journal tourism. One example
why tourism is important in Granadas economy is that delegates from economy and
tourism visit an important spa. One of the examples of why tourism is important in
Dubrovnik’s economy is that they created a D-pass which is a digital ticket for going
especially there and made the city modern.
METHODOLOGY
To find the answer to all of my questions I used the keywords, tourism economy,
global change in tourism, benefits and disadvantages in tourism, kinds of tourism,
attraction in tourism and percentage of tourism economy in… After a lot of webs
came up I chose them by reliability. I entered in a few links to see if they had the
information that I wanted, then, I checked their reliability by reading the web to see if
it was biased, the publisher, searching about the web and the author. I've done
mixed research because some of my questions have graphs and some are more
quality questions.
ANALYSIS
WHAT ARE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES OF
TOURISM?
Tourism offers great opportunities for jobs and also creates them. strengthens the
local economy, compliments the locals infrastructure as well as it helps to conserve
their cultural assets and traditions. It also creates more opportunities for economic
investments.
(BMZ, 2022 ; unwto, n.d)
Some negative impacts caused by tourism are depletion of natural resources,
pollution, physical degradation of the ecosystem and a lot of product wasting . Some

other disadvantages can be irresponsible tourists damaging places and drunk
people.
(greentumble, n.d)
As we can see in the infographic map below, the European economy augmented
40.1% and 9.2 in MN jobs. In the Middle East, the economy increased 46.9%, 6.8%
more than Europe and 14.5% in MN jobs, 5.3% more than europe.
(wttc, 2022)
(wttc, 2022)
WHAT KIND OF TOURISM DO THESE CITIES HAVE?
(BENIDORM, GRANADA, DUBROVNIK)
Tourists from all over the world come not only encouraged by its beaches and its
enviable climate, but also by the wide variety of entertainment and fun that it offers
for all ages, with four large theme parks, a restaurant theatre that offers international
shows, a large offer in restaurants with international and typical food of the area and
a wide variety of discos and nightclubs.
(visitbenidorm, 2018)

Beach tourism, sun and sand tourism, nature tourism, cultural tourism, gastronomic
tourism and adventure tourism are some of the different types of tourism that
Benidorm offers its visitors.
(felicesvacaciones, 2023)
Tourism in Granada is one of the most important sectors of the local economy, with a
wide variety of activities and attractions for visitors. Cultural tourism is dominant,
followed by coastal and beach tourism, nature tourism and local tourism. Another
important tourist attraction in Granada is rural tourism, which corresponds to
religious tourism.
In recent years we have seen a great tourist destination in Granada, with a large
number of visitors from abroad and native Spanish people taking advantage of all the
activities that the city offers.
(travelholics, 2023)
The city is a cultural destination, as shown by its many festivals, prestigious art
happenings, major open-air events, excellent artists and athletes, and, last but not
least, its architectural treasures. We also have some interesting projects in the
pipeline that tourists will enjoy experiencing the Good Food Festival and Dubrovnik
Winter Festival. Dubrovnik really is a city for all seasons.
Some types of tourism in Dubrovnik are the;
Cultural tourism, religious tourism, the sun and beach tourism, party tourism and
architectural tourism.
(Redd.D, n.d)
DOES GLOBAL CHANGE AFFECT TOURISM ECONOMICALLY?
As the effects of climate change are mostly seen in nature and landscapes,
industries such as the tourism sector that rely on nature are greatly affected. More
specifically, tourism relies on suitable weather conditions in an area (e.g. sunshine,

mild temperatures), for tourists to have an enjoyable experience. This affects places
like Benidorm and Dubrovnik.
(emerald, 2020)
Many types of tourism are weather dependent and by extension, climate dependent.
The effects of climate change on your business area can be manifold, and be both
negative and positive. If you are unprepared your organisation may suffer from the
negative effects, while being unable to benefit from possible positive effects. Next to
climate change also climate variability (e.g. variably cold and tepid winters) is
important for many types of tourism, while climate change can make the variability
more extreme.
(eu-macs, n.d)
The increase in global temperature could shorten the winter, reducing the ice sheets
and, in addition to reducing the tourism potential of ski resorts, could even make
tourism unfeasible, generating an entire economic and social problem in the most
affected regions.
(redalyc, 2018)
WHAT ATTRACTS PEOPLE TO BENIDORM GRANADA AND
DUBROVNIK?
One of the main reasons why Benidorm attracts so many tourists is that it is a
fantastic family holiday destination. The town has a range of things to do for kids of
all ages, from theme parks and water parks to indoor climbing walls and adventure
centres. The beach itself is great for families too; it is a wide stretch of sand with a
variety of activities to keep children entertained.
(benidormtravelmart, 2021).
Granada is most famous for the stunning Moorish palace of Alhambra, drawing
visitors from all over the globe because of its breathtaking beauty and fascinating
history.(salt in our hair, 2023
Alhambra is not only the biggest attraction in Granada, but it is also one of the most
popular tourists attractions on the entire country
(The Planet. D, 2022)

People are attracted to Dubrovnik by their charming mediaeval architecture and
fortified old town. Also, significant restoration of work has been primary for tourists in
Croatia. It's a series recognized the world over, with Dubrovnik featuring as the home
of the Iron Throne mentioned in the titles. That has helped drive more visitors than
ever before to the city – so many that a People Magazine report discusses how they
had to limit tourists as too many were attempting to get into the city.
(Hammer. C, n.d.)
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE ECONOMY CORRESPONDS TO
BENIDORM, GRANADA, DUBROVNIK?
The town of Benidorm used to have an economy based on fishing and a population
of 3000 habitants, has transformed into a city with more than 72,000 habitants in the
present, with a very big tourist infrastructure catering to various types of clients;
families, groups of friends, couples, elderly and a important foreign audience form all
over the world.
(guiadebenidorm,2020)
Granada is one of the principal tourist destinations of Spain, however at an economic
level tourism is in third place.
(GOV.CO,2023; granada.org n.d.)
Tourism guide of Granada
Concept
Granada
Accommodation 7,75
Restoration 7,55
Leisure 7,28

Quality tourist offer 7,03
Landscapes 7,53
Urban environment 6,69
Citizen security 5,85
Attention and treatment 7,79
Relationship
price/service 6,64
(granada.org n.d.)
These figures refer to provinces with a dominant typology of
monumental tourism and in which their capitals have practically all the weight.
The City of Dubrovnik is the economic centre of the Dubrovnik - Neretva Region and
accounts for 53% of its total income, 58% of tourist traffic and approximately 70% of
total income from tourism in the Region. Tourism and tourism-related activities are
the basis of the economy in Dubrovnik. Therefore, most of the workforce is employed
in companies registered primarily for tourism, wholesale and retail trade and public
administration.
In the table below we can see the different activities and the number of businesses.
Activity
Number of
business
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 11 0.5
Mining and quarrying 1 0.0
Manufacturing 77 3.7
Electricity, gas, steam and air-conditioning supply 8 0.4
Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation
activities 9 0.4
Construction 203 9.7

Activity
Number of
business
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 11 0.5
Mining and quarrying 1 0.0
Manufacturing 77 3.7
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and
motorcycles 309 14.7
Transportation and storage 163 7.8
Accommodation and food service activities 410 19.5
Information and communication 85 4.0
Financial and insurance activities 1 0.0
Real estate activities 149 7.1
Professional, scientific, and technical activities 318 15.1
Administrative and support service activities 217 10.3
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 0 0.0
Education 16 0.8
Human Health and social work activities 19 0.9
Arts, entertainment and recreation 36 1.7
Other service activities 70 3.3
TOTAL 2102 100.0
CONCLUSIONS
The main idea of this is to know the economic advantages and disadvantages of
tourism, the kind of tourism those cities have, if global change affects tourism
economically, what attracts tourists to these places and what percentage belongs to
the cities chosen.
The economic tourism impact in Benidorm is 17 million euros per day.
The economic tourism impact in Granada is 2200 million euros per year.
In Dubrovnik, in 2016, the tourism sector generated €0.3 billion, contributing to
17.4% of the city's GDP

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
BMZ (2022). An opportunity for sustainable development. BMZ.
https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/tourism#:~:text=Tourism%20offers%20great%20oppo
rtunities%20for,to%20reduce%20poverty%20and%20inequality. (Seen: 04/05/2023)
felicesvacaciones (2023). ¿Qué tipo de turismo hay en Benidorm?.
Felicesvacaciones.es. https://www.felicesvacaciones.es/blog/que-tipo-de-turismo-enbenidorm#:~:text=Turismo%20de%20playa%2C%20turismo%20de,Benidorm%20ofr
ece%20a%20sus%20visitantes. (Seen: 17/05/2023)
granada.org (n.d.). IV.6. ACTIVIDADES ECONÓMICAS. Granada.org
https://www.granada.org/inet/agenda21.nsf/cff91acc5fede7f9c125727500305ef9/cc4
4a73eed90b760c12572a3003496b2/$FILE/diag12.pdf. (Seen: 16/05/2023)
GOV.CO (2023). ECONOMÍA. GOV.CO. https://granadameta.gov.co/MiMunicipio/Paginas/Economia.aspx#:~:text=%E2%80%8BLas%20prin
cipales%20actividades%20econ%C3%B3micas,%2C%20papaya%2C%20c%C3%A
Dtricos%20y%20maracuy%C3%A1. (Seen: 16/05/2023)
greentumble (n.d). The Negative Environmental Impacts of Tourism. Greentumble.
https://greentumble.com/environmental-impacts-oftourism#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20United%20Nations,these%20more%20i
n%20detail%20now. (Seen: 10/05/2023)
guiadebenidorm (2020). Breve historia, economía y población de benidorm.
Guiadebenidorm. https://www.guiadebenidorm.es/top/vision-generalinformacion/#Breve
Historia Economia Y Poblacion (Seen: 10/05/2023)
Hammer. C (n.d.). Travel to Dubrovnik, Croatia. Exploratory glory.
https://www.exploratoryglory.com/travel-blog/travel-to-dubrovnik-croatia. (Seen:
30/05/23)

Redd.D (n.d). Dubrovnik. OutlookTravel. https://www.outlooktravelmag.com/travelguides/83-dubrovnik.
(Seen: 16/05/23)
Salt in our hair (2023). Granada, Spain: Best Things To Do (Travel Guide). Salt in
our head.
https://www.saltinourhair.com/spain/granada/#:~:text=Granada%20is%20most%20fa
mous%20for,to%20do%20in%20Granada%2C%20Spain. (Seen: 30/05/2023)
The Planet. D (2022). BEST THINGS TO DO IN GRANADA, SPAIN. The planet.
https://theplanetd.com/things-to-do-in-granada-spain/. (Seen: 30/05/2023)
travelholics(2023). Granada: ¿Cuál es el turismo predominante?. Travelholics.es
https://www.travelholics.es/granada-cual-es-el-turismo-predominante/#. (Seen:
16/05/2023)
unwto (n.d). DESTINATION ECONOMIC BENEFITS. Unwto.
https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development/unwto-international-network-ofsustainable-tourism-observatories/tools-destination-economic-benefits
(Seen:
09/05/2023)
visitbenidorm.es (2018). Benidorm, capital del turismo de sol y playa... y mucho más.
Visitbenidorm.es https://www.visitbenidorm.es/ver/3663/benidorm--capital-delturismo-de-sol-y-playa----y-muchomas.html#:~:text=La%20Costa%20Blanca%20tradicionalmente%20se,una%20temp
eratura%20media%20 de%2020%C2%BAC. (Seen: 16/05/2023)
wttc (2022).Economic Impact Reports. Wwtc. https://wttc.org/research/economicimpact
(Seen: 04/05/2023)
urbact.eu (n.d.). Integrated Action Plan for Dubrovnik as a Sustainable Tourism
Destination. Urbact.eu https://urbact.eu/sites/default/files/2023-
01/TFC_IAP_Dubrovnik.pdf

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN THE
TERRORISM THREATS OF THE USA, SPAIN AND EUROPE?
Author: M.S. from 9B

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 3
РЕЗЮМЕ ................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 4
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 5
ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 6
What is terrorism? .............................................................................................. 6
What types of terrorism are? ........................................................................... 6
Factors which have contributed to the evolution of the terrorism threat: .......... 6
What are fundamentals that characterise the phenomenon of terrorism? ....... 7
What are the motivations for terrorism? ........................................................... 7
Terrorism in the USA .......................................................................................... 7
Domestic Terrorism Incidents by State, 2010 through 2021 ............................ 8
Domestic Terrorism-Related Incidents by Category, from 2010 through 2021 8
What terrorism related incidents had happened in the USA? .......................... 8
What is Jihadism? .............................................................................................. 9
Why are civilians killed by jihadists? ................................................................ 9
Terrorism in Spain ............................................................................................ 10
Terrorist cases in Spain ................................................................................. 11
Jihadist cases in Spain .................................................................................. 11
Terrorism in Europe .......................................................................................... 12
Terrorist attacks and terrorism-related arrests in the EU ............................... 12
What is terrorism impact on the travel industry in Europe? ........................... 13
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 14
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ...................................................................... 14

SUMMARY
Terrorism considered a known topic around the world. Terrorist threats and
consequences vary from case to case, but still cause considerable damage. In this
article, the topic of terrorism will be covered in more detail and provided with different
examples for your perusal.
Keywords: Terrorism, Jihadism, Terrorist cases, Spain, Europe, USA, impact.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Тероризм вважається відомою темою в усьому світі. Терористичні загрози та
наслідки варіюються від випадку до випадку, але все одно завдають значної
шкоди. У цій статті тема тероризму буде висвітлена більш детально і з різними
прикладами для ознайомлення.
Ключові слова: Тероризм, Джихадизм, Випадки тероризму, Іспанія, Європа
та США, Наслідки.

INTRODUCTION
Terrorism is one of the biggest threats to the gains and rights achieved in the area of justice,
security and freedoms. This topic has always been popular and deserves an individual
examination. I chose this topic because of the interest in what threats of terrorism are in the
different parts of the world and what provokes terrorists to cause an act. As terrorism is a
global topic, after research there was even more interesting information with which I wanted
to share in this article.
To confirm that the topic is now popular enough, we can look at information and news in
credible articles. BBC(2023), stated on 28th of march that the terrorism threat level in
Northern Ireland has been raised from substantial to severe, meaning an attack is
highly likely. Moreover, BBC(2023), alerted us on 8th april that an Italian tourist has
been killed and seven other people injured in a suspected car-ramming attack near a
beach in Tel Aviv, Israeli medics say. The Israeli ambulance service said that, aside
from the alleged perpetrator, there were a total of eight casualties from the attack
and that all were tourists. According to Marina, F. (2023), on 2nd of may, a 72-yearold
Valencian was detained for her relationship with terrorism.
Perhaps many people, like me, have wondered what drives people to commit attacks
and whether there is a difference between them and their numbers around the world.
Thus, this article is the definitive answer to that question.
METHODOLOGY
This article discusses the differences and similarities of terrorist threats in different countries
of the world. Today, this is a fairly popular topic, so this article is provided for those who
want to dive deeper into the topic of terrorism and discover something new.
Before the research I had made a range of questions which will help me to find more
interesting and important information about my research topic. Between many websites
which contain answers to my question I chose the most suitable for me. I relied on such
factors as many interesting facts, presence of different diagrams which contain additional
information, and many subtopics, from which I could include more information in my
research.

I was using a mixed method of research. Therefore, I was collecting textual and numerical
data. The information was collected from different sources. Mainly, from the internet:
different articles, websites with graphs and facts, newspaper articles. In addition, I used some
information from real experiences. Information about the tragedy in New York was partly
collected from the national museum of 9/11 and memorial.
At the first step, all of the data and links were placed in the document. Afterwards, based on
the question chosen to answer, I went through all articles and news which were related to it.
When all of the information sources were read, I started to collect the most interesting and
important information that I want to share in my article. The same was done with each
question and the most important information in my opinion is now in the article.
However, before putting the information to the document, each website was checked on the
reliability. There were no grammar mistakes, all images were of good quality. Almost most
of them contained references which detected that the research was done before making an
article. Additionally, most of the articles contained real-life reviews from other people, which
means they are unbiased. All of the sources were checked this way, and in this article
information is only from reliable ones.
ANALYSIS
What is terrorism?
Terrorism is a global topic. While there is no universally accepted definition of terrorism, it
may be generally understood as a method of coercion which uses or threatens to use violence
with the aim of propagating fear and thus attain political or ideological goals.
What types of terrorism are?
There are two main types of terrorism which are international and domestic. International
terrorism is violent, criminal acts committed by individuals or groups who are inspired by
designated foreign terrorist organisations or nations. When domestic type is criminal
acts committed to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such
as of a religious, social, racial. (FBI, 2023)

Factors which have contributed to the evolution of the terrorism threat:
Lone offenders:
Terrorist threats have evolved from large-group conspiracies toward lone-offender attacks.
These individuals often radicalise online and mobilise to violence quickly. Without a clear
group affiliation or guidance, lone offenders are challenging to identify, investigate, and
disrupt.
The Internet and social media:
International and domestic violent extremists have developed an extensive presence on the
Internet through messaging platforms. Social media has also allowed both international and
domestic terrorists to gain unprecedented, virtual access to people living in the United States
in an effort to enable homeland attacks. (FBI, 2023)
What are fundamentals that characterise the phenomenon of terrorism?
CLANDESTINE
VIOLENCE
PROPAGANDISTIC
IMPACT
POLITICAL
OBJECTIVES
ATMOSPHERE OF
TERROR
Terrorism acts in a
secret or retired way
to shirk the action
of justice. Secrecy
provokes in turn a
lesser insulation and
radicality of the
group.
Terrorist groups take
advantage of the
impact their assaults
cause and its effect on
media to spread their
claims.
Behind terrorism there
is a design of control,
directed against an
establishment or
organisation which the
terrorist bands try to
submit to their claims.
The etymology of the
term indicates that
terrorism comes
from terror, which is
exactly the intention
violent fear between
people in society.
(Jesús., N.Y)
What are the motivations for terrorism?
Terrorism exists mostly because of political reasons. Terrorist groups do so in order to bring
up political change. Usually, these groups are small and have a lack of public support.
Therefore, they are unable to achieve their desired goals through a peaceful political process.
Instead, they use acts of violence, inflicted upon deliberately chosen noncombatant targets, in
order to bully and intimidate governments into changing policy or granting concessions.
(Dina Al, 2022)

Terrorism in the USA
Domestic terrorism in the USA is on the
rise. For example, in May 2022, a raciallymotivated
individual shot and killed 10
people in Buffalo, New York. A 2018
attack on a Pittsburgh synagogue left 11
people dead. All but eight states across the
U.S. experienced at least one incident of
domestic terrorism between 2010 and
2021. And over the last 10 years, domestic terrorism-related investigations have grown by
357%. (McNeli, 2023)
Nevertheless, terrorist attacks became more deadly in 2022, killing on average 1.7
people per attack in 2022 compared to 1.3 deaths per attack in 2021. This is the first
increase in lethality rate in five years. (Am J Public Health, 2003)
Domestic Terrorism Incidents by State, 2010 through 2021
There were 231 incidents (meaning attacks or plots) that met the definition of
domestic terrorism between 2010 and 2021, according to DHS.
They occurred across the United States, but the greatest number of incidents
occurred in states with major metropolitan areas—such as California, New York and
Washington, D.C.
Domestic Terrorism-Related Incidents by Category, from 2010 through
2021
York. (McNeli, 2023)
Of these 231 accidents, about 35% (the
largest category) were classified as raciallyor
ethnically-motivated. These attacks were
also the most lethal. For example, in July
2016, a racially-motivated individual killed
five police officers in Dallas. More recently,
in May 2022, a racially-motivated individual
shot and killed 10 people in Buffalo, New

What terrorism related incidents had happened in the USA?
On September 11, 2001, as all the world now knows, a Boeing 767 jet flew into the North
Tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan. The crash and the resulting
fires and building collapses killed 2801 people from 93 different countries. In the following
days, millions of people in the metropolitan region were exposed to a combination of air
pollution, dangerous work conditions, and psychological trauma. The attack also placed
unprecedented demands on New York City’s public health, health care, and social service
systems.
The available evidence suggests that the most heavily exposed people were recovery workers,
including emergency responders and construction workers at Ground Zero. In addition to
chemical exposures, they faced significant safety hazards from working in an unstable
physical environment, as well as psychological trauma from losing coworkers and viewing
and handling human remains. (Am J Public Health, 2003)
What is Jihadism?
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Jihadism is a holy war waged on behalf of Islam
as a religious duty and also a personal struggle in devotion to Islam especially involving
spiritual discipline. In Arabic, the word “jihad” means "effort" or "struggle". In Islam, it
could be an individual's internal struggle against baser instincts, the struggle to build a good
Muslim society, or a war for the faith against unbelievers.
The term "jihadist" is not used by many Muslims because they see it as wrongly associating a
noble religious concept with illegitimate violence. Instead, they use delegitimising terms like
"deviants". (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2023); (BBC, 2014)
Why are civilians killed by jihadists?
Jihadist groups targeted civilians before the emergence of al-Qaeda, but it resorted to
violence against them on a scale which no other had until then envisaged.
In 1998, Osama Bin Laden and the heads of four jihadist groups in Egypt, Pakistan and
Bangladesh signed a declaration of total war against the United States and its allies, and
called for the targeting of both soldiers and civilians.

The Prophet Muhammad said Muslim armies should do their best to avoid harming children
and other non-combatants. But the declaration says that killing them is an act of reciprocity
for the death of Muslim civilians. After 11 September 2001, Bin Laden sought to justify
attacking American civilians by arguing that as citizens of a democratic state who elected its
leaders, they bore responsibility for their leaders' actions. (BBC, 2014)
Terrorism in Spain
Terrorism has marked the history of Spain since the 1960s. For five decades, Spain has felt
the barbarity and unreasonableness of terrorist violence up close.
Terrorism has caused decades of death , extreme cruelty, ruthless brutality and much pain in
Spain. This suffering has materialised in irreparable human damage, both physical and
psychological, caused by murders, injuries, threats, kidnappings and extortions.
Families broken by the pain and loss of their loved ones. Thousands of people were forced
into exile from their towns and cities. Material damage has also been considerable, caused by
the catastrophic effects of terrorist
attacks on buildings.
Spain continues to respond effectively
to the global terrorist threat in border
and transportation security,
counterterrorism financing,
countering violent extremism, and
bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
Spain remained on “high'' national
alert for terrorism throughout 2020, for the sixth year in a row. Spanish authorities continued
to arrest individuals suspected of planning terror attacks both online and in their
communities. (U.S. Department of State, 2021); ( Policía Nacional, 2020)
Terrorist cases in Spain
Since 2004 , 220 police operations have been unleashed that have led to the arrest
of 723 people accused of different crimes related to terrorism.

The year 2004 was precisely the longest in the arrest of people related to jihadist
terrorism: 131 individuals were captured in 9 police operations.
Since then, and in the years to come, statistics reflect a decline in the number of
arrests. Despite the fact that the figures are lower, some of these operations were
key to stopping terrorist attacks on Spanish soil. (Gonzalo, 2017)
Jihadist cases in Spain
In January 2008, after the dismantling of a cell based in Barcelona, one of the most
ambitious plans of the jihadists became known: to blow up the Barcelona metro at one of its
rush hours and perpetrate a massacre. The logistical difficulty of the plan was one of the
reasons that stopped the purposes of the terrorists.
This attempted attack was not the only major one planned by the terrorists. In 2005,
Moroccans Redouan Ben Fraima and Redouan Ahmed Ali were arrested for attempting to
sink the ferry linking Ceuta with Algeciras.
In recent years, however, the fight against jihadist terrorism has intensified, facing an
increasingly international network that has found in Spain one of its enclaves to become
strong.
Ceuta, Melilla and Barcelona are the main centres that have centralised these operations.
Social networks are some of their ways of radicalization, although they also have more
sophisticated systems, such as radios linked to the Islamic State. (Gonzalo, 2017)
Terrorism in Europe
In 2021, the number of terrorist attacks in the EU fell to 15, the fewest number of attacks in
years. As a consequence of this, the number of terrorist fatalities in Europe was just two in
2021. France had the highest number of the terrorist attacks in 2021, at five, compared with
three in Germany, and two in Sweden. To put this in a global context, the country with the

most terrorist attacks, Afghanistan, suffered 1,722 attacks in 2020, followed by Syria which
had 1,332.
Overall, there were estimated to have been around 10,172 terrorist attacks across the world
resulting in over 29,289 deaths in
2020. (Europol, 2022)
Terrorist attacks and terrorism-related
arrests in the EU
This chart shows terrorist attacks and
terrorism-related arrests in the EU in 2021
France experienced the highest number of attacks (5), followed by Germany (3) and
Sweden (2). Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Belgium and Spain reported one attack
each. (European council, 2023)
What is terrorism impact on the travel industry in Europe?
The occurrence of terrorist attacks not only leads to the death of many innocent
citizens but also makes a disastrous impact. Its happening puts people into a
worrisome situation so as to interfere with tourism development of a nation or a city.
Because tourists are afraid of these horrible things happening to them, they dare not
travel there.
Although it may seem more likely for travellers to avoid destinations that have been
recent targets of terrorism, a major incident can still impact the wider industry.
Immediately following the Brussels terror attack in March 2016 for example, flight

bookings and searches to Brussels inevitably dropped. Other major European
destinations were also affected, including Paris, Berlin and Rome.
In the aftermath of an attack, it is unsurprising that many would be tentative about
booking travel to certain destinations. For example, following the terror attacks in
November 2015, tourism in Paris has been somewhat unstable. The number of
nights spent by international tourists in the
city was comparatively lower in the year
following the attacks before showing signs of
recovery.
The graph shows the trend of the number of
inbound tourists. The tendency of tourist
arrivals in the United Kingdom is an upward trend throughout all these years.
There were significant decreases only in 1991, 2001 and 2008-2009. Why have
these years had a downward trend? It may be influenced by several global issues,
the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the September 11 attack in 2001 and the
global financial crisis in 2008. However, there are continuous terrorist attacks, no
matter big or small, happening in both the United Kingdom and the European
continent from 1986 to 2017. (Statista Research Department, 2020)
CONCLUSION
This topic can be discussed for ages, however, the most common questions that can open
your eyes more widely on this topic tried to be answered. There were discussions about what
forces people to commit terrorist acts, what types of terrorism there are. Nevertheless, the
topic of the impact of the threat on different countries was also widely examined.
To conclude with, the number, types and quantity of terrorist threats and attacks around the
world are completely different. There are fewer of them in richer countries that are able to
provide protection, some countries are unable to do so and suffer more from terrorist threats.
It also may depend on some political reasons. Despite any differences in types, quantities and
so on, terrorist attacks are caused only because of one thing: with the use or threat to use
violence to spread fear and thereby achieve political or ideological goals.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Am J Public Health (2003). Implications of the World Trade Center Attack for the
Public Health and Health Care Infrastructures. NLM.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447752/ (Seen: 11.05.23)
BBC (2014). What is Jihadism? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-
30411519 (Seen: 24.05.23)
Dina Al Raffie (2022). Terrorist motivations. The Quarterly Journal.
https://connections-qj.org/article/terrorist-motivations (Seen: 11.05.23)
European council (2023). Infographic - Terrorism in the EU: facts and figures.
European council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/terrorism-eufacts-figures/
(Seen: 17.05.23)
Europol (2022). Number of failed, foiled or completed terrorist attacks in the
European Union (EU) from 2010 to 2021, by affiliation. Europol.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/746562/number-of-arrested-terror-suspects-in-theeuropean-union-eu/
(Seen: 17.05.23)
FBI (2023). Terrorism. FBI. https://wwwfbi.gov/investigate/terrorism (Seen: 11.05.23)
Gonzalo Araluce (2017). X-ray of jihadist terrorism in Spain: 723 detainees since
2004. EL ESPAÑOL.
https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20170817/239726888_0.html (Seen:
24.05.23)
Jesús Prieto Mendaza (N.Y). Terrorism in Spain. Spanish Ministry of Education and
Vocational Training.https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/pdf/servicios-alciudadano/ayudas-y-subvenciones/ayudas-a-victimas-de-actos-terroristas
(Seen:
11.05.23)
Merriam-Webster dictionary (2023). Jihad definition. Merriam-Webster dictionary.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jihad (Seen: 24.05.23)
Navy Archives (2022). The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks. Naval History and Heritage
Command.https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-andoperations/sept-11-attack.html
(Seen: 11.05.23)
Statista Research Department (2020). Terrorism impact on the travel industry in
Europe. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/3329/terrorism-impact-on-thetravel-industry-in-europe/#topicOvervie
(Seen: 24.05.23)

Triana McNeil (2023). The Rising Threat of Domestic Terrorism in the U.S. and
Federal Efforts to Combat It. GAO. https://www.gao.gov/blog/rising-threat-domesticterrorism-u.s.-and-federal-efforts-combat-it
(Seen: 11.05.23)
U.S. Department of State (2021). Country Reports on Terrorism 2020: Spain. U.S.
Department of State https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-
2020/spain/ (Seen: 17.05.23)

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE WATER
MANAGEMENT OF C.V, SPAIN AND AUSTRALIA?
Author: V.G.

Table Of Contents:
Pages
Summary…………………………………………… 2
Resumen …………………………………………… 2
Introduction ………...……………………………… 3
Methodology………………………………………. 3
Analysis ……………………………………………. 4
Q1 - What is water management?............................................ 4
Q2 - How is the water management in the Valencian Community, the rest
of Spain, and Australia?....................................................... 5
Q3 - How can water management systems be improved in the Valencian
Community, the rest of Spain, and Australia?............................. 11
Conclusion ………………………………………... 13
Bibliographical references ………………………... 13

SUMMARY
This project shows how water is being managed in different places, on a local (Valencian
Community), national (Spain) and international level (Australia). Comparing these, you can
see what are the differences between their water management and the way in which each area
takes care of its problems. In the Valencian Community, water comes from rivers and is
stored in bams, here, two constitutions are in charge of this job. In Spain, lots of companies
are in charge of Spain’s water management and there are frequent problems with it because
of droughts. In Australia, the government is starting to make progress with it as there is no
rain and they have inaccessible groundwater for irrigation.
Water management is done in many ways around everywhere, always changing depending on
the weather, the size of the location and the amount of water used by each person.
Keywords:
RESUMEN
Este proyecto muestra cómo se está gestionando el agua en diferentes lugares, a nivel local
(Comunidad Valenciana), nacional (España) e internacional (Australia). Comparando estos
sitios, puedes ver cuáles son las diferencias entre su gestión del agua y la forma en que cada
área se ocupa de sus problemas. En la Comunidad Valenciana, el agua proviene de los ríos y
se almacena en balsas, aquí dos constituciones se encargan de esta labor. En España, muchas
empresas se encargan de la gestión del agua en España y hay problemas frecuentes con ella
debido a las sequías. En Australia, el gobierno está comenzando a avanzar ya que no llueve y
tienen aguas subterráneas inaccesibles para el riego.
La gestión del agua es una tarea difícil en todas partes, y para cambiar su situación, la
población tiene que empezar a contribuir al ahorro del agua, porque es un recurso no
renovable e imprescindible para la vida.

INTRODUCTION
This project is focused on Water Management, how is it changing because of global warming
and the differences of its systems around Europe. I have chosen this topic because it is quite
interesting for me and it is a subject that is talked about recently around the world. Some
examples of this are: The arrival of ‘El Niño’; a natural weather phenomenon - known by the
increase of the ocean’s temperature, Spain’s bams drop a 50% of their capacity, in Scotland,
there are some areas that have reached water scarcity for the first time, In France, garden
swimming pools are banned as well as car washing and garden-watering because of more
water shortage, in Spain, Pedro Sanchez decides to use another 732 millions of euros in
hydraulic constructions, and so much more. (Schofield, 2023; BBC, 2023; 20minutos, 2023;
Molero, 2023; Pinar, 2023)
METHODOLOGY
The keywords that I used to make this project are: Water, strategies, objectives, management,
scarcity, companies, global warming, increase, bams, rivers, filtration, irrigation, distribution,
problems, future, world, groundwater and government. I searched these terms on google and
then decided which references I was going to use. I determined this by skim reading the
sources, checking if it’s an official site that can be trusted and then evaluating it’s reliability
(no misspellings or too many pictures). I made sure to include lots of government sites to get
their view on the project and to compare with the people’s view, for example. By reading the
data of the most reliable sources, I extracted only the important information of each site and
put it here in my words.
This work has conducted a mixed methodology but it has a more quantitative research design.
I found that using a quantitative method was more useful to use when talking about question
1, because there are lots of details, but, in question 2, writing about each dam in Spain with a
qualitative method was better, as the ideas would be easy to understand.

ANALYSIS
What is water management?
Water management is the control of water resources to minimize its loss and maximize its
beneficial use. Even though water may seem to be an abundant natural resource, only 0.025%
of it is safe to drink. Therefore, clean water is rare, and 2.2 billion people do not obtain it
whatsoever. (Adams, 2021; World bank, 2022)
As a part of the United Nation 2030 Agenda goals, there is one called ‘Clean Water and
Sanitation’ as number 6. It affirms that annually, 829,000 people die from diseases of unsafe
water, and having access to water, sanitation and hygiene is a human right. Water is essential
not only to health, but also to reducing poverty, for peace and human rights, ecosystems and
education. So, its management has to be acceptable. At the current speed of progress, 1.6
billion people will not have safely managed drinking water. (UN, 2022)
Good Water management is crucial because it reduces water use, there would be better
irrigation controls during summer, and less energy waste - maintaining enough food supply
and a non-polluted environment for all living organisms. Human populations and economies
grow and the demand of freshwater has been increasing very quickly, so a global warming
increase, water scarcity, contamination, and non-access to clean water will happen if its
management systems do not become more sustainable. (Kılıç, 2020; Gupta, 2023)
Research has proven that water will cost the same price as expensive mineral oil, and humans
exploited nature so much that water bodies like rivers and lakes are now polluted. Some
places are making a major and inappropriate use of groundwater so there won’t be any
groundwater reservoirs left if there continues unorganized water management.
(Lyer, 2022)

(usgs.gov, 2019; Razmjoo, 2020)
How is the water management in the Valencian community, the rest of Spain
and Australia?
Valencia
Valencia has a cycle for managing drinkable water called Integral water cycle:
The Integral Water Cycle is the route/way in which non-drinking water is taken from the
rivers Juca and Turia (dams), when there is no drought, to our homes in a drinkable way; and
the other way (taking drinking water to nature entirely purified). This cycle has been used for
more than 125 years. (Aguas de Valencia, n.d)
The Distribution Management System (DMS) and the GIS make it possible to know all the
networks’ state and its impact on people. These make the process of detecting and solving
problems faster. (Aguas de Valencia, n.d)
Water treatment in Valencia:
Pretreatment: A first scanning is performed to remove alien elements in the water and there is
a first dosage of potassium permanganate or chlorine.

Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation: This is the process of separating and extracting
particles floating in the water.
Filtration using a bed of sand: To this point, the water still has non-wanted microbes, which
are retained in the sandy bed.
Final chlorine dosage:In this last phase, the clean water goes to a reservoir and eventually
released to the network.
(Aguas de Valencia, 2023)
In this graph, it explains that there has been lots of water in reservoirs in 2022 from April to
September in Valencia. (Embalses.net, 2023)
Pantano Capacidad Embalsada Variación
Algar [+] 6 0 0
Amadorio [+] 16 6 0
Arenos [+] 137 65 0

Bellus [+] 69 22 0
Benageber [+] 221 203 -3
Beniarres [+] 27 16 0
Buseo [+] 8 2 0
Contreras [+] 361 313 -5
Cortes II [+] 118 110 6
Crevillente [+] 13 4 1
El Naranjero
[+] 29 18 -6
El Regajo [+] 6 3 -1
Escalona [+] 99 5 0
Forata [+] 37 14 0
Guadalest [+] 13 9 0
La Muela [+] 20 13 0
La Pedrera [+] 246 66 1
Loriguilla [+] 73 23 1
Maria Cristina
[+] 18 3 0
Sichar [+] 49 20 -2
Tous - la Ribera
[+] 379 119 -6
Ulldecona [+] 11 7 0

These are all the bams in the Valencian Community and we can see that the one of Las
Contreras is the second largest and most used. There are bams that are completely unused like
Algar, with six hm3 (hectometers cubed) of capacity. (Embalses.net, 2023)
The government is in charge of water management, but specifically, the company of
EMIVASA, which is made with Las aguas de Valencia and the Valencian government, is in
charge of the public use of potable water, and the water reservoirs. Also, the ‘Universidad
Politécnica de Valencia’ (the ITA, research group) contributes to the research and growth of
Valencia 's water management. (Valencia.es, 2022)
Spain
The water management in Spain is based on planning, public participation and development
of new technologies to make this system easier. It has been one of the most important parts of
the economic development in the 20th century. (miteco.gob, 2019)
Spain has Basin Organizations and Hydrographic Confederations that help to maintain a
sustainable use of water, as well as the town halls, which are in charge of the purification and
sanitation of water. This Basin Organization is the highest authority in terms of water
resources. (miteco.gob, 2019)
Public administrations are the ones who are in charge of the generalized water management
system but more than 50% of the population’s water management is from private companies
(the largest company is ‘Aguas de Barcelona - Agbar’).
Thanks to having a suitable hydraulic policy, Spain has gone from 900,000 hectares of
irrigated land to 3,400,000 hectares throughout the 20th century, from 296 km of pipelines to
more than 10,000 km of canals and from 57 dams to more than 1,200.
However, Spain has fought, and continues to fight for the ability to manage water and make
people use it 100% sustainably. (miteco.gob, 2020)
Here are some organizations that make up the water management of Spain:
● Canal de Isabel II - Public company, Madrid, in charge of 5 million people

● Aguas de Sevilla (EMASESA) - Private company, Seville, in charge of 1 million
people
● Consorcio de aguas de Bilbao - Public organisation, Bilbao, in charge of 1 million
people (50% of Vizcaya’s population)
● Grupo AGBAR (Representative: Aigües de Barcelona) - 1st private company, owns
companies in all autonomous communities, in charge of 20 million people (42% of
Spain’s population)
● Empresa municipal de Aguas de la Coruña - Public company, Galicia, in charge of
360.000 people
● GIAHSA - Public company, Huelva, in charge of 100.000 people
(Hispagua, n.d)
This is a map showing how much dammed water there is in Spain:
(Embalses.net, 2023)
Here is a diagram showing where the water from Spain goes:

(Google images, n.d)
Australia
Water management has been the main problem in Australia since centuries ago, because it is
mainly a desert; it’s very probable that there will be droughts and they will continue. Currently,
the water from Australia is groundwater (stored in Aquifers/dams), which can be easier to
access for the population, but is not accessible for irrigation, as some groundwaters are 3000
meters deep - the roots from trees do not reach out down enough for them to get water. (Adams,
2021)
In terms of education, Australian people are the best educated to not use an excess of water to
avoid an inappropriate use of it:
- Western Australia: Plenty of restrictions on watering gardens, washing cars by hand in
semi-arid (dry) area gardens, and on washing machines.
- In cities, desalination plants are installed getting the water from coasts.
- These types of activities will make the demand of water supplies less necessary and it
will eventually have a good effect on the environment. (Adams, 2021)
Its average annual rainfall is just 470mm and is unevenly distributed: the Northern Territory
receives around 1,700mm, while South Australia gets less than 570mm - some towns survive
with less than 200 mm of rainfall. (Heggie, 2022)

The institution in control of the water management system is the (public) Commonwealth
system, along with the government.
This is where Australia’s water goes:
(Shi, T., n.d.)
Compared with Spain, the majority of water in Australia is used by agriculture, not by
population.
How can water management systems be improved in the Valencian Community,
Spain and Australia?
In the Valencian Community, ‘Las aguas de Valencia’ has the goals of having better drinking
water networks performance with new data management technologies with the ability of
predicting when there is demand, improvement of leaks detection, advanced effective use of
energy in (for example) filtration processes, and better water quality by developing new
techniques. (Aguas de Valencia, 2023)
In Spain, the objectives of every private and public company include the ‘always’ sustainable
use, repair and protection of lakes, rivers, aquifers, and wetlands, the increase in water
security, a better sanitation and purification in urban places. Most importantly, Spain has the
big objective of fighting against pollution effectively and managing responsibly the risk of
floods or droughts. This has been a problem for the government and politics, having as a
recent example the transfer of water between the rivers ‘Tajo’ to ‘Segura’. (miteco. gob,

2022)
This plan of water transfer had the intention of getting water from the river Tajo, which has
abundant water, to the river Segura, which suffers more droughts; starting in 1979. The
quantity of water to be transferred is regulated by ‘Confederación Hidrográfica Tajo-Segura’
(made by representatives of both rivers). The issue is that when this group disagrees with the
transfer, the last decision is made by the minister, who will make a decision in favor of the
representative of the minister’s political party. (miteco.gob, 2023)
In Australia, the government has the goals of having enough money to invest in desalination
plants which give an additional 674 gigaliters of water for the cities, doing the process called
Indirect Potable Reuse in every city so that all population has a self-sufficient amount of
water; this process involves aquifers filtering wastewater and storing it until it can be used
again. In conclusion, Australia would be the country with the most difficult objectives to
achieve because of the state of their money accumulated. (aph.Gov.au, 2021)
Here is Australia’s plan of water management:
(mdba.gov.au, 2022)
Water management systems can be improved by providing a good education system, teaching
the children to take care of their water (having Australia as an example), establishing laws of
water protection and having a limited use of water in houses/schools, if it can be done -

putting more reservoirs, and making the process of depositing clean water in nature more
successfully.
CONCLUSION
With climate change and excessive population growth, having sustainable and affordable
water management is a difficult task everywhere. In order to change the management of
water, people have to start contributing to its saving, because it is a non-renewable resource
that is essential for life. It is also concluded that there is a huge difference between the
systems used in developed countries and the non-developed ones. To stop using water
ineffectively, technology has to make a big advance in the ways water is managed and
distributed to the population.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Adams, T (2021). Water management - Strategies, Techniques, and Best Practices. GRT.
https://globalroadtechnology.com/water-management-strategies-techniques-and-bestpractices/#:~:text=protecting%20the%20
drinking%20water%20
resources,saving%20the%20 aquatic%20environment (Seen: 24/05/23)
The World Bank (2022). Water Resources Management. The World Bank.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/waterresourcesmanagement#2 (Seen: 7/06/23)
Lyer, R (2022). Why is water management important for us?. Tutorialspoint.
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/why-is-water-management-important-for-us (Seen: 7/06/23)
Gupta, H (2023). The Importance of Water Management in Agriculture and Our Future.
ClimateAi. https://climate.ai/blog/water-management/ (Seen: 31/05/23)
Kılıç, Z (2020). The importance of water and conscious use of water. MedCrave.
https://medcraveonline.com/IJH/the-importance-of-water-and-conscious-use-ofwater.html#:~:text=Water%20and%20water%20resources%20is,demand%20has%20been%2
0 increasing%20 rapidly. (Seen: 7/06/23)
United Nations (2022). Ensure access to water and sanitation for all. United Nations.
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-andsanitation/#:~:text=Goal%206%3A%20Ensure%20access%20to%20water%20and%20sanitat
ion%20for%20all&text=Access%20to%20safe%20water%2C%20sanitation,in%202030%20
unless%20progress%20quadruples. (Seen: 7/06/23)
Aguas de Valencia (2023). Water treatment. Aguas de Valencia.
https://www.aguasdevalencia.es/Grupo/Nuestro-trabajo/Potables/Tratamiento-del-agua/
(Seen: 7/06/23)
Aguas de Valencia (n.d). Integral Water Cycle. Aguas de Valencia.
https://www.aguasdevalencia.es/Grupo/Nuestro-trabajo/Ciclo-integral-del-agua/ (Seen:
31/05/23)

Embalses.net (2023). Embalses en la Comunidad Valenciana. Embalses.net.
https://www.embalses.net/comunidad-17-comunidad-valenciana.html (Seen: 7/06/23)
Valencia.es (2023). Gestores de servicios - Suministro de agua. Valencia.es.
https://www.valencia.es/es/cas/tramites/gestores-de-servicios (Seen: 7/06/23)
Miteco.gob (2019). Orientaciones y gobernanza de la gestión del agua y el cambio climático.
https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/sistema-espaniol-gestion-agua/ (Seen: 7/06/23)
Miteco.gob (2020). Orientaciones estratégicas de cambio climático.
https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/sistema-espaniol-gestion-agua/estrategia/ (Seen:
7/06/23)
Hispagua (n.d). Abastecimiento de agua en España.
https://hispagua.cedex.es/sites/default/files/suplementos/abastecimiento_espana/distribucion.
htm (Seen: 7/06/23)
Embalses.net (2023). Agua embalsada en España. https://www.embalses.net/ (Seen: 7/06/23)
Adams, T. (2021). Water management in Australia - History, current and future challenges.
https://globalroadtechnology.com/water-management-in-australia-history-current-and-futurechallenges/
(Seen: 7/06/23)
Heggie, J. (2022). Making Every Drop Count: How Australia is Securing its Water Future.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/partner-content-how-australia-issecuring-its-water-future
(Seen: 7/06/23)
Shi, T. (n.d). Water use across economic sectors in Australia.
Australia_fig2_278141880 (Seen: 7/06/23)
Miteco.gob (2023). Trasvase Tajo - Segura.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Water-use-across-economic-sectors-in-
https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/concesiones-y-autorizaciones/Trasvase-Tajo-
Segura/ (Seen: 7/06/23)

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(Seen:
08/06/23)
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https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65469102 (Seen: 7/06/23)

How has Covid-19 (pandemic) affected tourism and people that work with tourism
in Benidorm, Spain and Paris?
V. T.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 3
RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 4
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 5
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................ 6
What is tourism? ........................................................................................................................... 6
What part of the economy represents tourism in Spain and France? ........................................... 6
Tourism in Benidorm and rest of Spain ....................................................................................... 7
How was tourism in Benidorm, the rest of Spain and Paris before Covid-19? ............................ 7
On average, how many people travelled in the post-pandemic compared to pre-pandemic in
Spain? ........................................................................................................................................... 8
INTERVIEW WITH ISABEL ........................................................................................................ 9
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 12
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ....................................................................................... 13

SUMMARY
My topic is about tourism in different countries, and how Covid-19 has affected tourism and its
workers. I also worked on comparing the different numbers between before and after the
pandemic, to see how affected tourism has been by this. I also did an interview with a professional
to get more information about this.
Keywords: Tourism, Covid-19, Spain and France
RESUMEN
Mi trabajo consiste en el turismo en diferentes países, y cómo el Covid ha afectado el turismo y a
la gente que trabaja en este sector. También he estado comparando los diferentes números entre
antes y después de la pandemia, para ver
lo afectado que ha sido el turismo por esto. Después he hecho una entrevista con una profesional
para conseguir más información sobre esto.
Palabras clave: Turismo, Covid-19, España y Francia
INTRODUCTION
My topic is a really important topic because there are a lot of articles in 2023 about it. Important
and reliable newspapers have a lot of articles about tourism. Some examples are: BBC (2023),
where we can find that Tourism tax could be a threat for business, The Guardian (2020), which
talks about how after the devastations that pandemic caused, it could possibly be the end of
tourism and The New York Times (Glusac, 2023), that is an article that explains how the airfare
costs have risen and how we should start looking at prices because they will rise.
I chose this topic because I think it was something that was really interesting and really affected by
Covid, so I thought it would be something good to do and something that would have a lot of
numbers (to compare). I also knew someone that worked in a tourism agency, so I decided to do an
interview with a person that knows about tourism in Spain and France.

METHODOLOGY
What keywords did I use to find my information?
In order to find the different sources of information there has been use of the Internet, using
keywords such as: Tourism, Covid-19, Spain, France and 2019-2022.
I chose the sources by seeing which ones gave me the best information and seeing if they were
reliable or not. I also looked for sources that gave me information that I hadn’t already found. I
checked their reliability by seeing if they had: an author, the date, the grammar… I did a mixed
research, because 50% of my work is quantitative, because in this research I wanted to show the
difference between the statistics and the regions over the years. The other 50% is qualitative
(extracting information that is not numerical).
ANALYSIS
What is tourism?
Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to
countries or places outside their usual environment for personal (to have fun) or
business/professional purposes (work travelling). (Toppr, n.d; Thierie, 2023)
What part of the economy represents tourism in Spain and France?
In Spain, tourism activity in 2021 reached 97,126 million euros in 2021, 8.0% of GDP, 2.2 points
more than in 2020. The characteristic branches of tourism generated 2.27 million jobs, 11.4 % of
total employment. (INE, n.d)
Tourism is Spain’s main productive sector, accounting for 12% of its gross domestic product
(GDP), which decreased in the pandemic with a 77% decline in international arrivals in 2020 and
63% in 2021. (Innov, 2023)
Due to Covid-19, the tourism GDP (Gross Domestic Product) fell by 34% to EUR 114.5 billion, or
5.3% of the economy in 2020. Employment was less impacted, but there was still a giant loss of
155 764 jobs. Three-quarters of the jobs lost were in the accommodation and food services sectors.
(OECD iLibrary, n.d)

Tourism in Benidorm and rest of Spain
Benidorm: Benidorm has become the third most-visited destination in Spain with 1.8 million
overnight stays in 2022. The figures are significant for Benidorm as it typically ranks as the sixthmost
visited destination in Spain. Numbers have shown that loads of people visit Benidorm every
year. (Joshua, 2022) For example, Spain is the 2nd leading tourism brand in the world and the 3rd
country in terms of number of tourists per year. (SCB, n.d)
How was tourism in Benidorm, the rest of Spain and Paris before Covid-19?
Spain welcomed 66.4 million foreign tourists in the first eleven months of 2022, a huge (138.9
percent) increase compared to 2021 but still 15 percent less than during the same period in
2019.(The Local, 2023). Benidorm had over 11.3 million overnight stays in 2019. (López, 2021)
Benidorm ended 2019 with an average hotel occupancy of 84.2%, four tenths less than in 2018.
(Alicante plaza, 2020) Paris hosted 16.6 million international tourists in 2019. (Statista, 2023)
On average, how many people travelled in the post-pandemic compared to
pre-pandemic in Spain?
In 2022, 71.6 million tourists visited Spain. Numbers have increased by 130% compared to 2021,
however, it is still 14% less than in pre-Covid year (2019). In 2020, 18.9 million people visited
Spain, so the numbers of 2022 are much higher. (Thierie, 2023; Osborn, 2022) According to
(Froyd, 2023), 2022 was a record year for Spain’s tourism, reaching 83.7 million foreign visitors.
(Worlddata, n.d) says that Spanish tourism in 2020 was much lower than in 2022, by only reaching
36 million visitors.

INTERVIEW WITH ISABEL
This interview was done on the 13th of May in Madrid. This source of information is relevant
because the person who I interviewed works in Halcón Viajes, and knows a lot about tourism in
different places.
How was tourism in Benidorm, the rest of Spain and
Paris before Covid-19?
Tourism before the pandemic, specifically from 2010 until
2019, lived its biggest boom, its golden age. Europe was the
major destination visited in the world (receiving 50% of the
tourists) and tourism increased each year approximately 5%. In
2019 tourism represented nearly 10% of the European economy
and generated 11% of the employment.
The 5 major destinations were France, Spain, Italy, Germany,
and the United States.
Benidorm, in 2019 (before Covid) was the fourth national
destination with a really high number of overnight stays.
Tourism in Benidorm, rest of Spain and Paris
Benidorm: Benidorm is one of the most important tourist
destinations in Spain and in Europe. It welcomes national and
international tourists, nearly in the same amount (53%
international and the rest national). In summer it can reach
400.000 people (in terms of population). In winter, with elderly
tourism (IMSERSO), the city keeps receiving tourists. Tourism
in Benidorm represents a big part of the city’s economy. It

obtains a lot of income, generates job positions and day by day
develop new tourist infrastructures.
Rest of Spain: Tourism in Spain represents 12% of the
country’s economy. It is one of the sectors that gives more
wealth to the Spanish economy. The majority of tourists come
from European countries (Spain has the second biggest number
of foreign tourists, only won by France). National tourism has
increased in the last few years. Its tourist attractions, its hotel
industry and its character makes Spain one of the most chosen
destinations by 75 millions of international tourists per year,
with Madrid being the most visited city.
Paris: Tourism is key in the French economy, it represents 8%
and generates about 2 million job positions thanks to the sector.
Paris is the most visited city inside Europe, receiving nearly 82
million visitors in the last ranking. Despite the pandemic, the
French city has again become the leader and has welcomed
back 87% of its tourists and 90% of its income today.
How has Covid-19 (pandemic) affected tourism and
people that work with tourism in Benidorm, Spain and
Paris?
Tourism (touristic companies and hostelry) was one of the most
affected sectors of the pandemic, where incomes stopped
generating but there were lots of bills to pay. Closures of
establishments, shops and with travel stops had a really
negative impact and serious consequences in the sector
(globally). However, today, the sector is reinforced and with an
economic closure anticipation in 2023 higher than the one we
had in 2019.

CONCLUSION
The information and the numbers provided by the expert and the other sources was similar, and the
main idea is the same. I could only compare two questions because they were the only questions
the interview and my own research had in common. I also found differences between the
information, because the information from the expert was quite more detailed than the information
from other sources.
The Pandemic has highly affected tourism, including people working around it. Numbers have
highly increased now (after Covid-19), but they still haven't reached pre-pandemic numbers, which
were really high. Tourism in 2019 and before had represented a big part of the Spanish and French
economy. A lot of people suffered, because they couldn’t work, as tourism had been “paralyzed”.
However, it is expected that tourism will continue growing and we will have a higher closure
anticipation than in 2019. Numbers have shown that both France and Spain still represent a big
part of the cities’ economy. An example is that France has again become the leader and has
welcomed back 87% of its tourists and 90% of its income today.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Alicante Plaza (2020). Benidorm cierra 2019 con una ocupación media del 84,2%, cuatro décimas
menos. Alicante Plaza.
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(17/05/23)
BBC (2023). Tourism tax may harm businesses, says Bluestone boss. BBC.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-65709321 (31/05/23)
Froyd. J (2023). Spain welcomed 71.6 million tourists in 2022. Tourism Review.
https://www.tourism-review.com/spain-reported-almost-72-million-tourists-in-2022-news12927
(22/02/23)
Glusac, E. (2023). Airfares: As Costs Rise, Flexibility Is Key. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/25/travel/summer-airfares.html (31/05/23)
Ine.es (n.d). Tourism satellite account of Spain. Ine.es.
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u=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576863#:~:text=Tourism%20activity%20reached%2097%2C126%20m
illion,%2C%2011.4%20%25%20of%20total%20employment (18/05/23)
Innov, F (2023). COVID-19 and tourism sector stock price in Spain: medium-term relationship
through dynamic regression models. NCBI.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9817465/#:~:text=Notably%2C%20tourism%20is
%20among%20Spain%27s,2020%20and%2063%25%20in%202021 (18/05/23)
Joshua (2022). Benidorm popularity surges to become third most-visited destination in Spain in
2022. Benidormreviews.com. https://benidormreviews.com/benidorm-popularity-surges-to-
become-third-most-visited-destination-in-spain-in-
2022/#:~:text=Benidorm%20has%20become%20the%20third,)%20and%20P%C3%A1jara%20(F
uerteventura). ( 3/05/23)
López, A (2021). Number of overnight stays in the city of Benidorm in 2019, by type of
accommodation. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/765316/number-of-overnight-staysin-the-city-of-benidorm-by-type-of-tourist-accommodation/
(17/05/23)
OECD iLibrary (n.d). Tourism in the economy and outlook for recovery. OECD iLibrary.
https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/7d1e9db8-
en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/7d1e9db8-
en#:~:text=The%20impacts%20of%20COVID%2D19,accommodation%20and%20food%20servic
es%20sectors. (18/05/23)
Osborn, S (2022). Foreign tourism to Spain in 2021 up by 64% – but falls short of government’s
target. Spainenglish.com. https://www.spainenglish.com/2022/02/04/foreign-tourism-spain-2021-
falls-short-governmenttarget/#:~:text=Data%20released%20this%20week%20confirmed,million%20who%20visited%20i
n%202020. (10/05/23)
SCB (n.d). Spain, a global tourist power. SCB. https://scb.es/en/why-spain/spain-a-global-touristpower/
(11/05/23)
Statista (2023). Number of international tourist arrivals in hotels in Paris from 2011 to 2019.
Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/664962/international-tourist-arrivals-hotels-paris/
(17/05/23)

The Guardian (2020). The end of tourism?. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/jun/18/end-of-tourism-coronavirus-pandemic-travelindustry
(31/05/23)
The Local (2023). Tourism in Spain bounces back to near pre-pandemic levels. The
Local.https://www.thelocal.es/20230106/tourism-in-spain-bounces-back-to-near-pre-pandemiclevels-in-2022#:~:text=The%20numbers,the%20same%20period%20in%202019
(8/05/23)
Thierie, W (2023). Spanish tourism rebounded last year but still lagged pre-Covid levels.
Think.ing.com. https://think.ing.com/snaps/spain-number-of-tourists-reaches-86-of-pre-pandemic-
levels-in-
2022/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%2071.6%20million%20foreign,the%20pre%2DCovid%20year%2
02019 (3/05/23)
Toppr (n.d). Tourism essay for Students and Children. Toppr.com.
https://www.toppr.com/guides/essays/tourismessay/#:~:text=In%20general%20terms%2C%20tourism%20is,income%20can%20afford%20this
%20luxury (27/04/23)
Unwto (n.d). Glossary of tourism terms. Unwto.org. https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourismterms#:~:text=Tourism%20is%20a%20social%2C%20cultural,personal%20or%20business%2Fpr
ofessional%20purposes (27/04/23)
Worlddata (n.d) Tourism in Spain. Worlddata.
https://www.worlddata.info/europe/spain/tourism.php (22/05/23)

What can Spain, Italy and California learn from each
other in terms of water management?
M.J.V.

TABLE OF CONTENT
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3
RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 4
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 5
Water supply and sanitation in Spain .............................................................................. 5
Water supply and sanitation in Italy ................................................................................. 5
Water supply and sanitation in California ......................................................................... 6
Why does Spain have water management problems? ..................................................... 7
Why does California have water management problems? ............................................... 8
Why does Italy have water management problems? ..................................................... 10
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 12
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................. 12

SUMMARY
In this work I have talked about the water management in Spain, Italy and in California. I
have researched their problems individually and then compared them. I have researched their
problems with water from years ago until the moment. I have used this broad question to
know the basics of this topic in these locations. Then I went in and researched about the water
supply and sanitation in each country. Next, I researched about why they had water
management problems. And finally researched the monthly average rainfall in each country
to see if their water shortage problems were because of what they did and how they managed
the water that they had, or if it was because of the climate, and it barely rained.
Keywords: water management, average monthly rainfall, water supply, sanitation.
RESUMEN
En este trabajo he hablado de la gestión del agua en España, Italia y en California. He
investigado sus problemas individualmente y luego los he comparado. He investigado sus
problemas con el agua desde hace años hasta el momento. He usado esta pregunta amplia
para conocer los conceptos básicos de este tema en estos lugares. Luego entré e investigué
sobre el suministro de agua y saneamiento en cada país. A continuación, investigué por qué
tenían problemas con el manejo del agua. Y finalmente investigué la precipitación promedio
mensual en cada país para ver si sus problemas de escasez de agua eran por lo que hacían y
cómo manejaban el agua que tenían, o si era por el clima y porque apenas llovía.
Palabras clave: gestión del agua, precipitación media mensual, abastecimiento de agua,
saneamiento.

INTRODUCTION
I have chosen this topic as I find it really interesting and important. This year Spain is very
dry, that’s why I wanted to know what could happen if there is no improvement. I wanted to
have knowledge of this serious issue. Water management is really important.
I have chosen these three locations (Italy, Spain, California) as they have similar climates. I
have researched what their problems with water management are, and compared them among
each other.
Looking on Google News, seven posts have been found from the last month related to water
management, showing how important and current this topic is. Among them, we find the
example of Manuel Yaben (2023), where he explains how Israel,the paradigm of water reuse
that has ended scarcity. (Yaben, 2023)
METHODOLOGY
I went to google and used my keywords to find the answer to my question.
The key words of my work are: water management,average precipitations,water supply.
When I was researching I used my keywords to find useful information to answer my subquestions
which answer my big question.
I have chosen the references written as they had the information that I looked for, nearly all
of them had author and date, and none of them had shocking news that didn’t make sense.
When I found a reference that met with the requirements, I checked if I could find the same
information in other sources. And if it was so, I used the reference, as I knew it was reliable.
I have found some sources that had fake news, I found out this as it had shocking news that
didn’t make any sense. Then I checked if there were other sources that said the same, and as
it was expected I couldn’t find any source that said the same information. I checked if the
article had an author or a date, and it didn’t. The article referenced like to show where they
got their information, and when I clicked on them, they were inaccessible. The article talked

about why Spain has water management problems. It said that it was all just because of the
politicians
ANALYSIS
Water supply and sanitation in Spain
Severe droughts are a typical occurrence in southern Spain.
The Plan Hidrológico Nacional was for significant investments in the transfer of surface
water from the Ebro River,to cities along the Mediterranean coast. However, in 2004, the
newly elected Spanish government abandoned these plans in favour of seawater desalination,
which will add to the 700 already operating desalination facilities.
According to the utility association ASOAGA, just 19% of municipal water supply comes
from groundwater, 7% from springs, and 74% comes from desalination. The National
Statistical Institute conducted a survey in 2007, and it found out that 63% of the water
delivered by utilities comes from surface water, 33% from groundwater, and 4% from
alternative sources like desalination. (B.C. n.d.)
Water supply and sanitation in Italy
Available water resources are estimated to be 58 billion cubic metres/year, 72% of which
from surface water and 28% from groundwater. Almost 53% of the utilisable surface
resources are in northern Italy, 19% in central Italy, 21% in southern Italy, and 7% in the two
largest islands. About 70% of the underground resources is in the large flood plains of
northern Italy. Water is particularly scarce in Apulia, Basilicata, Sicily and Sardinia, a fact
that could be aggravated by the effects of climate change.
Rome receives 97% of its drinking water from springs and 3% from wells. Milan receives its
drinking water from 433 wells in the vicinity of the city. However, other Italian cities get
most of their drinking water from rivers. For example, Florence gets most of its drinking
water from the Arno River, and the Naples region receives its drinking water through the
Western Campania Aqueduct from the Gari River. (C.C.P. 2023)

Water supply and sanitation in California
California’s economy and culture have always been shaped by the abundance or scarcity of water.
The Golden State’s economy, agricultural production, and population have grown to number one
in the nation, largely in pace with the development of its water resources.
California receives 75 % of its rain and snow in the watersheds north of Sacramento. However, 80
%of California’s water demand comes from the southern 2/3 of the state.
As people flocked to the mild climate and agricultural richness of southern California in the late
1800s and early 1900s, it was quickly apparent that the region’s water supply wouldn’t support
the swelling population. Several water projects were built to import the precious resource to
Southern California and the Central Valley. (C.D.W.R., n.d.)
Why does Spain have water management problems?
The water crisis in Spain has come about due to recurring droughts as a result of the effects of
extreme weather conditions that contribute to increasing temperatures in the peninsula. In
2019, the Spanish association, La Unión de Uniones de Agricultores y Ganaderos, faced
losses of €1.5 billion as a consequence of droughts. In the same year, the Spanish Health
Ministry discovered that 67,050 samples from different water sources around the peninsula
were not safe for drinking.
The dire water crisis is visible in the national park of Las Tablas de Daimiel, a wetland that
has dried up in the last three years. As a result, many of the aquatic species living in the
wetland have disappeared, marking the effects of the Spanish water crisis. In fact, in 2009,
“subterranean peat fires broke out” due to the increasingly dry temperatures, decreasing the
once 500 kilometres of wetland into 30 kilometres. (Diaz, 2022)

(Burgueño, 2023)
Why does California have water management problems?
California has failed to adequately prepare and provide the state with a functioning water
supply system that can grow with our population. If it were managed properly, California
receives enough rain and snow to serve its 40 million residents and 4 million acres of
farmland for several years. The problem is inadequate infrastructure and a regulatory system
that requires a huge amount of water to run straight to the ocean, so we aren’t able to capture
what we need to make it through the dry times.
The loss of available water also has significant impacts on our ability to generate power.
According to the California Energy Commission, in 2019, water provided 19% of
California’s power. Lake Oroville, California’s second largest reservoir, dropped so low this
August that the Edward Hyatt Power Plant was forced to go offline for the first time since it
opened in 1967. Oroville’s power plant, when at full capacity, can generate enough electricity
to power up to 800,000 homes. When combined with the fact that a significant portion of our
power now comes from intermittent wind and solar, our ongoing energy crisis is only
exacerbated by this lack of captured water. (Dahle, 2021)

(laalmanac, 2020)
Why does Italy have water management problems?
Northern Italy gets nearly twice as much rainfall as the south, where water scarcity is
exacerbated by higher annual temperatures that intensify evaporation. Meanwhile, Italy’s
mountainous terrain makes it difficult to move surplus water between its regions. These
factors, along with abnormally low soil moisture, means that although there’s a plentiful 392
billion cubic yards (300 billion cubic metres) of water that falls or flows into Italy every year,
barely 76 billion cubic yards (58 billion cubic metres) can actually be used.
Of this, over 70 percent forms surface water such as the springs, lakes, and rivers that are the
primary water source for most Italian cities, towns, and villages: the Arno River supplies
much of the water for Florence while Rome draws a majority of its domestic water from
springs. But when the rains fail, these water sources can quickly dry up—and across southern
Italy, the rains are failing more frequently.
2017 was Italy’s driest summer for sixty years with up to 80 percent less rainfall than the
historic average. This water shortage was compounded by a summer heatwave with
temperatures soaring above 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius). Such extreme
events, commonly linked to climate change, are expected to become both more frequent and
more severe. Twice in the last two years, Venice’s famed canals have run so dry that their
iconic gondolas were grounded; the Italian island of Sardinia applied for natural disaster
status in 2017; in Sicily wildfires destroyed forests and farms, forcing evacuations. So far,
2019 has seen Rome and many other cities, towns, and villages facing one of the country’s

driest summers yet. Even the relatively wet north was reduced to just one month’s reserves of
water.
Ornate fountains like this one in Florence are in danger of trickling dry in times of major
drought; just like Rome in 2017, when one hundred fountains around the Vatican stopped for
the first time in living memory (N.G., 2020)
"In the first six months of 2017, we saw less than half of average rainfall in central Italy,"
said Luca Brocca from Italy's Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, of the
National Research Council (IRPI-CNR). (E.S.A. 2017)
(Climieviaggi, n.d.)

CONCLUSION
In this work I have compared water management problems in Spain, Italy and California. In
this research I have stated:
- That California has water management problems. Because it has a good amount of
average monthly rainfall, and researching, I found they don’t know how to manage
their water supply so end up with water shortage. In California, water shortages aren't
just due to a lack of rain, and the state's chronic water problems are far from over.
- That Italy and Spain have water shortage problems because of the climate. The
climate in these two countries is characterised with high temperatures and extreme
drought because of the shortage of rainfall.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
B.C. (n.d.) Ecology, Urbanism, Infrastructures and Mobility. Barcelona cat. (15/5/23)
https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana/es/servicios/la-ciudadfunciona/mantenimiento-del-espacio-publico/gestion-integral-del-agua/gestion-publicaagua/agua-ciudad/de-donde-viene-aguaciudad#:~:text=Las%20principales%20fuentes%20de%20suministro,los%20r%C3%ADos%
20Ter%20y%20Llobregat.
Burgueño,Erick. (2023) Average monthly rainfall in Spain as of 2020. Statista. (18/5/23)
https://www.statista.com/statistics/802729/average-monthly-rainfall-spain/
C.C.P. (28/5/23) Fresh water resources Italy. Climate Change Post. (25/5/23)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy#References
C.D.W.R. (n.d.) The California water system. California Department of water system.
(11/5/23) https://water.ca.gov/water-basics/the-california-water-system

Climieviaggi. (n.d.) Clima-Italia. Climi e viaggi. (25/5/23)
https://www.climieviaggi.it/clima/italia.
Dahle, Brian. (2021) California’s Water Shortage Was Created by a Lack of Leadership, Not
E.S.A. (5/9/17) Italy’s drought seen from space. Phys Org. (2023)
https://phys.org/news/2017-09-italy-drought-space.html
Laalmanac. (2020) Monthly rainfall by season. Los Angeles Almanac. (29/5/23)
https://www.laalmanac.com/weather/we08aa.php
Mother Nature. Senator Brian Dahle. (18/5/23) https://dahle.cssrc.us/content/californiaswater-shortage-was-created-lack-leadership-not-mother-nature.
Diaz,N. (2022) The water crisis in Spain. The Borgen project. (27/4/23)
https://borgenproject.org/the-water-crisis-inspain/#:~:text=The%20water%20crisis%20in%20Spain%20has%20come%20about%20due
%20to,increasing%20temperatures%20in%20the%20peninsula
N.G. (18/6/20) The Leaky Boot:Where is Italy’s water going? National Geographic. (16/5/23)
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/partner-content-the-leaky-bootitaly#:~:text=Northern%20Italy%20gets%20nearly%20twice,surplus%20water%20between
%20its%20regions.
Yaben,Manuel. (2023) Israel,the paradigm of water reuse that has ended scarcity. El
independiente. (1/6/23) https://www.elindependiente.com/economia/2023/05/07/israel-elparadigma-de-la-reutilizacion-de-agua-que-ha-acabado-con-la-escasez/

What relation do water management and climate
change have?
J. A. V.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3
RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 4
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 4
What relation do water management and climate change have? ..................................... 4
What does water management mean? ............................................................................ 5
Why is water management a problem for society? .......................................................... 5
Why is water management important for society? ........................................................... 5
Why is there less water management in Africa? .............................................................. 6
Did Covid-19 have an effect on water management? ...................................................... 6
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 7
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................... 7

SUMMARY
In this Individual Research Project I have been researching for answers to each of my
questions about water management in Spain, Argentina and Germany. I have created a long
and short reference for each of the sources I have found the answers from. I also have done
an introduction, a methodology and a conclusion in this research project.
Keywords: water management, climate change, society, Argentina, Germany and Spain.
RESUMEN
En este Proyecto de Investigación Individual he estado buscando respuestas a cada una de
mis preguntas sobre la gestión del agua en España, Argentina y Alemania. He creado una
larga y corta referencia para cada uno de los artículos de los que he encontrado las respuestas.
También he hecho una introducción, una metodología y una conclusión en este proyecto.
Palabras clave: gestión del agua, cambio climático, sociedad, Argentina, Alemania y
España.

INTRODUCTION
In the last weeks in Global Perspective we have been doing this Individual Research Project.
I’ve been writing about the water management in Spain, Argentina and Germany. I have
included long and short references to each source of information. I have chosen this topic
because I think this will be a very important thing in the future and we need to care about it.
METHODOLOGY
In this research project the key words I have used to find the sources are: water management,
climate change, society and scarcity. I had chosen the three first links that appeared to me and
I started reading them. I checked if the sources are not reliable by identifying words like:
always or never and also if there are spelling mistakes. I made short and long references for
each of the sources that were reliable. I chose the information by reading it until it answered
my question, so that information I put it under the question. When I wrote the conclusion I
wrote what I have learned from each country's water management and compared them.
ANALYSIS
What relation do water management and climate change have?
Climate change is primarily a water crisis. We feel its impacts through worsening floods,
rising sea levels, shrinking ice fields, wildfires and droughts. However, water can fight
climate change. Sustainable water management is central to building the resilience of
societies and ecosystems and to reducing carbon emissions (UN Water, n.d).
Water and climate change are inextricably linked. Climate change affects the world’s water in
complex ways. From unpredictable rainfall patterns to shrinking ice sheets, rising sea levels,
floods and droughts. (Climate Action, n.d)
Spain - Climate change with temperature increases, and in Spain, with reduced rainfall, will
essentially cause a decrease in water yields and increased demand for irrigation systems.
Germany - Water strategy aimed at coping with long dry seasons and heat waves caused by
climate change.
Argentina
- Problems with water quality in lakes and reservoirs in Argentina have increased.

What does water management mean?
Water management is the control and movement of water resources to minimize damage to
life and property and to maximize efficient beneficial use. This source is reliable because it is
an official website from the U.S.A government. (U.S.A Government, n.d)
For example, groundwater can be artificially recharged by redirecting water across the land
surface through canals, infiltration basins, or ponds; adding irrigation furrows or sprinkler
systems; or simply injecting water directly into the subsurface through injection wells. This
source is reliable and has good examples. (Constro, 2020)
Why is water management a problem for society?
It is reliable and answers my question with a good explanation. Only 3% of the world’s water
is freshwater, and two-thirds of that is tucked away in frozen glaciers or otherwise
unavailable for our use. (WWF, n.d)
It is reliable because it is an official website from the United Nations and it answers my
question with a good explanation. Water is also a rights issue, as the global population grows,
there is an increasing need to balance all of the competing commercial demands on water
resources, so that communities have enough for their needs. (United Nations, n.d)
Spain - Climate crisis threatening water security.
Germany - Drought in Germany.
Argentina - Have been reeling under drought conditions.
Why is water management important for society?
It is reliable because it is an official website from the United Nations and it answers my
question with a good explanation. Water is at the core of sustainable development and is
critical for socio-economic development, healthy ecosystems and for human survival itself. It
is vital for reducing the global burden of disease and improving the health, welfare and
productivity of populations. (United Nations, n.d)

It is reliable and it answers the question. Climate change will worsen the situation by altering
hydrological cycles, making water more unpredictable and increasing the frequency and
intensity of floods and droughts so we need to take care about it. (The World Bank, n.d)
Spain - Spain has one major water management challenge: water scarcity, including the need
to secure water supply.
Germany - Water bodies in Germany are subject to state management.
Argentina - It established nationwide minimum requirements for the environmental
protection of water resources.
Why is there less water management in Africa?
This source is reliable. Water scarcity in Africa is a dire situation, and is only getting worse.
As Africa’s population continues to grow and climate change continues to rob the continent
of the finite resource. (Malba, 2022)
It is a reliable source. With one in three people facing water scarcity, the continent is
contending with dangerous levels of water stress. Also because of the extreme hot conditions
that are people suffering in Africa. (The Water Blog, 2022)
Did Covid-19 have an effect on water management?
It is reliable because it is an official website from the United Nations. During the COVID-19
pandemic, the availability and consumption of safe water reached alarming levels. Millions of
people still lack access to basic water and sanitation services.(Elsevier, 2022)
It is reliable and answers my question in a short but good explanation. The COVID-19
pandemic has underscored the value of water and its connections to human health. This
global health crisis has raised new water-related challenges for local communities, water
agencies, and the private sector. (Pacific Institute, n.d)
Spain - The novel coronavirus has been detected in Spanish waste water samples collected in
the city of Barcelona on 12 March 2019. Germany -
Alteration of water consumption patterns during COVID-19.
Argentina - Covid-19 restrictions intensified water shortages in these rural communities.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, in this Individual Research Project I had been answering my question
about Water Management in Spain, Germany and Argentina. In each of the different
answers I had included long references and short references. I learned that Spain’s
water management has a good economic structure but not a very good security of
clean water. I also learned that in Germany they have a very secure water supply
and clean water. Finally, in Argentina the water management is very important for
society because the water is not so clean.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Constro Facilitator (2020) Different types of water management methods. Constro Facilitator.
https://constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-water-managementmethods/#:~:text=For%20
example%2C%20 groundwater%20can%20be,the%20
subsurface%20through%20 injection%20 wells. (8/6/2020).
U.S.A Government (n.d) Water Management. USDA. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/watermanagement
(n.d).
WWF (n.d) Water Scarcity. WWF. https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/waterscarcity#:~:text=Only%203%25%20of%20the%20world's,one%20
month%20of%20the%20year. (n.d).
United Nations (n.d) Water. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/water (n.d)
The World Bank (n.d) Water Resources Management. The World Bank.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/waterresourcesmanagement(n.d)
United Nations (n.d) Water Development. United nations.
https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_and_sustainable_development.shtml#:~:text=
Water%20is%20at%20the%20core,welfare%20and%20productivity%20of%20 populations
(n.d)

Malba, K. (2022) Water Scarcity in Africa. Global Citizen.
https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/
(1/2/2022)
Upadya, Y. (2022) Bold action needed for a water-secure Africa. The Water Blog.
https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/bold-action-needed-water-secure-africa (17/3/2022)
Elsevier (2022) Effects of COVID-19 on the availability of clean water and sanitation.
Elsevier. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9334991/ (29/6/2022)
Pacific Institute (n.d) Water and Covid-19: Risks and Opportunities. Pacific Institute.
https://pacinst.org/water-and-covid-19-risks-and-opportunities/ (n.d)
Climate Action (n.d) Water at the center of the climate crisis. Climate Action.
https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/water (n.d)
UN Water (n.d) Water and climate Change. UN Water. https://www.unwater.org/waterfacts/water-and-climate-change
(n.d)