Anatomy Atlas and Interpretation of Spine Surgery

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14J.-g. Shi et al.tracheasternohyoid supraomohyoid hyoidmylohyoidgeniohyoidSuperior thyroid arterydigastricmuscleexternal branch ofthe superior laryngealnervesternocleidomastoidlingual arteryInternal branch ofsuperior laryngealnervehypoglossal nervesubmandibularglandcephaladexternal carotidarteryfacialarteryFig. 1.20 Anatomic relation of the digastric triangle
1 Surgical Anatomy of Upper Cervical Spine15Digastric triangle: bounded superior by a line drawnfrom the lower border of mandible to the mastoid process,lateral by posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoidmuscle, and medial by the anterior belly of thedigastric muscle. The submandibular gland is anteriorto the digastric triangle. The submental artery andfacial artery are located in its superficial fascia, whilethe facial artery can be found in the deep fascia(Fig. 1.20).Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve:usually comprised of two branches. It passes forwardfrom the angle of mandible beneath the platysma, thenruns through the superficial layer of the submandibulartriangle and crosses the anterior body of mandible, andeventually passes beneath the depressor angulioris.The branch innervates the risorius and lower lip musclesand joins the mental nerve (Fig. 1.21).Common facial vein: often runs parallel with theanterior branch of the retromandibular vein. The marginalmandibular branch of the facial nerve usuallycrosses above the anterior of the retromandibular veinand the anterior of the anterior facial vein (Fig. 1.21).Lesser occipital nerve: a branch of the cervicalplexus that ascends from the posterior border of thesternocleidomastoid muscle and innervates the skinabove and behind the ears (Fig. 1.21).Facial vein: collects blood from the supratrochlearvein and supraorbital vein; facial vein is one of themajor veins in the face. It runs obliquely downwardbeside the nose, descends along the surface of the massetermuscle, crosses the body of mandible, and finallyenters into the internal jugular vein.Submandibular gland: located in the digastric trianglewith the lingual nerve that runs above while thehypoglossal nerve and the lingual vein run below. Thesubmandibular gland is supplied by the branches of thefacial artery and lingual artery (Fig. 1.23).Digastric muscle: located under the jaw, arises fromthe mastoid process, medial to the mentum. It consistsof two muscular bellies united by an intermediaterounded tendon. The intermediate tendon is attachedto the body of hyoid bone and the greater horn of hyoidbone by a fibrous loop. The posterior belly of thedigastric muscle is supplied by the posterior auricularand occipital arteries, while the anterior belly is suppliedby the submental artery of facial artery branch.The anterior belly is innervated by the inferior alveolarnerve of the mylohyoid muscle, and the posterior bellyis innervated by the facial nerves. Contraction of thedigastric muscle can lift the hyoid bone. The posteriorbelly plays a stronger role especially at the time ofswallowing and chewing (Figs. 1.22 and 1.23).Lingual artery: provides the blood supply to thetongue and the bottom of oral cavity. It arises from theexternal carotid between the superior thyroid arteryand facial artery. It passes posteromedially to the hyoglossusmuscle and runs forward through the deep surfaceof the muscle to the tip of the tongue (Fig. 1.24).Facial artery: above the lingual artery and arisesfrom the external carotid artery. It passes obliquely upbeneath the digastric muscle and submandibular gland,arches over the interior border of the mandible, andenters into the face through the anterior border of themasseter muscle. The facial artery is remarkably tortuousin order to accommodate the swallowing movementof the pharynx, the mandible, lip, and cheeks(Fig. 1.25).Hypoglossal nerve: main nerve that innervates theextrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue. It arisesfrom the skull and descends laterally behind the internalcarotid artery, hypoglossal nerve, and vagus nerve,to the angle of mandible between the internal carotidartery and internal jugular artery. After passing theposterior belly of the digastric muscle, the hypoglossalnerve becomes superficial and crosses the internal andexternal carotid arteries and the lingual artery whilesending out branches that supply the omohyoid, thyrohyoid,and geniohyoid muscles. The other branchesconverge with the descending branches of the cervicalnerve to form the ansa cervicalis (Figs. 1.25 and 1.26).
Page 1 and 2: Anatomy Atlasand Interpretationof S
Page 3 and 4: Jian-gang Shi • Wen Yuan • Jing
Page 5 and 6: Foreword I for Chinese VersionScien
Page 7 and 8: Foreword II for English VersionWith
Page 9 and 10: xPreface for English EditionWe sinc
Page 11 and 12: Contents1 Surgical Anatomy of Upper
Page 13 and 14: xviList of Editors and Contributors
Page 15 and 16: Surgical Anatomy of UpperCervical S
Page 17 and 18: 1 Surgical Anatomy of Upper Cervica
Page 27: 1 Surgical Anatomy of Upper Cervica
Page 69 and 70: Surgical Anatomy of the SubaxialCer
Page 71 and 72: 2 Surgical Anatomy of the Subaxial
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2 Surgical Anatomy of the Subaxial
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Surgical Anatomy of the Thoracic Sp
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3 Surgical Anatomy of the Thoracic
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Surgical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spin
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4 Surgical Anatomy of the Lumbar Sp
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2841.3 ExposureMake a midline incis
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286J.-g. Shi et al.Fig. 5.8 Intraop
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288J.-g. Shi et al.Fig. 5.12 Antero
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290J.-g. Shi et al.Femoral nerve: t
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292J.-g. Shi et al.Fig. 5.19 Nerves
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Anatomy Atlas and Interpretation of Spine Surgery

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