SustainablyAlpha January Edition

I S S U E 7 , 2 2 N D J A N U A R Y 2 0 2 4
SustainablyAlpha.
H I G H S C H O O L S T U D E N T P R O D U C E D S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y M A G A Z I N E
S D G 3 : A
P A R A D I G M S H I F T
I N H E A L T H A N D
W E L L B E I N G
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A N T I C I P A T I N G T H E
U N F O R E S E E N :
P O S T C O V I D
R E F L E C T I O N S
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I N D I A ’ S H E A L T H
I N F R A S T R U C T U R E
A N D
D E V E L O P M E N T
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H A R M O N I E S O F
H E A L I N G
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S E X & S E X U A L I T Y
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T H E P U Z Z L E O F
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GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL BEING
JANUARY 2024

CONTENTS
SDG 3: A Paradigm shift in health
and well being
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
5
RIYA KELKAR
Anticipating the Unforeseen: Post
Covid reflections
EDITION SPECIAL
11
KHUSHI PATIL
Harmonies of Healing: Music’s
restorative effects
17
EDITION SPECIAL
KHWAISH VASHISHT & DHRITI
BUDHWAR
India’s Health Infrastructure
and Development
EDITION SPECIAL
22
AARNA MISHRA
The Puzzle of Personality
ZOOMER DIARIES
31
HARSH AGGARWAL
Sex and Sexuality:A
Comprehensive Journey
EDITION SPECIAL
37
MICHELLE THOMAS

PRESENTING
Sustainably
Alpha.
A T H E A L P H A T H E O R Y P R O J E C T
OUR
VISION
SustainablyAlpha aims to investigate and educate the Indian and
international audience about the role sustainability plays in various
industries. Through our platform, we want our readers to understand the
intricracies and nuances of sustainablility in various sectors' social,
political and economic scenarios. Utilising the youth, a generation upon
whom sustainability is a necessity and no longer a recommendation, we
want to educate the world through the power of Independent Youth
Journalism. Talking about the right global problems and their solutions to
enlighten every generation and lobby the institutions that matter is what
SustainablyAlpha envisions to become.
JANUARY
EDITION
SustainablyAlpha returns for its 7th Edition SDG 3 focuses on Well Being
and good health. At the epitome of sustainable focus since the onset of
this decade, we reflect on the impact COVID-19 has had on global health
infrastructure and awareness. We delve into the nuances of SDG 3 while
exploring more whimsical themes in musical healing. We also discuss the
development in Indian health infrastructure off late before diving into
sexual health. While this month doesn’t feature Beyond Basic Botanics, our
Zoomer Diaries column compensates with an insightful piece on
personality. SDG 3 is vastly extensive, and as student body shifts to focus
on Board Examinations, we’ve decided to split SDG 3 into 2 editions. Look
out for the second part later this year. Enjoy our 7th edition, all 65,000 of
you.

SUSTAINALE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
SDG 3:
A Paradigm
Shift in Health
And Well-Being
To ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all at all
ages.

Introduction
The Sustainable Development
Goal (SDG) 3 “Ensuring a
healthy life and promoting
well-being for all ages” is one
of the most transversal goals,
which is interconnected with
the other SDGs. The health
and well-being are the aim of
this goal and also, they are
the result of other goals that
empower people to develop
better in different social,
economic and productive
areas. The SDG 3 is a multiple
and universal resource on
which
sustainable
development policies can be
based, in particular for the
most needed countries, and
can lead to the sustainable
maintenance of well-being
and health. However, SDG 3
faces a high sectorization, so
there is a risk of not being
able to achieve the stated
objectives. Physical wellbeing
depends on general
good health and the
satisfaction of the body’s
primary needs, whereas
psychological well-being is a
more abstract notion that
depends on personal
evaluations and can appeal to
social or economic success,
pleasure, and harmony with
oneself, other persons or the
environment. Individual and
collective health and wellbeing
constitute an
extraordinary resource that
acts on social and economic
development, bringing a
return of better health and
well-being of the populations
that endorse it.
06

Health and
Poverty
Poor health and poverty
often go together because
an infected person becomes
less productive and
therefore has a lower
capacity to generate income.
In this way, the poverty trap
could be caused by
infections, particularly since
many endemic tropical
diseases develop all or part
of their transmission cycle in
the environment; therefore,
they are not eradicable per
se. Clearly, One
Health/EcoHealth
approaches adopting a
broad ecological perspective
may help to anticipate and
proactively mitigate these
kinds of risks by considering
interactions
with
ecosystems. Additionally,
some countries or regional
territories may have
managed to overcome
certain infectious diseases
by proximity effects.
However, if the interventions
of the surrounding territories
or countries fail, the failure
can influence the reinvasion
of the pathogen, its vectors
or its reservoir. Therefore,
understanding the regional
dimensions of infections is
obviously crucial. Biomedical
and epidemiological
approaches to researching
health tend to treat individual
environmental factors
separately, ignoring the
interrelationships among
them and the importance of
spatial patterns and
processes in the colonization
and spread of disease. The
relationships between health
and income also involve
other variables, such as
education.
In general, many of the
poorest regions of the world
face situations that are
vicious circles, that is, where
complex dynamics prevail to
maintain poverty, especially
vulnerability, exposure to
certain types of risks and
other contextual variables
that increase the risk of
some individuals falling or
staying in poverty.
07

How can the targets be
achieved?
Ensuring healthy lives for all requires a
strong commitment, but the benefits
outweigh the cost. Healthy people are the
foundation for healthy economies.
Countries worldwide are urged to take
immediate and decisive actions to predict
and counteract health challenges. This
becomes especially critical in
safeguarding vulnerable population
groups and individuals residing in regions
burdened by high disease prevalence. By
doing so, we can strengthen health
systems and foster resilience in the face
of health adversities.
Multidimensionality of
sustainable
development issues
All SDGs are characterized by common
features: interconnections between the
SDGs, systemic dimensions, the need for
boundary-crossing competences derived
from different disciplines, the emergence
of new phenomena with danger or risk
dimensions that imply new scientific
questions, and several uncertainty
degrees that public decision makers must
manage. Regarding SDG 3,
environmental global changes, dynamic
and natural resource management,
lifespans, the environment, and economic
and social crises reveal the complexity of
this issue and invite us to consider it
within the context of biomedical research
and global animal and public health.
08

The Bottom Line
The SDG 3 implementation of “good health and well-being” simultaneously addresses the
biomedical field and health-related research in an extensive way, addressing not only
their topics and habits but also their relationships with civil society. SDG 3 questions and
sometimes revolutionizes disciplinary knowledge; it demands a higher interdisciplinarity,
according to the One Health/EcoHealth approach, which already exists in the fields of
ecology and evolutionary biology, in order to meet the challenges and compromises of
new directions of scientific research and practices. This emerging notion will permit
younger generations, who will constitute new decision-makers, to be sensitized to
current problems that can severely affect their own future. This constitutes a strong
method of teaching and enabling participation in action plans. In fact, the types of
scientific and medical approaches that we use are passed down from an earlier period
and organize our relationships with decision makers, politicians and citizens by placing
the discipline in context, first and foremost. The aims of sustainable development invite
us to position ourselves differently, according to the new demands that currently
confront national and international research policies.
42

EDITION SPECIAL
Anticipating the
Unforeseen:
Post Covid
reflections
The Pandemic that
redefined SDG 3.

Anticipating the Unforeseen:
Post Covid reflections
An
Introduction
It's safe to say that the COVID-19 pandemic
hit a world that wasn't mentally or
politically prepared for this challenge. In the
minds of billions, the battle to overcome all
infectious diseases that had influenced
people's lives for decades was over, but we
couldn't be further from the truth. From
resilience to adaptability to learning the
importance of community, this deadly virus
has taught us all. As the virus spread
rapidly across nations, it not only exposed
major crises in different areas of society
but also highlighted the seriousness of
pertinent issues like climate change,
healthcare disparities, and political divides.
In this article we shall explore what exactly
COVID-19 has taught us in aspects of these
critical issues, how the pandemic led to
significant changes in our lifestyles and
mindsets and how the need for pandemic
preparedness increased. From food
shortages to lockdowns, protective
measures, and the fight for basic human
necessities, the pandemic has demanded a
great degree of change and self-reflection
from us. So, what lessons can we glean
from this unprecedented global event, and
what can we do to ensure that we move
forward in a positive direction?
Lessons We Learnt
The COVID-19 pandemic forced us to
confront the world's vulnerabilities and
taught us beneficial lessons that shape
the future we live in. In hindsight, early
detections and a fast response to
symptoms would have saved tons.
Countries that were able to detect and
respond to the virus swiftly experienced
lower infection rates and fewer
casualties. This highlights the importance
of proactive measures such as
widespread testing, contact tracing, and
implementing strict quarantine protocols.
Furthermore, the role of news and media
were the main pillar when it came to
disseminating accurate information which
became increasingly evident. It wasn't a
secret that during the pandemic,
misinformation and rumors spread
rapidly, causing major panic and
confusion in the world. This emphasizes
the need for reliable sources and
responsible journalism to ensure that
accurate information reaches the public.
In terms of personal habits, the use of
masks and sanitizers became a mandate.
They became an engravement in
everyone's daily lives. The pandemic did
not only show us the significance of these
preventive measures but also showed us
our only option to reduce the spread of
this deadly virus was to follow these
measures. It has become clear that simple
actions like wearing masks, practicing
good hygiene, washing produce and
products from outside before use, and
maintaining social distancing can make a
significant difference in controlling the
outbreak. As we move forward, these
lessons must be ingrained in our collective
mindset to prepare us for for future
challenges and ensure the safety and
well-being of our communities.
12

Technology: Rapid Growth
It is no surprise that the pandemic has
accelerated the rapid growth and
importance of technology in our lives. The
sudden shift towards remote work, online
education, and virtual communication has
become the new norm. While technology
has allowed us to stay connected and carry
on with our routines, it has also brought to
light the issue of dopamine addiction in
younger generations. With the increased
reliance on online classes and digital
platforms for learning, there has been a
noticeable impact on their ability to focus
and concentrate for extended periods.
Furthermore, applications like Tiktok,
Instagram and other social media platforms
have served as a means of communication
and spread of news during the
pandemic.and fact-checking as
misinformation can easily be disseminated.
On the positive side though, the pandemic
has highlighted the potential of artificial
intelligence(AI) development for data
analysis. AI-powered systems have shown
promise in early warning systems and
surveillance, aiding in the detection and
monitoring of COVID-19 outbreaks. Lastly,
one of the most significant lessons from the
pandemic that we learn is the importance
of community engagement. The crisis has
fostered a sense of unity and collaboration
as individuals, organizations, and
governments come together to address
various challenges faced by human kind as
a whole. The power of community
engagements has shown us that by
working together, we can mitigate the
impact of the pandemic and build a
stronger, more resilient society.
Data Privacy And Other
Concerns
A wake up call is what the COVID-19
pandemic has been for us. It has shone a
spotlight on critical issues such as data
privacy and the use of artificial
intelligence(AI) in pandemic preparedness.
As billions of people worldwide navigated
through the challenges of this crisis,
concerns regarding the protection of
personal data and the implications of AI
implementation became more prominent. In
the quest to control this virus's spread,
governments and health care organizations
relied heavily on data collection and
analysis. Contact tracing apps, surveillance
systems, and health monitoring tools
became pivotal in identifying potential
hotspots and limiting transmission.
However, this increased reliance on
personal data which raised serious privacy
concerns. Individuals feared the misuse
and mishandle of their valuable sensitive
information, leading to a major demand for
robust data protection measures.
To address these concerns and promote
responsible Al implementation, a set of
ethical guidelines must be observed. First
and foremost, organizations must prioritize
privacy protection by anonymizing and
securely storing collected data. Clear
consent mechanisms should be in place,
ensuring individuals' control over their
personal information. Additionally,
transparency in Al algorithms and decisionmaking
processes is vital to prevent biases
or discriminatory outcomes.
Furthermore, there should be a focus on
inclusivity and ensuring that Al systems
don't perpetuate existing disparities.
Stakeholder engagement and diverse
representation in Al development and
deployment help mitigate unintentional
biases and ensure fair outcomes. Regular
audits, independent oversight, and
accountability mechanisms should be
established to assess Al systems' impacts
and address any issues promptly.
13

Building Resilient
health care systems
Aside from technology, the main area
that had it the worst were the
healthcare systems. As nations faced
unprecedented challenges in the wake
of the virus, healthcare infrastructure
was put to the test like never before.
However, amidst the chaos and
devastation, the pandemic also brought
to light the strength and adaptability of
our healthcare systems.
The relentless pressure on healthcare
systems worldwide during the pandemic
forced hospitals and healthcare
providers to swiftly mobilize and expand
their capacities. This rapid response
demonstrated the resilience and
commitment of healthcare
professionals, who courageously battled
the virus on the frontlines often at great
personal risk. The crisis underscored the
importance of adequate staffing,
essential medical supplies, and
sustainable funding to ensure the
functionality and effectiveness of
healthcare systems during times of
crisis.
The pandemic has also highlighted the
critical need to invest in healthcare
improvement. The weaknesses exposed
by the crisis, such as a lack of ICU beds,
limited testing capabilities, and
fragmented healthcare infrastructure,
have underscored the importance of
long- term investments to strengthen
healthcare systems. Investments in
research, technology, and infrastructure
are fundamental to ensuring that
healthcare systems can effectively
respond to future pandemics and other
health emergencies. One significant
area of innovation during the pandemic
has been the development and adoption
of remote healthcare solutions.
Telemedicine, digital health platforms,
and remote patient monitoring have
played a vital role in providing healthcare
services in a safe and efficient
manner.These solutions have enabled
patients to access medical consultations,
receive ongoing care and even monitor
their vital signs from the comfort of their
homes. By reducing the need for in-person
visits, remote healthcare solutions have
not only protected patients and healthcare
professionals but have also improved
healthcare accessibility, especially for
those in rural or underserved areas.
Impact of Educational shift
on Academic Integrity
We've established that the COVID-19
pandemic completely reshaped our world,
forcing us to adopt new norms and
challenges. Among the many struggles
faced by millions, mental health emerged
as a significant concern. The abrupt shift
in educational practices also took a toll,
especially on children.
With schools closing their doors and social
distancing becoming the norm, children
found themselves relying heavily on
computers and smartphones for education
instead of traditional textbooks and
classroom interactions. While this digital
transition ensured continuity in learning, it
brought about unexpected consequences.
One prominent issue arising from remote
learning was the heightened ease with
which students could now cheat on exams
and tests. With virtual assessments
becoming the new norm, the traditional
measures to prevent cheating were
significantly weakened. Students had the
potential to access external resources and
communication platforms, undermining the
integrity and fairness of evaluations.
This growing opportunity for academic
dishonesty had detrimental effects.
Students, lacking the necessary discipline
and focus, were tempted to take shortcuts
rather than genuinely comprehending the
subject matter. Learning became
distorted, with knowledge superficially
14

retained for immediate success in exams
rather than deep understanding and
application.Consequently, the true essence
of education, which involves critical thinking,
problem-solving, and absorption of
knowledge, seemed to dissipate in the face
of newfound convenience and decreased
accountability. The result was an academic
environment lacking the substance and
quality necessary for holistic development.
To address this issue, it is crucial for
educational institutions and policymakers to
find innovative solutions. Stricter guidelines
and technologies that can detect and prevent
cheating during virtual exams must be
implemented. Moreover, teachers and
educators should emphasize the importance
of integrity, ethics, and long-term learning
goals to students, instilling values that go
beyond the immediate challenge of remote
education.In addition, measures must be
taken to ensure that students are actively
engaged in the learning process, fostering
curiosity and intrinsic motivation. Employing
interactive and collaborative methods
through virtual platforms can enhance
participation and promote a deeper
understanding of the subject matter. By
cultivating a culture of academic integrity
and embracing effective teaching practices,
we can overcome the negative impact of the
digital transition on student's learning and
overall educational experience in a post-
COVID world.
Preparedness for future
threats
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the
relevance of multidisciplinary basic science
to understand phenomena and find
solutions. The countries that have
maintained a long-term investment in basic
science were better prepared. Better basic
knowledge of the viruses and pathogens, in
general, has already led and will lead to the
efficient development of vaccines, diagnostic
tests, antiviral drugs or new treatments to
reduce disease severity, also, it will help the
governments to control the pandemic. Basic
research leading to a better knowledge of
the populations affected and the biology of
pathogens, their ability to counteract the
immune response, the mechanisms leading
to severe pathology and animal models to
understand the mechanisms of virulence are
essential to prepare the world for a new
pandemic. A special focus should be on
studies of emergent viruses and pathogens
that may transmit from animals to humans
or pathogens that may spread to new
regions due to climate warming.
Making scientific progress available to
everyone is required to control new
pandemics in the future. Sharing data, in
general, and genome sequencing data, in
particular, in the COVID-19 pandemic has
demonstrated the value of open science to
improve treatments, speed up vaccine
development through sharing of the main
immune targets of SARS-CoV2 and control
new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
Similarly, sharing new advances, such as
diagnostics and basic knowledge of the
pathogen, is essential to move forward the
identification of pathogens and means to
control pandemics.
Conclusion
As long and dreadful these three years of
the pandemic were, we've learnt a lot. This
article overviewed the major challenges that
were faced during the lockdown and what
together as a world we learnt. From the
implementation of technology, to the
importance of investing in a fast responding
healthcare system, to following mandated
pandemic protocols efficiently, the COVID-19
pandemic has taught us a major portion of
what we now need to know if a threat does
supposedly affect us in the future.
15

EDITION SPECIAL
Harmonies of
Healing:Music’s
restorative
effects
The Melodies that Heal.

Introduction
In today’s world of therapeutic modalities,
one can find a distinctive and scientifically
substantiated agent of restoration: the
acute efficacy of music as a healing force.
Beyond the superficiality of sound waves,
music assumes the role of a nuanced
catalyst, putting together physiological and
psychological well-being. The aim is to
navigate through the intricacies of how
structured auditory stimuli wield a
transformative influence, mending not only
emotional disquiet but also charting a
course toward holistic improvement; and
decode the intricate interplay of musical
elements manifests as a poised symphony
of resilience for the human condition.
that music helps individuals in better
management of both chronic and acute
pain, as compared to those who rely solely
on medications for the same.
Studies suggest that music possesses the
ability to alter our moods because of a
strong connection between music and the
brain’s neural pathways that link the mind
and body. Specific frequencies and lyrics
stimulate changes in our brain waves,
activating distinct regions of the brain
responsible for regulating emotions and
enhancing problem analysis and solving
skills. Ultimately, this helps us reach deeper
levels of consciousness in turn helping us
understand ourselves better, while also
enhancing concentration and focus.
Physical and Psychological
Benefits
Music has played a significant role
throughout human culture by doubling as a
potent instrument for healing. It serves as
an anchor during times of distress, and
offers peace and focus through meditation
and mindfulness. Music therapy allows
people to express themselves and their
physical, emotional or spiritual needs
through soothing music that calms the
mind.
For centuries, the rhythm of music has
been known to have the power of healing
and promoting good physical and
emotional health. It aids individuals in
managing anxiety, depression and trauma
by healing songs that generate happy
memories, or by simply acting as a unique
way to vent our emotions.
The potential scientific benefits of listening
to healing songs include better sleep
quality due to melatonin production,
improved heart health and release of
hormones such as dopamine, cortisol,
serotonin and oxytocin. A 2016 metaanalysis
from a credible source revealed
Cultural Perspective
Cultural perspectives influence how
communities integrate music into healing
rituals, tapping into centuries-old traditions
that transcend mere auditory enjoyment.
In Eastern traditions, the healing notes of
instruments like the sitar or bamboo flute
go beyond musical aesthetics. They serve
as guides for meditation, inviting individuals
into a serene realm where mind and soul
find solace.The intricate melodies aren't just
sounds; they're pathways to introspection,
offering a nuanced form of therapy
embedded in cultural history.n the rhythmic
heart of Africa, the healing power of music
18

is embodied in the beats of
communal drumming.Each
stroke reverberates through
generations, carrying the
collective heartbeat of a
people. This tradition
transcends entertainment,
becoming a conduit for
emotional release, communal
connection, and even
spiritual healing. It's a
rhythmic conversation that
spans time, providing a
cultural sanctuary where
burdens are shared, and
spirits find restoration.
The first question that comes
to mind is- why is this
relevant right now? As
societies become more
interconnected,
an
understanding of diverse
cultural perspectives fosters
empathy and inclusivity.
Music, deeply rooted in
cultural traditions, becomes a
universal language that
transcends boundaries.
Embracing
these
perspectives enriches the
collective appreciation for the
diverse ways in which music
can contribute to individual
and societal healing. It
highlights the enduring
wisdom embedded in
traditional practices. In an
age marked by technological
advancements, reconnecting
with time-tested healing
rituals through music offers
a sense of continuity and
stability. It reminds that the
core human need for healing
and connection remains a
timeless and shared
experience.
Augmented
reality and Virtual
reality
The convergence of music's
healing power with
Augmented Reality (AR) and
Virtual Reality (VR) marks a
frontier where traditional
wisdom meets cutting-edge
technology. AR and VR
platforms provide immersive
environments that can
amplify the therapeutic
potential of music. Imagine a
virtual space where
individuals can experience
not only the auditory richness
of diverse cultural music but
also visually engage with the
historical and cultural
contexts that shape these
musical traditions.
In AR, overlays of information
can enhance the
understanding of the cultural
nuances associated with
healing music. For instance,
as users listen to a traditional
African drumming sequence,
AR could provide historical
insights, highlighting the
communal and spiritual
significance embedded in
each beat. This augmentation
bridges the gap between
auditory experience and
cultural understanding.In VR,
users could find themselves
transported to a virtual
setting where Eastern
instruments are played
during a meditation session.
The immersive nature of VR
allows individuals to not only
hear the music but also
visually explore the
landscapes, rituals, and
cultural practices intertwined
with these therapeutic
sounds. This multi-sensory
experience amplifies the
impact of music as a healing
force.
Music as a form
of selfexpression
We all have moments of pure
rage and frustration or
sadness and despair that are
so strong that we want to,
but can’t find the right words
to express how we’re feeling
to others. Music acts as an
outlet, a way to articulate our
feelings without having to
necessarily say them out
loud. Essentially, it gives us
the liberty to explore our
opinions and express
ourselves.
Leveraging music for
emotional support allows
individuals a space to
navigate and understand
their internal challenges
without feeling judged or
experiencing isolation. It also
prompts them to find inner
resilience and strength and
ultimately helps them cope
with challenging situations.
By blending conventional
psychotherapy methods with
different melodies and
harmonies, music therapy
helps people explore their
emotions through expression
of calm sounds. It helps us
find inner peace and explore
our deepest selves during
turbulent times. Does any
singular sound fit
everybody’s individual needs?
Absolutely not.
19

The impact of music varies from individual to individual, influenced by their personal
preferences and taste in music.
Along with finding a safe space of expression, music’s strength also lies in its potential for
fostering connections. Numerous instances of people uniting through music lead to shared
experiences that cultivates trust and creates a safe environment for people to seek solace
and support as well as exploration and creativity, no matter how diverse their backgrounds
are.
Conclusion
Music acts as a universal language of healing, guiding us through comprehending our
personal challenges more deeply and promoting positive transformations in our lives.
Scientifically, music has proven its effectiveness in multiple dimensions from enhancing
mental and emotional well being to boosting cognitive functions and allowing us to express
ourselves without articulating our emotions. Music dates back to ancient times and
continues to hold historical significance, and remains an integral part of therapy,
addressing varying conditions from PTSD and trauma to addiction, dementia and chronic
pain. Cultural viewpoints also shape how societies today incorporate music into healing
ceremonies, drawing from ancient traditions that go beyond simple pleasure from music.
Also by merging Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality technologies, music utilizes
technology to strengthen our bonds with cultural perspectives and explore the uncharted
therapeutic avenues of music. In conclusion, music possesses an authentic ability to heal
both the mind and body. It caters to the diverse needs of individuals and demonstrates its
effectiveness in both psychological and physiological aspects.
20

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EDITION SPECIAL
India’s Health
Infrastructure
And
Development
Where is India
in Achieving SDG 3?

Introduction
In the convoluted covering of a nation’s
progress, the state of its health
infrastructure holds utmost significance. In
the case of India, a country where the
heartbeat of a billion lives reflects varied
healthcare needs, the health sector is both
of promise and fraught with challenges. The
health and well-being of a dense nation are
complementary to its development, and India
is no exception. Looking through the
complicated mesh of healthcare delivery, it
becomes evident that understanding the
current state, challenges and opportunities
within India’s health infrastructure is not
merely an academic exercise; it’s an
inspection of the very basis which
determines the quality of its citizens.
Current state of health
infrastructure in India
India’s health infrastructure illustrates a
distinct prospect, characterised by a
coexistence of urban sophistication and rural
protests. In the urban sector, modern
healthcare facilities and technological
advancements often flourish, catering to a
sizable portion of the population. However,
the rural sector displays a completely
different story, with healthcare resources
thinly scattered, leading to pronounced
imbalance in accessibility. The uneven
distribution of healthcare facilities and
professionals carries itself like an impactful
hurdle, as a considerable portion of the
population covering rural areas deals with
24

limited access to quality
materials. The spatial
imbalance requires fortifying
healthcare in remote regions
in order to upgrade India’s
health infrastructure,
ensuring that progress is not
confined to urban centers but
reverberates across the
entire societal spectrum.
In urban sectors like Mumbai
and Delhi, India showcases
state-of-the-art hospitals
furnished with cutting-edge
medical technology, attracting
both national and
international patients. For
instance, Mumbai’s Lilavati
Hospital and Delhi’s AIIMS (All
India Institute of Medical
Sciences) stand as symbols of
advanced healthcare.
However, in stark contrast,
rural areas cope with limited
resources. According to a
2021 report by WHO (World
Health Organisation), there is
a significant urban-rural
divide in the density of
healthcare professionals, with
urban areas having a much
higher concentration. The
doctor-to-patient ratio in the
urban areas is notably better
than in rural regions, where
accessibility to health care
remains a critical concern. In
states like Bihar and
Jharkhand, rural healthcare
infrastructures face
challenges in terms of both
personnel and facilities,
leading to a certain imbalance
in health outcomes.
Government
initiatives and
policies
The Indian government has
taken plenty of initiatives to
maintain the nation’s health
infrastructure, targeting to
alleviate variation in
accessibility to healthcare
and strengthen healthcare
accessibility. The Ayushman
Bharat scheme, launched in
2018, stands out as a
landmark effort, providing
financial protection to over
100 million vulnerable
families for secondary and
tertiary hospitalisations. This
movement not only
recognised and addressed
the economic barricade to
healthcare but also aimed to
bring about a more broad
healthcare system. Under
Ayushman Bharat, eligible
beneficiaries are entitled to
receive coverage for
secondary and tertiary
hospitalization expenses.
The scheme provides a
defined health insurance
cover of up to INR 5 lakh per
family per year. This
coverage includes a wide
range of medical treatments,
surgeries, and procedures,
ensuring that families do not
face financial ruin due to
high healthcare costs.
Ayushman Bharat operates
on a cashless and paperless
model, with beneficiaries
identified based on the
Socio-Economic Caste
Census (SECC) database.
Emphasising technology-
driven processes, the
scheme aims to reduce
fraud and streamline the
healthcare delivery
system.India
has
implemented sustainable
blood storage practices by
adopting advanced
refrigeration technologies
and stringent quality control
measures. Blood banks use
specialised equipment to
maintain
proper
temperatures, ensuring the
longevity of stored blood.
Additionally, community
blood donation drives
contribute to a steady and
sustainable blood supply,
supporting healthcare needs
across the country.
Another noteworthy policy is
the NHM (National Health
Mission), launched in 2005.
Its aim is to strengthen
primary healthcare across
the country, sharpening
maternal and child health,
immunisation,
and
communicable disease
control. One of its key
components
is
Reproductive, Maternal,
Newborn, Child, and
Adolescent
health
(RMNCH+A), representing
the continuum of care from
pregnancy to adolescence. It
operates at both the
national and state levels,
creating a collaboration
between the central and
state governments to
implement and monitor
health programs effectively.
Despite these commendable
efforts, the demand for
healthcare often outpaces
25

the available resources,
leading to strain on the
system.
Another noteworthy policy
is the NHM (National Health
Mission), launched in 2005.
Its aim is to strengthen
primary healthcare across
the country, sharpening
maternal and child health,
immunisation, and
communicable disease
control. One of its key
components
is
Reproductive, Maternal,
Newborn, Child, and
Adolescent
health
(RMNCH+A), representing
the continuum of care from
pregnancy to adolescence.
It operates at both the
national and state levels,
creating a collaboration
between the central and
state governments to
implement and monitor
health programs effectively.
Despite
these
commendable efforts, the
demand for healthcare
often outpaces the available
resources, leading to strain
on the system.
Technological
Advancements in
Health
The infusion of technology
into India's healthcare
sector has brought about
transformative changes,
particularly in overcoming
geographical barriers
through telemedicine.
Telemedicine platforms
allow patients in remote or
underserved areas to
consult with healthcare
professionals, helping seal
the gap between urban
medical centers and distant
communities. This is
especially needed in a vast
and diverse country like
India, where accessibility to
quality healthcare can be a
significant challenge. Health
Information Systems (HIS)
play a momentous role in
organising and managing
healthcare data. These
systems enhance the
efficiency of healthcare
delivery by simplifying
seamless communication
among healthcare providers,
improving patient recordkeeping,
and supporting
data-driven decisionmaking.
This not only
enhances patient care but
also contributes to the
overall effectiveness of
healthcare systems.
Mobile health applications
and wearable devices have
empowered individuals to
take charge of their health.
These technologies enable
users to monitor vital signs,
track fitness levels, and
even receive personalized
health..recommendations.Th
e widespread adoption of
such tools contributes to a
shift from reactive to
proactive healthcare,
promoting preventive
measures and healthier
lifestyles. Moreover, the
application of artificial
intelligence (AI) and data
analytics holds promise for
revolutionizing healthcare in
India. AI can analyse vast
datasets to identify patterns
and predict disease
outbreaks. This predictive
capacity is invaluable for
public health planning and
resource allocation.
Additionally, AI is being
utilised in diagnostics and
treatment planning,
enhancing the precision and
efficiency of medical
interventions.
The
integration of technology
into India's healthcare
system is creating a more
accessible, efficient, and
patient-centered paradigm.
As these technological
advancements continue to
evolve, they contribute
significantly to building a
resilient and responsive
health infrastructure
capable of meeting the
diverse and growing
healthcare needs of the
nation.
26

Healthcare
Access and
Affordability
Financial barriers to healthcare in India
plays a huge factor in accessibility and
affordability, particularly for individuals and
families with limited economic means. Outof-pocket
expenses for medical treatments,
medications, and hospitalisations can
quickly escalate, often leading to financial
hardships, especially for those already
struggling with economic vulnerability. The
burden is particularly acute in low-income
households and rural areas, where the
choice between seeking necessary medical
care and meeting basic needs becomes a
precarious balancing act. This financial
strain exacerbates existing health
inequality, creating a situation where
individuals might delay or avoid medical
treatments due to concerns about their
ability to afford them. The consequences of
these financial barriers extend beyond
individual hardships, contributing to the
perpetuation of health inequalities.
Individuals from economically
disadvantaged backgrounds face additional
challenges in accessing timely and quality
healthcare, deepening the existing
disparities in health outcomes. Addressing
these financial barriers is integral to
creating a more inclusive and equitable
healthcare system in India, one that ensures
that every individual, regardless of
economic standing, can access the
healthcare they need without enduring
undue financial hardships.
As of the latest available data, out-ofpocket
expense continues to be a
dominant source of healthcare financing
in India. According to the National Health
Accounts estimates for the year 2016,
approximately 62% of total health
expenditure is financed through out-ofpocket
payments. This high reliance on
individual payments signifies a significant
financial burden on households seeking
healthcare services. The NSSO's data
highlights the prevalence of catastrophic
health expenditures in India. A substantial
percentage of households face significant
financial strain due to healthcare costs.
The NSSO's survey reveals that a
considerable portion of households
spends more than 10% of their total
household budget on healthcare,
indicating the existence of financial
barriers to accessing medical
services.When a significant portion of a
household's budget is earmarked for
healthcare, people may be forced to make
difficult choices, potentially delaying or
forgoing essential medical treatments
due to concerns about their ability to
afford them. Unlike systems with a higher
proportion of public or private insurance
coverage, this places a heavier financial
burden on households, especially when
faced with unexpected or major health
events. This implies that a significant
share of financial resources that could be
directed towards education, housing, or
other essential needs is being allocated to
healthcare, potentially limiting overall
household well-being.
27

Role of Non-
Governmental
Organizations (NGOs)
All the NGOs mentioned earlier were only
looked at briefly. Not just scratching upon
the surface, NGOs actively participate in
advocating for policies that promote public
health. They serve as influential voices,
lobbying for increased funding, improved
healthcare infrastructure, and better
policies to address health inequality.
Contributions of NGOs in Improving Health
Infrastructure:
Community Outreach and
Awareness
NGOs often engage in community-based
programs to raise awareness about health
issues, preventive measures, and available
healthcare services. By involving health
literacy, NGOs contribute to creating
informed and empowered communities.
Capacity Building
Many NGOs focus on building the capacity
of local healthcare systems. This includes
training healthcare professionals, providing
resources, and implementing sustainable
healthcare practices to enhance the overall
quality of care in underserved areas.
Advocacy for Health
Policies
NGOs actively participate in advocating for
policies that promote public health. They
serve as influential voices, lobbying for
increased funding, improved healthcare
infrastructure, and better policies to
address health disparities.
Showcase of Successful NGO-Led
Initiatives:
SEWA Rural,
Gujarat
The Self-Employed Women's Association
(SEWA) Rural has been instrumental in
implementing community-based health
programs in Gujarat. These initiatives focus
on maternal and child health, preventive
care, and health education. SEWA Rural has
successfully integrated healthcare with
community development, showcasing a
model where health initiatives address
broader socio-economic factors.
Aravind Eye
Care System
Aravind Eye Care, based in Tamil Nadu, is a
renowned example of an NGO-led initiative
that has made a significant impact. Known
for its innovative approach to eye care,
Aravind provides high-quality, affordable
eye surgeries. Their model combines
sustainability with a commitment to
providing care to all, irrespective of the
patient's ability to pay.
28

Jan Swasthya Sahyog,
Chhattisgarh
This NGO operates in the tribal areas of
Chhattisgarh, focusing on providing
healthcare to marginalized communities.
Jan Swasthya Sahyog emphasises
community participation, and their
initiatives include primary healthcare,
training local health workers, and
addressing socio-economic determinants of
health.
Future Prospects and
Recommendations
India's health infrastructure, while
commendable in many aspects, clashes
with unrelenting challenges that beckon for
new solutions. Rural healthcare
accessibility remains a focal point, urging
initiatives to strengthen primary healthcare
facilities and address the shortage of
healthcare professionals in remote areas.
Embracing technological advancements,
especially in telemedicine, is essential to
link the urban-rural healthcare divide. The
roadmap to a volatile health infrastructure
requires a standard shift in policies and
financial commitments. Policymakers must
prioritise the development of a hetfy health
insurance framework to ease the burden of
out-of-pocket expenses on citizens.
Increased investments in healthcare, both
at the national and regional levels, are
predominant. These investments should not
only focus on expanding infrastructure but
also on nurturing a skilled healthcare
workforce through comprehensive training
programs and educational reforms. Publicprivate
partnerships can be supplied to
boost healthcare delivery and encourage
innovations in medical
research.Sustainability is the cornerstone
of a tough healthcare system. Efforts
should be directed towards green practices
within healthcare facilities, embracing .
29

renewable energy sources, and adopting
eco-friendly waste management strategies.
Sustainable healthcare development also
involves community engagement and
empowerment, adding an essence of
ownership and responsibility among
citizens for their health and well-being. This
includes promoting healthy lifestyles,
preventive care, and addressing social
determinants of health.The journey towards
a future-ready health infrastructure
necessitates an approach that goes beyond
what we have at present day, it requires
more. A holistic view of healthcare,
incorporating physical and mental wellbeing,
preventative measures, and
community health, is very much needed.
Integrated healthcare systems should
seamlessly connect primary, secondary,
and tertiary care, with a focus on preventive
healthcare and early interventions.
Collaboration between governmental
bodies, non-profit organisations, the private
sector, and local communities is essential to
even make a start.
Conclusion
In conclusion, India's health infrastructure
stands at a critical juncture, where the
challenges and opportunities are of great
involvement and importance of the nation's
progress. The urban-rural divide in
healthcare accessibility underscores the
need for targeted initiatives to fortify
healthcare in remote regions. While
government schemes like Ayushman Bharat
and the National Health Mission address
some of these issues, the demand often
outstrips available resources, requiring a
continuous reevaluation of strategies. The
infusion of technology, exemplified by
telemedicine and Health Information
Systems, brings transformative potential,
but financial barriers take a toll on such,
particularly in the form of high out-ofpocket
expenses. The indispensable role of
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in
advocating for policy changes and
implementing community-centric programs
cannot be overstated. Looking forward, a
holistic and integrated approach that
combines technological advancements,
sustainable practices, and concerted
efforts to address financial barricades is
highly important for shaping a resilient and
equitable healthcare future for India. This
journey towards a healthier tomorrow is a
collective effort; uniting policymakers,
NGOs, technological innovators, and
citizens in a shared commitment to build a
healthcare system that serves every
individual, regardless of their geographical
or economic context.
25

O U R N E W E S T C O L U M N
ZOOMER
DIARIES

The Puzzle of Personality
We’ve all heard people say things like “He has a funny personality” or “She’s a shy person”,
these all describe how a person acts in different situations but what are they actually
referring to when they say this? This write-up aims to do just that, explore the less spoken
about and often unexplored parts of human behaviour.
How does one think?
So, what IS personality? Well, in a nutshell it is how one person looks at the world around
them. Each one of us has a completely unique perception of the world around us. An
employer might get mad at his/ her employee for taking frequent sick leaves from work,
which is causing problems but on the other hand, they might be more compassionate, not
pressuring the employee and dealing with the workload some other way. Both are
completely rational and acceptable approaches to dealing with a problem, but our
personality is one of the things which predisposes us to choose one approach over the
other. So learning about it can not only help us understand what we value more but also
help us predict our response to a certain situation better like in the employer – employee
dilemma above.
While there are many psychologists who theorise different ways to evaluate a person’s
personality, I want to talk about the ‘OCEAN’ or ‘The Big Five’ Model which divides our
demeanour into 5 traits each with unique attributes associated with them.
42

Mapping the Human Psyche
Openness
Conventionally creative people like artists and philosophers score
high on this trait. You are more interested in abstract concepts
and ideas; you view the world as a place for creative thought,
people are beings to give you a different perspective on things
and some topics are better tackled with some than others. What’s
interesting is that there is also a slight correlation between
openness and your political ideology being Liberal which doesn’t
seem too far-fetched, Open people are extremely curious to lean
and change the world
Though this isn’t limited to just being artistically congruent, even
Entrepreneurs score high on this due to their often ‘against-thegrain’
approach and being able to invent and innovate which
makes them successful. These folk often rely on their intuition as
well.
Extraversion
This is the most common one we hear yet
there are still misconceptions about it so
let me give you a quick and easy analogy.
Imagine people as a battery. Extroverted
people charge their batteries up with
people and it drains when they’re alone
and on the other hand, Introverted people
are the most energetic when they’re by
themselves with no one bothering them
while social interaction drains them.
Conscientiousness
If I had to describe this trait in a single word, it
would be ‘orderly’. You’re going to be in a tough
spot if you don't keep something back where it
was before if you’re with a Conscientious person.
They often tend to be the most productive of the
bunch, making schedules and timetables and also
tend to score high academically.
They also are the opposite to Openness in some
ways, if Open people are more politically Liberal,
then Conscientious people are more politically
Conservative. To put it simply, if Conscientious
people like putting things in boxes and keeping
everything organised; Open people come by and
ruin everything by “misplacing” all the stuff while
arguing that the boxes are all wrong and you need
to stop being so uptight and stubborn. Both can be
right; it depends on the scenario.
33

· Agreeableness
This trait looks at your inclination to be self-sacrificing for others
or being self-centred. Agreeable people tend to be followers
while the opposite prefers doing their own thing. Taking the
example of the employer and employee again, the more agreeable
employer would look after his/ her employee’s health more, but
the more disagreeable employer is not wrong in looking after the
needs of their business as well; being too high on either side can
lead you to being either exploited by others or becoming a
narcissist.
Researchers have also found another correlation here with
Agreeable people being more likely to be politically Liberal and not
only that but women tend to be more agreeable than men on
average.
Neuroticism
This is the final trait and personally, the hardest
one to tackle. Neuroticism is an inherently
‘negative’ trait, neurotic people are more prone to
emotions like anxiety and sadness, but it also
makes them more danger averse. Neurotic people
see the world as a threatening place which can
not only be beneficial but also true in some
scenarios, they are also able to deal with
challenges well if they have been able to cope with
their negative emotions effectively while someone
else with less experience would struggle. Women
also tend to score higher on this trait than men.
34

Conclusion
If you would like to find out more about your own personality, you can visit this site here:
https://bigfiveaspects.com
Keep in mind that scoring higher or lower on any trait doesn’t make it “good” or “bad”. Each trait
and each of its variations will have uses (even Neuroticism) so you shouldn’t fret about not meeting
your expectations but take this as an opportunity to learn more about yourself as a person and
make decisions more aligned to your goals from now on.
32

EDITION SPECIAL
Sex and
Sexuality:
A
Comprehensive
Journey
Can You Ever Really
Fish Too Much ?

Sex and Sexuality:
A Comprehensive Journey
The ‘S’ Word
India is a land of culture and is progressing
daily, but while everything is moving
forward there is still one thing that is not
being addressed the way it should be. The
S- word. That’s right, sex, while we all are
aware of it and frankly know a lot about it,
it is still something that you don't see
people openly talk about. In this article let's
break down some concepts and
misconceptions as well as the stigma
associated with sex, sex education,
sexually transmitted diseases and
abortions.
The ‘YOU KNOW WHAT’
In India the word sex is even more scary
than the word voldemort. If you say it
openly, you are going to get judged by the
elderly in our country, and you might even
be shushed or asked to leave the place if
you continue doing this. Growing up in such
an orthodox community, the youngsters of
India don’t get to know much about puberty
let alone sex. It is never talked about in a
traditional Indian family. Even puberty is
not addressed properly. All the information
that a curious teen gets to know is from the
internet, which more than often is
misleading.
But surprisingly, when it comes to sex
education, India is considered a pioneer.
Ancient Indian texts, such as the Kama
Sutra and the Ananga-Ranga, provided
valuable insights into sexuality, eroticism,
and emotional fulfilment in life. Unlike
modern-day sex education, which focuses
on biological aspects, ancient Indian sex
education incorporated philosophical ideas
and emphasised the holistic nature of
sensuality.These ancient texts were not
limited to the literate population. Varied
illustrations, art, and sculptures were used
to ensure that people of all literacy levels
could understand and appreciate the
teachings. This inclusive approach to sex
education highlights the progressive
thinking of ancient Indian society.
The Kama Sutra: Celebrating Female
Pleasure: One of the most well-known
ancient Indian texts on sexuality is the
Kama Sutra. Dating back to 400 BCE-300
CE, this scripture explores the various
aspects of desire, love, pleasure, and sex.
The word "KAMA" itself translates to
"desire/love/pleasure/sex." What sets the
Kama Sutra apart is its special focus on
creating pleasure for women. As noted by
Anne Hardgrove, a history professor, and
author, the Kama Sutra emphasises that a
man who fails to provide pleasure to a
woman may face consequences, as she
may seek pleasure elsewhere. This
recognition of female pleasure and agency
is remarkable, considering the societal
norms of the time.
Male Pleasure in Ancient Indian
Texts:While the Kama Sutra highlights the
importance of female pleasure, ancient
Indian texts also acknowledged the
significance of male pleasure. In Hinduism,
the attainment of "kama" (pleasure) is
prescribed as part of the grhastha stage,
the second of the four life stages.
Unlike some Western religions, Hinduism
does not rely on a single canonical text.
Instead, it encompasses numerous texts
that mention sexuality, including the
Upanishads and the Tantras. The Kama
38

Sutra, authored by
Vatsyayana in the third
century B.C.E., challenges
the idea that sexual
relationships should solely
focus on procreation and
instead encourages
individuals to prioritise
pleasure.
Another notable text, the
"Ananga Ranga," written in
the 15th century, can be
seen as an updated version
of the Kama Sutra. It aims
to demonstrate that a
woman alone is enough to
fulfil a man's desires. The
book provides instructions
on how a husband can
enhance love for his wife
through sexual pleasure,
enabling a fulfilling and
harmonious relationship.
Modern Influences and the
Need for Rediscovery:In the
modern era, with rapid
globalisation and societal
changes, the unique aspects
of Indian sexuality are
becoming diluted. It is
crucial to rediscover and
celebrate our ancient
teachings to attain
individual freedom and
invest our energy into
addressing social issues
related to sexuality.
By revisiting the wisdom of
ancient Indian texts, we can
gain insights into the
importance of pleasure,
emotional connection, and
the empowerment of both
men and women. These
lessons can guide us in
navigating modern
relationships and fostering
a healthier understanding of
sexuality. The Vedic Age:
Embracing the Third Sex: In
ancient India, the concept
of sexuality extended
beyond the binary
understanding of male and
female. The Vedas, the
oldest religious texts of
Hinduism, acknowledged
the existence of a "Third
Sex." This term
encompassed individuals
who possessed qualities of
both genders, including
homosexuals,
transgenders, and intersex
people. Surprisingly, the
ancient scriptures not only
acknowledged their
presence but also provided
them with respect and
protection.The Dharma
Shastra, the legal code of
the time, did not prescribe
any punishments for those
born into the Third Sex.
Homosexual men and
women were allowed to live
their lives freely, without
societal pressure or
expectations. While
marriage held great
significance in Hinduism,
homosexual individuals
were neither forced nor
expected to marry for
procreation. In fact,
scriptures even forbade
homosexual unions in
certain cases. The
acceptance
of
homosexuality in ancient
India was such that some
homosexual couples chose
to marry, while others
embraced celibacy as a
way of life.Uniting
Sexuality and Spirituality in
the Vedas: The ancient
scriptures not only
embraced diverse sexual
orientations but also
recognized the profound
connection between
sexuality and spirituality.
One of the most wellknown
stories in the Vedas
is that of Lord Shiva and
the river Ganges. As the
river descended to Earth,
Lord Shiva caught it in his
hair to prevent it from
destroying the planet. The
union between the river
and Shiva symbolised the
intermingling of fire and
fluid, representing the
harmony between
spirituality
and
sexuality.This metaphorical
union illustrates the vital
role of sex in the creation
and sustenance of life. Just
as the combination of fire
and water gives birth to the
river, the interplay of
spirituality and sexuality
brings forth the ultimate
form of creation. The
Vedas recognized the
significance of sexual
fluids, mirroring the waters
of the rivers, in the process
of procreation and life
itself.
Sex and Society in Vedic
Literature: While the Vedas
emphasised the importance
of marriage for
procreation, they also
provided insights into the
role of sex in society. In
ancient India, sex outside
of marriage was
considered taboo. It was
believed that the primary
purpose of sex was
procreation, and engaging
in sexual activities outside
the institution of marriage
was deemed unnecessary
and immoral. However, the
Vedas did not advise
against sex itself. They
recognized that the nature
39

and quality of the child depended on the
circumstances of conception.According to
the ancient texts, children conceived in a
state of bliss and euphoria were believed
to develop into happy and healthy
individuals. Conversely, children conceived
in sadness or fear were thought to be
prone to physical and mental afflictions,
leading unfulfilling lives. The Vedas also
cautioned against sexual acts during the
menstrual cycle, warning of potential
problems for both the couple and the
unborn child.
Carvings and Artwork: Expressions of
Sexuality in Ancient India: Physical
representations of sexuality can be found
in various forms of art and sculptures
from ancient India. Temples, such as the
famous Khajuraho temple complex, depict
men, women, gods, and goddesses
engaged in explicitly sexual activities.
These intricate carvings and artwork serve
as a testament to the acceptance and
reverence of sex and related activities in
early Hinduism.The fire pit, a central
element in religious rituals, is shaped like a
vulva, symbolising the womb and the
source of creation in Hindu mythology.
This symbolism reinforces the connection
between spirituality and sexuality,
acknowledging their intertwined nature.
The ancient Indian civilization embraced
sexuality as an essential aspect of life and
spirituality, celebrating its beauty and
significance through artistic expressions.
The Evolving Understanding of Sexuality in
India: While ancient Indian scriptures offer
valuable insights into the diverse
perspectives on sex and sexuality, it is
important to acknowledge that societal
attitudes have evolved over time. Modern
India grapples with a complex interplay of
cultural, religious, and societal influences,
shaping contemporary attitudes towards
sexuality. The conservative Victorian
values imposed during the colonial era
have contributed to the stigmatisation and
repression of sexuality in Indian
society.However, there is a growing
movement towards openness and
acceptance, with organisations and
activists working to challenge societal
taboos and promote sexual education and
rights. It is crucial to continue the dialogue
surrounding sexuality in India, drawing
inspiration from the progressive views of
the past while addressing the unique
challenges of the present.
Embracing Diversity: A Call for
Acceptance:As we reflect on the ancient
scriptures and their portrayal of sex and
sexuality in India, it becomes evident that
diversity was not only acknowledged but
respected. The acceptance of the Third
Sex, the recognition of the union between
spirituality and sexuality, and the
celebration of sexual expressions through
art all demonstrate a more inclusive and
open-minded approach to sexuality.
40

The Awkward Trip To
The Doctor
Growing up in India, there
is something that almost
everyone might have
heard- if a child/ baby is
naked you hear people say
SHAME SHAME. As a
small child we are all
taught to cover ourselves
and not flash anyone, while
this is something that is apt
and good we are
somewhere also taught not
to talk about our genitals. If
you're a girl, go talk to your
mom and if you're a boy- go
straight to your father.Ever
since childhood, we are
made to believe that what’s
between our legs is very
private and it should not be
talked about. So generally,
having a stranger, even if it
is a doctor, ask us
questions regarding our
body in this way openly
makes us uncomfortable
and even more so when the
said doctor is looking and
touching the area. And
awkwardness reaches
another level when we are
sexually active. We know
about sexually transmitted
diseases, we are very much
aware of it as well.
Sexually transmitted
infections (STIs) are a
common concern for
anyone who is sexually
active. It is important to
have a good understanding
of STIs, their types,
symptoms, transmission
methods, prevention
techniques, testing,
26

treatment options, and even
how to talk to your partner
about them.
STIs are primarily transmitted
through sexual contact,
including vaginal, anal, and
oral sex. However, some STIs
can also be spread through
other means, such as sharing
needles with an infected
person or during childbirth
from mother to baby. It is
important to note that even if
you engage in safe sex
practices, there is still a risk
of contracting an STI, as
certain infections can be
transmitted through skin-toskin
contact in the genital
area.
There are several types of
STIs that one should be
aware of. Some of the most
common ones include:
Chlamydia: This bacterial
infection can be easily
transmitted through
vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
It often exhibits no
symptoms, but may lead
to severe complications if
left untreated, such as
pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID) in women.
Gonorrhoea: Another
bacterial infection,
gonorrhoea can affect
both men and women. It
can cause symptoms like
painful urination,
abnormal discharge, and
in some cases, infertility.
Human papillomavirus
(HPV): HPV is a viral
infection that can lead to
genital warts or, in some
cases, various types of
cancer, including cervical,
anal, and throat
cancer.
Herpes: Caused by
the herpes simplex
virus (HSV), herpes is
a common STI that
results in painful
outbreaks of blisters
on the genitals or
mouth. It is highly
contagious and can be
transmitted even
when no visible
symptoms are
present.
HIV/AIDS: Human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) weakens
the immune system
and can progress to
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS). It is
primarily transmitted
through unprotected
sexual intercourse or
sharing needles with
an infected person.
Symptoms
and
complications of STIs:The
symptoms of STIs can
vary depending on the
type of infection. While
some STIs may not exhibit
any noticeable signs,
others can cause
discomfort and serious
complications. Common
symptoms include:
Unusual discharge
from the genitals
Pain or burning
sensation during
urination
Itching, redness, or
swelling in the genital
area
Pain during sexual
intercourse
Sores, blisters, or
warts on the genitals
or mouth
If left untreated, STIs can
lead to severe
complications, such as
infertility, chronic pelvic
pain, organ damage, and
an increased risk of
developing other
infections or certain types
of cancer. It is crucial to
seek medical attention
and get tested if you
experience any symptoms
or suspect you may have
been exposed to an STI.
42

Preventing STIs: Safe sex practices and
contraception:The best way to prevent STIs
is by practising safe sex and using effective
contraception.
Use condoms: Consistently and
correctly using male or female condoms
during sexual intercourse can greatly
reduce the risk of STI transmission.
Limit sexual partners: Having multiple
sexual partners increases your chances
of exposure to STIs. Limiting the number
of partners and ensuring they have been
tested can help lower your risk.
Get vaccinated: Vaccinations are
available for certain types of STIs, such
as HPV. Speak to your healthcare
provider about the vaccines that may be
suitable for you.
Communication and consent: Openly
discussing sexual health with your
partner and obtaining consent before
engaging in any sexual activity is crucial
for preventing the spread of STIs.
Regular testing: Getting tested for STIs
on a regular basis, especially if you have
multiple partners, is essential for early
detection and treatment.
Getting tested for STIs:Getting tested
for STIs is an important step in
protecting one’s sexual health. It is
recommended to get tested if you have
had unprotected sex, multiple partners,
or if your partner has been diagnosed
with an STI. Testing can involve urine
samples, blood tests, swabs, or physical
examinations depending on the type of
STI being tested for. Remember that
some STIs may not show immediate
symptoms, so regular testing is crucial
for early detection and timely treatment.
Treatment options for STIs: If you test
positive for an STI, it is important not to
panic. Many STIs are treatable and
manageable with the right medical
interventions. The treatment options for
STIs depend on the specific infection and
may include antibiotics, antiviral
medications, or other prescribed
medications.
It is vital to follow the treatment plan
prescribed by your healthcare provider and
complete the full course of medication, even
if symptoms disappear. Additionally, it is
important to inform your sexual partners so
they can also get tested and receive
appropriate treatment if necessary.
STI myths and misconception: There are
numerous myths and misconceptions
surrounding STIs. It is important to debunk
these myths to ensure accurate information
and promote safe sexual practices. Some
common misconceptions include:
Only promiscuous individuals get STIs:
STIs can affect anyone, regardless of
their sexual history or number of
partners.
You can't get an STI if you use
protection: While using condoms and
other forms of contraception can
greatly reduce the risk, they do not
provide 100% protection against all
STIs.
You can tell if someone has a STD by
looking at them: Many STIs do not
exhibit visible symptoms, making it
impossible to determine if someone is
infected just by their appearance.
STIs can be cured by home remedies:
STIs require medical treatment, and
relying on home remedies can lead to
complications and further transmission.
Educating oneself and others about the
realities of STIs is essential for promoting
safe sexual practices, reducing stigma, and
ensuring the overall well-being of
individuals.
43

Medical Termination
of pregnancy
MTP or Medical
termination of pregnancy
sounds very big and scary,
it is nothing but abortions.
Cultural insights on
abortion: Cultural beliefs
play a significant role in
shaping
religious
perspectives on abortion.
Cultural values, norms,
and traditions influence
how individuals interpret
and practise their religious
teachings. These beliefs
can provide a framework
for understanding the
sanctity of life, the role of
women, and the
importance of family and
community. Cultural
contexts also shape
attitudes towards
reproductive rights,
personal autonomy, and
the role of religion in
guiding moral decisions. As
a result, religious
perspectives on abortion
can vary within a particular
religion, reflecting the
diversity of cultural beliefs
and practices within a
society.
In traditional Indian
culture, there are various
perspectives on abortion.
Some people may have
traditional views that
prioritise the preservation
of life, while others may
have more progressive
views that prioritise a
woman's right to make
decisions about her own
body.
In India, different religions
have varying perspectives on
abortion. For example, within
Hinduism, views on abortion
can differ. Some Hindus
believe in the sanctity of life
and may consider abortion
morally wrong, while others
may take a more nuanced
approach, considering factors
such as the health and wellbeing
of the mother. Similarly,
within Islam, there are
differing opinions. Some
Muslims may view abortion as
permissible only under
specific circumstances, such
as when the mother's life is at
risk.
Within Sikhism, the belief in
the sanctity of life may lead
some Sikhs to oppose
abortion except in cases
where the mother's life is in
danger. In Jainism, the
principle of non-violence
(ahimsa) is central, and some
Jains may consider abortion
to be a violation of this
principle. Buddhism, on the
other hand, has diverse
views, with some Buddhists
emphasising compassion and
the reduction of suffering,
which may influence their
stance on abortion. MTP and
Female Foeticide:
44

MTP stands for Medical
Termination of Pregnancy
and refers to the
termination of a pregnancy
through
medical
procedures.
MTP is a legal and safe
option for women who wish
to end a pregnancy under
certain circumstances,
such as when the
pregnancy poses a risk to
the mother's life or if the
foetus has severe
abnormalities. It is however
considered morally wrong
and is generally looked
down upon in India.
On the other hand, female
foeticide is the selective
abortion of female foetuses
due to a preference for
male children. This practice
is rooted in cultural and
social beliefs that prioritise
male offspring. Female
foeticide is illegal and
highly discouraged,but that
did not stop people from
doing it. While abortions
are generally considered
morally wrong, our
forefathers practised it to
ensure their lineage is
“PURE”. The irony does not
go unnoticed. The practice
went so far that it required
a statutory ban on
amniocentesis, which is a
medical procedure to check
the foetus for any genetic
abnormalities or disorders
such as down syndrome,
haemophilia, etc. the
procedure occurs after 14
weeks when the sex of the
foetus is visible and was
45

STD
constantly used to identify if the child
would be a boy or a girl and yes if it
was a girl, the people went as far as
to kill the foetus.
Legal laws regarding abortion: The
legal landscape surrounding abortion
has evolved in India. The Medical
Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act
was enacted in 1971, which allowed
for the termination of pregnancies
under certain conditions. In 2021,
amendments were made to the MTP
Act, extending the gestational limit for
abortion and expanding access to
safe and legal abortion services.
These changes aim to ensure
women's reproductive rights and
improve access to healthcare
services. There are specific conditions
that need to be met for a legal
abortion in India. According to the
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
(MTP) Act, some of the conditions
include factors like the gestational
age of the pregnancy, the woman's
physical or mental health, and the
potential risk to the woman's life if the
pregnancy is continued. These
conditions are assessed by healthcare
professionals to determine if a legal
abortion can be performed.In India,
the gestational limits for abortion vary
depending on the specific
circumstances. Generally, abortions
can be performed up to 20 weeks of
gestation. However, in certain cases
where there is a substantial risk to
the woman's life or if there are foetal
abnormalities, the gestational limit
may be extended beyond 20 weeks.
46

MEET
THE TEAM
WRITERS
Nakul
Kirpekar
DESIGN
Arnav
Kirpekar
Harsh
Aggarwal
Riya Kelkar
EDITORS
Nehal
Singhal
Simran
Joshi
Nehal
Singhal
Dhriti
Budhwar
Kyna Sapra
Manan Bhatia
Aarna Mishra
Khushi Patil
Michelle
Thomas