TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL - Tapir Specialist Group

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10. Necropsy Field necropsies are valuable sources of information for wild tapirs’ medicine, however they are rare opportunities and should never be wasted. It is more common to find carcasses in advanced decomposition rather than fresh corpses, and in these cases it is still preferable to make a limited necropsy evaluation rather than ignoring the carcass. It is hard to refrigerate or freeze adult tapir’s carcasses, so with field necropsies it is important to perform the process very rapidly. It is recommended to use the proper individual protection equipment during the necropsy, such as disposable latex gloves, mask, and protection glasses, clothes and boots. The necropsy is essentially an observation and description exercise, and should involve little interpretation unless the performer of the necropsy is an experienced pathologist. The performer of the necropsy should make the most accurate and detailed description of the appearance and texture of the tissues, making descriptions even more detailed when there is a doubt whether what is being observed is normal or not. Photographs are important tools, as they allow the later re-evaluation of data and information exchange between pathologists. The objective of a necropsy is to identify all the pathologic processes that developed in the animal, both those that led to the death of the animal and all the others that occurred concurrently. For that reason, all tissues and organs should be carefully observed and sampled for histopathology, even when they do not seem to be involved in the cause of death. The collection of gastric content, parasites, genetic samples etc. is useful to provide a basis of comparison with other animals with unknown cause of death and to provide basic data on the biology of the species. The notes taken should avoid subjective or colloquial terms (a lot, much, few, huge etc.) and should preferably use objective descriptions (precise measurements). The use of necropsy protocols may be useful to provide a checklist so that the performer of the necropsy does not forget any evaluation or sample collection. In APPENDIX 3 we provide a spreadsheet and a simple checklist for field necropsies. We also hope the use of this spreadsheet will standardize the information collected by different tapir research projects, allowing comparisons on the causes of death of tapirs in different locations. The necropsy classically is divided in three phases: 1. External exam (skin, mucosa, natural orifices, apparent health) 2. Structural organization of viscera (compression, volvulus, dystopias, cavitary liquids) 3. Individual evaluation of the organs
All organs should be analyzed and have their external (size, form, location, surface, color, symmetry) and internal (structure, consistence, content, thickness, parasites, cutting surface, internal color, symmetry, nodules) characteristics meticulously described and carefully compared to the anatomical normality. The necropsy provides the opportunity of collecting a series of samples for posterior laboratorial exams, as summarized in TABLE 6. RECOMMENDED LITERATURE Almosny, N. R. P. & Santos, L. C. 2001. Laboratory Support in Wild Animal Medicine. In: Fowler, M. E. & Cubas, Z. S. (eds). Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Matushima, E. R. 2006. Técnicas Necroscópicas. In: Cubas, Z. S.; Silva, J. C. R. & Catão-Dias J. L. Tratado de Animais Selvagens: Medicina Veterinária. São Paulo: Roca. Munson, L. 2005. Necropsy Manual: Technical Information for Veterinarians. Wildlife Conservation Society. http://www.wcs.org.home/science/wildlifehealthscience
Page 1 and 2: TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL IUCN/
Page 3 and 4: AUTHORS Sonia Hernández-Divers DVM
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Veterinary Med
Page 7 and 8: 1. Veterinary Medicine in Tapir Con
Page 9 and 10: 2. Tapir Anatomy: General Informati
Page 11 and 12: 3. Capture Methods The capture tech
Page 13 and 14: 3.3. Box Trapping Box traps consist
Page 15 and 16: 4.1. Recommended Protocols Butorpha
Page 17 and 18: Butorphanol / Medetomidine Research
Page 19 and 20: Tiletamine-Zolazepan, Alpha-2-Adren
Page 21 and 22: 4.2. Important aspects to be consid
Page 23 and 24: � It is also necessary to careful
Page 25 and 26: 6. Collection, Handling and Storage
Page 27 and 28: 6.1.1.3. Handling and Storage of Bl
Page 29 and 30: a. Flotation Method: 3-5 g of feces
Page 31 and 32: 6.1.9. Ectoparasites The ticks shou
Page 33 and 34: 6.2. Basic Equipment and Supplies f
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 3. Expiration of Samples for
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 4. Suggested Serological Test
Page 39 and 40: 9. Reproduction 9.1. Brief Reproduc
Page 41: The use of ultrasound would certain
Page 45 and 46: 11. Interventions in Individual and
Page 47 and 48: Atropine In low doses, Atropine inh
Page 49 and 50: Viral Diseases 1. Herpesvirus. Ther
Page 51 and 52: APPENDIX 3 - Spreadsheets
Page 53 and 54: GENERAL CLINICAL EXAM Skin/Hair: (
Page 55 and 56: ANTERIOR FEET POSTERIOR FEET Left A
Page 57 and 58: Urinary system (kidneys, ureters, b

TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL - Tapir Specialist Group

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