TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL - Tapir Specialist Group

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The involvement of veterinarians in field research enriches the scientific data gathered during such projects and provides the following advantages: 1. A veterinarian is a person with specialized knowledge and training in capture and chemical immobilization. 2. A veterinarian is familiar with the regional diseases that affect other ungulates and tapirs. A veterinarian is able to evaluate and monitor epidemiological or endemic population health challenges, and elaborate disease control strategies. 3. A veterinarian could provide appropriate collection, handling and storage needed for the necessary diagnostic tests of biological samples for disease, genetic and other priority scientific investigation. 4. A veterinarian is trained to interpret the results of diagnostic exams which can often be a source of confusion for lay people. 5. A veterinarian is trained in the areas of anatomy and physiology and therefore is a valuable consultant in projects which will include any aspect of nutrition, reproduction and behavior. 6. A veterinarian is able to train field personnel (biologists, para-biologists, zoo personnel etc) on capture, immobilization, sample collection/handling/storage, identification of disease based on clinical signs, physical examination of the living animal, nutritional deficiencies and postmortem examination. 7. In the case of re-introduction, translocation, or populations restoring, the veterinarian’s participation becomes an absolute necessity. The veterinarian should be in charge of evaluating the health of all animals intended for release, to avoid the introduction of novel pathogens, and to protect the population intended for reintroduction. The formation of multidisciplinary teams is fundamental to improve conservation projects and maximize their yield. The role of the veterinarian in the conservation of the tapir species is oriented towards solving problems related to capture, immobilization, the recognition of disease and methods for predicting and controlling its effects on populations, if needed. However, the veterinarian can offer much more as a crisis manager, such in cases of epidemics or natural disasters, a facilitator, such as when communicating with other specialists (e.g. geneticists), as a consultant in areas such as nutrition, and as a trainer.
2. Tapir Anatomy: General Information The internal anatomy and physiology of tapirs is similar to that of the domestic horse and other Perissodactyla. When specific data is not available for tapirs, it is recommended to adapt the doses and therapeutics from protocols used for equids and rhinos. The tapirs have a solid and massive body structure, and their body weight is around 150-300 kg, or above 300 kg for the Malayan tapir (Further details on TABLE 1). Females tend to be larger than males, but there is no evident sexual dimorphism. Tapirs have a proboscis derived from muscle and soft tissues from the nose and upper lip. The proboscis is highly mobile and sensitive to touch, and is very important for the manipulation and ingestion of food. Lowland tapirs have an exuberant crest on the back of the neck, which is derived from fat and soft tissues and covered by very long black hair. TABLE 1. Body Weight of Different Tapir Species SHOEMAKER, A.H. et al. Linhas Mestras para Manutenção e Manejo de Antas em Cativeiro. IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG). Species Male (kg) Female (kg) Tapirus bairdii Tapirus indicus Tapirus pinchaque Tapirus terrestris 180-270 295-385 136-227 160-250 227-340 340-430 160-250 180-295 Tapirs have pharyngeal guttural pouches similar to that of the domestic horse, but no important affections of these structures have been reported. The parietal and visceral pleura are normally thick and prominent, but only Malayan tapirs have anatomic fibrous connective tissue between the lung and chest wall that might be mistaken for pathological adhesions. The jugular vein is found deeply in the laterals of the trachea. The dental formula of adult tapirs is 2x (I-3/3, C-1/1, PM-4/3, M-3/3) for a total of 42 teeth. Males and females have similar teething. The upper third incisors are large and well developed, while the upper canines are reduced and separated from the incisors by a narrow diastema. The lower third incisors are reduced and the lower canine is well developed, occluding with the canine-like upper third incisors. There is also a large diastema between canines and premolars in both jaws.
Page 1 and 2: TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL IUCN/
Page 3 and 4: AUTHORS Sonia Hernández-Divers DVM
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Veterinary Med
Page 7: 1. Veterinary Medicine in Tapir Con
Page 11 and 12: 3. Capture Methods The capture tech
Page 13 and 14: 3.3. Box Trapping Box traps consist
Page 15 and 16: 4.1. Recommended Protocols Butorpha
Page 17 and 18: Butorphanol / Medetomidine Research
Page 19 and 20: Tiletamine-Zolazepan, Alpha-2-Adren
Page 21 and 22: 4.2. Important aspects to be consid
Page 23 and 24: � It is also necessary to careful
Page 25 and 26: 6. Collection, Handling and Storage
Page 27 and 28: 6.1.1.3. Handling and Storage of Bl
Page 29 and 30: a. Flotation Method: 3-5 g of feces
Page 31 and 32: 6.1.9. Ectoparasites The ticks shou
Page 33 and 34: 6.2. Basic Equipment and Supplies f
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 3. Expiration of Samples for
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 4. Suggested Serological Test
Page 39 and 40: 9. Reproduction 9.1. Brief Reproduc
Page 41 and 42: The use of ultrasound would certain
Page 43 and 44: All organs should be analyzed and h
Page 45 and 46: 11. Interventions in Individual and
Page 47 and 48: Atropine In low doses, Atropine inh
Page 49 and 50: Viral Diseases 1. Herpesvirus. Ther
Page 51 and 52: APPENDIX 3 - Spreadsheets
Page 53 and 54: GENERAL CLINICAL EXAM Skin/Hair: (
Page 55 and 56: ANTERIOR FEET POSTERIOR FEET Left A
Page 57 and 58: Urinary system (kidneys, ureters, b

TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL - Tapir Specialist Group

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