TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL - Tapir Specialist Group

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APPENDIX 1 - General Information about Agents Commonly Used for the Chemical Restraint of <strong>Tapir</strong>s Alpha-2-Agonists: Medetomidine, Romifidine, Detomidine, and Xylazine Reversal Drugs: Atipamezole, Yohimbine, Tolazoline These drugs produce depression of the Central Nervous System (CNS), being classified as sedatives and soft analgesics, with myorelaxation properties. The use of these drugs in tapirs should consider their capability of depressing the thermoregulation. In many species, these drugs produce emesis, however this does not seem common in tapirs. On blood pressure, there is an initial increase followed by a long depression. There are no studies on the blood pressure of tapirs with these drugs, but the experience has shown that the later drop might difficult blood collection from peripheral veins, which may be corrected with the use of atropine. Other circulatory effects include bradicardia and arrhythmias. Short apnea and exposure of the penis have also been reported as common with these drugs. The isolated use of Alpha-2-agonists has proven efficient during a series of chemical restraint procedures. In particular Romifidine has shown the best results, due to the low volume required, low costs and stable cardio respiratory parameters. In general, Alpha-2-agonists have been considered fundamental in the developing of simple and safe anesthetic protocols for tapirs. They have been successfully associated with dissociative drugs, producing deeper anesthesia both in field and captivity. They have also been associated with opioid derivates, producing safe chemical restraint and deep sedation for field capture and handling. Opioid Derivates: Butorphanol Tartarate, Carfentanil, Etorphine Reversal Drug: Naloxone The opioid derivates have been classically used on the restraint and anesthesia of tapirs both in the wild and in captivity. They have been associated with Alpha-2-agonists and/or Ketamine, producing stable cardio respiratory parameters and good analgesia. The anesthetic recovery is smooth and fast, being accomplished naturally or with the use of Naloxone. Dissociative Drugs: Ketamine, Tiletamine No specific reversal drugs The dissociative drugs, derivates of ciclohexamine, may produce amnesia and catalepsy, providing an uncomfortable anesthetic induction and recovery, with ataxia, falls and pedaling movements (especially with Tiletamine = Telazol, Zoletil). The associations of Tiletamine with Alpha-2-agonists in tapirs may produce periods of anesthetic respiratory depression. Sometimes the periods of apnea may require to be reversed by respiratory massage and respiratory stimulants. When Alpha-2 reversal agents are not used, the anesthetic recovery might be uncomfortable, with oscillations between consciousness and depression.
Atropine In low doses, Atropine inhibits excessive salivation and respiratory secretions. In moderate doses, Atropine may be used to increase the hearth rate. Excessive doses, however, may reduce gastrointestinal and urinary motility. One of its most important uses in tapir anesthesia is to reduce hyper secretion and reverse the blood pressure drop due to Alpha-2-agonists or dissociatives, which hampers blood collection. Emergency Drugs It is highly recommended to predetermine the dosage of emergency drugs while planning for the chemical restraint of wild tapirs, so that these drugs are promptly available if needed. The use of Doxapram may be prophylactic in protocols using Alpha-2-agonists, opioids or Telazol/Zoletil, to prevent respiratory depression.
Page 1 and 2: TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL IUCN/
Page 3 and 4: AUTHORS Sonia Hernández-Divers DVM
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Veterinary Med
Page 7 and 8: 1. Veterinary Medicine in Tapir Con
Page 9 and 10: 2. Tapir Anatomy: General Informati
Page 11 and 12: 3. Capture Methods The capture tech
Page 13 and 14: 3.3. Box Trapping Box traps consist
Page 15 and 16: 4.1. Recommended Protocols Butorpha
Page 17 and 18: Butorphanol / Medetomidine Research
Page 19 and 20: Tiletamine-Zolazepan, Alpha-2-Adren
Page 21 and 22: 4.2. Important aspects to be consid
Page 23 and 24: � It is also necessary to careful
Page 25 and 26: 6. Collection, Handling and Storage
Page 27 and 28: 6.1.1.3. Handling and Storage of Bl
Page 29 and 30: a. Flotation Method: 3-5 g of feces
Page 31 and 32: 6.1.9. Ectoparasites The ticks shou
Page 33 and 34: 6.2. Basic Equipment and Supplies f
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 3. Expiration of Samples for
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 4. Suggested Serological Test
Page 39 and 40: 9. Reproduction 9.1. Brief Reproduc
Page 41 and 42: The use of ultrasound would certain
Page 43 and 44: All organs should be analyzed and h
Page 45: 11. Interventions in Individual and
Page 49 and 50: Viral Diseases 1. Herpesvirus. Ther
Page 51 and 52: APPENDIX 3 - Spreadsheets
Page 53 and 54: GENERAL CLINICAL EXAM Skin/Hair: (
Page 55 and 56: ANTERIOR FEET POSTERIOR FEET Left A
Page 57 and 58: Urinary system (kidneys, ureters, b

TAPIR FIELD VETERINARY MANUAL - Tapir Specialist Group

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