Canine Chronic Inflammatory Rhinitis

Canine chronic inflammatory rhinitis 81
antibacterial effects, and trial therapy with piroxicam. Owners
should be advised that antibiotics only treat secondary
bacterial infections and nasal discharge will likely return
once antibiotics are discontinued. Use of multiple antibiotics
should be avoided. Oral corticosteroids have shown little
therapeutic benefit and should be avoided due to unwanted
systemic effects. However, inhalant corticosteroids may be
effective in some patients. Further research is required to
identify the pathogenesis of LPR with the aim of developing
an effective treatment regimen.
References
1. Henn JB, Liu CH, Kasten RW, et al: Seroprevalence of antibodies
against Bartonella species and evaluation of risk factors and clinical
signs associated with seropositivity in dogs. Am J Vet Res 66(4):688-
694, 2005
2. Pappalardo BL, Brown T, Gookin JL, et al: Granulomatous disease
associated with Bartonella infection in 2 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 14(1):
37-42, 2000
3. Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, Maggi R, et al: Bartonella species as a
potential cause of epistaxis in dogs. J Clin Microbiol 43(5):2529-2533,
2005
4. Windsor RC, Johnson LR, Sykes JE, et al: Molecular detection of microbes
in nasal biopsies of dogs with idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic
rhinitis. J Vet Int Med (in press)
5. Windsor RC, Johnson LR, Herrgesell EJ, et al: Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic
rhinitis in 37 dogs: 1997-2002. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224(12):
1952-1957, 2004
6. Norris AM, Laing EJ: Diseases of the nose and sinuses. Vet Clin North
Am (Small Anim Pract) 15:865, 1985
7. Greene CE: Bacterial infections of the upper respiratory system. In
Greene CE (ed): Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. Philadelphia,
PA, WB Saunders, 1998, pp 583-584
8. Shin SH, Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, et al: Chronic rhinosinusitis: an
enhanced immune response to ubiquitous airborne fungi. J Allergy Clin
Immunol 114(6):1369-1375, 2004
9. Gosepath J, Brieger J, Vlachtsis K, et al: Fungal DNA is present in tissue
specimens of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 18(1):
9-13, 2004
10. Gosepath J, Mann WJ: Role of fungus in eosinophilic sinusitis. Curr
Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 13(1):9-13, 2005
11. Hamilos DL, Lunf VJ: Etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis: the role of
fungus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 193:27-31, 2004
12. Pant H, Kette FE, Smith WB, et al: Fungal-specific humoral response in
eosinophilic mucus chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 115(4):601-
606, 2005
13. Sasama J, Sherris DA, Shin SH, et al: New paradigm for the roles of fungi
and eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head
Neck Surg 13(1):2-8, 2005
14. Polzehl D, Weschta M, Podbielski A, et al: Fungus culture and PCR in
nasal lavage samples of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Med
Microbiol 54:31-37, 2005
15. Schueller MC, Murr AH, Goldberg AN, et al: Quantitative analysis of
fungal DNA in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 114(3):467-471,
2004
16. Rudolph K, Bice DE, Hey JA, et al: A model of allergic nasal congestion
in dogs sensitized to ragweed. Am J Rhinol 17(4):227-232, 2003
17. Cardell LO, Agusti C, Nadel JA: Nasal secretion in ragweed-sensitized
dogs: effect of leukotriene synthesis inhibition. Acta Otolaryngol
120(6):757-760, 2000
18. Tiniakov RL, Tiniakova OP, McLeod RL, et al: Canine model of nasal
congestion and allergic rhinitis. J Appl Physiol 94(5):1921-1928, 2003
19. Kurata K, Maeda S, Yasunaga S, et al: Immunological findings in 3 dogs
clinically diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. J Vet Med Sci 66(1):25-29,
2004
20. Burgener DC, Slocombe RF, Zerbe CA: Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in
five dogs. J Am Hosp Assoc 23:565-568, 1987
21. Johnson LR, DeCock HE, Sykes HE, et al: Cytokine gene transcription
in feline nasal tissue with histologic evidence of inflammation. Am J Vet
Res 66(6):996-1001, 2005
22. Russo M, Lamb CR, Jakovljevic S: Distinguishing rhinitis and nasal
neoplasia by radiography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41(2):118-124, 2000
23. Lefebvre J, Kuehn NF, Wortinger A: Computed tomography as an aid
in the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract
46(6):280-285, 2005
24. Saunders JH, van Bree H, Gielen I, et al: Diagnostic value of computed
tomography in dogs with chronic nasal disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound
44(4):409-413, 2003
25. Codner EC, Lurus AG, Miller JB, et al: Comparison of CT with radiography
as a noninvasive diagnostic technique for chronic nasal disease in
dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(7):1106-1110, 1993
26. Abramson AL, Isenberg HD, McDermott LM: Microbiology of the canine
nasal cavities. Rhinology 18:143, 1980
27. Cohen M, Bohling MW, Wright JC, et al: Evaluation of sensitivity and
specificity of cytologic examination: 269 cases (1999-2000). J Am Vet
Med Assoc 222(7):964-967, 2003
28. Lin R, Nahal A, Lee M, et al: Cytologic distinctions between clinical
groups using curette-probe compared to cytology brush. Ann Allergy
Asthma Immunol 86:226-231, 2001
29. Michiels L, Day MJ, Snaps F, et al: A retrospective study of non-specific
rhinitis in 22 cats and the value of nasal cytology and histopathology. J
Fel Med Surg 5:279-285, 2003
30. Parikh A, Scadding GK, Darby Y, et al: Topical corticosteroids in
chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled
trial using fluticasone proprionate aqueous nasal spray. Rhinology
39(2):75-79, 2001
31. Dolor RJ, Witsell DL, Hellkamp AS, et al: Comparison of cefuroxime
with or without intranasal fluticasone for the treatment of rhinosinusitis.
The CAFFS Trial: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc
286(24):3097-3105, 2001
32. Dijkstra MD, Ebbens FA, Poublon RM, et al: Fluticasone propionate
aqueous nasal spray does not influence the recurrence rate of chronic
rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 1 year after functional endoscopic sinus
surgery. Clin Exp Allergy 34(9):1395-1400, 2004
33. Weschta M, Rimek D, Formanek M, et al: Topical antifungal treatment
of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomized, doubleblind
clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113(6):1122-1128, 2004
34. Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kita H, et al: Intranasal antifungal treatment in
51 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(5):
1137-1138, 2003