Guide to Preventing Parasites.pdf - Royal Canin Canada

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4. Diagnostic tools 4.1 Why using them? Fecal testing has lost a bit of its popularity over the past few years, which iscompletely unjustified. Declining parasite prevalence, together with the use of a low-sensitivity technique, has led many veterinarians to perform fewer tests or to falsely believe that parasites have disappeared. We should use relatively sensitive techniques to convince ourselves of the importance of prevention. Why perform a fecal examination? To diagnose a sick animal. For screening purposes in a healthy animal. To determine the most appropriate drug. To determine the parasite load and decide if treatment is necessary. To check that a given treatment is effective. Screening is very important, especially when the clinical presence of parasites in an animal is not very manifest but nonetheless results in significant contamination of its environment and, possibly, transmission to humans. 4.2 Laboratory techniques Recent studies have shown that centrifugation techniques are more sensitive than flotation techniques (Dryden et al., 2005). The CAPC even recommends completely abandoning flotation as a fecal examination method (CAPC, 2005). In a controlled la boratory trial, we observed that centrifugation increased the number of eggs recovered on a microscope slide by a factor of 10 to 15 compared to simple flotation. The preferred saturated solution used in this technique is zinc sulfate, with double centrifugation. It is the most effective solution for separating protozoans, such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Isospora, from fecal matter. Little debris floats, yet this technique is sensitive enough to detect the presence of heavier eggs, such as those of Toxocara and Trichuris, and most of the eggs of others parasites, except perhaps those of Taenia. On the other hand, Taenia eggs are rarely present in the feces of infected animals (see Table 16). Ideally, the density of the saturated zinc sulfate solution should be 1,18. 22
Table 16. Egg density varies according to the species (David and Lindquist, 1982) Toxascaris leonina 1,055 Ancylostoma caninum 1. 055 Toxocara canis 1, 090 Toxocara cati 1, 100 Trichuris vulpis 1, 145 Taenia spp. 1, 225 Table 17. Technique of double centrifugation in zinc sulfate Materials _______________________________________________________________________ 15 mL centrifuge tubes Zinc sulfate solution 50 mL beakers or any other similar containers Tap water or distilled water Tea strainer Microscope slides and cover slips Wooden applicator sticks Horizontal of fixed-angle centrifuge Procedure _______________________________________________________________________ 1. Take a 1 or 2 g sample of feces, taking care to include the mucus, if any is present. 2. Carefully dissolve the sample in 12 mL of tap water, then filter through a tea strainer to remove the larger pieces of debris. 3. Pour the filtrate into a centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 1 500 rpm or at the speed recommended for urine (the lowest speed) for 10 minutes. 4. Gently discard the supernatant (the parasite elements are in the pellet). 5. Add approximately 10 mL (or 2/3 of the tube) of zinc sulfate solution. Use a wooden applicator stick to resuspend the pellet. Fill the tube up to about 1 cm from the top. 6. Centrifuge at 1 500 rpm or the equivalent for 10 minutes. 7. Gently remove the tube from the centrifuge and place it vertically in a rack. Add zinc sulfate solution by letting it flow slowly down the side of the tube so that it does not disturb the film on the surface of the liquid (parasitic elements float to the surface). Add enough solution to obtain a meniscus and place a cover slip on the surface. Wait 10 minutes. 8. Transfer the cover slip to a microscope slide and examine the entire slide under a 10X objective. 23
Page 1 and 2: GUIDE TO PREVENTING PARASITE INFECT
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1. Species reported in dog
Page 5 and 6: Tapeworms Specific to dogs Specific
Page 7 and 8: Table 2. Canadian studies of the pr
Page 9 and 10: Capillaria spp. 0.1 0.9 Taenia spp.
Page 11 and 12: Table 6. Parasite prevalence in sam
Page 13 and 14: The total number of specimens from
Page 15 and 16: Table 12. List of canine and feline
Page 17 and 18: Toxocara canis 4 3 2 9 Toxoplasma 5
Page 19 and 20: 3.4 A program tailored to our condi
Page 21: seem very reassuring, but at best,
Page 25 and 26: Table 20. Recommended techniques fo
Page 27 and 28: Giardia > Y ++ + + Taenia = ++ + ++
Page 29 and 30: Special terminology is used on labe
Page 31 and 32: Sarcophagidae (myiasis) Ivermectin*
Page 33 and 34: Table 25. List of drugs and their m
Page 35 and 36: There is another type of study that
Page 37 and 38: eed and place of birth, we can expe
Page 39 and 40: infected animal’s health. Since i
Page 41 and 42: Table 27. Number of cases of canine
Page 43 and 44: - In cats, prophylaxis can be achie
Page 45 and 46: Imidacloprid 8 weeks 2 to 12 hours
Page 47 and 48: HALAL F, Lampron F, Viens P. 1975.

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