Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2011

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XVI ListofContributors Heyman SN Department of Medicine Hadassah Hospital, Mt. Scopus PO Box 24035 91240 Jerusalem Israel Hillman K Department of Intensive Care The Simpson Center for Health Systems Research Liverpool Hospital Locked Bag 7103 Liverpool BC, NSW, 1871 Australia Hofer C Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Triemli City Hospital Birmensdorferstr. 497 8063 Zurich Switzerland Hollander JE Department of Emergency Medicine University of Pennsylvania 3400 Spruce Street, Ravdin Building Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Hommers C Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Royal United Hospital Combe Park Bath BA1 3NG United Kingdom Honoré P Intensive Care Department University Hospital Laarbeeklaan 101 1070 Brussels Belgium Huxley VH Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology UniversityofMissouriSchoolof Medicine MA415 Medical Science Building Columbia, MO 65203 USA Idris AH Department of Medicine UT southwestern Medical Center, Mailstop 8579 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, TX 75390–8579 USA Ince C Department of Intensive Care Erasmus Medical Center Postbox 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam Netherlands Ioos V Department of Intensive Care Hôpital Delafontaine 2 rue du docteur Delafontaine 93205 Saint-Denis France Jennewein C Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management Goethe-University Hospital Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 60590 Frankfurt am Main Germany Joannes-Boyau O Department of Intensive Care Haut Leveque University Hospital 1AvenueMagellan 33600 Pessac France Joannidis M Department of Internal Medicine 1 Medical University Anichstrasse 35 6020 Innsbruck Austria
Jog S Department of Intensive Care Deenathan Mangeshkar Hospital Near Mhatre Bridge Erandwane 411004 Pune India Jones AE Department of Emergency Medicine Carolinas Medical Center 1000 Blythe Blvd MEB 304e Charlotte, NC 28203 USA Labeau S Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Keramiekstraat 80 9000 Ghent Belgium Laffey JG Department of Anesthesia Clinical Sciences Institute National University Galway Ireland Laleman W Department of Liver and Biliopancreatic Disorders University Hospital Gasthuisberg Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium Lasocki S Département d’Anesthésie- Réanimation Chirurgicale CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard 46 rue Henri Huchard 75018 Paris France List of Contributors XVII Laureys S Coma Science Group Cyclotron Research Center University of Liège Sart Tilman B-30 4000 Liège Belgium Legriel S Intensive Care Department Hôpital André Mignot 177RuedeVersailles 78150 Le Chesnay France Lehmann C Department of Anesthesiology Dalhousie University 1276 South Park Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2Y9 Canada Litell JM Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic 200FirstStreetSW Rochester, MN 55905 USA Martin-Loeches I Critical Care Department Joan XXIII University Hospital Carrer Mallafre Guash 4 43007 Tarragona Spain Matejovic M 1st Medical Department Teaching Hospital Alej Svobody 80 304 60 Plzen Czech Republic Mauri T Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care San Gerardo Hospital Via Pergolesi 33 20052 Monza Italy
Page 1 and 2: Annual Update in Intensive Care and
Page 3 and 4: The series Annual Update in Intensi
Page 5 and 6: VI Table of Contents IV Endotrachea
Page 7 and 8: VIII Table of Contents XI Periopera
Page 9 and 10: List of Contributors Abroug F Inten
Page 11 and 12: Cecconi M Department of General Int
Page 13: Garcia X Department of Critical Car
Page 17 and 18: Murias G Intensive Care Unit Clinic
Page 19 and 20: Reuter DA Department of Anesthesiol
Page 21 and 22: Sobol J Department of Anesthesiolog
Page 23 and 24: Wunsch H Department of Anesthesiolo
Page 25 and 26: Section I 1 I Mechanisms of Sepsis
Page 27 and 28: 4 M.A.D. van Zoelen, A. Achouiti, a
Page 33 and 34: 10 M.A.D. van Zoelen, A. Achouiti,
Page 39 and 40: 16 I The Endocannabinoid System: A
Page 41 and 42: 18 C. Lehmann, V. Cerny, and M. Mat
Page 49 and 50: 26 I Remote Ischemic Conditioning a
Page 51 and 52: 28 P. Meybohm and B. Bein I Remote
Page 53 and 54: 30 P. Meybohm and B. Bein I other i
Page 55 and 56: 32 P. Meybohm and B. Bein I determi
Page 57 and 58: 34 P. Meybohm and B. Bein I to enco
Page 59 and 60: 36 P. Meybohm and B. Bein I 39. Wal
Page 61 and 62: 38 S.N. Heyman, S. Rosen, and C. Ro
Page 63 and 64: 40 S.N. Heyman, S. Rosen, and C. Ro
Page 65 and 66:
42 S.N. Heyman, S. Rosen, and C. Ro
Page 67 and 68:
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Section II 49 II Coagulation System
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52 X. Delabranche, F. Toti, and F.
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62 II The Inflammatory Potential of
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64 C. Jennewein, N. Tran, and K. Za
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70 II Iron Deficiency in Critically
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72 N.Heming,P.Montravers,andS.Lasoc
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80 II Heparin-induced Thrombocytope
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82 Y. Sakr II increase the risk of
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84 Y. Sakr II Thrombotic Complicati
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86 Y. Sakr II used. The agglutinati
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88 Y. Sakr II In30%ofpatientswhoare
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90 Y. Sakr II The Challenge of Diag
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92 Y. Sakr II tures of heparin-indu
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Section III 95 III Acute Respirator
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98 N.J. Meyer and J.D. Christie III
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100 N.J. Meyer and J.D. Christie II
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110 F. Dachraoui, L. Ouanes-Besbes,
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118 I. Galvin and N.D. Ferguson III
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Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
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Rapid Sequence Intubation: Overview
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Pre-hospital Rapid Sequence Intubat
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ecommend its use in the setting of
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Table 1. Hypnotic agents Agent Dose
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Conclusion Rapid sequence intubatio
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Alterations in Oral Microbial Ecolo
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pharynx is deemed to play an import
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Table 1. The BRUSHED Assessment Mod
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Research Priorities in Oral Care fo
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Conclusion Research Priorities in O
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Research Priorities in Oral Care fo
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Pros and Cons of Assisted Mechanica
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NoisyPSVhasanadvantageoverotherassi
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improvement in lung elastance, with
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controlled mechanical ventilation [
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References Pros and Cons of Assiste
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Can ’Permissive’ Hypercapnia Mo
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However, concerns persist, particul
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NAVA: Why, When, Who? 189 Restricte
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Table 1. Summary of recent human ph
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Essentially, neural (EAdi) monitori
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NAVA: Why, When, Who? 195 16. Girar
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Therapeutic Aerosols in Mechanicall
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a) Jet nebulizer b) Ultrasonic nebu
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References Therapeutic Aerosols in
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Section VI 207 VI Cardiac Crises VI
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210 S. Scolletta, B. Biagioli, and
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220 VI Evolving Rationale for Minim
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222 J.G. Wigginton, A.H. Idris, and
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Hypoalbuminemia as a Risk Factor fo
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Microcirculation Possibly, at least
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Tubular Function Tubular concentrat
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injury, failure, need for renal rep
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Developing Biological Markers 247 a
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Conclusion The discovery of several
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Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury i
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and acute tubular necrosis is unpro
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utility (Breathing Not Properly stu
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NGAL, in various other complexes wi
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tantly, a positive association with
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References Biomarkers of Acute Kidn
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Cardio-renal Syndromes: A Complex S
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�� Cardio-renal Syndro
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Blood Purification in Sepsis and Ac
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The Lymphatic Vasculature as a Part
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FormationofLymph The Lymphatic Vasc
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The Interstitium and Lymphatics hav
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Fluid is a Drug that can be Overdos
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Table 1. Fluid overload and outcome
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Conclusion The studies discussed ab
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Crystalloid or Colloid Fluids: A Ma
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More Saline than Colloid Needed? Cr
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The Cyclic Effects of Mechanical Ve
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PracticalUseofPPVinPatientswithARDS
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Meaning of Pulse Pressure Variation
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References Meaning of Pulse Pressur
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Meaning of Pulse Pressure Variation
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however, an overall assessment of t
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Fig. 2. Varying response to stoke v
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Table 1. An example of a safety pro
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References The Fluid Challenge 339
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Facing the Challenge: A Rational St
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Section IX 353 IX The Microcirculat
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356 M.A. Puskarich and A.E. Jones I
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366 IX How Can We Use Tissue Carbon
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368 E. Futier, J.-L. Teboul, and B.
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376 X.Garcia,F.X.Guyette,andM.R.Pin
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378 X.Garcia,F.X.Guyette,andM.R.Pin
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380 IX The Microcirculation of the
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382 A.P.C. Top, R.C. Tasker, and C.
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384 A.P.C.Top,R.C.Tasker,andC.Ince
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Heart Rate as Prognostic Marker and
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Fig. 3. Effects of baseline heart r
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heart rate 140 120 100 80 60 40 20
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in conjunction with cardiogenic sho
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Table 1. Summary of different hemod
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Hemodynamic Monitoring in Cardiogen
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variations of the left sided time-v
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Non-Invasive Estimation of Left Ven
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Fig. 1. Original theory by Otto Fra
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Hemodynamics from the Periphery 427
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Totally Non-invasive Continuous Car
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There are some limitations to the u
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Cardiac Output Monitoring: An Integ
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occurring signal variation with dif
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Table 2. (continued) Additional var
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Fig. 2. Integrative concept for the
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Section XI 457 XI Perioperative Med
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460 N. Brienza, L. Dalfino, and M.T
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472 S.G. De Hert and P.F. Wouters X
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A New Approach to Ventilator-associ
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Underlying Diseases A New Approach
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organisms in acute respiratory infe
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Selective Decontamination of the Di
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SDD/SOD and Antibiotic Resistance A
Page 505 and 506:
study the effects of SDD and SOD on
Page 507 and 508:
Selective Decontamination of the Di
Page 509 and 510:
New Treatment Options against Gram-
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Table 1. Classification schemes for
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are currently no antibacterials in
Page 515 and 516:
activity of BAL 30376 against vario
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Panipenem/betamipron New Treatment
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References New Treatment Options ag
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The ‘Bug’ In order to ensure ou
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tum [38].Allthreecompoundsarefungic
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Antifungal Therapy in The ICU: The
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Renal Dysfunction Antifungal Therap
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For fusariosis, voriconazole, posac
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Mycobacterial Sepsis and Multiorgan
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Other Systems Seeding of every orga
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mediuminthepresenceandabsenceofanti
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Table 1. Suggested treatment regime
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Pentraxin 3 (PTX3): Possible Role i
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patients, anti-PTX3 antibodies are
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Fig. 2. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in septi
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Pentraxin3(PTX3):PossibleRoleinCrit
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The Role of IgM- and IgA-enriched I
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis i
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of the splanchnic sympathetic nervo
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concomitant malignancy or traumatic
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These criteria seem to be very sens
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Prognosis When SBP was initially de
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significant effect on the probabili
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Fig. 1. The ‘critical mass’ con
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Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure: An
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Fig. 4. Representative scheme of th
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Survival benefit with MARS in patie
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Section XIV 589 XIV Trauma and Emer
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XIV 592 J.E. Hollander and A.M. Cha
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XIV 600 C. Hommers and J. Nolan sys
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XIV 602 C. Hommers and J. Nolan 97-
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XIV 604 C. Hommers and J. Nolan exp
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XIV 606 C. Hommers and J. Nolan per
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XIV 608 C. Hommers and J. Nolan 4.
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XIV 610 C. Hommers and J. Nolan 49.
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XIV 612 H. Schoechl, W. Voelckel, a
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XIV 620 H.Schoechl,W.Voelckel,andC.
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Section XV 629 XV Neurological Aspe
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632 S. Legriel, F. Pico, and E. Azo
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654 XV Prediction of Neurological O
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656 C. Sandroni, F. Cavallaro, and
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664 XV Neuroprotection in Sepsis by
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666 F. Esen XV leading to further n
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668 F. Esen XV can activate complem
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670 F. Esen XV tested the neuroprot
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672 F. Esen XV In sepsis, the use o
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674 F. Esen XV 41. Mocco J, Mack WJ
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676 A. Demertzi, S. Laureys, and M.
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Metformin and Lactic Acidosis S. Ve
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note, lactic acidosis may develop e
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unexplained lactic acidosis and hav
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17 ± 5 mmol/l. In one fatal case,
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Metformin and Lactic Acidosis 693 2
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Determination of Energy Goals Indir
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acy rates (defined as < 15 % error
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Energy Goals in the Critically Ill
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ing. Hence, while a brief period of
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lipogenesis, hepatic steatosis, inc
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educed metabolic demands of adipose
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Energy Goals in the Critically Ill
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Frailty: A New Conceptual Framework
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Although the concept of frailty has
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tion in the development of acquired
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digm that includes those processes
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Frailty: A New Conceptual Framework
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In the last decade, the UK reduced
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Access Block and Emergency Departme
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Potential Solutions Access Block an
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Access Block and Emergency Departme
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Triage of High-risk Surgical Patien
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is another system calculated from s
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ICU Admission Guidelines Triage of
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Transportation of the Critically Il
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sum of several smaller - seemingly
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shown that intra-hospital transport
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is stationary, the external ventric
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Should We Still Order Chest X-rays
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Table 1. Item wording of the Delphi
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on-demand approach, such as increas
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Fig. 2. Assessment of intragastricp
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Fig. 4. Assessment of lung sliding
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Conclusion We have convincingly sho
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Should We Still Order Chest X-rays
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tor cells of rods (low-level light)
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Box 1. Examples of immune effects a
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The Effect of Light on Critical Ill
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Box 2. Some beneficial health effec
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still many nebulous aspects, and wi
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Context Information in Critical Car
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Fig. 2. Alternative medical problem
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of intensivist specialty expertise
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Fig. 3. XML file for context inform
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Context Information in Critical Car
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Ambient Intelligence in the Intensi
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cognitive networks, likely without
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Conclusion The application of rules
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Simulation in Critical Care Medicin
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Engineering a Better Simulation Exp
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skills development before any patie
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decade has to be about reaching out
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seriously we take the safety of our
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Intensive Care Medicine: Where We A
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direction and orientation of a prim
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Page 817 and 818:
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Subject Index Abdominal compartment
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C-reactive protein (CRP) 57, 268, 5
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Information 781 Injury severity sco
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Phenytoin 648 Phorbol myristate ace
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Vagal activity 398 - stimulation 74
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