Attosecond Control and Measurement: Lightwave Electronics

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1 . 3 AT T O S E C O N D A N D H I G H - F I E L D P H Y S I C S D I V I S I O N Figure 16: Surface harmonic generation from relativistic plasmas and its temporal characterization. The p-polarized laser beam is focused onto a rotating disk-shaped target. The light reflected in the specular direction is re-collimated by a parabolic mirror and deflected towards a glass plate. The reflection off the glass plate close to Brewster’s angle (~57°) suppresses the p-polarized IR laser light while reflecting a substantial fraction (~5% in p-polarization) of the XUV harmonic emission. Passage through a 150-nm In filter selects harmonics greater than H8 and suppresses low-order harmonics as well as the residual laser light. The beam of selected harmonics (from H8 to H14) is focused by a spherical mirror split into two halves, serving as a focusing wave-front divider. The insets show data of a typical mass (upper) and harmonic (lower) spectrum. be resolved in space by conventional microscopic and X-ray or electron diffraction techniques, but they can do so only if the system is at rest. Our long-term research goal is to combine sub-atomic resolution in space and in time by developing sources of sub-femtosecond, Angström-wavelength electron and photon pulses. By recording a series of freeze-frame sub-femtosecond diffraction images of electron distributions by means of attosecond electron or X-ray diffraction, we will be able to observe atomic-scale electronic motion in matter with sub-atomic (picometre and attosecond) resolution in space and time. Once this dream comes true, we shall be able to make movies of all dynamics of the microcosm outside the atomic core. Our pursued laser-based high-energy particle and photon sources also open up exciting prospects for applications in life sciences. Ultra-brilliant, femtosecond X-ray pulses from a future laser-driven XFEL may permit determination of the atomic structure of biomolecules without the need for crystallization by recording flash X-ray diffraction images of single molecules. Furthermore, collimated, laser-driven beams of mono- Figure 17. Nonlinear volume autocorrelation of the coherent XUV beam comprising harmonics H8 to H14. The red dots represent He + signal produced by two-photon ionization while the blue dots depict H 2 O + signal resulting from single-photon ionization. The H 2 O signal level relative to the He + signal is scaled arbitrarily. (A) Coarse scan over a delay interval corresponding to the laser pulse duration. A Gaussian pulse fit (green dashed line), yields the overall duration of the XUV emission of T XUV = 44±20 fs. (B) A fine scan taken near zero delay with a delay step size of 133 as, corresponding to about 20 data points per laser cycle. The dashed green line is a fit to the raw data of a sequence of Gaussian pulses of τ XUV = 0.9 fs in duration to the second-order XUV autocorrelation signal. energetic protons/ions and X-rays affords promise for opening a new chapter in cancer therapy and diagnosis, respectively. One of the main long-term objectives of the Munich-Centre for Advanced Photonics (MAP) [16] initiated and led by Dieter Habs and Ferenc Krausz is to bring together the requisite brain power and expertise for developing these novel photon-based ultra-brilliant electron/proton/ion/X-ray sources and demonstrating their suitability for atomic-resolution bioimaging, 146 Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik • Progress Report 2007/2008
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Page 1 and 2: 1 S C I E N T I F I C R E P O R T S
Page 3 and 4: INTRODUCTION The motion of electron
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Page 7 and 8: Building upon the preliminary work
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Page 37 and 38: Experimental set-up For a detailed
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(which, for brevity, will be referr
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electrons is shown in Fig. 4, as a
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