Attosecond Control and Measurement: Lightwave Electronics

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1 . 3 AT T O S E C O N D A N D H I G H - F I E L D P H Y S I C S D I V I S I O N ARTICLES NATURE |Vol 446 | 5 April 2007 7. Baltuska, A. et al. Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields. Nature 421, 611–615 (2003). 8. Itatani, J. et al. Attosecond streak camera. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 173903 (2002). 9. Kitzler, M., Milosevic, N., Scrinzi, A., Krausz, F. & Brabec, T. Quantum theory of attosecond XUV pulse measurement by laser-dressed photoionization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 173904 (2002). 10. Hentschel, M. et al. Attosecond metrology. Nature 414, 509–513 (2001). 11. Kienberger, R. et al. Atomic transient recorder. Nature 427, 817–821 (2004). 12. Goulielmakis, E. et al. Direct measurement of light waves. Science 305, 1267–1269 (2004). 13. Drescher, M. et al. Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy. Nature 419, 783–787 (2002). 14. Svensson, S., Eriksson, B., Martensson, N., Wendin, G. & Gelius, U. Electron shakeup and correlation satellites and continuum shake-off distributions in x-ray photoelectron spectra of the rare gas atoms. J. Electron Spectrosc. Related Phenomena 47, 327–384 (1988). 15. Aksela, H., Aksela, S. & Kabachnik, N. Resonant and nonresonant Auger recombination. In VUV and Soft X-Ray Photoionization (eds Becker, U. & Shirley, D. A.) 401–440 (Plenum, New York, 1996). 16. Istomin, A. Y., Manakov, N. L. & Starace, A. F. Perturbative analysis of the triply differential cross section and circular dichroism in photo-double-ionization of He. Phys. Rev. A 69, 032713 (2004). 17. Schröder, H., Wagner, M., Kaesdorf, S. & Kompa, K. L. Surface-analysis by laser ionization. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 97, 1688–1692 (1993). 18. Wagner, M. & Schröder, H. A novel 4 grid ion reflector for saturation of laser multiphoton ionization yields in a time-of-flight mass-spectrometer. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 128, 31–45 (1993). 19. Witzel, B., Schröder, H., Kaesdorf, S. & Kompa, K. L. Exact determination of spatially resolved ion concentrations in focused laser beams. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 172, 229–238 (1998). 20. Larkins, F. P. Charge state dependence of x-ray and Auger electron emission spectra for rare-gas atoms—II. The neon atom. J. Phys. B 4, 14–19 (1971). 21. National Institute of Standards and Technology Physical Reference Data Æhttp:// physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/æ (1994). 22. Holland, D. M. P., Codling, K., West, J. B. & Marr, G. V. Multiple photoionization in the rare gases from threshold to 280 eV. J. Phys. B 12, 2465–2484 (1979). 23. Becker, U. & Shirley, D. A. Partial Cross Sections and Angular Distributions. In VUV and Soft X-Ray Photoionization (eds Becker, U. & Shirley, D. A.) 135–173 (Plenum, New York, 1996). 632 ©2007 Nature Publishing Group 24. Smirnova, O., Spanner, M. & Ivanov, M. Y. Coulomb and polarization effects in laser-assisted XUV ionization. J. Phys. B 39, 323–339 (2006). 25. Sansone, G. et al. Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses. 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B 38, 3885–3903 (2005). Supplementary Information is linked to the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature. Acknowledgements We thank A. F. Starace for discussions. We are grateful for financial support from the Volkswagenstiftung (Germany), the Marie Curie Research Training Network XTRA, Laserlab Europe, and a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship. F.K. acknowledges support from the FWF (Austria). The research of M.F.K. and M.J.J.V. is part of the research programme of the Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie, which is financially supported by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek. This research was supported by the cluster of excellence Munich Centre for Advanced Photonics (www.munich-photonics.de). Author Contributions M.U., Th.U., M.S. and A.J.V. contributed equally to this work. Author Information Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.U. (matthias.uiberacker@mpq.mpg.de) or F.K. (ferenc.krausz@mpq.mpg.de). 170 Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik • Progress Report 2007/2008
1 . 3 . 3 S E L E C T E D R E P R I N T S Dispersion control over the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectral range with HfO 2/SiO 2-chirped dielectric multilayers V. Pervak Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany F. Krausz Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany A. Apolonski Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia Received December 21, 2006; accepted February 1, 2007; posted February 13, 2007 (Doc. ID 78368); published April 3, 2007 We report the first realization, to the best of our knowledge, of a chirped multilayer dielectric mirror providing dispersion control over the spectral range of 300–900 nm and the first use of hafnium oxide in a chirped mirror. The technology opens the door to the reliable and reproducible generation of monocycle laser pulses in the blue–violet spectral range, will benefit the development of optical waveform and frequencycomb synthesizers over the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectral range, and permits the development of ultrabroadband-chirped multilayers for high-power applications. © 2007 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 320.5520, 320.7160, 310.1620. Advancing ultrashort laser pulse generation to the limit set by the oscillation cycle of light has been pursued ever since the discovery of lasers. Pulses comprising an ever-decreasing number of wave cycles allow more efficient exploitation of nonlinear optical effects 1 with implications as striking as the generation of single subfemtosecond light pulses. 2 Moreover, the controlled superposition of light frequencies extending over more than one octave opens, along with carrier-envelope phase control, 3–5 the way to shaping the subcycle (i.e., subfemtosecond) evolution of light fields in laser pulses and thereby to a new way of quantum control based on the light-force-directed charge in atoms, molecules, or solids. 6 In this Letter, we present a chirped multilayer mirror offering high reflectivity and controlled group-delay dispersion (GDD) over some 1.5 octaves spanning from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) frequencies. This technology may become instrumental for the development of future ultrawideband optical waveform synthesizers. There have been several approaches to generating monocycle optical pulses: (i) phase-coherent superposition of pulses from different laser sources 7,8 ; (ii) phase-coherent synthesis of Raman sidebands by exploiting vibrational or rotational transitions in molecules 9,10 ; (iii) multicolor optical parametric generation 11 ; and last but not least, (iv) by means of supercontinuum generation based on self- or crossphase modulation. 12–14 What all these techniques have in common is that they rely on some optical device that can be used to adjust the phase (and amplitude) of individual groups of frequencies independently. This has, so far, been implemented by May 1, 2007 / Vol. 32, No. 9 / OPTICS LETTERS 1183 separating the spectral components of a broadband signal in space 15 and addressing the spectral channels in the Fourier plane by a spatial light modulator (SLM) based on liquid crystals 15 or acoustic waves. 16 The concept can, in principle, be extended to bandwidths exceeding one octave, 17 however, the UV–IR absorption and the low damage threshold of SLMs restricts the technology from being scaled to bandwidths of several octaves and ever higher pulse energies. In this Letter, we demonstrate that chirped multilayer mirrors may provide a promising alternative for specific applications, such as monocycle pulse generation or wideband frequency-comb generation. Chirped mirrors (CM) have been continuously improved ever since their invention in 1994. 18 Progress has been made in terms of bandwidth, losses, GDD, and the ability to compensate higher-order spectral phase errors introduced by optical components. 19–27 As a result of the efforts of several groups, by the turn of the millennium, CM-based optical systems have been capable of controlling broadband radiation over spectral ranges approaching an octave in the visible–NIR domain. 12,13,28–30 Recently, we demonstrated a chirped multilayer mirror supporting sub-3 fs pulses carried at a wavelength of 600 nm. 31 This technological progress paves the way toward the generation of monocycle light pulses, wideband optical waveform synthesis, and frequency-comb generation from compact, userfriendly laser systems. Many applications motivate the extension of these capabilities into the UV spectral range. The dramatically increasing dispersion of optical materials toward the UV absorption bands prevented chirped dielectric multilayer technology 0146-9592/07/091183-3/$15.00 © 2007 Optical Society of America Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik • Progress Report 2007/2008 171
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