EUCAST Expert Rules in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing - eibne.gr

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positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci collected in the international multicenter study RESIST in 1997 and 1998. Microb Drug Resist, 2000; 6:199-211. 119. Perez-Trallero E, Marimon JM, Gonzalez A, Ercibengoa M, Larruskain J. In vivo development of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Infect Dis, 2005;41:560-564. 120. Urban C, Rahman N, Zhao X, Mariano N, Segal-Maurer S, Drlica K, Rahal JJ. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with levofloxacin therapy. J Infect Dis, 2001;184:794-798. 121. Varon E, Houssaye S, Grondin S, Gutmann L, Groupe des Observatoires de la Resistance du Pneumocoque. Nonmolecular test for detection of low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2006; 50:572-579. 122. Davidson R, Cavalcanti R, Brunton JL, Bast DJ, de Azavedo JC, Kibsey P, Fleming C, Low DE. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2002; 346:747-750. 123. Pérez-Vázquez M, Román F, Aracil B, Cantón R, Campos J. Laboratory detection of Haemophilus influenzae with decreased susceptibility to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin due to GyrA and ParC mutations. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42:1185-1191. 124. Knapp JS, Fox KK, Trees DL, Whittington WL. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Emerg Infect Dis, 1997; 3:33-39.
Table 1. Intrinsic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacteriaceae are also intrinsically resistant to benzylpenicillin, glycopeptides, fusidic acid, macrolides (with some exceptions 1 ), lincosamides, streptogramins, rifampicin, daptomycin and linezolid. Rule no. Organisms Ampicillin Amoxicilinclavulanate Ticarcillin Piperacillin 1.1 Citrobacter koseri R R R 1.2 Citrobacter freundii R R R R 1.3 Enterobacter cloacae R R R R 1.4 Enterobacter aerogenes R R R R 1.5 Escherichia hermannii R R 1.6 Hafnia alvei R R R 1.7 Klebsiella spp. R R 1.8 Morganella morganii R R R R R R R 1.9 Proteus mirabilis R R R 1.10 Proteus vulgaris R R R R R R R 1.11 Proteus penneri R R R R R R R 1.12 Providencia rettgeri R R R R R R 1.13 Providencia stuartii R R R Note 2 R R R 1.14 Serratia marcescens R R R R R Note 3 R R 1.15 Yersinia enterocolitica R R R R R R 1.16 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis R R = resistant 1 Azithromycin is effective in vivo for the treatment of typhoid fever and erythromycin may be used to treat travellers’ diarrhoea. 2 Providencia stuartii produces a chromosomal AAC(2’)-Ia enzyme and should be considered resistant to clinically available aminoglycosides except amikacin, arbekacin and streptomycin. Some isolates express the enzyme poorly and can appear susceptible to netilmicin in vitro, but should be reported as resistant as mutation can result in overproduction of this enzyme. 3 All Serratia marcescens produce a chromosomal AAC(6’)-Ic enzyme that affects the activity of clinically available aminoglycosides except streptomycin, gentamicin and arbekacin. Cefazolin Cefoxitin Cefamandole Cefuroxime Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines/ tigecycline Polymyxin B/ Colistin Nitrofurantoin
Page 1 and 2: Received Date : 31-Aug-2011 Revised
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Antimicrobial suscepti
Page 5 and 6: the rule. EUCAST interpretive rules
Page 7 and 8: For this objective, different rules
Page 9 and 10: Enterococci. All enterococci are co
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Page 13 and 14: cross-resistance between erythromyc
Page 15 and 16: Despite this apparent complexity, s
Page 17 and 18: When reading antibiograms with quin
Page 19 and 20: Transparency declarations Nothing t
Page 21 and 22: 29. Hawser SP, Badal RE, Bouchillon
Page 23 and 24: 51. Morikawa Y, Kitazato M, Mitsuya
Page 25 and 26: 80. Martin P, Jullien E, Courvalin
Page 27: 106. Jarlier V, Soussy CJ, Chanal M
Page 31 and 32: Table 3. Intrinsic resistance in Gr
Page 33 and 34: Table 5. Exceptional phenotypes of
Page 35 and 36: Table 7. Exceptional phenotypes of
Page 37 and 38: pneumoniae diffusion) 8.5 Viridans
Page 39 and 40: coli) Does not apply to inhibitor c
Page 41 and 42: 10.4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Benzylpe
Page 43 and 44: 11.3 Streptococcus spp. Erythromyci
Page 45 and 46: Table 12. Interpretive rules for am
Page 47 and 48: Enterobacteriaceae gentamicin amika
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13.6 Salmonella spp. Ciprofloxacin
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