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4 th Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaic Conference -Uppsala 2012 123 C21–Design and Realization of High Performance Z-TYPE Dye Solar Cell Modules Andrea Guidobaldi a , Fabrizio Giordano a , Eleonora Petrolati b , Luigi Vesce b , Simone Mastroianni a , Riccardo Riccitelli b , Andrea Reale a , Thomas M. Brown a , Aldo Di Carlo a a, CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Electronic Engineering Department, Via del Politecnico 1, Rome, 00133, IT b, DYEPOWER Consortium, Viale Castro Pretorio 122, Rome, 00185, IT Dye Solar Cells (DSCs) are a promising low cost PV technology[1]. The choice of cell geometry and interconnection strategy is a crucial issue to design high performance devices[2- 4]. Efficiency losses due to substrate resistances and reduction of active area due to electrical contacts and device sealing are crucial aspects to consider in module design[3-4]. We realized a simple and powerful DSC model in PSPICE in order to design different schemes for large area DSCs. The most widespread interconnection schemes, Z, W and Parallel[5], were considered and validated by the comparison with experimental data. Optimized layouts were designed for differing device performance and Jsc considering the effect of resistance losses and active/total area ratios. We investigated the role of vertical contacts inside the Z-type module, how they contribute to limit the performance and the percentage of the total area occupied by the active area,and how this affects the proper design of the cells in a module. Using the Z scheme, Sastrawan et al. achieved a conversion efficiency of 3.1% on active area on (30x30)cm 2 modules[6-7]. Jun et al. have shown 100cm 2 modules with conversion efficiency on active area (47.5cm 2 ) of 6.3%, reaching 6.6% when using a scattering layer or a back reflector. The efficiency on total area was almost half of that active area efficiency[8]. Figure 1 IV curves of the Z-module with 13 cells and 42 cm2 of total area with a Transparent-Opaque multilayer TiO2 with (circles) and without (squares) a diffusive backreflector on the counter-electrode We have carried out an optimization of the materials, processes and the layout using PSPICE simulations of Z-type modules. We realized Z modules with thirteen TiO2 cells of area (5x50)mm 2 on a substrate area of 56cm 2 , sensitized with commercial N719-dye and using a electrolyte for high performance. The inactive interdistance between cells was 2mm occupied in the middle by a ~0.5mm wide vertical interconnection, made by silver based screenprintable commercial paste, along the length of the cell. In order to improve light harvesting, different TiO2 combinations of transparent (20nm diameter particles) and opaque (20nm and © SEFIN 2012
4 th Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaic Conference -Uppsala 2012 124 300nm particles) layers were tested, in addition to the effect of TiCl4 treatments[9], and compared these to a reference device with a transparent double layer with no TiCl4 treatment. Modules reached a conversion efficiency(using a back reflector) of 6.9% on the aperture area (defined as the area inside the four corners of the outermost cells of the module) and 9.4 % on active area. Moreover all the materials used to produce these high performance DSC modules were commercial available thus also demonstrating the maturity of such technology. References [1] B. O’Regan, M. Grätzel ”A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films”, Nature vol. 353, 737 (1991). [2] S. Deb, B. Ghosh,”Series resistance and optimum grid design for a thin film solar cell of rectangular shape”, Solar Cells vol. 13, 145–162 (1984). [3] Y. Huang, S. Dai, S. Chen, C. Zhang, Y. Sui, S. Xiao, L. Hu ” Theoretical modeling of the series resistance effect on dye-sensitized solar cell performance”, Applied Physics Letters vol. 95, 243503 (2009). [4] F. Giordano, E. Petrolati, T.M. Brown, A. Reale, A. Di Carlo “Series-Connection Designs for Dye Solar Cell Modules”, IEEE Transactions On Electron Devices vol. 58 n°8, 2759-2764 (2011). [5]G. E. Tulloch “Light and energy - Dye solar cells for the 21st century”, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry vol. 164, 209–219 (2004). [6] R. Sastrawan, J. Beier, U. Belledin, S. Hemming, A. Hinsch, R. Kern, C. Vetter, F.M. Petrat, A.Prodi-Schwab, P. Lechnerf, W. Hoffmann “A glass frit-sealed dye solar cell module with integrated series connections”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells vol. 90, 1680–1691 (2006). [7] R. Sastrawan, J. Beier, U. Belledin, S. Hemming, A. Hinsch, R. Kern, C. Vetter, F.M. Petrat, A.Prodi-Schwab, P. Lechnerf, W. Hoffmann “New Interdigital Design for Large Area Dye Solar Modules Using a Lead-free Glass Frit Sealing”, Progress In Photovoltaics: Research and Applications vol. 14, 607–709 (2006). [8] Yongseok Jun, Jung-Ho Son, Dongwook Sohn, Man Gu Kang “A module of a TiO2 nanocrystalline dye-sensitezed solar cell with effective dimesions”, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry Vol. 200, 314–317 (2008). [9] L. Vesce, R. Riccitelli, G. Soscia, T. M. Brown, A. Di Carlo, A. Reale “Optimization of nanostructured titania photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells: study and experimentation of TiCl4 treatment”, Journal of Non- Crystalline Solids vol. 356, 1958-1961 (2010). © SEFIN 2012
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