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Table 1.2 Upstream and Downstream Speeds Needed for Various Services and Applications 500 kbit/s to 1 Mbit/s 5 to 10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s VoIP SMS Basic e-mail Web browsing (simple sites) Streaming music (caching) Low-quality video (highly compressed) Telecommuting (converged services) File sharing (large) IPTV, SD (multiple channels) Switched digital video Video on demand, SD Broadcast video, SD Video streaming (2–3 channels) Video downloading, HD Low-defi nition telepresence Gaming Medical fi le sharing (basic) Remote diagnosis (basic) Remote education Building control and management Telemedicine, HD Multiple educational services Broadcast video, full HD Full IPTV channel support Video on demand, HD Gaming (immersion) Remote server services for telecommuting 1 to 5 Mbit/s 10 to 100 Mbit/s 1 to 10 Gbit/s Web browsing (complex sites) E-mail (larger attachments) Remote surveillance IPTV, SD (1–3 channels) File sharing (small, medium) Telecommuting (ordinary) Digital broadcast video (1 channel) Streaming music Telemedicine Educational services Broadcast video, SD and some HD IPTV, HD Gaming (complex) Telecommuting (high-quality video) High-quality telepresence Surveillance, HD Smart, intelligent building control Research applications Telepresence using uncompressed video streams, HD Live event digital cinema streaming Telemedicine remote control of scientifi c or medical instruments Interactive remote visualization and virtual reality Movement of terabyte data sets Remote supercomputing Source: California Broadband Task Force 2008. Note: kbit/s = kilobits per second; Mbit/s = megabits per second; Gbit/s = gigabits per second; VoIP = voice over Internet Protocol; SMS = short message service; IPTV = Internet Protocol television; SD = standard defi nition; HD = high defi nition. programs and processes. Broadband is important for e-government, as it provides the foundation for public administration networks that allow processes to fl ow more smoothly. In turn, e-government can help to drive demand for broadband. 18 Broadband Strategies Handbook
Countries around the world are providing increasing access to online services, including the provision of basic services, the use of multimedia technology to promote two-way exchanges, and the use of technology to facilitate consultation with citizens on public policy issues. Although the Republic of Korea, the United States, and Canada take the top three places with regard to the number of online government services available, several countries have made signifi cant progress over the last two years, including Bahrain, Chile, Colombia, and Singapore. Moreover, the use of mobile phones for e-government services, such as alert messages, applications, and fee payments, is almost as popular in developing countries as it is in developed countries (UNPAN 2010). What Market Trends Are Fostering Broadband Deployment? Broadband connectivity is expanding globally. Between 2005 and 2010, the average wireline broadband penetration rate grew 59 percent—from 3.3 to 8 subscribers per 100 inhabitants (ITU-D 2010). The number of mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide is expected to reach the 1 billion mark in 2011, with total mobile subscriptions topping 5 billion. 9 As a result of such growth, the estimated number of wireline broadband subscriptions reached approximately 555 million in 2010, up from 471 million in 2009. A sizable number of these new subscriptions came from Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, and China (known as the BRIC countries), which have collectively doubled their subscriber base in the last four years. 10 Likewise, the number of wireless broadband users has also expanded rapidly. In 2010, the number of third-generation (3G) mobile broadband subscriptions rose to 940 million, an increase from 703 million in 2009. As fi gure 1.3 shows, the number of wireless broadband subscribers exceeded the number of wireline broadband subscribers for the fi rst time in 2008, and there were an estimated 70 percent more mobile broadband subscribers than wireline broadband subscribers in 2010. Despite these advances, however, a “digital divide” remains between developed and developing countries; only 4.4 per 100 people in developing countries are broadband subscribers compared to 24.6 in developed countries. In eff ect, wireline broadband deployments in many developing countries are a decade behind deployments in developed countries. Given the cost and resources required for the deployment of wireline broadband, wireless broadband is more likely to be the broadband solution adopted by users in developing countries, particularly in rural and remote areas. Building Broadband 19
Page 3: Broadband Strategies Handbook
Page 6 and 7: © 2012 International Bank for Reco
Page 8 and 9: Access to Infrastructure 111 Openin
Page 10 and 11: 4.5 Regional Communications Infrast
Page 12 and 13: 7.1 Global Broadband Subscriptions
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD The world is shifting from
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was pro
Page 19 and 20: ABOUT THE AUTHORS This report was p
Page 21 and 22: CCK Communications Commission of Ke
Page 23 and 24: IMT-2000 International Mobile Telec
Page 25 and 26: SIDA Swedish International Developm
Page 27 and 28: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Broadband Str
Page 29: esources to support private supply
Page 32 and 33: health, transportation, energy, and
Page 34 and 35: users, so the speeds advertised by
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1.1 Effect of Various Inform
Page 38 and 39: Box 1.1 continued they did not have
Page 40 and 41: on the employment creation rate. Fo
Page 42 and 43: As broadband’s potential as a GPT
Page 44 and 45: isks associated with cloud computin
Page 46 and 47: individuals generally have a better
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.3 Global Fixed and Mobile
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.4 Average Broadband Speed
Page 54 and 55: substantial benefi ts. The use of b
Page 56 and 57: such, the many demand-side componen
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1.6 Examples of the Elements
Page 60 and 61: The Role of Governments in Broadban
Page 62 and 63: state_of_internet_q32010.pdf?curl=/
Page 64 and 65: Katz, Raúl. 2009. “Estimating Br
Page 66 and 67: 1 (May): 7-18. http://www.springerl
Page 68 and 69: of term contract), a pay-as-you-go
Page 70 and 71: Supply: Reaching Unserved and Under
Page 72 and 73: cost to be a larger issue. Therefor
Page 74 and 75: (which will also increase private s
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.1 Publicly Stated Policy Go
Page 78 and 79: over other countries. For example,
Page 80 and 81: secretary housed within the Ministr
Page 82 and 83: once networks are available. For th
Page 84 and 85: ollout through regulatory measures
Page 86 and 87: potential. The same can happen if a
Page 88 and 89: (and the associated civil works cos
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.3 Checklist of Policies to
Page 92 and 93: and medium enterprises (SMEs). Eff
Page 94 and 95: policies that support and encourage
Page 96 and 97: and e-education projects relying on
Page 98 and 99:
The principles for estimating econo
Page 100 and 101:
Box 2.4: Expe rience in the Europea
Page 102 and 103:
essential to the fi nancial sustain
Page 104 and 105:
Box 2.5: Munic ipal Broadband Initi
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Measurem ent, Monitoring, and Evalu
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uptake or adoption of wireline and
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 2.6 Wireline Broadband (ADSL
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Competitive broadband markets typic
Page 114 and 115:
Table 2.7 Sources of Offi cial Broa
Page 116 and 117:
International Mauritania Telecom, O
Page 118 and 119:
EUROSTAT (Statistical Offi ce of th
Page 121 and 122:
CHAPTER 3 Law and Regulation for a
Page 123 and 124:
the principles of technology and se
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 3.1 General Elements of a Un
Page 127 and 128:
Spectrum Licensing Regimes The proc
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and (b) spectrum blocks are confi g
Page 131 and 132:
investment and the technological up
Page 133 and 134:
signifi cant strain on available re
Page 135 and 136:
Box 3.1: Summa ry of the Digital Te
Page 137 and 138:
exclusive rights for the provision
Page 139 and 140:
single entity has the ability to co
Page 141 and 142:
data services become increasingly d
Page 143 and 144:
landing in Nigeria, the NCC recentl
Page 145 and 146:
implemented or proposed in countrie
Page 147 and 148:
works). However, in developing coun
Page 149 and 150:
fl exible use of spectrum, such com
Page 151 and 152:
of ICT infrastructure, reducing dup
Page 153 and 154:
working for both divisions) and the
Page 155 and 156:
during congested periods. Another i
Page 157 and 158:
and according to a set of standards
Page 159 and 160:
Similarly, in France net neutrality
Page 161 and 162:
developing those standards. General
Page 163 and 164:
authorities, while others like the
Page 165 and 166:
personal data. Also, due to the cro
Page 167 and 168:
individuals to know when their data
Page 169 and 170:
Freedom of Opinion and Expression O
Page 171 and 172:
commercial vendors have developed p
Page 173 and 174:
An alternative solution involves co
Page 175 and 176:
19. Independent Communications Auth
Page 177 and 178:
Covenant on Civil and Political Rig
Page 179 and 180:
———. 2009b. “Main Elements
Page 181 and 182:
GSA (Global Mobile Suppliers Associ
Page 183 and 184:
Protecting Privacy.” OECD, Paris.
Page 185 and 186:
CHAPTER 4 Extending Universal Broad
Page 187 and 188:
and services throughout the populat
Page 189 and 190:
In Denmark, Canada, and Ireland, go
Page 191 and 192:
Box 4.1: Rural Broadband Connectivi
Page 193 and 194:
Society Universal Access Policy. Th
Page 195 and 196:
• Finland. The government’s app
Page 197 and 198:
Box 4.3 continued lower-than-expect
Page 199 and 200:
defi nitions. 14 The following are
Page 201 and 202:
population, specifi cally because o
Page 203 and 204:
ural pay phones. Since then, it has
Page 205 and 206:
Table 4.3 Competition among Firms f
Page 207 and 208:
simple, transparent, expeditious, a
Page 209 and 210:
governments, and other federal and
Page 211 and 212:
Finance Corporation, have also foun
Page 213 and 214:
support widespread deployment of pu
Page 215 and 216:
for improving, streamlining, or rea
Page 217 and 218:
a manual or handbook for recipients
Page 219 and 220:
Notes 1. An alternative interpretat
Page 221 and 222:
23. Some categories of providers mi
Page 223 and 224:
León, Laura. 2009. “Informe de a
Page 225 and 226:
CHAPTER 5 Technologies to Support D
Page 227 and 228:
The Broadband Supply Chain The broa
Page 229 and 230:
Figure 5.2 Design of IP Next-Genera
Page 231 and 232:
Basic Technologies for Broadband Co
Page 233 and 234:
From a geosynchronous vantage point
Page 235 and 236:
media, but it can often suffi ce fo
Page 237 and 238:
(that is, where the cable makes lan
Page 239 and 240:
F igure 5.4 Internet Protocol Packe
Page 241 and 242:
Box 5.1: Connecting the Maldives to
Page 243 and 244:
agreements. In many developed count
Page 245 and 246:
Figure 5.6 Internet Exchange Point
Page 247 and 248:
The average cost of a backbone netw
Page 249 and 250:
portion of the broadband supply cha
Page 251 and 252:
oadband widely with the reality tha
Page 253 and 254:
and data streams and to route data
Page 255 and 256:
Figure 5.10 Cable Modem Connection
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Figure 5.11 Diagram of Various FTTx
Page 259 and 260:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi
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Figure 5.12 Frequenc y Bands Used b
Page 263 and 264:
family of standards. Despite the go
Page 265 and 266:
Box 5.3: Three 3G Technolog ies in
Page 267 and 268:
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi refers to the IEEE 802.
Page 269 and 270:
• Line sharing. The copper local
Page 271 and 272:
spectrum that can be made available
Page 273 and 274:
30. According to the GSMA, “GPRS
Page 275 and 276:
———. 2010. “Annual Report 2
Page 277 and 278:
CHAPTER 6 Driving Demand for Broadb
Page 279 and 280:
Figure 6.1 The Three Pillars of Fac
Page 281 and 282:
Figure 6.3 How People Obtain ICT Tr
Page 283 and 284:
Box 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Approach to
Page 285 and 286:
Table 6.1 Exa mples of Funding for
Page 287 and 288:
Internet access centers in various
Page 289 and 290:
To help SMEs to use broadband netwo
Page 291 and 292:
• Establishing locations for shar
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 6.4 Cost of Us er Devices Re
Page 295 and 296:
A business model that has contribut
Page 297 and 298:
e used between midnight and 5 a.m.
Page 299 and 300:
the basis of household surveys cond
Page 301 and 302:
overall broadband experience (see t
Page 303 and 304:
Table 6.2 Subscriptions to Bu ndled
Page 305 and 306:
that since 2005 many countries have
Page 307 and 308:
In addition, a greater range of ser
Page 309 and 310:
services as a result. As applicatio
Page 311 and 312:
ising to 40 Mbit/s (Indosat 2010).
Page 313 and 314:
such as Flat World Knowledge’s op
Page 315 and 316:
Figure 6.6 Number of Internet Users
Page 317 and 318:
8. ITU, “Connect a School, Connec
Page 319 and 320:
Press_Releases/2010/8/Indonesia_Bra
Page 321 and 322:
Hernandez, Janet, Daniel Leza, and
Page 323:
Stats).” Institute for Statistics
Page 326 and 327:
Figure 7.1 Global Broadband Subscri
Page 328 and 329:
Box 7.2: The 10 WSIS Targets Connec
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deploy any wireline infrastructure.
Page 332 and 333:
Figure 7.4 Broadband and Human Deve
Page 334 and 335:
Box 7.3 continued “It is not an e
Page 336 and 337:
Malaysia’s 2006 Information, Comm
Page 338 and 339:
2009). Results of the study were is
Page 340 and 341:
For the countries of Latin America
Page 342 and 343:
wireline telephone network (measure
Page 344 and 345:
able to deploy local access broadba
Page 346 and 347:
development due to a wide range of
Page 348 and 349:
In Afghanistan, for example, years
Page 350 and 351:
320 Table 7.2 Examples of Policies
Page 352 and 353:
networking services. At the other e
Page 354 and 355:
Morocco Mor occo is a lower-middle-
Page 356 and 357:
The deployment of a second submarin
Page 358 and 359:
E-government initiatives have been
Page 360 and 361:
variety of technologies, aff ecting
Page 362 and 363:
Cagatay, Telli. 2011. “Broadband
Page 364 and 365:
Telkom Indonesia. 2010. “Info Mem
Page 366 and 367:
Country Title of the plan Weblink S
Page 368 and 369:
Table B.1 Infrastructure Policies a
Page 370 and 371:
Table B.1 (continued) 340 Supply an
Page 372 and 373:
Table B.2 Services Policies and Pro
Page 374 and 375:
Table B.3 Applications and Content
Page 376 and 377:
346 Table B.4 Policies and Procedur
Page 378 and 379:
References Aphiphunya, Prasert. 201
Page 380 and 381:
Anatel, Brazil, 167-68 ANSI-95, 230
Page 382 and 383:
Chile, 19, 141 bidding for subsidie
Page 384 and 385:
data caps, 267, 270-71 data control
Page 386 and 387:
economies of scale, 121 ecosystem m
Page 388 and 389:
freedom of opinion and expression,
Page 390 and 391:
individual users, and access to bro
Page 392 and 393:
Kenya Power and Lighting Company Li
Page 394 and 395:
mobile operators and backbone servi
Page 396 and 397:
policies and policy making (continu
Page 398 and 399:
service contracts, 265-66, 287n20 s
Page 400 and 401:
supply-side components (continued)
Page 402 and 403:
universal mobile service, 317 Unive
Page 404:
ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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