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Access to Infrastructure 111 Opening Vertically Integrated Markets 121 Network Neutrality 124 Security in Cyberspace 129 Privacy and Data Protection 134 Regulation of Broadband Content 138 Notes 143 References 147 Chapter 4. Extending Universal Broadband Access and Use 155 Universal Access Strategy and Broadband Development 156 Mechanisms to Drive Universal Broadband Access 163 Instruments of Fiscal Support for Universal Broadband Access 171 Notes 189 References 191 Chapter 5. Technologies to Support Deployment of Broadband Infrastructure 195 Overview of Broadband Networks 195 Basic Technologies for Broadband Connectivity 201 International Connectivity 205 Domestic Backbone 210 Metropolitan Connectivity 218 Local Connectivity 221 Notes 241 References 244 Chapter 6. Driving Demand for Broadband Networks and Services 247 Awareness 249 Affordability 259 Attractiveness 269 Notes 286 References 289 Chapter 7. Global Footprints: Stories from and for the Developing World 295 Broadband and Global Goals for Developing Countries 296 Broadband Bottlenecks and Opportunities in Developing Regions 299 Regional Developments 303 Countries in Special Circumstances 315 vi Broadband Strategies Handbook
Broadband Experiences in Selected Countries 318 Notes 330 References 331 Appendix A. Weblinks to National Broadband Plans 335 Appendix B. Policies and Programs for Promoting Broadband in Developing Countries 337 Index 349 Boxes 1.1 Examples of Broadband’s Effects on Economic Growth around the World 7 1.2 Examples of Broadband’s Potential Impacts on Innovation in R&D and Business Operations 12 1.3 Mobile Health Services in Nigeria 17 1.4 User Trends That Promote Demand for Broadband 23 1.5 Capacity to Absorb Technology and the Economic Impact of Broadband-Enabled ICTs: The Examples of Italy and Sweden 29 2.1 Public Sector’s Role in Fostering Broadband Development: Key Lessons 43 2.2 Broadband Strategies in Middle-Income Countries 47 2.3 General Elements for Governments to Consider When Creating Policies and Strategies 48 2.4 Experience in the European Union with State Aid for Financing Broadband 70 2.5 Municipal Broadband Initiatives in Italy and the Netherlands 74 3.1 Summary of the Digital Television Transition and Digital Dividend Activities around the World 105 3.2 Challenges and Successes of Implementing an Internet Exchange Point in Kenya 107 3.3 Competition Analysis in the International Internet Connectivity Market in Nigeria 113 3.4 Computer Emergency Response Teams 131 4.1 Rural Broadband Connectivity in the Dominican Republic 161 4.2 Chile’s Digital Connectivity Plan 162 4.3 Broadband Development in Remote and Underserved Locations: Lessons from Peru 166 4.4 Universal Service Subsidies in Mongolia 173 Contents vii
Page 3: Broadband Strategies Handbook
Page 6 and 7: © 2012 International Bank for Reco
Page 10 and 11: 4.5 Regional Communications Infrast
Page 12 and 13: 7.1 Global Broadband Subscriptions
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD The world is shifting from
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was pro
Page 19 and 20: ABOUT THE AUTHORS This report was p
Page 21 and 22: CCK Communications Commission of Ke
Page 23 and 24: IMT-2000 International Mobile Telec
Page 25 and 26: SIDA Swedish International Developm
Page 27 and 28: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Broadband Str
Page 29: esources to support private supply
Page 32 and 33: health, transportation, energy, and
Page 34 and 35: users, so the speeds advertised by
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1.1 Effect of Various Inform
Page 38 and 39: Box 1.1 continued they did not have
Page 40 and 41: on the employment creation rate. Fo
Page 42 and 43: As broadband’s potential as a GPT
Page 44 and 45: isks associated with cloud computin
Page 46 and 47: individuals generally have a better
Page 48 and 49: Table 1.2 Upstream and Downstream S
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.3 Global Fixed and Mobile
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.4 Average Broadband Speed
Page 54 and 55: substantial benefi ts. The use of b
Page 56 and 57: such, the many demand-side componen
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Figure 1.6 Examples of the Elements
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The Role of Governments in Broadban
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state_of_internet_q32010.pdf?curl=/
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Katz, Raúl. 2009. “Estimating Br
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1 (May): 7-18. http://www.springerl
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of term contract), a pay-as-you-go
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Supply: Reaching Unserved and Under
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cost to be a larger issue. Therefor
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(which will also increase private s
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Table 2.1 Publicly Stated Policy Go
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over other countries. For example,
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secretary housed within the Ministr
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once networks are available. For th
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ollout through regulatory measures
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potential. The same can happen if a
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(and the associated civil works cos
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Table 2.3 Checklist of Policies to
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and medium enterprises (SMEs). Eff
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policies that support and encourage
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and e-education projects relying on
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The principles for estimating econo
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Box 2.4: Expe rience in the Europea
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essential to the fi nancial sustain
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Box 2.5: Munic ipal Broadband Initi
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Measurem ent, Monitoring, and Evalu
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uptake or adoption of wireline and
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Figure 2.6 Wireline Broadband (ADSL
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Competitive broadband markets typic
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Table 2.7 Sources of Offi cial Broa
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International Mauritania Telecom, O
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EUROSTAT (Statistical Offi ce of th
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CHAPTER 3 Law and Regulation for a
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the principles of technology and se
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Figure 3.1 General Elements of a Un
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Spectrum Licensing Regimes The proc
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and (b) spectrum blocks are confi g
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investment and the technological up
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signifi cant strain on available re
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Box 3.1: Summa ry of the Digital Te
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exclusive rights for the provision
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single entity has the ability to co
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data services become increasingly d
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landing in Nigeria, the NCC recentl
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implemented or proposed in countrie
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works). However, in developing coun
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fl exible use of spectrum, such com
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of ICT infrastructure, reducing dup
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working for both divisions) and the
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during congested periods. Another i
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and according to a set of standards
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Similarly, in France net neutrality
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developing those standards. General
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authorities, while others like the
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personal data. Also, due to the cro
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individuals to know when their data
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Freedom of Opinion and Expression O
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commercial vendors have developed p
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An alternative solution involves co
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19. Independent Communications Auth
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Covenant on Civil and Political Rig
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———. 2009b. “Main Elements
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GSA (Global Mobile Suppliers Associ
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Protecting Privacy.” OECD, Paris.
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CHAPTER 4 Extending Universal Broad
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and services throughout the populat
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In Denmark, Canada, and Ireland, go
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Box 4.1: Rural Broadband Connectivi
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Society Universal Access Policy. Th
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• Finland. The government’s app
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Box 4.3 continued lower-than-expect
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defi nitions. 14 The following are
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population, specifi cally because o
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ural pay phones. Since then, it has
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Table 4.3 Competition among Firms f
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simple, transparent, expeditious, a
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governments, and other federal and
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Finance Corporation, have also foun
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support widespread deployment of pu
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for improving, streamlining, or rea
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a manual or handbook for recipients
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Notes 1. An alternative interpretat
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23. Some categories of providers mi
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León, Laura. 2009. “Informe de a
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CHAPTER 5 Technologies to Support D
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The Broadband Supply Chain The broa
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Figure 5.2 Design of IP Next-Genera
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Basic Technologies for Broadband Co
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From a geosynchronous vantage point
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media, but it can often suffi ce fo
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(that is, where the cable makes lan
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F igure 5.4 Internet Protocol Packe
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Box 5.1: Connecting the Maldives to
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agreements. In many developed count
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Figure 5.6 Internet Exchange Point
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The average cost of a backbone netw
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portion of the broadband supply cha
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oadband widely with the reality tha
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and data streams and to route data
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Figure 5.10 Cable Modem Connection
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Figure 5.11 Diagram of Various FTTx
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi
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Figure 5.12 Frequenc y Bands Used b
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family of standards. Despite the go
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Box 5.3: Three 3G Technolog ies in
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Wi-Fi Wi-Fi refers to the IEEE 802.
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• Line sharing. The copper local
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spectrum that can be made available
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30. According to the GSMA, “GPRS
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———. 2010. “Annual Report 2
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CHAPTER 6 Driving Demand for Broadb
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Figure 6.1 The Three Pillars of Fac
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Figure 6.3 How People Obtain ICT Tr
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Box 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Approach to
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Table 6.1 Exa mples of Funding for
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Internet access centers in various
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To help SMEs to use broadband netwo
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• Establishing locations for shar
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Figure 6.4 Cost of Us er Devices Re
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A business model that has contribut
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e used between midnight and 5 a.m.
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the basis of household surveys cond
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overall broadband experience (see t
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Table 6.2 Subscriptions to Bu ndled
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that since 2005 many countries have
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In addition, a greater range of ser
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services as a result. As applicatio
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ising to 40 Mbit/s (Indosat 2010).
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such as Flat World Knowledge’s op
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Figure 6.6 Number of Internet Users
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8. ITU, “Connect a School, Connec
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Press_Releases/2010/8/Indonesia_Bra
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Hernandez, Janet, Daniel Leza, and
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Stats).” Institute for Statistics
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Figure 7.1 Global Broadband Subscri
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Box 7.2: The 10 WSIS Targets Connec
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deploy any wireline infrastructure.
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Figure 7.4 Broadband and Human Deve
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Box 7.3 continued “It is not an e
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Malaysia’s 2006 Information, Comm
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2009). Results of the study were is
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For the countries of Latin America
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wireline telephone network (measure
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able to deploy local access broadba
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development due to a wide range of
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In Afghanistan, for example, years
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320 Table 7.2 Examples of Policies
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networking services. At the other e
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Morocco Mor occo is a lower-middle-
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The deployment of a second submarin
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E-government initiatives have been
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variety of technologies, aff ecting
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Cagatay, Telli. 2011. “Broadband
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Telkom Indonesia. 2010. “Info Mem
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Country Title of the plan Weblink S
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Table B.1 Infrastructure Policies a
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Table B.1 (continued) 340 Supply an
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Table B.2 Services Policies and Pro
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Table B.3 Applications and Content
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346 Table B.4 Policies and Procedur
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References Aphiphunya, Prasert. 201
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Anatel, Brazil, 167-68 ANSI-95, 230
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Chile, 19, 141 bidding for subsidie
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data caps, 267, 270-71 data control
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economies of scale, 121 ecosystem m
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freedom of opinion and expression,
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individual users, and access to bro
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Kenya Power and Lighting Company Li
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mobile operators and backbone servi
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policies and policy making (continu
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service contracts, 265-66, 287n20 s
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supply-side components (continued)
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universal mobile service, 317 Unive
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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