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Wet rice cultivation in Indonesia Table of contents Table of contents PREFACE..............................................................................................................................................vi SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES........................................................................................................ix CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO – WET RICE CULTIVATION IN INDONESIA ......................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................12 2.2 General aspects of rice cultivation .....................................................................12 2.2.1 Two main forms of rice cultivation......................................................................12 2.2.2 Global aspects of rice production.......................................................................13 2.3 The development of wet rice cultivation .............................................................13 2.3.1 Historical perspective.........................................................................................13 2.3.2 Characteristics of wet rice cultivation .................................................................15 2.3.3 Modernisation and innovation in wet rice cultivation...........................................16 2.4 Social aspects around wet rice cultivation..........................................................17 2.4.1 Labour and organisation in relation to wet rice cultivation ..................................17 2.4.2 Community driven irrigation systems .................................................................18 2.4.3 The development of public irrigation systems ....................................................19 2.5 Conclusion.........................................................................................................21 CHAPTER THREE – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK........................................................................ 23 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................23 3.2 The meaning of identity, tradition and adat in wet rice cultivation.......................23 3.2.1 Identifying the concept of identity.......................................................................23 3.2.2 Specifying identity with the concept of tradition..................................................24 3.2.3 Specifying tradition with the concept of adat ......................................................25 3.2.4 Integrating the concepts of identity, tradition and adat .......................................26 3.3 Symbolic aspects within wet rice cultivation.......................................................26 3.3.1 Explaining the holistic view with cosmology .......................................................26 3.3.2 Myths and rituals................................................................................................28 3.4 Authority and its legitimacy in traditional rural communities................................32 3.4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................32 3.4.2 Traditional authority in rural communities...........................................................33 3.4.3 Accepting traditional authority – the concept of legitimacy .................................33 3.5 Linking the theoretical concepts.........................................................................35 3.6 Conclusion.........................................................................................................35 CHAPTER FOUR – METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF THE RESEARCH ..................................... 37 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................37 4.2 Statement of the problem and research questions.............................................37 4.3 Approach of the research...................................................................................38 4.4 The research location ........................................................................................38 4.5 Observations .....................................................................................................39 4.6 Interviews ..........................................................................................................40 4.7 Sampling............................................................................................................41 4.8 Conclusion.........................................................................................................41
Wet rice cultivation in Indonesia Table of contents CHAPTER FIVE – ANALYSIS OF THE KASEPUHAN COMMUNITY .............................................. 42 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................42 5.2 The life of the Kasepuhan ..................................................................................42 5.2.1 Explaining the existence of three Kasepuhan communities................................42 5.2.2 The history of the Kasepuhan ............................................................................43 5.2.3 Modernisation influences and the contemporary situation..................................44 5.3 Traditional authority of the Kasepuhan community.............................................45 5.3.1 Structure and organisation of traditional authority ..............................................45 5.3.2 Traditional authority in relation to traditional wet rice cultivation.........................46 5.4 Tradition according to the Kasepuhan................................................................47 5.5 Practical and symbolic meanings of rice ............................................................49 5.6 Conclusion.........................................................................................................49 CHAPTER SIX – TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL WET RICE CULTIVATION ................ 51 6.1 Introduction........................................................................................................51 6.2 Comparative framework for analysis of both systems ........................................51 6.3 Traditional wet rice cultivation............................................................................52 6.3.1 Traditional wet rice cultivation – planning...........................................................52 6.3.2 Traditional wet rice cultivation – ploughing.........................................................52 6.3.3 Traditional wet rice cultivation – sowing .............................................................53 6.3.4 Traditional wet rice cultivation – maintenance....................................................55 6.3.5 Traditional wet rice cultivation – harvesting........................................................55 6.3.6 Traditional wet rice cultivation – post-harvest processing...................................55 6.3.7 Overview of the characteristics of traditional wet rice cultivation ........................56 6.4 Non-traditional wet rice cultivation......................................................................58 6.4 Non-traditional wet rice cultivation......................................................................59 6.4.1 Non-traditional wet rice cultivation – planning ....................................................59 6.4.2 Non-traditional wet rice cultivation – ploughing ..................................................59 6.4.3 Non-traditional wet rice cultivation – sowing.......................................................59 6.4.4 Non-traditional wet rice cultivation – maintenance .............................................60 6.4.5 Non-traditional wet rice cultivation – harvesting .................................................60 6.4.6 Non-traditional wet rice cultivation – post-harvest processing ............................61 6.4.7 Overview of the characteristics of non-traditional wet rice cultivation .................61 6.5 Comparison of both systems..............................................................................63 6.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................................66 CHAPTER SEVEN – CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................... 69 7.1 Reviewing the preceeding chapters ...................................................................69 7.2 Answering the research questions .....................................................................71 7.3 Final conclusions ...............................................................................................74 EPILOGUE .......................................................................................................................................... 76 GLOSSARY......................................................................................................................................... 78 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIXES...................................................................................................................................... 85
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