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Wet rice cultivation in Indonesia Chapter five do certainly not always realise that television presents a perfect image that does not exist. Furthermore, motorcycles and four-wheel-drives make the Kasepuhan far more mobile than they used to be. Consequently, it is possible to realise the ‘dream’ of going to the big city. We have also analysed the structure of traditional authority in this chapter. By now, the policy of this authority has become clear. Traditional leaders allow the members of the community to modernise their way of life, as long as they do not break with their traditions. These traditions consist of three main categories, which are housing, customs, habits and behaviour and of agriculture. More concretely, it means that a member of the Kasepuhan is obligated to live in a traditional house, follow the sacred rules of adat, participate in traditional ceremonies, and maintain traditional wet rice cultivation and the agricultural customs in general. We can conclude that modernisation trends do have an impact on the society of the Kasepuhan, but the traditional way of cultivating sawahs still exists. Just as they did centuries ago, the Kasepuhan still only have one harvest a year, use traditional tools for cultivation and do not use chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Over the past centuries, their way of life has been changing repeatedly, but their material and spiritual connection to the sawahs and rice has stayed the same. Rice is the ultimate core of the identity of the Kasepuhan. It was the key feature of the life of their ancestors; and being Kasepuhan implies living the ancestors’ way of life. Now the life of the Kasepuhan has become clear to the reader, we can focus on the central theme of this thesis. In the next chapter, we will analyse both the traditional as the nontraditional wet rice system in a comparative perspective. 50
Wet rice cultivation in Indonesia Chapter six Chapter six Analysis of traditional and non-traditional wet rice cultivation 6.1 Introduction In this chapter, we will analyse traditional wet rice cultivation of Kasepuhan farmers and non-traditional wet rice cultivation of non-Kasepuhan farmers. The first group lives in and around the village of Ciptarasa; the second group lives a few kilometres downwards, in and around the village of Cisarua. Both villages are situated in the southern area of Gunung Halimun, Wes-Java. The main goal of this chapter is to clarify the characteristics of both systems. Once this is clear, we can understand the differences and similarities between these systems. This chapter consists of the following paragraphs. First, we will construct a framework for analysing both systems. This is based on the planting cycle of paddy; therefore, it consists of six phases that can be distinguished in wet rice cultivation. The following paragraph focuses on the characteristics of traditional wet rice cultivation. Continuing, we will concentrate on the characteristics of non-traditional wet rice cultivation. Then, we will compare these systems with each other in order to clarify the differences and similarities. The chapter ends with some important conclusions. Note that the information of this chapter is totally based on field data. 6.2 Comparative framework for analysis of both systems In order to analyse both traditional wet rice cultivation of the Kasepuhan and non-traditional wet rice cultivation of non-Kasepuhan, we will construct a comparative framework. This framework exists from six different phases in wet rice cultivation applicable to both systems, from the first decisions on irrigation until the processing of the harvested rice. Below, you will find a table that contains all phases and sub-phases. Table 6.1: comparative framework for the analysis of wet rice cultivation General phase Sub-phase Details 1 Planning Timing when and who How way of working, technologies, who Irrigation when, who, how much Ceremonies which one, why 2 Ploughing (membajak) Timing when and who How way of working, technologies, who Irrigation when, who, how much Ceremonies which one, why 3 Sowing (menanam) Timing when and who How way of working, technologies, who Irrigation when, who, how much Ceremonies which one, why 4 Maintenance (merawat) Timing when and who How way of working, technologies, who Irrigation when, who, how much Ceremonies which one, why 5 Harvesting (di panen) Timing what, when and who How way of working, technologies, who Ceremonies which one, why 6 Post-harvest processing Timing what, when and who How way of working, technologies, who Ceremonies which one, why 51
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