Managing Marine Protected Areas Managing Marine Protected Areas

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Ile Maurice cont. Poudre d’Or Fishing Reserve 1983/2000 IV 25.40 Rivulet Terre Rouge Estuary Reserve 1999 - .. Trou d’Eau Douce Fishing Reserve 1983/2000 IV 5.70 Mauritius Five Fishing Reserves proposed 1984 - 1998: - .. Ile Rodrigues Anse aux Anglais/Grande Baie Reserve .. - 1.20 Carcasse and Grand Bassin Reserve .. - 9.50 Passe Demie and Islets Reserve .. - 5.20 Riviere Banane Reserve .. - 0.30 Mozambique Bazaruto Archipelago National Park 1971/2001 II 1,430.00 Ilhas da Inhaca e dos Portugueses Faunal Reserve 1965 VI 20.00 Quirimbas National Park 2002 - 7,500.00 Seychelles Aldabra Special Reserve 1981 la 350.00 Aldabra World Heritage Site 1982 - 350.00 Aride Island Special Reserve 1973 Ia 0.70 Baie Ternay Marine National Park 1979 II 0.80 Cousin Island Special Reserve 1968/75 la 0.28 Curieuse Marine National Park 1979 II 14.70 Port Launay Marine National Park 1979 II 1.58 Silhouette Marine National Park 1987II 30.45 Ste Anne Marine National Park 1973 II 14.23 Ile Coco, Ile la Fouche & Ilot Platte Marine National Park 1997- 0.01 African Banks Protected Area 1987- 8.20 Anse Faure Shell Reserve 1987n/a 1.08 North East Point Shell Reserve 1987n/a 2.99 La Digue Shell Reserve 1987n/a 1.58 Praslin Shell Reserve 1987n/a 1.74 South Africa Maputaland Marine Protected Area 1986 n/a 408.00 St Lucia Marine Protected Area 1979 n/a 414.00 Greater St Lucia Wetlands Park 1895 II 2,587.00 Greater St Lucia World Heritage Site 1999 - 2,396.00 Trafalgar Marine Protected Area 1979 n/a 2.50 Tongaland turtle beaches and coral reefs Ramsar Site 1986 - 395.00 Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area 2004 n/a 126.00 Tanzania Mafia Island Marine Park 1996 VI 822.00 mainland Mnazi Bay – Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park 2000 - 650.00 Dar es Salaam Marine Reserves Bongoyo, Fungu, Yasini, Mbudya, Pangavini Tanga Collaborative Management Areas 1975 II 26.00 Boma-Mahandakini 2001 - 100.00 Deepsea-Boma 1999 - 400.00 Mwarongo-Sahare 1998/99 - 300.00 Mtanga’ata 1996 - 150.00 Boza-Sange 1996/2000 - 559.00 Mkwaja-Sange 2001 - 405.00 Maziwe Island Marine Reserve 1981 II 2.60 Tanzania Chumbe Reef Sanctuary 1994 II 0.30 Zanzibar Menai Bay Conservation Area 1997VI 470.00 Misali Island Conservation Area 1998 VI 22.00 Mnemba Island Conservation Area 2002 VI 0.15 Managing Marine Protected Areas: A TOOLKIT for the Western Indian Ocean
This sheet describes the main international conventions or treaties relating to MPAs and conservation of marine biodiversity in the WIO, as well as some of the more relevant international programmes and initiatives. LEGALLY BINDING CONVENTIONS Convention on Biological Diversity and the Jakarta Mandate Lays out measures to be taken by Parties for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, including the establishment of a system of protected areas, or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biodiversity. The Jakarta Mandate, an associated instrument, lays out specific requirements for marine biodiversity conservation and identifies five key areas: integrated coastal management (ICM), sustainable use of living resources, MPAs, mariculture and alien species. www.biodiv.org The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands addresses conservation and wise use of wetlands and covers freshwater and marine (to 6m depth at low tide) wetlands. Allows for designation of sites of ‘international importance’ that meet criteria covering representative, rare, unique wetland types or those especially important for conserving biodiversity. Sites must be managed but may be subject to ‘wise’ use and do not require formal protected area legal status. www.ramsar.org World Heritage Convention Provides for the protection of outstanding examples of the world’s cultural and natural heritage. Parties may nominate protected areas that have outstanding values and that meet the specified criteria as World Heritage Sites. http://whc.unesco.org United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Gives coastal states jurisdiction over their inland waters, territorial seas (out to 12 nm from the coast) and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (200 nm or 370 km from the coast) provided they do not infringe the right of innocent passage by foreign ships. www.un.org/depts/los International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) - Covers pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes (e.g. oil spills, ballast water discharge, sewage, solid waste). Allows for the establishment of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) in which shipping is regulated. www.imo.org Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region (Nairobi Convention) - One of the UNEP Regional Seas conventions, covering protection of the marine and coastal environment in the Eastern Africa Region. The Protocol on Protected Areas and Wild Fauna and Flora requires the establishment of a regional programme for the creation of a network of MPAs. www.unep.org/easternafrica/ African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources - Covers conservation and sustainable management of land, soil, water, and biodiversity. Requires parties to promote the establishment of community-based protected areas. www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/wpc2003/pdfs/outputs/africa/afri ca_pasconvention.pdf Global and regional conventions and initiatives NON-BINDING PROGRAMMES AND INITIATIVES World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementation - The Plan promotes sustainable development in relation to conservation and the environment, and sets several targets including the establishment of representative networks of MPAs worldwide by 2012. www.johannesburgsummit.org UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) - Promotes sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity by improving the relationship between people and their environment. Central to the programme is an initiative to develop a global network of ‘biosphere reserves’. www.unesco.org/mab FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries - Provides guidance on sustainable fisheries management, and recommends that all critical fisheries habitats be protected. www.fao.org International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) - A partnership of nations and organisations aimed at stopping the global degradation of coral reefs and related ecosystems. The Call for Action and the Indian Ocean Regional Strategy both specifically recommend the establishment of MPAs. www.icriforum.org International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN) - A global partnership of international organizations, NGOs, research and conservation organizations, that is part of ICRI and focuses on sustainable development of coral reef areas. www.icran.org African Protected Areas Initiative (APAI) - A Pan-African process under the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) established to provide guidance on protected areas and promote implementation of the African Convention. The environment plan for NEPAD also includes a specific section on coastal and marine issues. www.nepad.org WWF Eastern African Marine Ecoregion (EAME) Programme A partnership programme addressing large-scale conservation, MPAs and sustainable use of marine resources in mainland Eastern Africa. A complementary programme - WWF Western Indian Ocean Marine Ecoregion (WIOMER) Programme - is being established for the island states. www.panda.org Conventions and programmes, not directly related to MPAs, but important for biodiveristy conservation ● Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) www.cites.org ● Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS or Bonn Convention) Includes Indian Ocean marine turtle conservation agreement. www.wcmc.org.uk/cmc ● FAO International Plan of Action (IPOA) for Sharks and IPOA for Seabirds www.fao.org ● Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) www.gpa.unep.org ● International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship Ballast Water and Sediments http://globallast.imo.org ● UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) - aims to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. http://unfcc.org ● Small Island Developing States (SIDS). www.sidsnet.org Managing Marine Protected Areas: A TOOLKIT for the Western Indian Ocean
Page 1 and 2: Managing Marine This Protected Area
Page 3 and 4: Preface Introduction - How to use t
Page 5 and 6: MPAs in the WIO are supported by a
Page 7 and 8: The Western Indian Ocean MAPUTO SOU
Page 9: Marine Protected Areas of the Weste
Page 13 and 14: This sheet shows how to obtain some
Page 15 and 16: BACKGROUND TO THE PRODUCTION The MP
Page 17 and 18: Types and categories of MPAs Termin
Page 19 and 20: MPA goals and objectives The goals
Page 21 and 22: Organisational structures The manag
Page 23 and 24: INTERNATIONAL LAW The overall frame
Page 25 and 26: M. Richmond Integrated coastal mana
Page 27 and 28: Environmental impact assessment An
Page 29 and 30: Participatory techniques A particip
Page 31 and 32: A variety of conflicts may arise in
Page 33 and 34: The term ‘gender’ refers to the
Page 35 and 36: Local and traditional knowledge Fis
Page 37 and 38: Mapping and surveying A map of the
Page 39 and 40: MPA design and zonation Design aspe
Page 41 and 42: The Management Plan is the main too
Page 43 and 44: Logical framework approach Good pla
Page 45 and 46: Progress and donor reports Most MPA
Page 47 and 48: S.Wells The personnel of an MPA are
Page 49 and 50: It is often necessary to contract o
Page 51 and 52: Partnerships and volunteers MPAs ca
Page 53 and 54: Safety and emergency procedures The
Page 55 and 56: Recent studies have shown that the
Page 57 and 58: Financial management involves forec
Page 59 and 60: USER FEES User fees and direct reve
Page 61 and 62:
Environmental trust funds A trust f
Page 63 and 64:
Donors vary considerably in their i
Page 65 and 66:
Marine ecosystems have many benefit
Page 67 and 68:
An MPA needs some or all of the fol
Page 69 and 70:
S. Wells The management of an MPA r
Page 71 and 72:
The MPA office is the focal point f
Page 73 and 74:
Equipment purchase & maintenance An
Page 75 and 76:
S. Wells Within an MPA, boats are u
Page 77 and 78:
Most MPAs use vehicles to transport
Page 79 and 80:
Radio and telecommunication MPAs ne
Page 81 and 82:
SCUBA & snorkelling equipment MPA s
Page 83 and 84:
The main uses for buoys in an MPA a
Page 85 and 86:
Monitoring and evaluation principle
Page 87 and 88:
Compliance and enforcement Patrolli
Page 89 and 90:
Most coral reef monitoring programm
Page 91 and 92:
Monitoring mangroves & seagrasses J
Page 93 and 94:
Monitoring physical conditions Phys
Page 95 and 96:
Socio-economic monitoring Few MPAs
Page 97 and 98:
Fishing both affects and is affecte
Page 99 and 100:
Information management Large quanti
Page 101 and 102:
Assessing management success Assess
Page 103 and 104:
Evaluations and reviews The terms
Page 105 and 106:
The natural sciences are vital to u
Page 107 and 108:
Threatened marine species Marine sp
Page 109 and 110:
J. Rubens Five of the seven species
Page 111 and 112:
SEABIRDS Seabirds and shorebirds Ma
Page 113 and 114:
About 34 species of marine mammals
Page 115 and 116:
Biodiversity & ecosystem health The
Page 117 and 118:
Coral reef rehabilitation Active re
Page 119 and 120:
Coral bleaching is the whitening or
Page 121 and 122:
Crown-of-thorns outbreaks Adult Cro
Page 123 and 124:
M. Richmond Most mangroves in the W
Page 125 and 126:
Red tides & harmful algal blooms Re
Page 127 and 128:
During the last two decades, the po
Page 129 and 130:
No-take areas (sometimes called mar
Page 131 and 132:
J. Rubens Many MPAs in the WIO have
Page 133 and 134:
Mariculture is the farming of marin
Page 135 and 136:
Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) SEA
Page 137 and 138:
S. Wells Sharks and rays, with over
Page 139 and 140:
Octopus and sea cucumber fisheries
Page 141 and 142:
S. Wells Sport and recreational fis
Page 143 and 144:
M. Richmond Marine organisms for aq
Page 145 and 146:
Marine curios, and handicrafts or s
Page 147 and 148:
Tourism policy and planning Tourism
Page 149 and 150:
Visitors and carrying capacity Prom
Page 151 and 152:
Publicity materials & promotion Pub
Page 153 and 154:
The management plan for the MPA may
Page 155 and 156:
A visitor centre is extremely usefu
Page 157 and 158:
S. Wells SCUBA diving and snorkelli
Page 159 and 160:
An artificial reef is a structure t
Page 161 and 162:
WALKS, SNORKELLING AND BOAT TRIPS F
Page 163 and 164:
S.Wells Coastal dynamics are a comp
Page 165 and 166:
Nutrient and sewage pollution Waste
Page 167 and 168:
Each year about 5,000 tankers use t
Page 169 and 170:
S. Wells Increasingly, there is a v
Page 171 and 172:
Terrestrial, marine and freshwater
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