Managing Marine Protected Areas Managing Marine Protected Areas

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TRANSBOUNDARY MPAS These are MPAs that adjoin each other across an international boundary, although the part on each side of the boundary is generally set up and managed nationally. A formal agreement is usually drawn up between the countries involved, and a coordinating mechanism established (e.g. a unit or commission). Mechanisms for joint enforcement activities, research and monitoring, and other management issues will then be established. At present, there are no transboundary MPAs in the WIO, although there are plans for the border between Tanzania and Mozambique. INTERNATIONAL DESIGNATIONS Some MPAs have, in addition to their national designation, international status as a protected area. This is binding if the designation is made through an international agreement that the country has acceded to or ratified. This provides international recognition of the MPA, which may help when fund-raising and seeking other forms of assistance. In some cases, designation may open up opportunities for direct financial aid. World Heritage (WH) Sites are established under the World Heritage Convention (http://whc.unesco.org), which was drawn up to conserve the world’s cultural and natural heritage. Countries must be a party to the Convention if they wish to nominate a site and the site must already have some form of legal protection. The nomination procedure involves preparation of a detailed document explaining how the site meets the criteria laid out in the Convention, and notably its ‘Outstanding Universal Value’. Following nomination the protected area is subject to a rigorous review procedure. At present there are only two marine WH Sites in the WIO: Aldabra in Seychelles and St Lucia in South Africa, but several MPAs potentially meet the criteria for nomination, for example in Mozambique. Biosphere Reserves are established under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. They make up a network of protected areas with a key aim of reconciling conservation and sustainable use with socio-economic development and maintenance of cultural values. They usually have to have a national designation. Biosphere reserves in the WIO with marine components include Kiunga and Malindi-Watamu in Kenya and Mananara-Nord in Madagascar. Details at www.unesco.org/mab Ramsar Sites are established under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (www.ramsar.org), which defines a wetland to include “areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6m”. Ramsar Sites do not require formal legal protection as the focus is on ‘wise use’, and so they are often not part of a national protected area system. There are few coastal and marine Ramsar sites in the WIO, but several are being planned. KEY POINTS FOR THE MPA ❑ MPA managers and other relevant staff should develop a general understanding of the IUCN category system and how their MPA fits into this. ❑ If the MPA might be suitable for nomination for an international designation, communicate this to the relevant government agency. ❑ If the MPA has international status, use this to raise funds, improve capacity, and manage the site more effectively. Sources of further information Chape, S. et al. (compilers) 2003. 2003 United Nations List of Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/unlist Francis, J. & van’t Hof, T. 2003. Module 1. The Marine Environment and Protected Areas. In: Francis, J. et al. (eds.) Training for the sustainable management of Marine Protected Areas: a training manual for MPA managers. CZMC/Univ. Dar es Salaam, WIOMSA, The World Bank. Hillary, A., Kokkonen, M. & Max, L. 2002. Proceedings of the World Heritage Biodiversity Workshop. World Heritage Papers 4. http://whc.unesco.org/series/papers_04.pdf IUCN, CNPPA & WCMC 1994. Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories, Gland, Switzerland. Kellehere, G. (ed.) 1998. Special issue on MPAs. Parks 8: 2, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Salm, R.V., Clark, J.R. & Siirila, E. 2000. Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide for Planners and Managers. 3rd Edition. IUCN, Washington, D.C., USA. www.iucn.org/themes/marine/pdf/mpaguid2.pdf Sandwith, T. et al. 2001. Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Co-operation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. WWF 1998. Marine Protected Areas: WWF’s role in their future development. WWF International Discussion Document. 56pp. www.panda.org/resources/publications/water/mpa/mpa.pdf Sheet A1 Managing Marine Protected Areas: A TOOLKIT for the Western Indian Ocean
MPA goals and objectives The goals and objectives of an MPA must be clearly understood if management is to be successful and achievements measured. This means that they should be defined and worded in such a way that they can be monitored. This sheet gives general principles involved in developing goals and objectives. Management of protected areas is increasingly being carried out in the style referred to as ‘management by objectives’. This means that it is proactive i.e. designed to achieve a specific aim and set of results, rather than reactive, or simply responding to issues that arise. This management style requires that MPA managers and personnel look critically at the goals and objectives of the MPA (which are often very general), and develop a clear understanding of the values and importance of the site, and thus the reasons why it was protected. There are four important steps in ‘management by objectives’: ● Establish clear, concise objectives; ● Develop realistic plans for achieving these (see sheet C3); ● Monitor performance and achievement (see sheet G9); ● Take corrective (or adaptive) management. Project logframes (see sheet C4) also use the terminology of goals and objectives. It is important not to confuse the MPA’s goals and objectives with those of specific projects that it is involved with, though they may coincide. GOALS Sometimes also called visions, aims, or long-term objectives, these are general summaries of the desired future state of an MPA. Goals should be: ● Visionary – a positive statement outlining the desired long-term state of the MPA. ● Broad – a broad and general statement that captures the vision of the MPA. ● Brief – short and succinct so that it can be remembered and easily communicated. IUCN/WCPA-Marine has compiled generic goals (Pomeroy et al., 2004), based on global survey of MPAs: five for biodiversity (e.g. ‘individual species protected’); six for socio-economic issues (e.g. ‘food security enhanced or maintained’; and five for governance (e.g. ‘effective management structures and strategies maintained’). Examples of MPA goals in the WIO are: Cousin Island Special Reserve Seychelles (called a vision): To make Cousin the best marine and terrestrial smallisland protected area in the world, and: Quirimbas National Park Mozambique (called a longterm objective): To conserve the diversity, abundance and ecological integrity of all physical and biological resources in the park area, so that they may be enjoyed and used productively by present and future generations. OBJECTIVES A2 Sometimes called purposes, these are the specific statements that describe how the goal will be reached. They should relate to the key values of the MPA (i.e. important species or ecosystems) or to major areas of management activity (e.g. tourism, education). The objectives help managers with planning, measuring progress, and evaluating success, but this is difficult if they are poorly expressed or provide only vague guidance (e.g. they are sometimes worded more like goals). Two or more objectives are usually required to reach the goal, and should be: ● Specific and easily understood by all stakeholders; ● Written in terms of what will be accomplished, not how to go about it; ● Achievable, being quite clear when the objective has been reached; ● Achievable within a reasonable, defined time period; this should not usually exceed 10 years, although longer may be required for long-lived, slowreproducing species (e.g. turtles and dugongs), or the recovery of degraded habitats with slow recruitment (e.g. coral reefs); ● Measurable and able to be validated, thus easier to set up a monitoring programme; ● Realistic, practical and appropriate within the local context. For example, an objective to exclude resource use in an MPA would be impractical if local communities depend on this area for food. WCPA-Marine has compiled generic objectives to help MPAs develop their own. These comprise: 26 Biophysical objectives e.g. Focal species abundance increased or maintained; 21 Socio-economic Objectives e.g. Nutritional needs of coastal residents met or improved. 21 Governance Objectives e.g. Management planning and process effective. Managing Marine Protected Areas: A TOOLKIT for the Western Indian Ocean Sheet A2
Page 1 and 2: Managing Marine This Protected Area
Page 3 and 4: Preface Introduction - How to use t
Page 5 and 6: MPAs in the WIO are supported by a
Page 7 and 8: The Western Indian Ocean MAPUTO SOU
Page 9 and 10: Marine Protected Areas of the Weste
Page 11 and 12: This sheet describes the main inter
Page 13 and 14: This sheet shows how to obtain some
Page 15 and 16: BACKGROUND TO THE PRODUCTION The MP
Page 17: Types and categories of MPAs Termin
Page 21 and 22: Organisational structures The manag
Page 23 and 24: INTERNATIONAL LAW The overall frame
Page 25 and 26: M. Richmond Integrated coastal mana
Page 27 and 28: Environmental impact assessment An
Page 29 and 30: Participatory techniques A particip
Page 31 and 32: A variety of conflicts may arise in
Page 33 and 34: The term ‘gender’ refers to the
Page 35 and 36: Local and traditional knowledge Fis
Page 37 and 38: Mapping and surveying A map of the
Page 39 and 40: MPA design and zonation Design aspe
Page 41 and 42: The Management Plan is the main too
Page 43 and 44: Logical framework approach Good pla
Page 45 and 46: Progress and donor reports Most MPA
Page 47 and 48: S.Wells The personnel of an MPA are
Page 49 and 50: It is often necessary to contract o
Page 51 and 52: Partnerships and volunteers MPAs ca
Page 53 and 54: Safety and emergency procedures The
Page 55 and 56: Recent studies have shown that the
Page 57 and 58: Financial management involves forec
Page 59 and 60: USER FEES User fees and direct reve
Page 61 and 62: Environmental trust funds A trust f
Page 63 and 64: Donors vary considerably in their i
Page 65 and 66: Marine ecosystems have many benefit
Page 67 and 68: An MPA needs some or all of the fol
Page 69 and 70:
S. Wells The management of an MPA r
Page 71 and 72:
The MPA office is the focal point f
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Equipment purchase & maintenance An
Page 75 and 76:
S. Wells Within an MPA, boats are u
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Most MPAs use vehicles to transport
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Radio and telecommunication MPAs ne
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SCUBA & snorkelling equipment MPA s
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The main uses for buoys in an MPA a
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Monitoring and evaluation principle
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Compliance and enforcement Patrolli
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Most coral reef monitoring programm
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Monitoring mangroves & seagrasses J
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Monitoring physical conditions Phys
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Socio-economic monitoring Few MPAs
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Fishing both affects and is affecte
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Information management Large quanti
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Assessing management success Assess
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Evaluations and reviews The terms
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The natural sciences are vital to u
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Threatened marine species Marine sp
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J. Rubens Five of the seven species
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SEABIRDS Seabirds and shorebirds Ma
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About 34 species of marine mammals
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Biodiversity & ecosystem health The
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Coral reef rehabilitation Active re
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Coral bleaching is the whitening or
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Crown-of-thorns outbreaks Adult Cro
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M. Richmond Most mangroves in the W
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Red tides & harmful algal blooms Re
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During the last two decades, the po
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No-take areas (sometimes called mar
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J. Rubens Many MPAs in the WIO have
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Mariculture is the farming of marin
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Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) SEA
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S. Wells Sharks and rays, with over
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Octopus and sea cucumber fisheries
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S. Wells Sport and recreational fis
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M. Richmond Marine organisms for aq
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Marine curios, and handicrafts or s
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Tourism policy and planning Tourism
Page 149 and 150:
Visitors and carrying capacity Prom
Page 151 and 152:
Publicity materials & promotion Pub
Page 153 and 154:
The management plan for the MPA may
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A visitor centre is extremely usefu
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S. Wells SCUBA diving and snorkelli
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An artificial reef is a structure t
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WALKS, SNORKELLING AND BOAT TRIPS F
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S.Wells Coastal dynamics are a comp
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Nutrient and sewage pollution Waste
Page 167 and 168:
Each year about 5,000 tankers use t
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S. Wells Increasingly, there is a v
Page 171 and 172:
Terrestrial, marine and freshwater
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