Arab Cities2012 - Cities Alliance

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32 CHAPTER TWO THE STATE OF MASHREQ CITIES Temple of Hercules, Amman, Jordan. Jordan is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with 78 per cent of the population living in urban areas. ©Ahmad A Atwah/Shutterstock
2.1 Total and Urban Population Growth The countries of the Mashreq – Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) and Syria - have a total population of approximately 146 million people. Egypt is the largest with 83 million people and the OPT is the smallest, with just over 1.7 million. 1 Recently, with the exception of the OPT, the Mashreq countries have been growing moderately at annual rates of 1-3 per cent. Population growth rates are now expected to decline further to between 0.5 and 2.3 per cent by 2030 with most expanding at an average annual rate only 1 per cent. 2 The sub-region’s rates of urbanization range between 43 per cent in Egypt and 86 per cent in Lebanon. 3 By 2030, it is estimated that 90 per cent of Lebanon’s population and 70 per cent of Iraq’s total population will live in urban areas while in Jordan and the OPT approximately 80 per cent of the population will reside in cities. 4 While the rate of growth of the sub-region’s urban areas has slowed in recent years and is expected to decline further, migration will continue to be a major vector of urban growth. As a result, it will be necessary to develop policies and programmes to ensure the orderly expansion of urban areas and curb informal development on valuable arable land. Ensuring a supply of affordable serviced land will be critical to the management of urban growth. 5 FIGURE 7: POPULATION GROWTH IN LARGEST CITIES IN THOUSANDS (POPULATION OVER 750,000) Population (thousands) 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Population and Urbanization Hama Homs Amman Aleppo Damascus Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2010). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision. Beirut Alexandria 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Cairo Urban Concentrations and Growth With few exceptions, the sub-region’s large cities (those with an agglomeration population of 750,000 or greater) have been expanding slowly at an annual rate of 1-2 per cent in the past decade. Cairo, the largest city in the <strong>Arab</strong> world, has been expanding at less than 1 per cent per year since 1995, followed by Amman at around 1 per cent. 6 From 1995 to 2005, Baghdad (the <strong>Arab</strong> world’s second largest city), Mosul and Basra grew by 2.5, 3.3 and 3.6 per cent each year respectively. 7 Hama, Syria, has been the fastest growing city with annual rates between 5 and 6.5 per cent over the past decade. Beirut is the only large city to experience a negative growth rate from 1980 to 1995 as a result of Lebanon’s 16-year civil war, which devastated parts of the country, including Beirut. In Egypt, most cities are concentrated either along the Nile River Valley or in the Delta Region. Almost all have been growing relatively slowly at 1-2 per cent and are expected to maintain that pace. Only Alexandria, Luxor, Qina and Al’Arish have been expanding at or above 2 per cent. 8 As part of its Cairo 2050 Plan, the government is channelling growth to satellite towns in the dessert east and west of the Nile Valley to limit growth on the urban periphery and mitigate the loss of valuable agricultural land. Jordan is one of the more urbanized countries in the world with 78 per cent of the population living in urban areas and 71.5 per cent of the total population concentrated in only three urban areas: Amman, Irbid and Zarqa. 9 Much of this urbanization can be attributed to the relocation of refugees from the OPT and Iraq as well as to migration from rural areas generated by a period of rapid industrialization in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 10 Most of the urban expansion of the major cities has been occurring as suburbanization, with the fastest growth occurring in the immediate urban periphery. 11 The Jordanian cities, Khuraybat as-Suq, Khalda wa-Tila al- Ali and al-Quwaysimah have been growing the fastest with average annual rates between 7 and 15 per cent. Salt has also been expanding rapidly at 9.9 per cent each year, nearly doubling the population over a ten-year period. 12 Most Jordanian cities including Amman, Salt, Irbid and Aqaba have developed plans to guide growth and ensure environmental sustainability. In Amman, the plan includes a corridor intensification strategy, a downtown revitalization strategy, the outlying settlements policy and the industrial lands policy. In addition to these city strategies, there are also regional development strategies for Shafa, Balqa and Zarqa which emphasize the important role of urban areas. In Iraq, it is estimated that some 70 per cent of the population lives in urban areas. Baghdad has had a relatively steady 2 per cent growth rate since the 1970s. Accurate growth data is not 33
Page 1 and 2: The State of Arab Cities 2012 Chall
Page 3 and 4: The State of Arab Cities 2012 Chall
Page 5 and 6: Foreword by UN-Habitat It gives me
Page 7 and 8: Contents Message from the Secretary
Page 9 and 10: The Arab States Region: Key Finding
Page 11 and 12: Sana’a, Yemen, is one of the olde
Page 13 and 14: Regional Subdivision and Sub-Region
Page 15 and 16: 1.1 Overview Summaries of Sub-regio
Page 17 and 18: Amman, Jordan. In Jordan, 16 per ce
Page 19 and 20: Qatar. Housing finance in Gulf coun
Page 21 and 22: Southern Tier Regional Summary Popu
Page 23 and 24: 1.2 Historical Perspectives Jerash
Page 25 and 26: BOX 1: THE SOUL AND IDENTITY OF THE
Page 27 and 28: Their location often still reflects
Page 29 and 30: Given the rapidly-increasing gap be
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Most of the countries in the re
Page 33 and 34: FIGURE 5: RENEWABLE WATER AVAILABLE
Page 35 and 36: 1.7 Regional Corridors and Cooperat
Page 37 and 38: The impacts of civil unrest made 20
Page 39 and 40: Statistical Annex TABLE 2: ARAB REG
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 8: YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AS A PE
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 11: AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RAT
Page 45: ENDNOTES 1 Unless otherwise noted,
Page 49 and 50: FIGURE 10: ALEPPO VISION PLAN Phasi
Page 51 and 52: FIGURE 12: LEBANON NATIONAL MASTER
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 13: ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN L
Page 55 and 56: Najaf, Iraq. Iraqi men survey the d
Page 57 and 58: BOX 5: IRAQI REFUGEES IN SYRIA Sinc
Page 59 and 60: FIGURE 14: GEOGRAPHIC INEQUALITIES
Page 61 and 62: School children walk home after a d
Page 63 and 64: BOX 6: URBAN BAGHDAD: IMPACT OF CON
Page 65 and 66: BOX 8: ISLAMIC HOUSING FINANCE Isla
Page 67 and 68: BOX 9: EGYPT’S INFORMAL SETTLEMEN
Page 69 and 70: In Greater Cairo, 62 per cent of ho
Page 71 and 72: Tripoli, Lebanon. Prolonged conflic
Page 73 and 74: 2.4 Urban Mobility The Challenge of
Page 75 and 76: 2.5 Urban Environmental Challenges
Page 77 and 78: The growing cost of energy will als
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 18: PROPORTION OF POOR IN URB
Page 81 and 82: Solid Waste Management By 2001, sol
Page 83 and 84: In Iraq, there is no national urban
Page 85 and 86: Only the OPT has a truly decentrali
Page 87 and 88: approximately USD 7.1 billion in 20
Page 89 and 90: FIGURE 21: URBAN CLUSTERING ALONG T
Page 91 and 92: Establishing a regional electrical
Page 93 and 94: Mashreq Statistical Annex TABLE 20:
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 25: LEVEL OF MOTORIZATION IN
Page 97 and 98:
TABLE 31: GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY
Page 99 and 100:
ENDNOTES 1 World Bank. (2009). Worl
Page 101 and 102:
ENDNOTES 181 Rishmawi, M. and T. Mo
Page 103 and 104:
3.1 Population and Urbanization The
Page 105 and 106:
Fes, Morocco. Morocco has managed t
Page 107 and 108:
TABLE 35: TUNISIA’S ECONOMY BY SE
Page 109 and 110:
Madrasah pupils in Mauritania where
Page 111 and 112:
3.3 Urban Development and Housing C
Page 113 and 114:
BOX 13: RETURNING TO THE COMPACT CI
Page 115 and 116:
BOX 14: MAURITANIA’S TWIZÉ PROGR
Page 117 and 118:
BOX 15: ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES AND LAND
Page 119 and 120:
3.4 Urban Mobility The Société N
Page 121 and 122:
Algiers will launch a metro system
Page 123 and 124:
TABLE 39: DOMESTIC WATER TARIFFS Ca
Page 125 and 126:
Isofoton photovoltaic micro-plants
Page 127 and 128:
3.6 Urban Governance Systems Nation
Page 129 and 130:
Local woman in the medina of the ho
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29 wishing to emigrate rose from 22
Page 133 and 134:
FIGURE 33: EURO-MED TRANSPORT PROJE
Page 135 and 136:
Maghreb Statistical Annex TABLE 41:
Page 137 and 138:
TABLE 47: LEVEL OF MOTORIZATION IN
Page 139 and 140:
TABLE 54: DESTINATIONS OF EMIGRANTS
Page 141 and 142:
ENDNOTES Development, 2010. Also, N
Page 143 and 144:
4.1 The Gulf Cooperation Council (G
Page 145 and 146:
FIGURE 38: THE DIYAR AL MUHARRAQ PR
Page 147 and 148:
4.2 The Growing Economic Role of Ci
Page 149 and 150:
esearch, while providing a solid in
Page 151 and 152:
BOX 17: IMPACTS OF THE GLOBAL FINAN
Page 153 and 154:
FIGURE 40: DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY
Page 155 and 156:
immigrant labourers, the Saudi part
Page 157 and 158:
The wind tower of Sheikh Isa bin Al
Page 159 and 160:
multi-story residential buildings,
Page 161 and 162:
Low cost migrant housing in Deirah,
Page 163 and 164:
TABLE 59: PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPUL
Page 165 and 166:
4.4 Urban Mobility The Challenges o
Page 167 and 168:
Mass Transportation Unique among Ar
Page 169 and 170:
BOX 21: RESPONSES TO WATER SHORTAGE
Page 171 and 172:
FIGURE 45: GCC REGIONAL CLIMATE MOD
Page 173 and 174:
FIGURE 47: PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10
Page 175 and 176:
systems, liveability, water, energy
Page 177 and 178:
local development and infrastructur
Page 179 and 180:
4.7 Migration and Remittances Cons
Page 181 and 182:
One of the reasons that the effort
Page 183 and 184:
FIGURE 49: THE GULF PENINSULA’S E
Page 185 and 186:
BOX 23: ARAB GULF STATES COOPERATIO
Page 187 and 188:
FIGURE 51: PLANNED REGIONAL GCC RAI
Page 189 and 190:
TABLE 62: AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CH
Page 191 and 192:
TABLE 70: WATER AVAILABILITY AND US
Page 193 and 194:
TABLE 76: IMMIGRATION DATA BY COUNT
Page 195 and 196:
ENDNOTES Statistical Abstract: 2009
Page 197 and 198:
ENDNOTES 276 ITUC CSI IGB (2009), 2
Page 199 and 200:
5.1 The Southern Tier countries of
Page 201 and 202:
FIGURE 57: TOTAL POPULATION (IN ‘
Page 203 and 204:
5.2 The Growing Economic Role of Ci
Page 205 and 206:
infrastructure development, 71 acce
Page 207 and 208:
5.3 Urban Development and Housing C
Page 209 and 210:
In Djibouti, where almost all mater
Page 211 and 212:
5.4 Urban Mobility The Challenge of
Page 213 and 214:
5.5 Urban Environmental Challenges
Page 215 and 216:
Water vendor in Khartoum, Sudan. ©
Page 217 and 218:
million people in Sudan, particular
Page 219 and 220:
5.6 Urban Governance System Bab al
Page 221 and 222:
A blind voter at a Southern Sudan r
Page 223 and 224:
measures to strengthen institutions
Page 225 and 226:
International Migration of Refugees
Page 227 and 228:
Southern Tier Statistical Annex TAB
Page 229 and 230:
TABLE 86: LEVEL OF MOTORIZATION IN
Page 231 and 232:
TABLE 93: EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATIO
Page 233 and 234:
ENDNOTES Assessment, Issue Brief No
Page 235 and 236:
Bibliography $500 Million Mortgage
Page 237 and 238:
Choplin, A., ‘Répondre au défi
Page 239 and 240:
Ghzala, A., “Regional Cross-Borde
Page 241 and 242:
__, (ed.), ‘Architecture and the
Page 243 and 244:
‘Sana’a: a City Development Str
Page 245 and 246:
__. City Development Strategy for T
Page 248:
The Arab world has played a very im
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