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12 Introduction The use of natural based binding systems is known and used since centuries. But the developments of synthetic binding agents such as urea- phenol- or melamineformaldehyde binding agents have decreased the application of the natural based binders. Although in the past the research activities on the field of the development of natural binders and there application in the industries has been reinforced for there use as basic binder as well as in combination with commonly used petrochemical based binders. [DUNKY, M.; NIEMZ, P. 2002] The aims to use natural based binders instead of commonly used binders are different. Due to the fact that natural based binders contain no or very low amounts of formaldehyde, one aim is to reduce the formaldehyde emission of the produced wood based panels and to fulfil the tightening emission-laws for the panels. Especially the Company IKEA leads the way by demanding a perforator restriction value of 4 mg/100gatro from there particle board supplier such as EGGER, Pfleiderer, Gluntz and Kronotex, witch is nearly a bisection of the EN 13985 restrictions for the so called “E1-boards”. Also the Californian Air Resources Board (CARB) implemented a new restriction called Airborne Toxic Control Measure (ATCM) to reduce formaldehyde emissions from Composite Wood Products in two steps beginning at 1st of January 2009 from 0.18 ppm to 0.09 ppm based on the ASTM E-1333-96 test protocol. [HOLZZENTRALBLATT, 2008; MALIN, N.] Beside that the oil shortage leads to raising oil prices and there derivates. To find alternatives for the commonly used petrochemical formaldehyde binders is another aim. Marketing reasons also led to the rediscovery of the natural based binders, because the customers demand for ecological and biological materials has been highly developed. Several sources for natural based binders are known such as tannin, lignin, starch, pulp and cellulose as well as protein. The protein based natural binders can be divided into animal protein based and plant protein based. Different applications of plant proteins such as soy, maize and especially wheat proteins as binding agents or filler has been investigated and partly established in the industry. [SCHOEPPER, 2006; MÜLLER, 2005; KLÖSER, 2007] Silanes coupling agents are basically used to improve the adhesion between organic and inorganic materials. [HAN et al., 1998, 2001] There are at least two functional groups in there molecule: One is the organofunctional group witch can be an amino, epoxy, or mercapto group. The silane can react with organic material over that group. Another function group is the silicafunctional group or alkoxy group such as methoxyl or ethoxyl. With that group the Silane can react with inorganic substrates or with other silica compounds. [JONES et al., 2000] To use wheat protein as substitute for UF resin for the production of particle boards and to reduce the disadvantages of this natural binder, such as the high
affinity for water, the reduced reactivity or the reduced bending strength, by adding silane in low amounts is the object of that study. Material and Methods Wood particles The used wood particles where obtained from the particle board plant Gütersloh belonging to the company Pfleiderer AG. The material consists of different wood assortments such as the industrial junk timber like thinnings and, the forest industrial timber like trunk wood and also the recycling timber like pallets or inhouse rejections It has to be noticed that the proportion of the different timber assortments in the produced particle material is varying. Wheat protein The used wheat protein was provided by the company Cerestar, Krefeld. With a solid content of 50 % and a pH value of about 3.4 the protein is characterised. Silane The Silane used to modify different bonding agents was provided by the company Evonic Degussa GmbH, Rheinfelden. For the following study we used the silane DYNASILAN HS 1151 which is a modified amino/alkylsilan with bisaminofuncions. It has a solid content of 21 % and a ph-value of 10.5 % 13
Page 1: Ali Reza Kharazipour, Christian Sch
Page 4 and 5: erschienen in der Reihe der Univers
Page 6 and 7: Bibliographische Information der De
Page 8 and 9: Contents Nina Ritter, Alireza Khara
Page 10 and 11: IV S. E. Sadeghi et al. Insects ass
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Initial situation and problem
Page 14 and 15: 4 climate- friendly and resource-ef
Page 16 and 17: 6 Figure 2: Different fractions of
Page 18 and 19: 8 7. Results The following chapter
Page 20 and 21: 10 9. Literature Deppe, H.J., Ernst
Page 24 and 25: 14 Pilot plant particle board produ
Page 26 and 27: 16 Results and Discussion Mechanica
Page 28 and 29: 18 Figure 4 shows the test results
Page 30 and 31: 20 Conclusion The executed research
Page 32 and 33: Development and production of innov
Page 34 and 35: 24 Construction Engineering (DIBt)
Page 36 and 37: 26 Production of pilot scaled mediu
Page 38 and 39: 28 N/mm² 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
Page 40 and 41: 30 mg HCHO/100 g 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Page 42 and 43: 32 References Boehme, C. (2000): Ü
Page 44 and 45: 34 Introduction At the end of the l
Page 46 and 47: 36 the genome is not able to rovide
Page 48 and 49: 38 tolerance mechanisms should take
Page 50 and 51: 40 Ma, S. S., Gong, Q. Q., & Bohner
Page 52 and 53: How does fertilization influence tr
Page 54 and 55: 44 Nitrous oxide Natural sources fo
Page 56 and 57: 46 Therefore methane oxidation does
Page 58 and 59: 48 the use of an autosampler system
Page 60 and 61: 50 variant (140 kg N ha -1y -1) the
Page 62 and 63: 52 CH4-C uptake [g ha -1 y -1 ] 0 -
Page 64 and 65: 54 Loftfield, N., Flessa H., August
Page 66 and 67: 56 Introduction Wood Polymer Compos
Page 68 and 69: 58 Polypropylene is a high-volume,
Page 70 and 71: 60 Sisal 8.43 67 / 12 300 -800 2.9
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62 compounder and the die (currentl
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64 Subsequently in the project desc
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66 References Al-Qureshi H.A. (1999
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68 Mai C, Militz H (2004a), „Modi
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Integration concept of Non Timber F
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72 Introduction This paper gives a
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74 the trees where numbered from th
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76 Due to the strong economical dev
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78 The logging ban of the NFPP had
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80 global level. This means e.g. re
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82 • Plantation conversion • St
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84 • Storm damages (Hainan situat
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86 C Slow transforming Situation: T
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88 References Bennet, M. T.; Xu, J.
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90 Sprenger, T. 2007: A strategic f
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92 Introduction Energy- and matter-
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94 The Boundary Layer and turbulenc
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96 F C = w′ C′ Results should l
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98 Fig. 4: Eddy-covariance measurem
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100 Fig. 6: Bowen ratio for the Bar
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102 Fig. 8: Daily course of CO2-con
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104 Fig. 10: Normalized storage flu
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Criteria for the assessment of fore
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108 conference, the Helsinki proces
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110 Assessment of forest naturalnes
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112 or even impossible to describe
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114 naturalness of the vegetation c
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116 Discussion Knowledge about natu
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118 Hanstein, U. & Sturm, K. (1986)
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The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea
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122 1. Geographical distribution Th
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124 3. Life cycle In the native are
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126 investigating pheromone gland e
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128 9. Conclusions To effectively m
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130 Ito, Y., Miyashita, K. (1968) B
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132 Table 1 Chemical compositions a
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134 Figure 2 Different development
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136 Abstract Secale montanum is one
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138 content so that both freezing i
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140 In all of the experiments, the
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142 Table 3: Analysis of variance e
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144 (a) (b) Figure 4: a) The cold-d
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146 References Barabanova EA, Banni
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148 Touchell DH, Chiang VL, and Tsa
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150 Abstract Bromus L. is one of th
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152 therefore, be very important re
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154 gains in short- and long-term b
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156 B. sterilis species (44.84). Th
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158 ploidy levels showed lower DRL,
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160 Mirzaie-Nodoushan H., A.R. Zeba
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The effects of Poplar clones age va
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164 homogenous material. In this ca
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166 content and press time of 6 min
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168 3- Results Anatomical character
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170 4 5 11 15.9 1474 0.27 29.18 32.
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172 Fig 3: The effect of resin cont
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174 Fig 5: The effect of resin cont
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176 Fig 7: The effect of clones' ag
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178 Fig 11: The effect of resin con
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180 Table 10 - Duncan's grouping te
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182 Increasing resin content increa
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184 particleboard / composite mater
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186 �� In thi
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188 dbh>65cm). The spatial coordina
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190 a b Persentage 90 80 70 60 50 4
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192 Distance between trees were mea
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194 - Shugart, H. H., 1984. A theor
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196 Abstract Termites damage and de
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198 Fig 2- Cut lumber stored in lab
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200 Table 1-Average charge retentio
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202 Demolition average grades No. o
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204 Fig 9-In control samples of E.
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206 Fig 12- Control samples of E. s
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208 Fig 16- Treated with Celcure sa
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210 camaldulensis samples, impregna
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212 Abstract For identification of
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214 Pedology There are 11 types of
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216 5- Seashores up to 1250 meters
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218 The climate of the site of thes
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220 10- Erodium sp. 11- Meidcago sp
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222 Semeng associations(Tecomella u
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224 Figure 10: Calotropis procera,
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226 Acacia tortilis associations: T
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228 7- Calotropis procera Acacia al
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230 Figure 15: Populus euphratica,
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232 8- Lycium shawii 9- Medicago sp
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234 1- Amygdalus iranshahrii 2- Con
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236 Olive associations (Olea ferrug
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238 animals in forest constantly an
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No. 1 2 3 4 240 Forest association
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10 11 242 Acacia nubica A. ehrenber
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Effects of drought stress on Eucaly
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246 livelihood of farmers. The succ
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248 sample were representative of t
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��
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252 Our data, while providing furth
Page 264 and 265:
254 Roozitalab, M.H., National soil
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256 Abstract Iran is a unique count
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258 performed using shoot number, s
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260 Season Time of Treatment (M) pe
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262 Rooting% Fig 3: Rooting of E.gr
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264 References: 1-Assareh, M.H. 199
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266 Abstract Based on outcome of se
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268 categorized as woodlands. Most
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270 country were determined and res
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272 Fig 1: Insect abundance in any
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274 1-Oak 1- 1- Oak gall wasps Faun
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276 and Adeli in 1983 collected and
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278 Table 4- Important poplar pests
Page 290 and 291:
280 Farashiani M. E., Sama G., Yarm
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282 Salehi M. and Babmorad M. 1998.
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National Park Hainich - Primeval Be
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286 dominated the utilisation and a
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288 wind direction is south-west wi
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290 The acquisitions of animals and
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292 The “Treetop-Pathway” (leng
Page 304 and 305:
294 Introduction Plant development
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296 were set to the value of 10, ex
Page 308 and 309:
298 Figure 1. A) Phylogenetic tree
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300 Figure 2. Scales log(2). A) Exp
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302 Schrader J, Nilsson J, Mellerow
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304 1 Abstract Mushroom-forming Aga
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306 One species cultured and eaten
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308 manifold different compatible m
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310 conditions. In ectomycorrhizal
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312 conditions and to introduce in
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314 promoter). Laccase production b
Page 326 and 327:
316 Standrige S, Oberwinkler F, Par
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318 Rühl M and Kües U (2007) Mush
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