Clinical Pathways in Neuro-ophthalmology : An ... - E-Lib FK UWKS

448 Clinical Pathways in Neuro-Ophthalmology, second edition
Table 20–10. Etiologies of Preganglionic Intermediate Horner’s Syndrome
Neoplasm (including neck, head, brachial plexus, lung)
Glomus tumors
Breast cancer
Sarcomas
Lung cancer
Lymphoreticular neoplasms (Emir, 2000)
Neurofibroma
Neuroblastoma (Simon, 2001)
Thyroid adenoma (Freeman, 1997)
Syringomyelia (? if central or preganglionic Horner’s) (Kerrison, 2000)
Mediastinal or neck lymphadenopathy
Cervicothoracic abnormalities
Cervical rib
Pachymeningitis
Hypertrophic spinal arthritis
Foraminal osteophyte
Ruptured intervertebral disc
Thoracic aneurysm
Herpes zoster in T3-T4 distribution (Poole, 1997)
Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (Aronson, 2000; Liu, 1998; Menendez, 2000)
Neck, brachial plexus or lung trauma or surgery (Oono, 1999)
Carotid endarterectomy (Perry, 2001)
Birth trauma (Klumpke’s paralysis)
Surgical or procedural trauma (Naimer, 2000)
Upper cervical sympathectomies (Smith, 1999)
Anterior C3-C6 fusion
Radical thyroid surgery
Chest trauma (Hassan, 2000)
Implantation of vagus nerve stimulator for epilepsy (Kim, 2001b)
Internal jugular vein thrombosis in polycythemia vera (Glemarec, 1998)
Thoracic aneurysms (Delabrousse, 2000)
Infection or inflammation
Migration of foreign body from pharynx to soft tissues of neck (Scaglione, 1999)
Source: Attar, 1998; Burde, 1992; Miller, 1985.
What Is Alternating HS?
HS that alternates from one eye to the other (usually over days to weeks) is an
uncommon finding but has been reported in multiple system atrophy (Shy-Drager
syndrome) and in cervical spinal cord lesions. Tan et al reported a case and reviewed 25
cases from the literature (one vertebral luxation, 14 cervical cord injuries, eight Shy-
Drager syndromes, one syringomyelia, one unknown, and one radiation myelopathy)
(Tan, 1990). Generalized peripheral or autonomic neuropathies (e.g., diabetes, Fisher’s
syndrome, Shy-Drager syndrome) may also result in HS (Miller, 1985).