Thesis (pdf) - Swinburne University of Technology

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CONTENTS 7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7.2 The Magneto-Optical Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 7.3 Loading the Dipole Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.4 Evaporative Cooling in the Dipole Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 8 Summary and Outlook 179 8.1 Summary and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 8.2 Outlook and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 A Reprints of selected Publications by the Candidate 185 A.1 Asymmetric double-well potential for single-atom interferometry 186 A.2 A permanent magnetic film atom chip for Bose-Einstein condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A.3 Perpendicularly magnetized, grooved GdTbFeCo microstructures for atom optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 B Determining the Temperature from One Image 199 C The Atom: 87 Rb 201 D Technical Details of the Coils for the Permanent Magnetic Chip Experiment 203 E List of Equipment 205 xvi
Chapter 1 Introduction One revolution in physics which has had a big influence on everyday life was the discovery by Planck in 1900 of the quantisation of action, which led to quantum mechanics. In slightly more than one human lifetime this has led to the discovery of semi-conductors and their use in computation, and to lasers and their use in communication, medicine and many other fields. Even more impressive has been the impact of this discovery on physics and the understand- ing of Nature itself. Here, one of the most controversially discussed concepts is the often appearing duality. One manifestation was labelled “wave-particle- dualism”, as quantum mechanics allows classical waves (like electromagnetic waves) to behave like particles [Ein05] and, vice versa, particles to behave like waves [de 24]. The term is put in inverted commas as it will be later explained that this “dualism” is not an “exclusive or” in the boolean sense. The wave- like behaviour usually is connected to the particle’s ability to interfere with itself, while the particle-like behaviour of a wave usually is connected to the wave’s ability to scatter, to transfer momentum by that scattering and finally to be localisable. At first, this duality was explained by and contributed to another duality: the fundamental impossibility to measure both position and momentum with 1
Page 1: Bose-Einstein Condensation in Micro
Page 4 and 5: current carrying structures on the
Page 6 and 7: hear and speak German in my Hamburg
Page 8 and 9: viii
Page 11 and 12: Publications by the Candidate • A
Page 13 and 14: Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgeme
Page 15: CONTENTS 4.3.3 Procedure to reach U
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1: Introduction physics tha
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1: Introduction of micron-s
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1: Introduction proposals u
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1: Introduction well system
Page 27: Chapter 1: Introduction [M¨05, Geh
Page 30 and 31: 2.1. Atoms and Electromagnetic Fiel
Page 44 and 45: 2.2. Atoms and Magnetic Fields 2.2
Page 46 and 47: 2.2. Atoms and Magnetic Fields Mini
Page 48 and 49: 2.2. Atoms and Magnetic Fields give
Page 50 and 51: 2.2. Atoms and Magnetic Fields 2.2.
Page 52 and 53: 2.3. Evaporative Cooling The light
Page 54 and 55: 2.3. Evaporative Cooling The change
Page 56 and 57: 2.4. Bose-Einstein Condensation Thi
Page 58 and 59: 2.5. The Magneto-Optical Trap σ ±
Page 60 and 61: 2.5. The Magneto-Optical Trap two p
Page 62 and 63: 2.6. Atom Interferometry beamsplitt
Page 64 and 65: 2.6. Atom Interferometry of the spa
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2.6. Atom Interferometry 50
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Localised wavefunctions were also u
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3.1. Introduction general form, so
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3.2. Two Mode Approximation and the
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3.3. The Results of the Model V; Y
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3.3. The Results of the Model the a
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3.3. The Results of the Model a red
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3.3. The Results of the Model max(
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3.3. The Results of the Model used
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3.3. The Results of the Model uses
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3.4. Summary excited states do not
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3.4. Summary pendent on the atomic
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4.1. Overview current-carrying wire
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4.2. The Laser Systems • The opti
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4.2. The Laser Systems light is the
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4.2. The Laser Systems photodiode
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4.2. The Laser Systems double-passi
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4.2. The Laser Systems To the light
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4.3. The Vacuum System are mounted
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4.3. The Vacuum System produced fro
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4.4. The Magnetic Field Coils tempe
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4.4. The Magnetic Field Coils tempe
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4.5. The Atom Chip and as a heat si
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4.5. The Atom Chip are 2.0 mm and 1
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4.5. The Atom Chip Cr Au Glass MO f
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4.5. The Atom Chip 108
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5.1. Overview and Timing Sequence w
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5.2. The Magneto-Optical Traps in t
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5.2. The Magneto-Optical Traps Numb
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5.2. The Magneto-Optical Traps nume
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5.2. The Magneto-Optical Traps at a
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5.2. The Magneto-Optical Traps (b))
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5.2. The Magneto-Optical Traps Appl
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap as a qu
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap follow
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap s −1
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap number
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap distrib
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap of the
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap corresp
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap other s
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap atomic
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap All fig
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5.3. The Wire Magnetic Trap integra
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5.4. The Permanent Magnetic Trap Fi
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5.4. The Permanent Magnetic Trap 0
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5.4. The Permanent Magnetic Trap (d
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5.4. The Permanent Magnetic Trap 15
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6.1. Overview using a degenerate at
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6.2. The Vacuum System used for tra
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6.3. The Diode Laser Systems for Ma
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6.3. The Diode Laser Systems for Ma
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6.5. Detection of Atoms beam splitt
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6.5. Detection of Atoms 164
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7.2. The Magneto-Optical Trap of 10
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7.3. Loading the Dipole Trap from t
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7.3. Loading the Dipole Trap number
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7.3. Loading the Dipole Trap number
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7.4. Evaporative Cooling in the Dip
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8.1. Summary and Discussion to Bose
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8.2. Outlook and Future Jo07]. Here
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8.2. Outlook and Future BEC can be
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A.1. Asymmetric double-well potenti
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A.2. A permanent magnetic film atom
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A.2. A permanent magnetic film atom
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A.3. Perpendicularly magnetized, gr
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A.3. Perpendicularly magnetized, gr
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temperature in µK 300 250 200 150
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Figure C.1: The energy levels of th
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The bias field coils Coils inner di
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[E 15]: diaphragm pump: MD4T (3.3 m
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [Bar01] M. Barrett, J.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [D¨98] S. Dürr, T. N
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [Fey57] R. Feynman, F.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [Hal05] B. Hall, S. Wh
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [Kok98] S. Kokkelmans,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [Mom03] J. Mompart, K.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [Ryc04] D. Rychtarik,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [Tab91] J. Tabosa, G.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [Xin04] Y. Xing, A. El
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