Fall - Auburn University Repository

fil(iHLI(iH I N
OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
VOLUME 8, NUMBER 3
k ~
F
FALL 1961
Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY

HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 8, No. 3 FALL, 1961
LI ~ I ~reAr~ , I(AAI
SUMMER STRESS ON LAYING POULTRY - Important Factor
in Alabama Egg Production ........................
DEVELOPING NEW VETCHES - Work Underway to Develop
Reseeding, Non-Shattering Varieties ........
FIRE VS. FOREST REPRODUCTION - Presents Effects of
Periodic Burnings on Open Pine Stands 5
FEED PRICES CHANGING - To Keep Pace With Alabama's
Livestock Industry Development 6
FIELD TURNING SPACE NEEDED--Adequate Space for
Turning Increases Tractor Efficiency 7
THE PIEDMONT SUBSTATION - A Story of Research for
A Depleted Soil Area 8-9
HOLLIES FOR ALABAMA LANDSCAPE- There Is A Type of
Holly for Many Landscape Needs 10
FORAGE QUALITY OF ANNUALS VARIES- Value of Forage
Changes During Grazing Season 11
TIMELY PLANTING UPS OAT YIELDS - Production Effected
by Date of Planting 12
PLUM VARIETIES FOR ALABAMA - Farmers Can Now
Select Plum Varieties Based on Research 13
CONTAINERS - PROBLEM IN MARKETING VEGETABLES -
Good Containers Aid in Marketing 14
SOIL FUMIGANTS FOR ROOTKNOT- Vegetable Yields Are
Upped from the Use of Soil Fumigants ............. 15
LEGUME INOCULATION- Early Research Revealed Secret
of Legume Growth 16
Of 44 MCo4 C This Meats Laboratory is filling a big need in the
research and teaching program of the Animal Science Department.
The 66 X 1 12-foot building has facilities for slaughtering and dressing
experimental animals to more fully evaluate experimental production
practices, and for chilling, curing, and processing carcasses.
It also has a cutting demonstration classroom and a meats research
laboratory. Included with the laboratory is an 80 X 100-foot judging
arena, having a show ring and seats for 1,000. The Laboratory
was constructed with funds provided by passage of Amendment 5
in 1957.
3
4
E. V. SMITH -.
COYT WILSON .....
CHAS. F. SIMMONS-
KENNETH B. RoY
E. L. McGRAw ...
R. E. STEVENSON -
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
- Director
Associate Director
-Assistant Director
- - _ -- Editor
_Associate Editor
--Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT
WILSON; H. J. AMLING, Associate Horticulturist;
K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Department
Head; E. A. CURL, Associate Plant
Pathologist; AND KENNETH B. ROY.
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Experiment
Station.
Bul. 332. Management of Irrigated Cotton
presents results of experiments on effects
of cultural practices on yield and fiber
qualities of irrigated cotton.
Bul. 333. Financing Rural Homes summarizes
sources of housing credit and problems
in financing rural homes.
Bul. 334. Rural Housing Situation and
Needs covers present conditions and needs
of rural housing in the Southeast.
Cir. 139. Decision Making in Meat Buying
reveals major factors that affect housewives'
purchase of meat.
Cir. 140. Bahiagrass for Forage in Alabama
gives information on production and utilization
of Bahiagrass in the State.
Leaf. 65. Warrior-A Bruchid-Resistant
Vetch presents research informanation on the
new, Auburn-developed variety.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Agent or by writing the Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.

J. R. HOWES, Dept. of Poultry Science
WALTER GRUB and C. A. ROLLO,
Dept of Ag~ricultural Etigifeering
Call wXith statndt Sevecit st tiine 1cl i)cl itiot is
bectteri that) mrost othiei aliials. TIie
tcamelt's hbeat to~lerance has1 lbec'tt kioxx i
ftti a long tunle, buit olnix i ccelntlv has
tI is ciharacteistAic of the chicken 1becn
learnied.
Sitin iner strie(ss is a tet ii ctined to dIi
scibei thle sti ess to wxh ichlilan atll' inv
expttsed duinPg suimmet. It r epreseit,
total (dis1ruptiotn inl lil aitnals norioal
we lilceing caused'( i~x heait. huidiitx
light radliatitnt and othter factoirs.
Pt tit Il tl are I)CCom-ing' ineasittglx
axi at of itt Ie en xi ott met t inl their ciftorts
to ccot il inicalix, pitodiuce eggs at t (
neat. This is cevidettced Ixv the itncreasing
number 1ic of iiit tttihle(i enirionmet
hoitses ht'iig constiructedi.
One reasoin the Soittheastern Ultiftcd
States is not at leatit ig eggu-pt iditctittn
area is bccattse of diffhcuitx etncoutitered
inl e tntt in icalv ixfroditciir nf0C t(h~diialitx
eggs duiriing the ltong, liot and humid
sit inn er ti 't' v patrts of the i atioti cxper
ience hecat stress inl short periods
xxhein temitperatture (roes xxell oxe c 1000)
F'. WheItn this happens, it is itot wicommutt1
fotr hundreds of ibirdis to (lie as a
resl t of the sudden fiiiflux of ii ttei t x
65
60
55
So2l 4 5
e
90*F
The graphs show effect of high temperature
on laying White Leghorn pullets in Auburn
experiments. There were 80 birds to each
treatment, all on 14 hours light daily and
6000 relative humidity and ventilated at 1
cu. ft. per minute per bird.
VH MER STRES
aL1"NG POULTR
cxpierieinced inl the Southeast. btut thi's
airea i s liietd xwithi suniiflei sttress
th at uisiaaliy h ists foI r sexveral m1oit tIs.
The first lpritlit is ttt i(Iet tifx, the
niin stress factors. TIhis is lieesxarx
to ectulitttticatllx comibat the situiation ilt(]
ibitdics -iiicrutsedt'l icit lotsses antirc
diilced hecat proi t ctit U in th l li d vlx. To
step-n i heat lisses, respira ~t iuon is ittcreased
I panttitg ), lood stiilY ini tile
skini is incireased. xxitigs are( flexed, and
thle birds dlrink ire xxalter. Ruedutced
h1eat pitodluct ion r esutlts frit it retiu ced
prtoduce env'ironmnle ts iargex' free of thle
factors that redtuce egg pirtduictiiin.
Frtont wotrk at AXnhurit anid elsewhere,
i .t appears that hiimiditx reduces egg
prducrtiont and grtx l u~x at tile highlest
tempileratur es. lThis, humidity protlabl
s is otie otf thle lesser evils.
Ptreviotuis reseatrch has sihowxni tat
chaniges itt day ienigthi stimuliate egg produtetioit
antd gruixxth. Sinice chaniges inl
dax' length duiritig Ma "v tot Au gust are
reiatixe 'lx small, patrt of tie aitx erse still)
iner effects mnight he blamied onl lack of
chanige inl dav ienigtht. Ilt xxexer, the extetidcd
1 icrimtd of high termperaturte (at
leatst 4 niionths ) xx iulci appeair to he the
main cause of suimmer stiress iii tfhe Soithelist.
Phx sitl ogists itt D~uke Uiixersitx haxve
actixvity', afppetite, grit lt egg proitti
ttiiit. egg size, aid t~ertilitx.
Effect of high temper atiures tnt egg
xwei ght andii egg fprtodu ictPit is iiliust rated
bx thle graiph. Thetse datai sltixx that
WXh ite Leghoin plicts 1 produ1ce tx a Ii,
(plate goiod eggs at 80) F. It xx:is alsot
ftttitid that these hit os pi tdlice its xxel
at 80) F. ats it .50-60t) F. '[hiis is cotj
trat x tt earlier, limited oiitrk elsexxhere
that sihoxwed 5t0 (0tt F. its the btest tein
petl re for layinitg p~lltl i It.
USD)A xwork hast inidicated that birdis
xwill itot suiti vxe att 100 Ft . atd 6I0%t' relatixve
hittuidits . lliixxei r, ill Aithititi stitdiis
fenliaies nott oitti ixedl under thiese
condtcitiions hut proiduicetd eggs. Slttxx ii
it) the photogiap )l iret liay'is pating ill
cxrevele h imx catmels atre alct to slit x x
ill ilitel ise deseirt lIctat. O il ottf the ilhaiti
mlechailttills pe~rmittinig suitvxal is thle
Based ott the Aitinit ri eseartch resulits,
Ilarge ratnge iii bod 'iv t ciii utratu ite lietxxctt
iiidax atid mitight ( 18-9;3
F.) . Thie camtel is alte to "load" heat
durinig thle (lax anid "uniloa.d" it difntg
the cooiler ntight.
Atubuiirn research in dicates that thle
thicketi potssesses the satiie ltlilitx a is thic
cal.d bu t to at nite lIiIesser diegree.
Thits. chickenis call suiit ic andi prtidtce
iti11IIh hetter if hot datxs ate reliexved b\x
cooul itiglits thlt tlidter conitiinuouis high
temperatures.
Whlt exposed to heat, thicre aic( txx I
actiions that hell) chicketix intitttaiit thetir
col leter] titig heat "tress. inl pultryx itit
heed lex isitig. Especiatllx, ftrint the stitndtpioint
ot ft(e Soiutheatst. results ilioicteo
tha~t lain lg Wh'lite LeglLorti putllets xxill
adtl t~el) \prdutce P xx liii thett telitp)raitorIe
is als high ats 80'- F. Sitce It nalt
nott (eetinlg himtself ill lcix xwxirik lit.
gills to) perspirte at abilitt F., the
piultrx tnait catn seixve its his oxx] it territtiltem.
Whl the itpinattit ht'gii s tio
feel iitit'tiifoit,itc lit' call ainciif his
htells art likesc n fifected. This xxoiuldi
Ibe his signalt to tatke pra ~ctical steps.
illix iatt high tettiptt ,titt s.

NEW VETCHES
E. D. DONNELLY, Plant Breeder
E. M. CLARK, Associae Botan i
ABlit XING li( l1l1-Sihilttii-ilig eCttli 5 a
Iii(tX, that \xl proIn good~ viCeIsof
fol 1 1, andit ee
tCi s bahiX liCtldtl.
illiCt these retjtiI Cillilits. I hiss CXCI these
chllacteristics tio exist \XXitli ii thie fi Ililv
or' gelios. I1fII tlesireCd trait tloit Sit OICcu
r ill a speieis, oftC1 I it cll Ible fil] I
ill anI othe
I o f the sa~ile aem1ils. If tile
two (I pCCics tall beC crosd i5 thtien tilt tdesirale
ChaactritIstics of tile two 0iiiiglit
Ie viC l1111ineI in to o1ne X iitS . Tius 11a1
IICCII tile sttil Xo(f Xvetchl lllCedl) 1 researchl
till.
Le-gumer scetl Xvan 141 jtlX iii size. Se\-
eral Xvetchi species fladX Cag 1s1eedXC, ( 1 iX-
1114 ditIll t ccI Li ii advX il tages as pasturIe
ipLilits, sIitl its gireater sCetiIilla g i 41)1
.\lo st X(,tell) speie grCow1nIX I ill Alabama111
p di e low1tCIIX seedtiX eltds btcauseC of discase
and i5Cset s. Si illC produc i (ro1411d
seedt X Ild bu Ilit mahke sCed ovXer ai 1o(11y
resttti. 'Fie( sptties dhiffer glatix ill percCiita1t
iif halrd seed mIid ili XX ilter ihardi-
Species Crossed
Sfiwic 195t ninerolts attem~pts has C
Ittli III (to c tIcross X\etch ispecies. EII-
phIias is XXas plieetf 0 oSil 114sin h ,IId seed
spcies XXith lntlnlslltterig species.
01l ICspcies 11 X 1 brid wiXXas (lita1iteI ill
1958 coinlillI Cttli (V. siitita) 75 Ila.r-
IoXXleaf \(,tell (V. (iwigIstif 01)0). st-t ifltistrlatiiili
Elis biiid o ffeirs Osiliiitie-s
fill tielo 1 )ii 1 4 aC~tI11 ii i lee '(,nnshatterilir
14. X CCXii resistan t X .ritX, Thfie felliailt
parentit (1), AI. 1894, is a XX bite HloXX-
II edl liliC o)f tcommn Xvettb that is rela-
CIXk Ilol-siI tterllg and)1 produc1Ies good
tics (If forage alldt seed ill Albamla.
HoweveCX r it hia's it lowX prcl~tl ta gt of hard1(
Slit 1 . TheC itiile par-el t (2), I iarroXI ti
fias pil-plt. flos s 15ailt is lowX ill 51141)1
111111 slatteil 111 andit Ii ti lre IIIilifi l Ii .
cal \cttli sImitte the fuir sci.
Results
The i~es ofCCIC I pirllie 1 )igliiCet ill the
CIII1i4secdtlilqrs dlistingu4iishedt tile its
brid iii! p ilt elitl', r lSefp I
Parents, and first- and second-generation
plants, of a vetch species cross. One parent
(1), Vicia sativao produces good seed
and fcrage yields but little hard seed. The
male parent 12), V. angustifolic, is small
but produces hard seed. Hybrids (3) were
vigorous and averaged 39%o hard seed,
Much variation was found among the second-generation
plants (4 and 5), but some
were vigorous and produced a high percentage
of hard seed.
'111c two pareni t~ts difter ili 110 llio'sille
nI 1111r (tile strulcti II S tha ,t carIX tb C
14eiies ) AXs a resu~lt, tile hirst-4cI eration
CI sss XXe 93% steilet. Ill tle next
14111 ittiiiii 1 1% of tile lailts weret li1iii
hI ctik'.
AIa. I1894 ( femal pd arenlt ) hiad pi at.
121275 (iialt parenit) dX (Ti 0141( ilhoit
that \a dl rol 11 19 to 60"7 hard( stttd
iiitl aIX i i1ed 839. 'h iiis, first- 1clicI atilli
tXX CCI the two parenit ts wXithi (spect to
har 11( 1ct Iti ts. SteCd of Secid11-clicra1 -
Setoi itel-(iiratio )i plani~ts \alied toill
sidierail~l ill plalt t\TC; vSyr ca4Ol iiiiiiss
of llatlilrits Shiape, size, and Colori of'
1)101 a11( sizt and1( color of' Seed l .11(
flower C. ThereXXC~ Swlilt Xom \i14Ioils sccolitl-aeClit1.tioll
jplailts that pr oduiced a
high per-ei itage (if hard steed.
Thes (S rese-Icl) lCslts proXvidet cXi
d iil iii g th a p r( 1 liC tivc S Ilo 1 1)1 t s ll" , I lV .
1-1--,. - __ I !
4,,~"p
.-
N5
5,
'5,-

The areas here show pict immediately after
January burn in 1952 and the same area
five years after second January burn.
F IR E
a,.
FOREST REPRODUCTION
I B l LSC 1IL lit if\[-\(;1 titli b ill t itil
rmt(it Itoo 11111( lorei IX atiiia4t'tieiit. I iIIX -
IX t't it XX Ill(dlt o ((X t l ii('tdX tol ktioXX
1h (11 a i t atiii pllc t'.ti. irsCal])t
lit IX lit' I'r c l llt'c ailt llpii ilttblII.
tstuc1ur t X (It' hill , 11111 tit' l~f %illt
ifiloc fit(, icc clll\ or lil slbs1951li
t Elc i oct 1c rditoi
A 00 buf1l t-l llteU~e osa
SHERMAN D. WHIPPLE, Associate Forese
7.5%ol ,111 XX 111(1 X I' intjt 2t0 to %citlol '
1)11lli III. l'ii X ('Atl liiti vItls d al-l two
\\itsedl i llp' ti' tesnta Itl.' fit(,
eooirotle ti (1acftr tilt' 1se5ft, e.d
Suc lols itistis iti tlit ipp'dtpc ofa~a
it I ('4111 litter 1111(11 t\ld ill glietllttsla
\vitilt iii1,\
rilt' itilt' fitli
ll stiii
2) ilie
f c t. i [II 3.6 iii.
l 19(. im d I t at afot
I thed beet'itic 1951-52an 3 fi 1(1i5al
v'arX alt't till \isiii fter t 94-5fie
A i l i t ofitlti ste fli t hii tol 3.6till.
Z"D 1956 = 1960
I sw,1952 - 955 burn Aug-1 1951 -1954 ki,
Gumn Got Hickory 31 Dogwood- Persimmo n Sossoiross Suaoc
4. Maple Miscellaneous Hardwoods
Reproduction stocking changes following prescribed burning in different growth areas are
shown above.
%Xiiit Itlie- 2-o ito :3.6-iti. classes itl
eteateti (31.5 to 45h Xt('ttlX)( iitt CTUe
flX i195(5 of Ii iXtI after the X('t(itIl
1
acr Ier and these ( wilt mosi tglyilt 1)11
tilt 6 pilXtlX iex tha h9 sc S 1 llil Xt't'li
sprowXtti froXX Xtlkile Jiori' [tll pos (A
brouhtl atis stcitill totts 10itttt0 and
pcr acret ill101 ~ Iaur tlid l .5 s a bl1.1
tlo stits 14. etil l-I ettill t XXit' lid l 1k
Ica it' llo i)i I t' 24i tt .dlld Ill. llIs a
prsiit rIIX (1111 oc iitig p It i 't('i~t' (lit'
ti ill II' Ila 1~tedX pio( c(IX itiltil'lj\its
coIllsllXX 11114 li Xi li tl f'or''t de ia ill i' it

FEED PRICES
changing as livestock
industry expands
TEN YEARS AGO about a third of Alabama's
farm income was from sale of
livestock and livestock products. Today
livestock brings in 55% of the State's
cash farm receipts.
Growth in livestock production has
greatly increased needs for feed. Since
feed is the major cost item in producing
livestock, price of feed has an important
bearing on farm profits.
Price Changes
Prices paid for mixed feed and for
feed concentrates (except cottonseed
meal) went down in Alabama during
1956-60. The change was both gradual
and continuous for almost every kind of
feed.
Cost of corn meal for feed in 1960
was down 16% from the 1956 price, but
soybean meal dropped only 3%. Reported
farm prices for broiler growing
mash, laying mash, and mixed dairy feed
were down 8, 6, and 4%. Farmers paid
12% more for cottonseed meal in 1960
than they did in 1956.
Feed-prices fluctuated much less within
the year than did prices of farm products.
Prices tended to be highest in
July and August and lowest in November
and December. The feed having the
greatest seasonal change in price was
corn meal. It increased an average of
10% between the low in December and
the high in August. Laying mash had the
most constant average monthly price,
showing only a 3% increase between
November and June.
Price data demonstrate that there was
not a close relationship between price
of feed and price of the principal product
produced. The usual proportional
change in average price of eggs is greater
than the change in prices for other agricultural
products.
MORRIS WHITE, Agricultural Economist
Area Comparison
Continued expansion of livestock and
poultry production in Alabama will be
influenced by the price of feed in relation
to other areas. To show the relative
levels, 5-year averages of prices for
three mixed feeds and three important
feed ingredients were compared for eight
states. These states represent five areas
of the United States (see graph).
Arkansas had a price advantage for all
feeds except corn meal, for which price
was lowest in Iowa. Prices in Alabama
were below those in Georgia and North
Carolina, and were lower than in Mis-
45Oune~ b H pIIe flfe i
tion
BROILER
ares.Tosho
GROWING MASH
te
LAYING MASH MIXED DAIRY FEED
5.00
toiii olhe
4.00 1A .2
li:0
i.5L_. i...:.
4.50:
4.00
3.50
COTTON SEED MEAL SOYBEAN MEAL CORN MEAL
0~o oZOi; ° oZ0O4
sissippi for broiler growing mash and
laying mash. However, prices for broiler
growing mash and laying mash were
lower in Iowa, Ohio, and Delaware than
in either of the Southeastern States. Soybean
meal was most expensive in Delaware,
whereas cottonseed meal was most
costly in Ohio. Price differences among
states were greatest for cottonseed meal
and least for mixed dairy feed.
Feed Use Increasing
During the 5-year period of 1956-60,
total Alabama feed sales increased at
an average rate of 12.3% per year. Tons
of poultry feed reported sold were 89%
greater in 1960 than in 1956.
Some states that had lower feed prices
did not experience an expansion in use
of feed similar to that which took place
in Alabama. Among the reasons were
lower feed conversion ratios obtained,
existence of profitable alternative opportunities,
less favorable climate, and
higher costs for other production items.
A relatively low price for feed is only
one factor that contributes to expansion
of livestock and poultry enterprises, but
it is an important one. Efficient facilities
for handling and processing feed are essential
in maintaining competitive feed
prices and to continued expansion of
livestock and poultry industries in the
State.
0
" :.o o2
AVERAGE PRICES PAID FOR SELECTED FEEDS IN VARIOUS STATES, 1956-1960
Shown are average prices per cwt. paid for selected feeds in various states in 1956-60.

FIELD TURNING SPACE
needed or
TRACTOR EFFICIENCY
CAN YOU cultivate as many acres per
day as you think you should? Does your
neighbor get more capacity from his row
crop machines than you do?
Field capacity of farm machinery varies
greatly from field to field and is influenced
by many factors. Some have
been analyzed and their effects determined.
Other factors, such as turning
space, physical condition of turning area,
and turning time, are being studied at
Auburn University Agricultural Experiment
Station.
Turning Time
Time spent turning the tractor in row
crop operations may amount to 25% of
the field time. Any reduction in time
needed to make these turns would increase
machine efficiency and field productive
capacity.
The time needed to complete a single
turn in row crop work depends mainly
on width of available turning space and
ground surface condition in turning area.
A narrow space that requires backing
the tractor will increase turning time.
Turning on rough area will also result in
longer than normal time.
Turning Space and Pattern
Width of turning area will nearly always
dictate the type of turning pattern
used. Space large enough to turn a tractor
in an easy semi-circle pattern will
usually result in the least turning time.
A narrow turning space will require a
longer than minimum time.
ELMO S. RENOLL, Associate Agricultural Engineer
Some common patterns used to turn
tractors doing row crop work are shown
in Figures 1, 2, and 3. The turning space
in Figure 1 is wide enough for an easy,
normal turn. In Figure 2, the turn space
is too narrow for turning the tractor
without backing. This pattern requires
50% more time than a normal turn. The
turning pattern in Figure 3 is used in
fields having no turning space at end of
row. This type turn may double the
normal turning time.
Surface Condition
Physical condition of the surface in
turn area can greatly affect the time
needed to complete the turn. Rough
ground, rocks, ditches, or other obstructions
in the turning area will increase
the turning time. The table shows how
obstructions in the turning area affect
time needed to complete the turn.
Under the conditions of these tests,
obstructions in turning area increased
the turning time by as much as 29%.
Ditches in the area increased turning
time by about 25%, while turning on a
rough area resulted in an 11% increase
in turning time.
Summary
1. Turning space at the edge of row
crop fields should be wide enough to
turn the tractor and equipment in an
easy semi-circle turn. A narrow turning
space may increase the turning time by
as much as 50%. In the case of fields having
no space beyond end of rows, the
turning time may be double.
COMPARISON OF TURNING TIME FOR SEVERAL CONDITIONS
Field Field Favorable Unfavorable
number operation Ground Ti GroundInceas tr in
condition Time condition Time turning time
Sec. Sec. Per cent
A -------------------
Cultivating Smooth
B .................. Cultivating Smooth
C Sidedressing Smooth
D Sidedressing Smooth
14.8
18.6
20.4
26.0
Ditch
Gullies
Ditch
Rough
18.0
20.8
26.3
29.0
22
12
29
11
2. Physical condition of the ground
in turning area will affect turning time.
Smooth turning areas require a minimum
of turning time, whereas obstructions
will materially increase it.
3. Turning space at edge of field makes
it easier to operate large machines, such
as a cotton picker or corn picker, and
also helps to keep ends of rows free of
weeds.
Increased field efficiency obtained by
using a turning space that is both adequate
in size and free of obstructions
will make it possible to (1) handle more
acres with a given size tractor or (2)
to use smaller and less expensive machinery
for a given acreage.
,, I Center of tractor Rows
FIG. 1. Average or normal turn pattern at
row end where turning space is adequate.
: :Forward
3 1 D E8 m Reverse
Rows M Center of tractor
FIG. 2. Here space at end of rows is too
narrow to make a complete turn, and requires
backing the tractor. Turning time in
this case is 50% more than that used for
making the normal turn.
SEdge of field
SForward Rows
M M M Reversem Center of tractor
FIG. 3. With no space available beyond
end of rows, tractor is turned by backing
in a semi-circle onto the next pair of rows.
Turning time is 2 times as great as that
needed for normal turning.

c
One atc'o of the Station before development
is shown above.
Iliii Pi' i(Xio\ i Aiil o Alabmd
ilg( tlit half ccltlirv iftt'r Aiicrcss Jack-
tla' plcslilt. fitrilers c'lt'arc'd the( l~iti.
\s iltd l r it'l top )Soil Cari c'tl ,a \ by
slit'tt clolsill. hld a st'igc' (If 1101 X ct'X ll
lHic'sc' it]d otiher r eastons cauisc't llanv
51fitirll ) llsl tot onelaseru the' iiti
tfie t'5t.1fbishilit'iit of at sublstation I ii tile
Piediiiiiit Area for the ipirpose of tieteimiin
XX bat agricultural eniterprise
01) en terp 1 rises \vuX 0!b( est slippl~llic 0I*
reice inceome trin c0tottoni.
Substation Located
The PIEDMONT
SUBSTATION
ilie sifstiatioI 5,.5siif)(Iflitti %its
lo-
('atcd'tlat Can llii Hill L illifoosil ( :0iii -
tv. This Station is operatedf to sere
thle Piedmont Soil Area comp)risedl of
Cleburne Ic Clay. Biandolph. Coosa., iid
Chainbeis Couni ties, the greater po rtionm
of lilaflI osa, the iiort hen i ii f of Lee
itt si0 oiler areas inl Elinore, Ch ifton,
Shelbv, andi 'lal~ilegt couinties. The
Station has 1.40)9 acres, XX ith about 60(0
icrcs ot opein land and c the rematinder iii
stanlds of mixed timlber.
Sin ce thle e stal Iishmniit of, the Staltion.
persouniel of' tie Agricuilturial Expeimiinit
S tat1(1 io have been iii tei ested
The combination auditorium and office made available by legislative appropriation was
dedicated in December 1958.
8
A story of research
for a depleted area
L L. McGRAW, Assocoie Editor
E. L. MAYTON, Superinterident
ill ap~prilisiiig fte sitiiation, all illo
en ilitii ig research tinder similar e 0i1tiitioi
i s, ant Illing avilalible results to
help farilicrs ilopi (IXe their fiiriniiig progr'iis
l ( iiiereaise iiie()ines.
F'romi 1840 to 19 930) elttoil \\its the
mlain eashi c'-of) ill tile ara.)i tle cad Is
tiirtit's cottoil ileaeilge coni trol s cill sc I
at deelinie inl ioXX (rop itercagt'. Thle tottion
iacreage (If it typical u liit X oe
70,000)( ieres is iiow doxs n to less than
(1,000 acres. This snggested It'e idea o
research
has is.
oili a fliii ni-ali agenlient ii it
Per 01 a itcot s egetatioli of, s erie ta.
kudzu'i, permaiient pasture, Miit ss intei
il i ti ills XX
as used foIr grazling t:i , v
coxss. , Flese foragre crops ss trt' stiple-~c
Iiieiiteti \sith alill fa i 'oss i s hayi ill tile
\eiln-i*111 fioriliage I eetlilig prograil
Cotton-Dairy Management Unit
The' tstafhlishinlt of1 ii iIilk planit ill
the area inl 1942 grave t'ipetus toI the testaihli'iient
oIf at Cottoii-iDiirx \laullige
Intilt Ul it ats thle first tllillk Iorgiliiizeti
projct o(il thc' Stat iin in I1947. Thiiis
tinit inludeitd't 19,5 iert's (If laod s itli
iltiifit'l 1M)) acres Ioll'ii anti 655 acirts
I ciiiilliiig inl tiiihir oir tloo steep (Ii
rouigh fill farinilg.
\'ear periotd 1947-.57. 'is at fallliN ts p1
11,.2 fill tilflt \voilke'is. \liniihficturilig
grade 5th i ircs it csl iil 110r t'. rili
psouirices of ash t losss ni ot tif'
All i i
axrgc' of 22 toss \vr mXtit
~ilkedt dfillilig
the' fast xc'.u (19.57) ssitli .i total (If
27 hitifers or hit'ifc'r calis 'o(il iloec'itois\

~lcx
I)c ill(,i c fcc xt 'xlix ia sac~i
'ci age( 1 : 975 anid 'cpcixes S2.63.
leavixing~ at net cashl ii coinc of $1 ,3,3T.
I otcill xiltx f101 t cItI' 1* vci period1 1947-57
as ci aCdcr S5,788 ciillialis xx ith aliical
cash expen ses~ of $2,994, lea ili g an] axeritge
oit (litslincome01 of $2,794. Thei first
3- ,sear ax cracge shoxx ed 61%C of the iii-
('011' ('dil' fro dtiirx inr, :3T% frcom cot-
souirc('('. liii' I \cr ll xci ge slloxx t'
that 71 fC colie fc1romn ciairx icc i 24% from11
('ottoli.an ( W Irol 1101)1 l sou1r('('.
Lxpciixcs xx ('1 high ill elitctioii tio ill-
('oiii('(cliccili tihe ecui'l vcarlx cro(''lps
Beef research at the Station includes the cow-calf system. One of the cows with her calf
and a group of animals on a grazing paddock are shown here.
The dairy-cotton management unit has highlighted the research at the Station. Here aniimols
are grazing Starr millet and feeding an silage representing the twa feeding systems
used in the dairy research.
xxer e'i'staishiedi fe'nce's bu~ilt, itod( fexx ci
-ox, mil)1kedc. In comi)e andi( expeinises stai i
izedi afiter aboiiit 5 s ears of opeiaionc.
Miilk prices delecd approcximately onefoirt
afi cter 1948 and1( increac'csed prlclictii
xx ci offset xcill~i ncxi t 1)5 ticis dec-
('hule ill picie. Dlvixliii acccuiitedi foii
morei'( of tie cc' h scid aes ats coxx nudmbiers
MI( pi'odi ction in crieaised
acreage \\,its limiited1.
anid coet tcon
AXs the Un it pr ogressedi the forage
picogian\iitxs. siftcd froiicii ropx stlch ixs
senCACi and kccchzcc tco stilliller id xx Iii
ter iiaiils. Schi grcasses is Scicin cid
Stairi iliet xx 'c' uised~ ill siilic'i, 111)11
sidii araiis cocci ci'iniscic (cix er-i'xegi ass
nIiixtiirc(s iii xx inter cand~ cccii splog.f
The(sc' pircived to be 1 t'1 tter cropif)' for iclclk
Thil e breeioig prc grcco ill ti)is herd
iiacs in 'i(clne proti sires cor sirex prcoxedc
xx itii thle herdf. TIhis hasi gix cii a trec
illenicls ini cl cx ill p rodi icticl drinii g
the past 4 \ ears. The acveciagce pc ciucticl
per cox 1has in creacsed f rcont 6,40)2
11). in i19.57 to 10,953 inl 196t0. The Iciahext
imicicii incrcasc' per ('ccx 2, 381 lb _
(1cnc il 1959.
c'e i'(si uts of! the opc'rcat icon hav e ibeein
(5cc 1
videt' ccicirin1 icciicii\ lixving' Tle acicxxxer Tit' be't' utctit iresecirtch xx cok ait thei
xx otilc bei yets iii iitnY( ii ixtc(''x piro- Stccticcic Consist in g ill tilt tclxx -(cut xx'ssided
daiiry ing is hacncdlec il it a ccir tmiofil prcoduc'ticcn stcaited it) 19-49-50).
roundlc ilis' s'iti l asicificicit iccili'e ccf Filt'cclx x airc sccld act 8 tio 10 iictils
olf acge t'.c'igimc sliglls ccxe c .500)1ih.
tco uctil ize l'cci il labr. ici Procfitcab le' (I ci i
ilig micust be cil cc Conctininiig bisis ccl gclcld
feediig, gcood breed in g, 1( c gcocod mcii
bet't' aimaiils \\asc
Ibeting 1 (coliip 'cIe
stcartt'd icc I19J5.5. Piiits
ccr' (Coastl ii 3rm ccc Icc
igellicnit.
graiss xx ithl ic'aiines. I )idlhixilcss xx'itic Ic
Ill t'criv 1958 lice Mana c~ge'n t Lji it gullic's. liciiaiicss xx ill ic'giilc'x ilic
xxcx c(ciotiicied. N\c'x fcc'ilities )x rc itIciic'/.i c'i cccl. Icc 19.56 anccc 19.57 the
addiced tco prcvxide i imilkicig plrci andc~ pilisticri's xx c' gTit cc 'c xxtic x cciog
cclciii'it, caid foucr silcos. 'TIe heid xxits xte'trs, and sicce 9.5S xx itfi t'ccxx andic
coinver'ted tco a pi c gri o to cmpiie dlrx- cuccisiicg tciakes.
lcit leedliiig. xx'itbj pastu cre cas feed sccurces C:oastal Bl-cccclcgi \ xitgr c it gcaliic'
ill iicilk proi'cittticcn.
hacs gixc~ tiht ticp it\icid of cecf pci. ien'
Uicer tilt icexx pro'cgramii drl'oit cl5x'5 xx ith bocthi stt't'i , bircod (clxx\ ancid t'cix xe.
art' fed cciii silacie aii ci alflf iii cc Icc ts At pr'e'sent ccfciticlccc xxiiik xx iticx c'cic'c
rc ci chages. Pasxtcore (ClxxS grazuec Stacurr ili i Cciivxes is ccciitt'mphlatecf ti cae-iii x tic ill)
let, smcchl gracins, ('rillisco cloxer-i's egrass oli tco 1heaviier' xx cigi ts Ibe(folre illccrkct iic
ixitcur't' and( permalcnent pacsture' at dif- Icc 19.54, 60 breediig c'xxes cf' tsx'c
ft'reint pe'riodls cf' tilt xYear. The cilipaci- breed tcomcpcoxitionis, Ria ic hcui i lt andct
scoil is 'x cci i-i'oci i cixxitchc coth grup f)s fed Stcif folk- iicnioiilt't cro~sses, xx tie pitll-
tile silt'e 14% ciileet'it citti'itii ac((cordc'ihased fiii r'ese'cr'ch. Iii 19.57, 123 addfcihng
tol indciv iduld1) citicitticcl. 111i5 extionaill licclcfcciliet cxx cs cniuuf like cccmii
fleilIiict is aipp rcxla ctelx' illf xx ccx betr ccof .i aglet' cxxx's xxet' cacdcedi. These'
tilrc-lgil tilt projcl~'~ted' 5- v cciil fpcricod. T'hc exx cs hacve t' l e t cs(,'d prflirici tic tic'
first 2- x ecr rc'suits inidica'tt' little duffer- t('ill cc xx ich br't'c xxicclii gixc fill-
t cccm xxei' thle cquest ion - (Ccii tile t'i('t it) imilk proll((icicn ccii the txx'c forcdicppetd lambls fcoi the sprinig icccr-kt't.
p rocl~ (ticonc(I of icilifict i iri cc iii ilk slipagt' sy ste'ims xxiti cly itc slighlt c'lst dlif- ELxx ofic tile~ IRiillilcict lreed hccvx coc-i
pliel('nt tilcc ilc ('clnt 1 il (i) 'cttcli tio prc- f ei'ence iii fao c c fci t he paisturiie grcocp.f sisteictlv (gixeic iliccic fcchi diiclf 1 )e lcicchbs.
11(cide x cirictacc ti'sts ofi lilcli ., I cspedle.it
xcica ('' siiciil gc'ciics. ccciii. gilciii
xccrghciitll, ciicc xcci'gcl, r itt' ci f i iil(' c iii
p~~''lacment fc cilccfilti peiccicmiii gilccx
iclixtci c: c'ffect ccf se''c trc'ccticit oni
stiiid and ii iiolic'tiilil of clx: tiilic cc!
plilcictilig cnd ir-cticdx o clcitiliticig cccts
cli x vllcit : cccccl ic 'cicfitci'ixc oiic ('cc]ii
ccc l cighiluicils .ct dliffeent xilc'iic's accc
i tes ccf fertiliticci for xilicie.
ccl incomice tcc tile Stcatioci. [ti 19.51 cand
1 961) ti 1111 r 'cii cds xx v're't ccuised ccc cc
icicirkici 1h"x prccfc'xionccl tccicstc' i cit c
fe'e isis. \ppccxiicctcls c4 lililiil liii.
ft. of, xccxx lccgsxic scld ;it each ct'ctill1
.

VIOL1
Hollies can be used as a
low growing hedge in
garden areas.
HOLLIES
for Alabama LANDSCAPE
HENRY ORR, HOMER FISHER, and TOK FURUTA
Department of Horticulture
IES . ADAPTED 1 to the Sou1th,Ma
iiicet in a ji r laondscape neetds oif the aveci-
a ge Albamiia h 1115e.
V ariat ioniis in size in clutdiong stan dartd
ii icltliiin large trees, init dwxarf cinpact
planlts ai it vau iatioi is ill foliage alit 1
fruit Liiioaden tI e range iif tises.
Thle collectioln oif hollies iisetd ill the
lanidscape plaii at Auuhtrui Uix ci sits is
sin all inl relaitionl tio thle 1111011( oIf knoil i
sp~ecies antd cuiltivatetd varietics. It is
valuable. bowsever. b~ecause it inlcludtes
nlativ e 11(1 intriiduiced species and cultiv
ated xai ics.
Native Species
The n umboer of ex etli iil alit 1 decidoloIls
species niativ e tio Noirth 'Nilcicis1
llctxx cc 20) iid :30. NMoiv tif these ie
inoportalit planlts iii laitlIscapilig. 0Of this
iuuinber, the fIollowxillg hive pro vetd villiab11le~
oi the campuis: All alical i Hiolly
I Ilex ojaca ), I ahtiol aid Alabam sa Da.u-
liooii 11(1v (1. cassii( an11( 1. c.. oogiisfi
folio)', tdwarf and regular X auipm I1
c (110itorio ). Iniklserrvx (I. 11abai , . 011(
Conmon livreix J.i I ciiloto)
Other species xxill Ise added perili lalix
fiii testinig.
Law Spreading Types
lIs the Atihuiu collectiiin aire spreadlng.
relativecly loxx txpe(s- Hellers,
Stokes. andt Be:pauitlans tiiriiis of aa
nest Hollsy. and Dwxxarf Yatipoui. 'Fhiese
plauiits have prouvxed valul itas liixx boirders,
griion cover',. all]id s eintiry, facinlg.
Iigs. Ilor at liiwx, dci is effect iii xxellI
10
dirainetd
peciailly
Shade.
planiters, thlesc plal its are eseffective
iii full] stiii or par tiail
Intermediate Types
hitel osedliate. dfense spirtatliig, mit
iiu iit-Iscadd tl 1ants inlud111e these j apa-
Isese Ho1111 foris- ((Ill Xleaf, roanileaf.
a11(1 I letz. A usabsle, p laiir Chiiitse
Ilollv in this class is 1. eoi uta rotii
do. All o f th ese pl ao ts call b~e easily
ail effectix elx used ill the cuiitemporarv
laindtscaple as spetiimeni mass, or groupif
plaiitinigs . Little Clippinlg is reqfirIetd to
(deve(lop ai denlse, xx li fornieti planit. WVith
the smnall leaf. tdark greens foi ins, a"bx
wxooid effect' cali fbe iiiailitaiiietl wxiths
less in isect and dtIi sease probhlems th an
xxiths fbioxwoiot. 1. ((Iitta rotunda1( is a
coariserc planut xxithi the~ spread fbeinig twxice
the hieighit. Plo its t0 tio 12 sears old airc
2 to 3 ft higrh atid I to 6 It, xxide. liecause
of 'spilliness aitf ifeliseliess,
Lie uised ais it lowxx faia1er
it can
Upright Farms
t pright formis of valuiie i the \iiuirii
collection) arc: flex co ro ohi, Ch inesex
Holly a11(1 thei cult isateti variety, Bfo i rd
Chjiiese Hollx'; four of the lostcr's lix -
hi ids. Nos. I through 4; 1. aqipernei io
B~rillian t; lex ca(05si1, Daib o: I. casi
s5 ie (1 ugnistifolio, Alab~aiu a I >11 (a; mitd
I. vomiitoria, Yautpoii.
With the excep)tioni of I. a(/iiiJcrniij
Birilliant, all of the upright plants listed
are siftable for back-grounid screens. Billianit
teinds to grow loosCIX' and( picturesqiue.
It is phirti ulhsu ix valuable for at linetracerv
effect against a tall plaini paiiel
of at buildinig or against a background0(
grarden wall. Foster's Ilylritl hllies. Nos.
1, 2. mid t3 are n arro"s iiprigi t forms thsat
fruit heavily each year at At~Uls i. 'Ihle
fruit colors early ani is heldiuntil newx
fruit is set. Foster's Hvlbrid No. 4 ha~s
n ot grown i as striong at Au bunrii as iin Bessemer
where all the Foster's Hlybritds
ri-gilia tetl. Tliese 1)1)11ies growv 10ore
ci inpactl ,v at Auti iri t han1 at Molbile,
but nottias Com pIact lv as they w\\iil](] ini
areas fuirthe r north.
Unusual Hollies
Uniusuial Liolles iif valiie ill the Auiburn
collection include: Lusterleaf Hlollv (I.
latifolia). one of the lairgest leif osrios
xx itli Icas es 4 to 7 us, in length; Longstalk
Holly (I. ;)edliniie os ) , wxith pethi
i icles and il Ieticl e drui itstalk ) upl to
2 in. iln length pendutlu s forms of
Yauipoi (1. coiiiitorio I; aiid several yellowy
fruited svarieties of Aiocricaii 1 ollx
I. oc'a).
Peiotically select ionis fiioit 1ilalix
source~s Suich as the UTSDA plant il ir
(hi lt ioii statioil and arlsi eti ills, are
altlet for eValatioli. Also seIlectedC seedliii
gs froin sexveral liuirseries arie 1beillg
ciiompared wxithi ciiltix atill 50rict iis.
-t.-c~c -- t u oly mnay ot. uscd 0% as OCt p,fS, or -1t, 01 01 1tC... pilroon S it.
9

(:owXs milk hcavilv whelo graz~ing litsh
oaits, I X ve, Xhbe, I X Igrass. crIimson clo ttver.
alid( Starr nlillct pasture('.
A plemI~l1 XXitli annuiial 'i ops is X .1 iatill
ill foirage quiality' (li g thie grizing
5..scasi. Whleni thetse horages piss tjejir
peaik and1( beginl decrea~sinig iii tpiailitv,
cowXXs resf )(In( IX \ith it produlctioni drotp
nless supp)lemenicltary feed(ing is (1o1ne.
Nutritive Quality Studied
Variationis iiillitritive qualityit oflSo sI
eral aliiuiial forages have ibeeii studied1
A gricuilturiial Exper i ment Station. Ociem
age tli'% inattei have bc l)C deteillil
dli(I, iII somie stuieis, for'age dri' iiiattei
('illiied byX 'ows5 was1 iitasiiet.
D atcs
12/8-2)
1 /7
2 /20-26
:3/ 12 : 1
4/1-1-f7
.5/4-5
.5/31)
(6/30)
9/29
10/ 15
AA Ei 1151.1
Oat's
AX crigcs tiof it tials (iiiii the 1-ortHd gix ('i.
These cows are grazing
an Italian ryegrass-crimson
clover test pasture at
the Piedmont Substation.
G. E. HAWKINS, Dep
of Dairy Science
E. L.. MAYTON, Pied-,
Substation
J. A. LITTLE and
G. H. ROLLINS,
Dept. of Dairy Scien-o
Forage Quality of Annuals
Varies During Grazing Season
Somle ofi the paistulres ss tic (iiowni at
the Pi('(iilon~t Sublstationi. ( iiipI Hill. and
olthers atl tile I).mirv IRescarim it, ni .Aublurli.
Siiice all we re not gi own at the
Same locaitioni or II' iiig thle saiiie 5 Cal.
most compar~iisonsi ar~e IiIlitehi tio (lialiges
crease ill cru'idie i irtcii IXellbew n thle
first amid] last samhiwiis.
Crude fiber etoit cit tof a bruzzi i X
Xits 17. 5 % or less fri 0 NIXvember to
11) li\etis 6.1(8.4 iand 74.9, Ifromo I)i,
(Celillbc 8 tii \Lareli ",)I. I IowiXXc CXI.(igistil)ilitX
of oats, XX hat, amid ailinmzi IX C
(cl('Ced~ rapidly fr ont \lcli tii thle
wXithii Species din it palrt of tile girowing
season)I. Forages gross i at the P'ied'
jiolaiv. Al rtULzi I ye, oats, adl wh X eat
I oi age samptles e il etedl M Iairch 1 2 15 Xh eat had ftu mlost raid.f~~ drop1 ill d(igsti-
1111 t w ere graized ro t atio nal ly and(
thoise atl Atil)Irn wXere arazed continuail"iy.
All Studyl p~astuires we re fertilized
with :365 11). or nillre iif 8-8-8 oi its
e(ljlivalI'iai and~ at least 12 l. 1) of amhad
si mil ar. crde fib1 er conlt Ciits (20.1
tii 2t.9/), its comiparedl X\itli 14.2%4 fur
Itil ian rvegrass-cri jason clovIXer du(1riniig
tile saini period. (.rode fiber colitelits of
oats. XX heat. and rs 'egi ass ci illisoli ('loXcr
io('reasedl markedlX from tile Mlai'ch to
Ililits . t)iicstiblitv oif Italli IX (')4i .15
thriough l\ .5 and tlicmi (letr(',se(I rapi(hIX,
to a liow lit 58.8% iu \las :30' Piaiigt
oIf, (itestillilitX (If ea1ch1 foigi'c is gTiscli
ill thet table.
ApIril 12-19 sampling dhats. HIoweer LII age dri Xmiatter ilitakecs Iv cowXX
Composition and Digestibility
(:lude prioteini conltenlt of all foiriges
Was icelat ively' high I t1 each sam pl ing
perioid, laigilig front 26.7 to 17. 1%.
li (XX CX C, theri 5545 \it proii oh ic de-.
crude~l fiber ot ala ii,,i I- Xe remainedel eI-
Staii I i l t inea sed ll eIiic de fibei IY
2.7i% fron julie 29 to jtil\' 27.
Average tligestiiilitx' oIf (uN mnatter oIf
altl XXiiiti'i aliilial fill ages XXas high.1 ialo
grilr ou ats coIIItiolIIlX decreasedl friom
:3 lb. per 10tt lb. oif l)odX \\cigit oin
March 12 tio 2.7 11). ol Apil 17 . liitakcs
b\ '(X ow gra/jlw wg'sheat ('(lit 1111111 sk dce
('icised ftrlom 2.9) tio 2.2 lb). pe'r 16ft Il).
bok X tigh~t (1111 i)4 thle 51101' periodt.
thuls. its ss hat aid oaunts oecai et the ci (I
I)mIGES 1111 I IX OFI ANNUi L FORGE I'iiii I. ATi5(i5/ I)iFEAU]t-\I SEA SiONS
I.- [HL 1F 1 1)1 i MATTERi BIISi
tiii't iltak' tof (((oXXX \\ias r'educedl b\
I)igestibilits ot echl forage' gi itt
Itailian rN c'-
Whcat Abri-izzi ry e gaIss Cril Iso IS)Sair i liet
701.7 69.3'
74.7
7f 1.0'
58.8
Ciitiiniio'lsk (,
gla/i ( pasture's it Aubu~trn, ill tither patijr's riutatmnill\ 14rau't at PIcd't
ibunt Subtstatioun.
68.0
Starr iniiict X\\s.a aol Ilia 11lit' palstuliv
I' (li'ji tile' Cl-IX pai t of Ht'e gri!
'30. I o~c i.it bad (11(1easetl tol 5 7 . 7 %/
o(f 34.5cc mi Oc)tober 1..
ilIitt5 oaits. XXhea t. ilbrll,'i rXe c. taliaio
IXV (ri 155cr CilIllil ClovXer. andl Stall Inilt
pasti in's aire igh I palitv toiw ags ii it il
thle jiltts lbegini tol lilitili CrIid]il H Fow
ce r. qulalitX dcre'(ases r apid]lhA is,. the
plaits 11111 thle peli id XXIliiii stitI heads
ar(, toill 1(. ITl 111111liiil h id levI'sels it
iiit'its Shouild be
upuialit\ diflops.
increaI'sed l as pasture
7

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL
SMTWT F S SMT WT F S SMTWT F S SMTWT F S
S2 3 4 5 6 7
8 91011121314
1516171819 20 21
22 232425 26 27 28
293031
5 '
' 2 3 4
'0l
q
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
91011 12 13 14 15
1617 1819202122
24 25 26 27 28 29
MAY
SMTWY
123
1 2 3
7 8 9 101
14 15 16 17 I
21 2223242
28293031
Timely Planting
Ups Oat Yields
SEPTEMBER
SMTWT F S
12 I 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9,0 , 101
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 iv ... . 15 16 17 18
17 18 192021 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1920 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 293031, 2627282930
F. S. McCAIN and C. C. KING, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
P LANTING OATS at the right time can
put more dollars in your pocket. Research
results show that yields of oats
can be increased by planting earlier
than is the usual practice.
Experiments on dates of planting oats
were conducted during 1952-57 by the
Auburn University Agricultural Experiment
Station. The tests at seven locations
were designed to measure effect
of date of planting on yields of oats
grown for grain only and for forage and
grain combined.
Two Management Systems Tested
Oats were seeded at the rate of 3 bu.
per acre. Two series of plots were used
at each location with one series managed
for grain production only. These plots
received adequate rates of phosphate
and potash fertilizers at planting. Fifty
lb. of nitrogen was applied as a topdressing
about March 1.
Another series of plots was managed
AUGUST
-WT F S
2345
1 2 3 4 5
1 91011 12
16 17 18 19
223242526
.9 3031
DECEMBER
SMTWT F S
12
3456789
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 192021 2223
2425 26 27 28 29 30
31
for production of forage (grazing) and
grain. These plots received the same
phosphate and potash fertilization at
planting as those managed for grain
only. In addition, a topdressing of 50
lb. of nitrogen per acre was applied
when oats were up to a stand. Forage
removal was discontinued about March
1 and an additional 50 lb. of nitrogen
per acre was applied. All. plots in both
series were allowed to mature a crop of
grain and grain yields were measured.
When consumed as green pasturage,
1 lb. of dry matter from oat forage is
considered equal in feed value to 1 lb.
of oat grain. This factor was used to
convert forage yields to grain equivalents
in measuring yields.
As shown in Figure 1, forage yields
for comparable dates were highest in
southern Alabama. There was little difference
in forage yields for comparable
dates between central and northern
areas of the State. Highest grain yields
SNorthern Central Southern Northern Central Southern
FIG. 1. Yields of oat forage from different
planting dates during the 1952-57 test
years are shown by the graph above.
12
FIG. 2. Shown above is a comparison of
grain yields from clipped oats from different
planting dates during 1952-57.
on clipped plots for all planting dates
were produced in northern Alabama,
followed in order by central and southern
regions, Figure 2.
A comparison of Figures 2 and 4
shows that yields of grain were decreased
by clipping, but the forage obtained
more than compensated for the loss.
When forage and grain yields were combined,
there was little difference in maximum
per acre production of feed in
all regions, Figure 8. However, there
was a difference in the best date to plant
for maximum yields.
Best Planting Dates
Recommended planting dates for forage
and grain production in the three
regions are: northern Alabama, September
1 to September 20; central Alabama,
September 1 to September 30;
and southern Alabama, September 20 to
October 20. Planting dates did not materially
affect yield of oats grown for
grain only in any of the regions, Figure
4. The maximum difference, 8 bu. per
acre, occurred between the September
10 and October 20 planting dates in
central Alabama. This indicates that
most any of the planting dates in any of
the State's regions is satisfactory for
grain production only.
Yield,
pounds per acre
3,20 0
1400
S Forage and grain
Grain only
FIG. 3. Combined yields of forage and
grain from oats planted at different dates
during 1952-57 are shown in the graph.
Aug. Sept Sept Oct Aug. Sept Sept Oct.N S S pO ct.00 6.
20 130020 20 10320 10 103020 10
Northern Central Southern
FIG. 4. Shown here are yields of oats managed
for grain only from different planting
dates in 1952-57 experiments.

Eight of the most promising plum varieties
for Alabama are: (1) Methley, (2) Bruce,
(3) Ozark Premier, (4) Giant Cherry, (5)
Red June, (6) America, (7) Brilliant, and
(8) Munson.
piotLETItio i p it t.'t's aie ste firstt'
se ll p ie iit't'dt'd qurlit\ lui 1
Xc xadiptei itli ii e iloti (*\it S,i (roo
pro dtion \iitic it Sepi \iisuI 1t
ti. o til i iik alIII it 1 Stitstwi v pao.il
()iark Prei tiii , Staikiiig 1)ehit'i
itid ritilir's iie (i(5 l ilt'u tii
\lt'thlt's ait' stIrit w~ high ietld
eerlt' huas t'sc Itit Te ti is i, V
wx it upright gr rte. Didiit't'
Methiare l of
t it'iiici hand .m5iiiis
jige iis s i ll arii lyi i e lit i
11i d uC high CXoVilt coor ' Sie
Otark ivin iiu ha)' s lis firni0 1l011i
I'itt, 1 1 'itx itBA EHiT I sis tit, oO i , I 1ilsEsT, ANDo Yll [A) l1EttiIi)S ituit 12
\It11111
lil .o
. D24 it)o
Itiilliaiit I /3 . 6/25
( Utt(liii is 3, 29 6/27
Bu.1tt :3, 22 6 29
licd J it I I 6 29
uts atl :3 27T 7/2
\Iiamiiillt ( Car. :3 27T 7,/5
Bct ti :~s 3 :1tt T7 1 -1
NI I I siii 1I - .5 7/15
Stiu kiuta IDl. .25 7 26
I I l.s5ki 29 - 26 )
PLUM VARIETIES
for ALABAMA
J. D. NO0RTON and J. L. TURNER
D , partment of Hloriculture
i/t. flli\txt' i tN iii is-e fit-iiii' I
tpil hll to uit 'iitI p. T he\'ctii
t of'ex grothx tli lit x tk. IFrtuit rqit'its ill itid-
Skiin Stollet ' llsl l
rttltlshil .a
rt ttisli por.
itilk~ ti i
I t'tl h ur
Ic topil'
Oitll~ ol~
t (I to\\rtt
(ttriugit
I ittI
s) ibissc
\(,I.tos ciil
is. aiid
I llit i
'Sl ilt'.
igi iiitts
wets ti,
dili u pr i h thi lpi teet'it ,i 51 i ',t le
ildst ip h i is I Iii i tllt ilitt' ne Iiii
Althoill"11 hloolll (Lit( wcl C I It t I I' I It 4 111 cL )1' thil t It 'i I I' I I it I I I i It I I I'll t\ \\ itS to-
latcr t I oil I I I Im I I I a I m I I I lost \ ill itticS.
FrIlit i/r.: I 111allc t, 10 hil'-,cst.
Stolw fl,,11t ": I lim" 10 fit.c.
Yitld! I Iw 1\ it-ld, 10 lwt\i1lIlIlII \ w1d,
't lidas
corniniteial pi ss ibI ti ties.
ijThei Mamt 'lii, i i a tit is iitt'tt
tlin re (ii gin Low iz Sii e, iiliid- lii leit
qull y. It i Tis i il iict hc a p l it' IIi rii 't
bruitN ito i itt t pot aictts . Ir tlt'stii
a ili itll ii.Frit illuuilt 3 xx tuko luite
edrl Bty po us frh5 ,urth siittuhi
xs'ilt ofphili th vairtiete.I dvlp
i lilliat ls :dfut abiout i3tuis ibiifottitt
hart. iThies high qaityItIit li gt'. ittll
iiuit i's
wit iprggr~h
it ~ ~~RoItsl lhis i lit' fruit wsithi ei'(-et'lltt
dll- to it lte Jout'.
itt sioi- Gianit (it'h i I l i xig iii i ios. tupiigh t
itths tiet' thait prodt,-,t' high it'lts. 'lT'e Ii it
gutl is high iii siigar. Httseeri thei Iiruit is
Coarse' i) tet'\urt' lat.kiuig ill Ila\ oi aiid
ieldtI spa t'ildilt trieit that pi lhict's high to itetds.
Fruit is high uquidiity ,iiit Iiglils ittoililtit';
10 itu i sitt.l al m i Ii~'i (,I ,s tu s,,(p I ett'
10
8l fru n it wilnilii i
suaitisthattt rls itlls
10 fruit tIlil~litx is hto us low iio ist' is t'uuii-

C O N T A I N : R Sproblem
C ONTAINERS USED in marketing are an
important problem of Alabama's vegetable
industry. Produce is received by
wholesalers in a great variety of packages.
Even for the same commodity,
containers vary widely in size, dimensions,
and construction. Produce grown
nearby is often delivered in bulk and in
open trucks without refrigeration. One
large handler reported receiving snap
beans in shoe boxes.
Magnitude of the container problem
was learned in an Auburn Agricultural
Experiment Station study of procurement
practices and problems of wholesale
handlers of fresh vegetables in the
State. A major objective was to investigate
ways to increase marketing efficiency.
Representatives from 4 major chains,
3 brokers, 23 carlot receivers, and 32
jobbers were interviewed. Most fresh
produce offered for sale in Alabama retail
stores was channeled through one
or more of these firms. In order of importance,
firms purchased from brokerreceivers,
growers, shipper- growers,
farmers' markets, jobbers, and repackers.
Fresh vegetables from 39 states and
foreign countries were brought into Alabama
by the firms studied.
Containers Preferred
A summary of wholesale dealers' container
preferences for major commodities
is presented in the table. Several preferred
containers were named for greenripe
tomatoes, collards, cucumbers, lima
beans, rutabagas, turnips, and strawberries.
The 12 commodities listed in the
table were selected on the basis of vol-
14
in marketing
vegetables
DONALD R. STREET and E. E. KERN,
Dept. of Agricultural Economics
ume handled from a total of 39 being
sold by wholesale firms.
In 35 of the 62 firms studied, snap
beans were of major importance. Thirtytwo
of these 35 firms preferred the product
to, be delivered in bushel hampers.
Of the 39 firms reporting cabbage of
major importance, 35 expressed preference
for the 50-lb. mesh bag and the
remainder preferred crates. All 39 reports
concerning head lettuce favored a
fiberboard vacuum-cooled package.
Fifteen of the 19 firms reporting new
potatoes as a major commodity preferred
50-lb. bags, 3 preferred 100-lb. sacks,
and the other, which had bagging equipment,
chose to receive in bulk.
The 20-lb. fiberboard box was the
choice of 25 of the 33 firms handling
pink tomatoes as a major commodity.
Two firms desired the 40-lb. fiberboard
box, three the 60-lb. wirebound crate,
and one each preferred the 60-lb. fiberboard
box and bulk delivery.
Firms reporting
Commodity commodity to be of
major importance
Number
C abbage --------------------------
39
Lettuce-.......
39
Snap beans ----------------------
Red
35
and pink tomatoes-
33
Celery- - - - -
19
New potatoes -----------
19
S q u a sh -,. ------------------------ 11
Field peas
9
Sweet potatoes--...... ..--
9
Corn-- - - - -
6
O kra.- - - - - -
6
Sweet pepper-------
6
General Agreement Found
There was much agreement on container
preference for specific commodities.
More than half of all reasons given
for container preference involved quality
maintenance and standardization of the
trade. A few containers for each commodity
capable of meeting these requirements
permits quick and easy trading,
according to the buyers.
Price discounting was reported where
a variety of sizes and types of containers
was used. Ease of handling, customer
satisfaction, and ease of display were
other reasons given for specific container
preference.
Facilities available to marketing firms
for handling commodities were related
to container preference. One of the chain
organizations had bagging and boxing
equipment to service their retail outlets.
Seventeen of the 23 carlot receivers had
boxing and bagging equipment as compared
with only 4 of the 32 jobbers. All
of the earlot receivers and jobbers had
adequate boxing and bagging equipment
for present use, but only 12 of the carlot
receivers and 3 of the jobbers had
adequate facilities for the future.
The likely continued increase in chain
store handling of vegetables may require
better packaging of produce nearer the
point of production. The trend toward
direct marketing means that producers
and shippers will have to give closer attention
to acceptable containers than
they have in the past. Inferior and nonstandardized
containers are costly in
terms of quality loss, cost of repacking,
and price discounting. Packages will need
to be easy to handle, stack, and load to
be shipped with confidence.
Marketing efficiencies achieved can
benefit farmers, distributors, and consumers:
through higher profits, lower
prices, and better qualtiy of produce
marketed.
VEGETABLE CONTAINERS PREFERRED BY 62 WHOLESALE VEGETABLE DEALERS IN
ALABAMA, FOR MAJOR COMMODITIES HANDLED, 1959
Major
container
preference
50-lb. mesh bag
Fiberboard carton
Bushel hamper
20-lb. fiberboard box
Wooden crates
50-lb. bag
Bushel hamper
Bushel hamper
Crates
Wooden crates
Bu. and half-bu. hamper
Bushel hamper and basket
Preference over
other desired
containers
Per cent
90
100
91
76
89
79
82
78
67
67
50-50
50-50

Soil Fumigants
for
ROOTKNOT
W. A. JOHNSON, Ast Horilts
E. J. CAIRNS, Nematologist
L: M WARE, Head, Dept. of Horticultute
o[I Oi ,l CAMt x\ I lot fo otkiot ctrolti
tot' f priving x ,tlttalle ill the pt odittiott
oft xcritflt' crop~fs.
Alxt \-etitble l a crops are ,t ffecteti iil
x itiit. degreets fb\ iootkitot andt other
1(if) 5 tods Fit 4O' or th l'r sutietilei
511(tssi\e ws 'ills So til ftt1iigriltits or othetr
Research Conducted
fIl 1957 ltl t'\fL'cilnclt to cotlpate thet
tfects of soil filink tgalits oil N titis atnd
coiltrol of rootkttot ItIt ct'rtititt 5 egTetaible
crops \\,ias icctillo att the Aoboriit Uix ersit\
A\griciturital Lxpe'tittictt Stattion.
(Sx to ill tihe tafblt aire soil I ttiltig.Iits
uliiltiiig titia', fot test croips gt ttxx t. [hei
I iritis \\etre hiroadcast aiitalix.
A fil Crop xx as ttioxxil tcitl x tlti to
checck residual effects of the soil I iiirii
gratit applied hefore plantttig it spiring
cropif. fT'e I iitttgatits xxcr ti pplitti toi
sitltte plot; eatil x cl.
I ),ttes 1)1 itt't
Various treatments with soil fumigarnts ore shown obov !. The four rows repruent Vapom
treated, Telone, Nemaon, and check.
Effect of Fumigants on Rootknot
A~t the iiegioiiiitg of tile cxper-iictlt
thert \\,xxts at loix ppiiiltttiiii of t ootktt
tiitatodes. This is gix cl iii thti~ ihits
iiitit' ri tliflogs oi-l roiots of fliliitx tof ftec
firist ctrtp .gi'i x i ii the check piot . A
reatfiig of it0 iitdicattes li x ixihie ktnots
oil riits i io 0)) lietlls stciie kiiottii ig
of iroots.
fT'e itndtex readtlill for tlke tli i'tk p lot
the first xYear xxits fTi. Fiot tite fill]c -iop,
fit st-x ear t eadiog \\-ias 4.3 atnd for tue
seitIlitl -\(cal it xxas 98. 'Ter efore, rootknotf
oinatode populiationi morie tihani
doublfdt hx t'iid of the sciittd x ear xx Itil
hligiix suisceptif-lie ci -ops xx c groxxi .
indcex t calditigs xx c reiatixe cix\ ioxxfu
bti spr1inig iilfal curogips an\It af ter
soii fiitatioii. ['litre \%-ias a siigiit illcrease
iti rootkoiit i tcot'thd for fali tirop
oxr tihtie spring~. cirop xx lo \t'iigoti,
Dtt ione, Vapaiii. .uti Dixxfuit W-85
xxic ti t plti itt f1'57 iid foir Neirtaoi
,ttf \'apitii ill i1959. Ili nio cast' \\its the
iFFECOT M-i Sil FM IG tANTiS ON YIELD AND 5\i OttKN0t
Y~tik -iii tons pe'r acre alit riittkot intdex riatf iings-
tilt1 t~(~95T, 19.58 19.59
1)it Sitriog F"all Fall Sprintg itif
fifcotit
fiiiion
201.1)
5.0S
4.S4
Mt. 19
9A.4
(5.82
17T
f10
If
16
10.8011I
DD1 20.0 9.84 it)
9.62 15
Marti. I I
\ilix 2
Itit. 22
Apr. 141
4.'7'.; 68
4.09' 1:3
4.26 12
4.:30 21
5. 94 12
4. tW f13
41.62; 1If
Miar. it)
A 1)r. 9
77 :..41
i1) 4.92
1:3 4.94
'17 3).i7-
17 5.17
1() 4.96
11 :3.98
Nov. 41
Apr. 12
19610
Spitail
1 it ,ttt
hTls hildctx
'I vis ,tiiiiiiitt Iel \tritss itst'ti ii, N57 andtt 19.W8 1 .f pet icr' \\,its iil i) 19.59) tut
19601.
('rotix i of fplaltts aind prodctiontht of
sp~rintg stiltsii tlit fir st Croip, xx i t illcr'tsetf
b\ ifl soii f'litiatlits iixt't. Soitt
of, tht' Affcts toul hil~ itrx itsitt'd frotit
thte Conitrol of Soil pests other thitti roiotkinot
ni 'iatioit' Yieitds fitorn plots Ittti
ii ig soi fiii i i it tat -its gl ftotio 50) to
25'/, higlie thatn ft oit check piots, se
ttf l t'. Tht' xi oailest ini (' ease \x-its frIiom
Netittagoii. 'T'fe wexrc ino sigiiificatit illieatsill
x vitids of tit filli tiop fittxxet'ii
tcheck fphots anid tittse I cccix itig sttil fuot-
iatits,
fIt 1958 the spr ing cio (if \xxits potattoes.
'lt' tCheck plots ipriiduceti a it igh ori
litcti-1 ix , iigi x idts is x\'ias prtoduct'd
tttttt tciirdet fot thits tirop. Spin tg cirofps,
ill 1 959 itfd 1960), xx tie dxxu- beant'tis.
Ilt f959 betanis xx c tfittat'd ftrom all
sil ftinio its t'xt'tpt \ apitit hetause iof
liiitstti xx tatitet cotitlitiotts,
Btccoise (If the datima~tge iii 1959 ftrom
spi iti ti atititi ts, ftii~iii( ts for the i196))
Y ie Itls of hicatis ill 1 96)) x'ee itnctrt'asetd
4.5 to 50% from use of '['lout' Dlo Itic
\ tpttin, andt DD) antt II tii f17Y, ft o
use of Netiagi~oti andt f)oiix'itt W-'8.5.
Thet inctrease it x itits of thte fall crop)
it' Sqifittsft tatngetd ft tit 120) to 1 80% ill
958 attd f t"ot .3101 to 6-3)1% ill 1959.
'iteiti of stqiiasi it tit ftill] of 1958 xxits
sIot' ie at lI)xx atd itaxl1 il! de, p~i'ltiailx vhb'
ctts' ol tfoxxitx iitit'xx ,Stl-l is inore
'litc hug! lost x itit i ech x eatl foir thet
spinutg Criop groilixi after fttitigatiiitt xxeci
hiotiuc('t friti lo fits 't'teix tug \ apiti:
thtt st'tottt aind tftird i tiht'st x iclds xx ti
Nenictontti andit fDox otime \\'-,5 pr'io'de
ft'ss x itActs tftatt tt' otheti I Ittitiliits, tht
Ilist' as sil fitottg~fiits.

LEGUME INOCULATION-
Product of Early Research
INOCULATION and its importance to successful
production of certain leguminous
crops is common knowledge among Alabama
farmers today.
But few know that some of the first
research in this country with inoculum
or "germ fertilizer" was done at the Auburn
Agricultural Experiment Station
more than three score years ago. Its results
provided the answer to the mystery
why certain leguminous plants produce
poor yields on soils on which no legume
had been recently grown. Legumes used
in this early work included vetch, crimson
clover, lupine, lespedeza, alfalfa,
Canada field peas, and cowpeas.
"The subject of maintaining fertility
of the land very closely concerns every
tiller of the soil, whether cotton planter,
tobacco grower, grain farmer, livestock
breeder, or horticulturist."
The foregoing paragraph is the introduction
to Auburn Station Bulletin
No. 87, published in the summer of
1897, reporting early research on soil
inoculation for leguminous plants. The
words are those of the late Prof. J. F.
Duggar, who joined the Auburn staff a
year earlier and whose later work made
it possible to condition the soil for growing
certain legumes to supply much
needed nitrogen. He is credited with
having been one of the first researchers
in this country to have experimented with
"artificial cultures" for growing clovers
and other legumes.
In the light of discoveries in Europe,
Professor Duggar determined that some
Alabama soils had to be inoculated by
the necessary germ-life to grow legumes.
First with a homemade preparation and
then with a patented concentrate from
Germany, he launched a long-range campaign
to get Alabama farmers to inoculate
their fields so soil improving legumes
could be grown.
In Station Bulletin 87, Professor Duggar
in the main presented results from
greenhouse pot experiments in which he
compared growth of inoculated and uninoculated
legumes. His yield increases
were dramatic.
KENNETH B. ROY, Editor
LILLIAN FOSCUE, Graduate Assistant
Professor Duggar emphasized the
value of inoculation in Bulletin No. 96,
published August 1898. Reporting on
experiments with crimson clover and
hairy vetch, he wrote, "clover, vetch,
and similar leguminous plants are able
to draw much of their nitrogen from the
air when enlargements called tubercules
or nodules are found on their roots. They
are unable to do this, or to store up fertility,
when tubercules are absent.
This is the second article of a series
on Auburn University and its Agricultural
Experiment Station Systemits
founding and its contributions
down through the years to the progress
of Alabama's agriculture. The
series is being published in conjunction
with Auburn's Centennial Celebration.-Editor
"In order for tubercules to develop,
specific germs of bacteria must come in
contact with the young rootlets. In the
regions where the clovers, vetch, alfalfa,
etc. are extensively grown, these germs
become generally distributed in the soil
of the entire region. In a number of localities
in Alabama, where these legumes
are not grown to any great extent, these
germs are absent from some soils or
present in insufficient numbers."
-~U L V ~CIIULII~ UI LU IW ~VIILIIUULIVIIU
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1132-8/61-IOM
The researcher reported good results
from two methods of inoculation: (1)
scattering on a field some of the germladen
soil from a field where the legumes
have borne tubercules, and (2)
use of a prepared material called Nitragin,
"a concentrated germ fertilizer containing
myriads of germs which are able
to cause the growth of tubercules on the
roots of certain leguminous or soil improving
plants."
Large yield increases in field experiments
resulted from the use of an inoculum,
as reported in Bulletin 96. Hairy
vetch inoculated with vetch Nitragin
produced hay at the rate of 3,270 lb.
per acre, as compared with 564 lb. without
inoculation. Using soil from an old
vetch field as inoculum increased yield
by 2,308 lb. of hay over an uninoculated
companion plot. Crimson clover yield increase
from inoculation was reported to
be 3,296 lb.
Long lasting effect of inoculation was
also learned. It was reported that "'a field
once inoculated, whether naturally or
artificially, remains inoculated for years."
Other information included the fact that,
in general, each genus of leguminous
plant has its own specific or adapted
germ.
Successful growth of legumes in Alabama
was a major breakthrough that has
been invaluable to farmers of the State.
Use of these crops as soil improving and
forage plants came about as a direct result
of the early, basic research.
Research on legume production has
not stopped. Work has continued through
the years on variety testing and development,
time of planting, seedbed preparation,
fertility requirements, and on
other cultural practices. This ongoing research
continues to provide information
that enables farmers to do a better job
of legume production and utilization.
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300