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CHAPTER 4: MORPHOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A BACTERIA CULTIVATION ORGAN: THE ANTENNAL GLANDS OF FEMALE EUROPEAN BEEWOLVES, PHILANTHUS TRIANGULUM (HYMENOPTERA, CRABRONIDAE) ...................................53 4.1 Summary......................................................................................................................... 53 4.2 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 54 4.3 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................... 55 4.3.1 Specimens.............................................................................................................. 55 4.3.2 Semithin sections and 3D-reconstruction.............................................................. 55 4.3.3 Electron microscopy.............................................................................................. 56 4.4 Results............................................................................................................................. 56 4.4.1 Overall morphology .............................................................................................. 56 4.4.2 Ultrastructure......................................................................................................... 61 4.4.3 Reservoir contents................................................................................................. 63 4.5 Discussion....................................................................................................................... 64 4.6 References....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5: ‘CANDIDATUS STREPTOMYCES PHILANTHI’, AN ENDOSYMBIOTIC STREPTOMYCETE IN THE ANTENNAE OF PHILANTHUS DIGGER WASPS.......................69 5.1 Summary......................................................................................................................... 69 5.2 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 70 5.3 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 71 5.3.1 Specimens.............................................................................................................. 71 5.3.2 Electron microscopy.............................................................................................. 71 5.3.3 DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing.................................................................. 72 5.3.4 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ............................................................ 73 5.3.5 Phylogenetic analysis ............................................................................................ 73 5.4 Results............................................................................................................................. 73 5.4.1 Localization of endosymbionts ............................................................................. 73 5.4.2 Distribution of symbionts among philanthine wasps ............................................ 76 5.4.3 Phylogenetic position of ‘Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi’............................ 78 5.5 Discussion....................................................................................................................... 78 5.5.1 Description of ‘Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi’............................................ 80 5.6 Appendix......................................................................................................................... 81 5.6.1 Attempts to cultivate ‘Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi’.................................. 81 5.6.2 Media Formulations .............................................................................................. 83 5.7 References....................................................................................................................... 84 2
CHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ANTENNAL GLAND SECRETION OF FEMALE EUROPEAN BEEWOLVES, PHILANTHUS TRIANGULUM (HYMENOPTERA, CRABRONIDAE)............................................................................................................ 87 6.1 Summary......................................................................................................................... 87 6.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 88 6.3 Methods and materials.................................................................................................... 89 6.3.1 Animals................................................................................................................. 89 6.3.2 Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry ........................................................... 90 6.3.3 Statistical analysis................................................................................................. 90 6.4 Results ............................................................................................................................ 91 6.4.1 Chemical composition of the AGS ....................................................................... 91 6.4.2 Interindividual differences in the chemical composition of the AGS................... 91 6.4.3 Comparison of the chemical compositions of AGS and PPG............................... 94 6.5 Discussion....................................................................................................................... 96 6.6 References ...................................................................................................................... 98 CHAPTER 7: THE CHEMISTRY OF THE POSTPHARYNGEAL GLAND OF FEMALE EUROPEAN BEEWOLVES (HYMENOPTERA, CRABRONIDAE) SUPPORTS A HOMOLOGY WITH THIS GLAND IN ANTS.................................................................... 101 7.1 Summary....................................................................................................................... 101 7.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 102 7.3 Material and Methods................................................................................................... 103 7.4 Results .......................................................................................................................... 105 7.4.1 Hydrocarbons in the PPG.................................................................................... 105 7.4.2 Hydrocarbons on the cuticle................................................................................ 107 7.4.3 Hydrocarbons in the hemolymph ........................................................................ 107 7.5 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 108 7.6 References .................................................................................................................... 111 CHAPTER 8: THE SCENT OF SENESCENCE: AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE CEPHALIC GLAND SECRETION OF THE MALE EUROPEAN BEEWOLF, PHILANTHUS TRIANGULUM....................................................................... 115 8.1 Summary....................................................................................................................... 115 8.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 116 8.3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 118 8.3.1 Insects and sampling ........................................................................................... 118 8.3.2 Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry .......................................................... 119 8.3.3 Statistical analysis............................................................................................... 119 3
Page 2 and 3: Protective bacteria and attractive
Page 5: “We are symbionts on a symbiotic
Page 10 and 11: 8.4 Results........................
Page 13: LIST OF PUBLICATIONS This thesis is
Page 16 and 17: major factor driving speciation and
Page 18 and 19: et al. 2002; Gil et al. 2003; Rio e
Page 20 and 21: eetles use for protection against p
Page 22 and 23: either benefit directly, if males v
Page 24 and 25: (Arnold 1925; Erlandsson 1962; Boha
Page 26 and 27: changing the direction of their bod
Page 28 and 29: Therefore, “bad” genes from the
Page 30 and 31: allow the assessment of male reprod
Page 32 and 33: Currie, C.R., Mueller, U.G. & Mallo
Page 34 and 35: Herzner, G., Schmitt, T., Linsenmai
Page 36 and 37: Mueller, U.G., Rehner, S.A. & Schul
Page 38 and 39: Stouthamer, R., Breeuwer, J.A.J. &
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA PROTEC
Page 43 and 44: A promising candidate for such a pr
Page 45 and 46: actinomycete bacteria of the family
Page 47 and 48: unlikely that this association is l
Page 49 and 50: unspecific eubacterial probe EUB 33
Page 51: Strohm, E. 1995. Allokation elterli
Page 54 and 55: 3.3 ERGEBNISSE UND DISKUSSION Der B
Page 56 and 57: Aus evolutionären und ökologische
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CHAPTER 4 MORPHOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUC
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gland secretions are applied onto f
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gland cell units (according to Noir
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(fl) covering the reservoir opening
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4.4.2 Ultrastructure Scanning elect
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(C) Plasma membrane invaginations (
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e sequestered from the hemolymph, a
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Herzner, G., Schmitt, T., Linsenmai
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5.2 INTRODUCTION Many insects have
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5.3.3 DNA extraction, PCR and seque
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glands from which they are secreted
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The bacteria were clearly stained b
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actinomycete primers (Act-S20 and A
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endosymbionts are needed to confirm
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µg/ml), and beewolf cocoon agar (a
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CaCl2 MgCl2 0.15 g 0.05 g KCl 0.2 g
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Nyholm, S.V., Stabb, E.V., Ruby, E.
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6.2 INTRODUCTION Many insects harbo
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6.3.2 Gas chromatography - mass spe
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eewolf individuals (Fig. 6.2; Wilk
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Discriminant function 2 2 1 0 -1 -2
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6.5 DISCUSSION GC-MS analyses of th
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6.6 REFERENCES Aitchison, J. 1986.
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100
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7.2 INTRODUCTION Hymenoptera posses
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Cuticular hydrocarbons were obtaine
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Table 7.1: List of compounds in the
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(notably pentacosene and heptacosen
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unicellular epithelium (Strohm et a
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Dahbi, A., Cerda, X. & Lenoir, A. 1
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114
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8.2 INTRODUCTION Senescence is a pr
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heavily depends on her “quality
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transformed absolute amounts of the
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(S)-2,3-Dihydrofarnesoic acid acid
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Dihydrofarnesoic acid, nonadecenone
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Jones, T.M. & Hamilton, J.G.C. 1998
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9.2 INTRODUCTION Male sexual signal
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al. 2003; Kroiss et al. submitted).
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and kept in small polystyrol vials
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heptacosene > 0.55) (Fig. 9.1) (Kro
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pentacosen-8-one (C25one); a mixtur
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Populations in both data sets and,
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Table 9.2: Relative effects of fami
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9.5 DISCUSSION In the present study
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If female beewolves use the informa
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Herzner, G., Goettler, W., Kroiss,
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Strohm, E., Laurien-Kehnen, C. & Bo
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within their territory that is like
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to 0.900 (Table 10.1). Thus, there
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154
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Bin 1995; Bin et al. 1999; Isidoro
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symbionts are transmitted verticall
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vitamins and in sexual maturation o
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Additionally, the genome sequence o
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Optimal outbreeding The degree of k
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investigate the importance of in- a
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Age has an effect on both the amoun
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to confirm these results, a connect
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Baumann, L. & Baumann, P. 2005. Cos
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endosymbiont Streptomyces anulatus
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Lopez, P., Aragon, P. & Martin, J.
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Sagvik, J., Uller, T. & Olsson, M.
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180
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could be detected in closely relate
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184
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Genetische Analysen zeigen, dass di
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Der Arbeitsgruppe Gadau/Feldhaar da
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WS2005/06 Fortgeschrittenen-Praktik
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