BMC Genomics 2009, 10:469 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/10/469 6. Baumann H: Die Anabiose der Tardigraden. Zool Jahrb 1922, 45:501-556. 7. Baumann H: Bemerkungen zur Anabiose von Tardigraden. Zool Anz 1927, 72:175-179. 8. Horikawa DD, Sakashita T, Katagiri C, Watanabe M, Kikawada T, Nakahara Y, Hamada N, Wada S, Funayama T, Higashi S, Kobayashi Y, Okuda T, Kuwabara M: Radiation tolerance in <strong>the</strong> tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum. Int J Radiat Biol 2006, 82:843-848. 9. Hengherr S, Worland MR, Reuner A, Brümmer F, Schill RO: Freeze tolerance, supercooling points and ice formation: comparative studies on <strong>the</strong> subzero temperature survival <strong>of</strong> limnoterrestrial tardigrades. J Exp Biol 2009, 212:802-807. 10. Hengherr S, Worland MR, Reuner A, Brümmer F, Schill RO: High- Temperature Tolerance in Anhydrobiotic Tardigrades Is Limited by Glass Transition. Physiol Biochem Zool 2009, 82(6):749-755. 11. Jönsson KI, Rabbow E, Schill RO, Harms-Ringdahl M, Rettberg P: Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit. Curr Biol 2008, 18:R729-R731. 12. Jönsson KI, Schill RO: Induction <strong>of</strong> Hsp70 by desiccation, ionising radiation and heat-shock in <strong>the</strong> eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007, 146:456-460. 13. Wright JC: Cryptobiosis 300 Years on from van Leuwenhoek: What Have We Learned about Tardigrades? Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal <strong>of</strong> Comparative Zoology 2001, 240:563-582. 14. Ammermann D: The cytology <strong>of</strong> par<strong>the</strong>nogenesis in <strong>the</strong> tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini. Chromosoma 1967, 23(2):203-213. 15. Gabriel WN, McNuff R, Patel SK, Gregory TR, Jeck WR, Jones CD, Goldstein B: The tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini, a new model for studying <strong>the</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong> development. Dev Biol 2007, 312:545-559. 16. Bavan S, Straub VA, Blaxter ML, Ennion SJ: A P2X receptor from <strong>the</strong> tardigrade species Hypsibius dujardini with fast kinetics and sensitivity to zinc and copper. BMC Evol Biol 2009, 9:17. 17. Kinchin I, Dennis R: The biology <strong>of</strong> tardigrades Portland Press London; 1994. 18. Baxevanis AD: Searching <strong>the</strong> NCBI databases using Entrez. Curr Protoc Hum Genet 2006, Chapter 6:. Unit 6.10 19. Tatusov RL, Galperin MY, Natale DA, Koonin EV: The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis <strong>of</strong> protein functions and evolution. Nucleic Acids Res 2000, 28:33-36. 20. Tatusov RL, Fedorova ND, Jackson JD, Jacobs AR, Kiryutin B, Koonin EV, Krylov DM, Mazumder R, Mekhedov SL, Nikolskaya AN, Rao BS, Smirnov S, Sverdlov AV, Vasudevan S, Wolf YI, Yin JJ, Natale DA: The COG database: an updated version includes eukaryotes. BMC Bioinformatics 2003, 4:41. 21. Frickey T, Lupas A: CLANS: a Java application for visualizing protein families based on pairwise similarity. Bioinformatics 2004, 20:3702-3704. 22. Tjoelker LW, Gosting L, Frey S, Hunter CL, Trong HL, Steiner B, Brammer H, Gray PW: Structural and functional definition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> human chitinase chitin-binding domain. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:514-520. 23. Qian SB, McDonough H, Boellmann F, Cyr DM, Patterson C: CHIPmediated stress recovery by sequential ubiquitination <strong>of</strong> substrates and Hsp70. Nature 2006, 440:551-555. 24. Chen WH, Ge X, Wang W, Yu J, Hu S: A gene catalogue for postdiapause development <strong>of</strong> an anhydrobiotic arthropod Artemia franciscana. BMC Genomics 2009, 10:52. 25. Kim YJ, Nachman RJ, Aimanova K, Gill S, Adams ME: The pheromone biosyn<strong>the</strong>sis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) receptor <strong>of</strong> Heliothis virescens: identification, functional expression, and structure-activity relationships <strong>of</strong> ligand analogs. Peptides 2008, 29:268-275. 26. Alvarez-Ordóñnez A, Fernández A, López M, Bernardo A: Relationship between membrane fatty acid composition and heat resistance <strong>of</strong> acid and cold stressed Salmonella senftenberg CECT 4384. Food Microbiol 2009, 26:347-353. 27. Tunnacliffe A, Wise MJ: The continuing conundrum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> LEA proteins. Naturwissenschaften 2007, 94:791-812. 28. Browne JA, Dolan KM, Tyson T, Goyal K, Tunnacliffe A, Burnell AM: Dehydration-specific induction <strong>of</strong> hydrophilic protein genes in <strong>the</strong> anhydrobiotic nematode Aphelenchus avenae. Eukaryot Cell 2004, 3:966-975. 29. Goyal K, Tisi L, Basran A, Browne J, Burnell A, Zurdo J, Tunnacliffe A: Transition from natively unfolded to folded state induced by desiccation in an anhydrobiotic nematode protein. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:12977-12984. 30. Tunnacliffe A, Lapinski J, McGee B: A putative LEA protein, but no trehalose, is present in anhydrobiotic bdelloid rotifers. Hydrobiologia 2005, 546:315-321. 31. Kobayashi F, Maeta E, Terashima A, Takumi S: Positive role <strong>of</strong> a wheat HvABI5 ortholog in abiotic stress response <strong>of</strong> seedlings. Physiol Plant 2008, 134:74-86. 32. Hong-Bo S, Zong-Suo L, Ming-An S: LEA proteins in higher plants: structure, function, gene expression and regulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005, 45:131-135. 33. Fagegaltier D, Lescure A, Walczak R, Carbon P, Krol A: Structural analysis <strong>of</strong> new local features in SECIS RNA hairpins. Nucleic Acids Res 2000, 28:2679-2689. 34. Lobanov AV, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN: Eukaryotic selenoproteins and selenoproteomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009 in press. 35. March PE: Membrane-associated GTPases in bacteria. Mol Microbiol 1992, 6:1253-1257. 36. Walsh P, Bursać D, Law YC, Cyr D, Lithgow T: The J-protein family: modulating protein assembly, disassembly and translocation. EMBO Rep 2004, 5:567-571. 37. Cheetham ME, Caplan AJ: Structure, function and evolution <strong>of</strong> DnaJ: conservation and adaptation <strong>of</strong> chaperone function. Cell Stress Chaperones 1998, 3:28-36. 38. Letunic I, Doerks T, Bork P: SMART 6: recent updates and new developments. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37:D229-D232. 39. Finn RD, Tate J, Mistry J, Coggill PC, Sammut SJ, Hotz HR, Ceric G, Forslund K, Eddy SR, Sonnhammer ELL, Bateman A: The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 2008, 36:D281-D288. 40. Mounier N, Arrigo AP: Actin cytoskeleton and small heat shock proteins: how do <strong>the</strong>y interact? Cell Stress Chaperones 2002, 7:167-176. 41. Sun Y, MacRae TH: Small heat shock proteins: molecular structure and chaperone function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005, 62:2460-2476. 42. Pesole G, Liuni S: Internet resources for <strong>the</strong> functional analysis <strong>of</strong> 5' and 3' untranslated regions <strong>of</strong> eukaryotic mRNAs. Trends Genet 1999, 15:378. 43. Ostareck-Lederer A, Ostareck DH, Hentze MW: Cytoplasmic regulatory functions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> KH-domain proteins hnRNPs K and E1/E2. Trends Biochem Sci 1998, 23:409-411. 44. Ostareck-Lederer A, Ostareck DH, Standart N, Thiele BJ: Translation <strong>of</strong> 15-lipoxygenase mRNA is inhibited by a protein that binds to a repeated sequence in <strong>the</strong> 3' untranslated region. EMBO J 1994, 13:1476-1481. 45. Lai EC, Burks C, Posakony JW: The K box, a conserved 3' UTR sequence motif, negatively regulates accumulation <strong>of</strong> enhancer <strong>of</strong> split complex transcripts. Development 1998, 125:4077-4088. 46. Lai E: Micro RNAs are complementary to 3' UTR sequence motifs that mediate negative post-transcriptional regulation. Nat Genet 2002, 30:363-364. 47. Lai EC, Tam B, Rubin GM: Pervasive regulation <strong>of</strong> Drosophila Notch target genes by GY-box-, Brd-box-, and K-box-class microRNAs. Genes Dev 2005, 19:1067-1080. 48. Dittrich M, Birschmann I, Pfrang J, Herterich S, Smolenski A, Walter U, Dandekar T: Analysis <strong>of</strong> SAGE data in human platelets: features <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> transcriptome in an anucleate cell. Thromb Hae<strong>most</strong> 2006, 95:643-651. 49. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation <strong>of</strong> protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 1997, 25:3389-3402. 50. Zhang Z, Schäffer AA, Miller W, Madden TL, Lipman DJ, Koonin EV, Altschul SF: Protein sequence similarity searches using patterns as seeds. Nucleic Acids Res 1998, 26:3986-3990. 51. Neumann S, Reuner A, Brümmer F, Schill RO: DNA damage in storage cells <strong>of</strong> anhydrobiotic tardigrades. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009, 153:425-429. 52. Schill R, Neumann S, Reuner A, Brümmer F: Detection <strong>of</strong> DNA damage with single-cell gel electrophoresis in anhydrobiotic tardigrades. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008, 151:32-32. Page 9 <strong>of</strong> 10 (page number not for citation purposes)
BMC Genomics 2009, 10:469 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/10/469 53. Schill RO, Mali B, Dandekar T, Schnölzer M, Reuter D, Frohme M: Molecular mechanisms <strong>of</strong> tolerance in tardigrades: new perspectives for preservation and stabilization <strong>of</strong> biological material. Biotechnol Adv 2009, 27:348-352. 54. Stajich JE, Block D, Boulez K, Brenner SE, Chervitz SA, Dagdigian C, Fuellen G, Gilbert JGR, Korf I, Lapp H, Lehväslaiho H, Matsalla C, Mungall CJ, Osborne BI, Pocock MR, Schattner P, Senger M, Stein LD, Stupka E, Wilkinson MD, Birney E: The Bioperl toolkit: Perl modules for <strong>the</strong> life sciences. Genome Res 2002, 12:1611-1618. Publish with BioMed Central and every scientist can read your work free <strong>of</strong> charge "BioMed Central will be <strong>the</strong> <strong>most</strong> significant development for disseminating <strong>the</strong> results <strong>of</strong> biomedical research in our lifetime." Sir Paul Nurse, Cancer Research UK Your research papers will be: available free <strong>of</strong> charge to <strong>the</strong> entire biomedical community peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central yours — you keep <strong>the</strong> copyright Submit your manuscript here: BioMedcentral http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.asp Page 10 <strong>of</strong> 10 (page number not for citation purposes)
- Page 1: Making the most of phylogeny: Uniqu
- Page 4 and 5: Eingereicht am: . . . . . . . . . .
- Page 7 and 8: Contents Acronyms xi I. Introductio
- Page 9: List of Figures Contents List of Fi
- Page 12 and 13: Acronyms Acronyms xii ITS2 internal
- Page 15 and 16: Part I. Introduction Thesis outline
- Page 17 and 18: Part I. Introduction The phylum Tar
- Page 19 and 20: Part I. Introduction Internal trans
- Page 21 and 22: Part I. Introduction Internal trans
- Page 23: Part II. Material and Methods 11
- Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2. Methods 2.1. Bioinformat
- Page 29 and 30: Part II. Material and Methods Bioin
- Page 31 and 32: Part II. Material and Methods Bioin
- Page 33: Part III. Results 21
- Page 36 and 37: BMC Genomics BioMed Central Researc
- Page 38 and 39: BMC Genomics 2009, 10:469 http://ww
- Page 40 and 41: BMC Genomics 2009, 10:469 http://ww
- Page 42 and 43: BMC Genomics 2009, 10:469 http://ww
- Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4. Transcriptome survey of
- Page 49 and 50: Mali et al. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:1
- Page 51 and 52: Mali et al. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:1
- Page 53 and 54: Mali et al. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:1
- Page 55 and 56: Mali et al. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:1
- Page 57 and 58: Mali et al. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:1
- Page 59 and 60: Chapter 5. Transcriptome analyzed a
- Page 61 and 62: Abstract Tardigrades are unique met
- Page 63 and 64: adiation and cold 17; 18; 19 and H.
- Page 65 and 66: non-directional cDNA library. For t
- Page 67 and 68: available ESTs from both species co
- Page 69 and 70: Individual COG/KOGs: Among the COGs
- Page 71 and 72: anches, but have only Lea 4 protein
- Page 73 and 74: emains a question mark in Fig. 5. H
- Page 75 and 76: (posttranslational modification) an
- Page 77 and 78: other aspects of the adaptation pro
- Page 79 and 80: tolerance in man. It is a recombina
- Page 81 and 82: We used primer3 90 for the design o
- Page 83 and 84: cathode buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl pH 9
- Page 85 and 86: 24. Ostareck-Lederer, A., Ostareck,
- Page 87 and 88: 59. Gaudermann, P., Vogl, I., Zient
- Page 89 and 90: 91. Bork, P. & Gibson, T. J. (1996)
- Page 91 and 92: Fig. 2. PCR validation of heat shoc
- Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7. Comparison of COGs/KOGs spe
- Page 95 and 96:
Table IIa. Subset of important COGs
- Page 97 and 98:
KOG0660:[T]Mitogen-activated protei
- Page 99 and 100:
Table III. Enzymes in metabolic pat
- Page 101 and 102:
ec:5.3.3.2 isopentenyl-diphosphate
- Page 103 and 104:
Table IVa. Specific stress pathway
- Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 6. Proteomic analysis of ta
- Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. SEM images of M. tardigra
- Page 115 and 116:
listed in Table 2. The individual i
- Page 117 and 118:
Table 1. Overview of identified pro
- Page 119 and 120:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 121 and 122:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 123 and 124:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 125 and 126:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 127 and 128:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 129 and 130:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 131 and 132:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 133 and 134:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 135 and 136:
Table 2. Cont. Sequence coverage No
- Page 137 and 138:
Table 3. Identified proteins withou
- Page 139 and 140:
Table 3. Cont. Spot no. Accession n
- Page 141 and 142:
Table 3. Cont. Spot no. Accession n
- Page 143 and 144:
Figure 8. Detection of hsp60 and hs
- Page 145 and 146:
Unique proteins, when analyzed on t
- Page 147 and 148:
(version 56.1, September 2008, The
- Page 149 and 150:
Chapter 7. Stress response in tardi
- Page 151 and 152:
Due to the remarkable ability of ta
- Page 153 and 154:
Fig. 1 Alignment of two α-crystall
- Page 155 and 156:
active state. This leads to the ass
- Page 157:
Pfaffl MW, Horgan GW, Dempfle L (20
- Page 160 and 161:
Tardigrade bioinformatics: Molecula
- Page 162 and 163:
searched against the next more exte
- Page 164 and 165:
Concerted changes in tardigrade ada
- Page 166 and 167:
mit dynamischen Modellierungstechni
- Page 168 and 169:
Tables and Figures Table 1: Bioinfo
- Page 170 and 171:
Figure 1: Maximum likelihood tree f
- Page 173 and 174:
Chapter 9. The ITS2 Database III—
- Page 175 and 176:
D276 Nucleic Acids Research, 2010,
- Page 177 and 178:
D278 Nucleic Acids Research, 2010,
- Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 10. Including RNA Secondary
- Page 181 and 182:
Keller et al. Biology Direct 2010,
- Page 183 and 184:
Keller et al. Biology Direct 2010,
- Page 185 and 186:
Keller et al. Biology Direct 2010,
- Page 187 and 188:
Keller et al. Biology Direct 2010,
- Page 189 and 190:
Keller et al. Biology Direct 2010,
- Page 191:
Keller et al. Biology Direct 2010,
- Page 194 and 195:
BMC Evolutionary Biology Research a
- Page 196 and 197:
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:21
- Page 198 and 199:
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:21
- Page 200 and 201:
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:21
- Page 202 and 203:
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:21
- Page 204 and 205:
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:21
- Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 12. Distinguishing species
- Page 209 and 210:
Abstract Distinguishing species in
- Page 211 and 212:
Distinguishing species in Paramacro
- Page 213 and 214:
ITS 2 gene amplification and sequen
- Page 215 and 216:
Distinguishing species in Paramacro
- Page 217 and 218:
Distinguishing species in Paramacro
- Page 219 and 220:
Distinguishing species in Paramacro
- Page 221 and 222:
Distinguishing species in Paramacro
- Page 223 and 224:
References Distinguishing species i
- Page 225 and 226:
Distinguishing species in Paramacro
- Page 227 and 228:
Distinguishing species in Paramacro
- Page 229 and 230:
Distinguishing species in Paramacro
- Page 231 and 232:
Figure legends Distinguishing speci
- Page 233 and 234:
221
- Page 235:
Part IV. General Discussion and Con
- Page 238 and 239:
Part IV. General Discussion and Con
- Page 240 and 241:
Part IV. General Discussion and Con
- Page 242 and 243:
Part IV. General Discussion and Con
- Page 244 and 245:
Part IV. General Discussion and Con
- Page 246 and 247:
Summary succeeded to show the benef
- Page 248 and 249:
Zusammenfassung der internal transc
- Page 250 and 251:
Bibliography Bibliography Bavan, S.
- Page 252 and 253:
Bibliography Bibliography 146.4 (Ap
- Page 254 and 255:
Bibliography Bibliography Horikawa,
- Page 256 and 257:
Bibliography Bibliography Letunic,
- Page 258 and 259:
Bibliography Bibliography Pertea, G
- Page 260 and 261:
Bibliography Bibliography Schultz,
- Page 262 and 263:
Bibliography Bibliography Westh, P.
- Page 264 and 265:
Contributions Markus Grohme wrote t
- Page 266 and 267:
Contributions model and the ITS2 se
- Page 269 and 270:
List of Publications Publications a
- Page 271:
List of Publications Förster, F.,