Visualisering av funktionell och morfologisk hjärt-kärl-diagnostik

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WIDE INTENSITY RANGE SENSOR FOR MEDICAL IMAGING 20010-10-15 History of development The detector concept has been developed by Professor Bo Cederwall at the Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden. Prof. Cederwall is specialized in radiation detection utilizing scintillators and semiconductor technology. Today a lab scale prototype detector exists with clear proof of concept. A compact prototype detector module is under development. Offer The offer is a licence contract, purchase of the patent and/or development cooperation. IPR Priority date April 2, 2007 Priority number, designated state(s), status SE20070000825 SE Granted Further applications , designated state(s), status SE531025(C2) SE Granted Further applications , designated state(s), status EP2132541(A1) EP Granted Business rationale Multimodality imaging in particular combined computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) has brought a new perspective into the fields of clinical and preclinical imaging. It is now widely recognized that the combination of anatomical structures revealed from CT and the functional information from PET provides an enhanced diagnostic tool and also offers an important research potential. There is also a strongly increasing interest in photon‐counting CT systems due to the higher image contrast and lower radiation doses possible using detectors capable of detecting and characterizing individual X‐ray photons. Ideally, a CT detector system should be capable of both readout modes, although technical solutions have been lacking up to now. The worldwide market size for CT is around 7 billion USD with roughly 40.000 installed systems. The largest growth areas are cardiology, which drives the development of yet faster systems to enable high quality beating heart imaging, and low‐dose CT, driven by a strong increase of children analyses and an increased awareness that the radiation dose acquired by patients during a standard CT ex‐ amination involves a non‐negligible risk of inducing cancer. The present invention targets the latter area and due to its multimodality, low‐dose photon counting CT operation can be included in a high‐ speed CT system. The market size for combined PET/CT is about 1 billion USD and has with wide margins passed the market of stand‐alone PET systems. The application area oncology drives the development of PET/CT systems with 95 % of all executed analyses and an annual growth rate of 30 %. The present invention would enable a PET/CT scanner with one common detector system and thereby higher imaging performance, but also cost savings; both as an initial investment (lower manufacturing cost) and as lower operational costs, primarily due to simplified calibration proce‐ dures and a higher patient throughput.
WIDE INTENSITY RANGE SENSOR FOR MEDICAL IMAGING APPENDIX: Technical rationale 20010-10-15 The photomultiplier tubes used together with scintillator crystals to detect X‐rays and gamma rays in PET and CT scanners, as well as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanners are in current state‐of‐ the‐art systems being replaced by photo detectors based on semiconductor technology; conventional photodi‐ odes or avalanche photodiodes (APDs). A major rationale behind this ongoing transition to silicon‐based de‐ vices is that they can operate in a strong magnetic field and, thus, provide the technology for combined CT/SPECT/PET systems and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. Today, different detector and readout systems are used For CT and PET due to the difference in photon ener‐ gies and radiation intensities between these two imaging techniques. For PET, the energy‐ and timing informa‐ tion of every photon is measured (photon counting mode). In standard CT applications where the flux of X‐ray photons is much higher (on the order of 10 9 photons/mm 2 s), current integration is used with a time constant adjusted to provide a readout frequency that matches the rotational motion of the detector gantry. The re‐ quirement of two separate detector systems implies more complex, expensive and cumbersome radiation detection devices than would be the case if both imaging modalities could be supported by a common detector system. In addition, a higher image quality would be achievable due to higher image fusion accuracy. Standard CT detectors use scintillators coupled to photodiodes providing an electrical current signal propor‐ tional to the intensity of illumination. A drawback of these detectors is their inability to provide energy discri‐ minatory data or otherwise count the number and/or measure the energy of photons actually received by a given detector element or pixel. On the other hand, current mode is the only practical readout mode at the very high X‐ray flux rates used for conventional CT examinations. Development of photon counting CT systems is currently in focus and is driven by the the higher image contrast and lower radiation doses possible using detectors capable of photon counting and energy discrimination. Ideally, a CT detector system should be capa‐ ble of both readout modes, although technical solutions have been lacking up to now. The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) photo sensor technology is a highly promising new development for medical imaging systems like CT, PET and SPECT. SiPM‐based scintillation detectors, which exhibit excellent timing and energy resolution, are also being developed for other applications of radiation detection. Moreover, SiPMs require a minimum of front‐end electronics and can be mass produced at low cost. The present detector concept is tailored for SiPMs coupled to scintillator crystals, which can be operated in either current integrating or photon counting (Geiger) mode. In applications with high radiation fluxes, such as high‐speed X‐ray CT imaging or portal imaging systems, utilization of APDs or SiPMs operated in single‐photon counting mode is not possible or inefficient due to saturation effects caused by dead time and pulse pile‐up. The maximum count rate per detector element in state‐of‐the‐art single‐photon counting systems is well below the mean count rate per unit area required in standard CT imaging. In photon counting mode, such as for PET, APDs can practically be used for rates up to about 10 MHz, also limited by the decay time of the scintillator. Therefore, common photodiodes that photovoltaically generate a current that is essentially proportional to the energy flux of the measured radiation are normally used for such high‐dose rate applications. Consequently, for applications requiring a wide dynamic range of photon fluxes, such as a combined CT/PET system or a CT‐system operating in both photon counting and current integrating mode, two separate detector systems have previously been required; one detector system comprising, e.g., common photodiodes for ena‐ bling high‐rate current readout needed for fast CT scanning, and one high gain detector system consisting of, for example, APDs for enabling high‐resolution single‐photon readout needed for photon counting CT and for PET and SPECT scanning. The present invention, via its dual mode operation, is designed to overcome this limitation and thereby enables a technological leap to multiple‐modality medical imaging with a single type of radiation detector head. This
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Page 7 and 8: Spatio-spectral maps Hamed Hamid Mu
Page 9 and 10: Jonas Forsslund, 2010-10-25 KTH Sch
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