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ABPI Guidelines for Phase 1 Clinical Trials (PDF

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Appendix 3: Challenge agents<br />

Some examples of challenge agents and their uses**<br />

Challenge agent Activity Route of adminstration and use<br />

allergens<br />

AMP<br />

Capsaicin<br />

histamine<br />

hyoscine<br />

ipecac<br />

isoprenaline<br />

norepinephrine<br />

methacholine<br />

substance P<br />

serotonin<br />

tyramine<br />

P450 probes*<br />

allergy<br />

transmitter release<br />

villanoid receptor agonist<br />

H 1- & H 2- agonist<br />

muscarinic antagonist<br />

causes nausea and vomiting<br />

b-receptor agonist<br />

a- &- b-receptor agonist<br />

muscarinic receptor agozst<br />

NK-receptor agonist<br />

5-HT agonist<br />

norepinephrine release<br />

P450 phenotypes<br />

© Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry 2007<br />

skin prick or inhalation (asthma only); to assess<br />

anti-allergy activity<br />

inhalation; to assess anti-allergy effect<br />

inhalation; stimulates cough reflex<br />

skin prick; to assess anti-allergy activity<br />

sc; dementia model<br />

oral; to assess anti-emetic activity via<br />

5-HT 3 or NK 1 receptor inhibition<br />

iv; to assess blocking activity<br />

iv; to assess blocking activity<br />

inhalation; to assess airway responsiveness<br />

skin prick; to assess NK blocking activity<br />

iv, to assess blocking activity<br />

oral or iv; to assess MAO-B selectivity<br />

oral; to assess potential <strong>for</strong> interactions with<br />

established medicines<br />

PET SPECT<br />

radioisotope half-life (min) radioisotope half-life (h)<br />

82 Rb 1 99m Tc 6<br />

15 O 2 123 I 13<br />

13 N 10 111 In 67<br />

11 C 20 201 Tl 73<br />

68 Ga 68 133 Xe 126<br />

18 F 111<br />

* There are various probes, including 'cocktails', 77-79 to assess the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A2, 3A4,<br />

2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 2E1, and N-acetyltransferase-2.<br />

** More details of challenge agents (or non-IMP) will be put on the MHRA website (Section 31).<br />

41

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