2005 STATE OF CORAL REEF REPORT.pdf - Mote Marine Laboratory

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Florida page 200 The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Florida Smith, G.W., L.D. Ives, I.A. Nagelkerken and K.B. Ritchie. 1996. Caribbean sea-fan mortalities. Nature 383: 487. Sprung, J. Two Little Fishes, Inc. Coconut Grove, FL. Available from the internet URL: http://www.twolittlefishies.com. Summers, J.K., J.F. Paul and A. Robertson, 1995. Monitoring the ecological condition of estuaries in the United States. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 49: 93-108. Taylor, J.N., W.R. Courtenay and J.A. McCann. 1984. Known impacts of exotic fish in the continental United States. pp. 322-373 In: W.R. Courtenay, Jr. and J.R. Stauffer (eds.) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. Thornton, S.L., D.S. Gilliam, R.E. Dodge, R.E. Fergen and P. Cooke. 2002. Success and growth of corals transplanted to cement armor mat tiles in Southeast Florida: Implications for reef restoration. pp. 1: 955-962. In: Proceedings, 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. Tomascik, T. 1991. Settlement patterns of Caribbean scleractinian corals on artificial substrata along a eutrophication gradient, Barbados, West Indies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 77: 261-269. U.S. Census Bureau (USCB). 2003. Census of Population and Housing, Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics, PHC-2-11, Florida. USCB, Washington, DC. Available from the internet URL: http://www.census.gov/ prod/cen2000/phc-2-11.pdf. U.S. DOC (Department of Commerce). 1996. Strategy for Stewardship: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Final Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Available from the internet URL: http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/regs. U.S. DOC (Department of Commerce). 2003. Fisheries of the United States, 2002. Current Fishery Statistics No. 2002. U.S. DOC, Washington, DC. 126 pp. Available from the internet URL: http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/fus/current/2002-fus. pdf. U.S.G.S. (U.S. Geological Survey) 1998. Hurricane effects on wildlife and ecosystems. 5 pp. U.S.G.S., Washington, DC. Available from the internet URL: http://biology.usgs.gov/pr/newsrelease/1998/12-8.html. U.S.G.S. (U.S. Geological Survey) Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. 2003. U.S.G.S., Washington, D.C. Available from the internet URL: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/default.asp. Vargas-Ángel, B. and J.D. Thomas. 2002. Sexual reproduction of Acropora cervicornis in nearshore waters off Broward County, Florida, USA. Coral Reefs 21: 25-26. Vargas-Ángel, B., J.D. Thomas and S.M. Hoke. 2003. High-latitude Acropora cervicornis thickets off Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Coral Reefs 22: 465-472 Vargas-Ángel, B., S.B. Colley, S.H. Hoke and J.D. Thomas. In preparation. The reproductive seasonality and gametogenic cycle of Acropora cervicornis off Broward County, Florida. Vaughan, T.W. 1911. Recent Madreporaria of southern Florida. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 8: 135- 144. Vaughan, T.W. 1914. Building of the Marquesas and Tortugas Atolls and a sketch of the geologic history of the Florida reef tract. Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C. Publication 182. Papers from the Department of Marine Biology 5: 55-67. Visit Florida Year-in-Brief. 2003. Available from the internet URL: http://www.visitflorida.org/_pdf/partner_research/ YearInBrief/2003YearInBrief.pdf. Weil, E. and N. Knowlton. 1994. A multi-character analysis of the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and its two sibling species, M. faveolata (Ellis and Solander,1786) and M. franksi (Gregory,1895). Bulletin of Marine Science 55: 151-175. Whitfield, P. E., T. Gardner, S.P. Vives, M.R. Gilligan, W.R. Courtenay, Jr., G.C. Ray and J.A. Hare. 2002. Biological invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans along the Atlantic coast of North America. Marine Ecological Progress Series 235: 289-297. Wittenberg, M. and W. Hunte. 1992. Effects of eutrophication and sedimentation on juvenile corals, I. Abundance, mortality and community structure. Marine Biology 112: 131-138.
The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Flower Garden Banks, Stetson Bank, and Other Banks in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico Emma L. Hickerson 1 , G.P. Schmahl 1 INTRODUCTION AND SETTING The East and West Flower Garden Banks (EFGB and WFGB) were designated as the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS) through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in January 1992. The two banks are prominent geological features located near the outer edge of the continental shelf in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, approximately 192 km southeast of Galveston, Texas (Figure 8.1). These features, created by the uplift of underlying salt domes of Jurassic origin, rise from surrounding water depths of over 100 m to within 17 m of the surface. The northernmost thriving coral reef communities in North America cap the shallow portions of the EFGB and WFGB. They are relatively isolated from other coral reefs of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, located over 690 km from the nearest reefs of the Campeche Bank off Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and over 1,200 km from the coral reefs of the Florida Keys. The area of the EFGB (27 54.5’ N, 93 36.0’ W) comprises about 65.8 km 2 of which about 1.02 km 2 is coral reef. Located 19.3 km to the west, the WFGB (27 52.5’ N, 93 49.0’ W) comprises about 77.2 km 2 of which about 0.4 km 2 is coral reef (Gardner et al., 1998). Structurally, the coral reefs of the Flower Garden Banks are comprised of aggregations of large, closely spaced boulder and brain coral heads that grow to up to 3 m or more in diameter and height (Figure 8.2). Reef topography is relatively rough, with many vertical and inclined surfaces. Between groups of coral heads, there are numerous sand patches and channels. Coral growth is relatively uniform over the entire top of both banks, occupying the bank crests down to about 50 m. As the reef slopes on the flanks of the coral caps, the corals grow flatter and individual heads can cover large areas. Despite the low species numbers on the reef crest, the reefs exhibit extremely high coral cover, ranging on average between 45-52% down to 30 m depth, and 70% in areas down to at least 43 m depth. Probably due to its geographic isolation, water temperature, and other factors, there is a relatively low diversity (only about 21 species) of reef-building corals on the Flower Garden Banks. Interestingly, the coral reefs of the Flower Garden Banks contain no elkhorn or staghorn corals, and no shallow-water sea whips or sea fans (gorgonians) that are common elsewhere in the Caribbean. Deepwater surveys below 43 m, however, reveal a rich diversity of gorgonians and antipatharian corals. Stetson Bank was added to the FGBNMS in 1996. It is located 48 km to the northwest of the WFGB and is also associated with an underlying salt dome. Stetson Bank is classified as a mid-shelf bank (Rezak et al., 1985), and is comprised of claystone/siltstone outcrops forming distinct pinnacles near its northern edge. Stetson Bank is not a true coral reef, but it does contain a low diversity coral community in addition to a prominent sponge fauna. Stetson Bank is dominated by fire coral (Millepora alcicornis) and in certain areas, ten-ray star coral (Madracis decactis). These two species comprise about 32% coral cover in the pinnacle region. Stetson Bank is composed of claystone outcroppings that have been pushed up to within 17 m of the sea surface. Including the two dominant species, about 10 species of coral have been documented. The pinnacle region is the most conspicuous feature of the bank, which stretches along the northwest face of Stetson Bank for approximately 500 m. With the addition of Stetson Bank, the FGBNMS encompasses 145.8 km 2 and includes the entire bank areas of each of the three features, including the shallow coral reef areas. The user groups of the FGBNMS are recreational SCUBA divers and recreational and commercial fishers. Three dive charter vessels routinely visit the Sanctuary. Limited data are available to sufficiently quantify the numbers of private vessels and fishing vessels visiting the FGBNMS. In addition to the coral reefs within the FGBNMS, there are a number of other reefs and banks in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico that contain corals or coral communities. The Flower Garden Banks and Stetson Bank are but 1 Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary Flower Garden Banks Sidebar page 201
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems
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Chapter 6: The State of Coral Reef
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Chapter 16: The State of Coral Reef
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ment of the condition of the ecosys
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The State of Cora
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INTRODUCTION The State of Coral Ree
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Figure 2.4. A map depicting the loc
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species than degraded areas. The St
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of an unknown volume primarily supp
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Other Threats Crown-of-Thorns Starf
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REFERENCES The State of Coral Reef
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC STR
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ECOSYSTEM COMPONENT Water quality 2
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WATER QUALITY USVI DPNR/DEP Water Q
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% Cover The State of Coral Reef Eco
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UVI-CMES Video Assessment of Benthi
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St. Thomas The percent cover of liv
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ASSOCIATED BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES T
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Historical data collected by previo
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Other Management Tools The DFW has
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According to Sadovy (1992) export o
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32.3 (± 4.8 SE) and the number of
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BENTHIC HABITATS U.S. National Cora
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Results and Discussion By relating
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Coral reefs exhibited the highest n
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Tropical Storms Navassa’s oceanic
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Marine Debris There is a small amou
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MLCD HECTARES YEAR ESTAB. OAHU The
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In late summer 2004, a second episo
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Figure 10.13. Monitoring locations
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waiian Archipelago have been measur
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The coral reefs of the NWHI are exp
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methods allows more precise detecti
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Figure 10.29. Time series of the es
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Figure 10.33. Body size (TL) freque
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Figure 11.1. Map of the locations i
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Tropical Storms Tropical storms and
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Figure 11.8. Monitoring program sit
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WATER QUALITY The State of Coral Re
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BENTHIC HABITATS The State of Coral
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Results and Discussion Territory-wi
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The second artisanal fishery target
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Marine Protected Areas Program Mari
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Figure 12.1. Locator map for the Pa
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Figure 12.8. Monitoring locations i
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• Poor water circulation within P
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a subsurface ocean data platform at
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Shift in coral community structure
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ALGAE The State of Coral Reef Ecosy
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trevally [C. melampygus]). A half d
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crusting, foliose, and Millepora sp
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Fishing Commercial fishing in the F
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offshore banks (18 km x 22 km) in w
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Tropical Storms Typhoons are a rout
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about 143,400 lbs, (65,000 kg) alth
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Figure 15.16. Monitoring site locat
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DEQ Beach Water Quality Monitoring
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BENTHIC HABITATS The State of Coral
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Figure 16.1. Locator map for Guam.
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Methods For the quantitative survey
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Results and Discussion During these
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138% within the Piti Bomb Holes Mar
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Local Action Strategies in Guam *)
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Figure 17.5. Seagrass (left) and co
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CURRENT CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ACT
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USVI Puerto Rico Navassa Florida Fl
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ird stakes. The generally accepted
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United States Department of Commerc
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