2005 STATE OF CORAL REEF REPORT.pdf - Mote Marine Laboratory

More documents

Recommendations

Info

page iii TABLE <strong>OF</strong> CONTENTS Introductory Information Citations i Acknowledgements i Table of Contents iii–vi Preface vii-ix Chapter 1: Executive Summary 1 Chapter 2: Introduction 3 Chapter 3: Environmental and Anthropogenic Threats to Coral Reef Ecosystems 12 Andy Bruckner, Ken Buja, Liz Fairey, Kelly Gleason, Michelle Harmon, Scott Heron, Tom Hourigan, Chris Jeffrey, Julie Kellner, Ruth Kelty, Bob Leeworthy, Gang Liu, Simon Pittman, Aurelie Shapiro, Al Strong, Jenny Waddell, and Peter Wiley. • Climate Change and Coral Bleaching 13 • Diseases 16 • Tropical Storms 17 • Coastal Development and Runoff 19 • Coastal Pollution 21 • Tourism and Recreation 22 • Fishing 23 • Trade in Coral and Live Reef Species 26 • Ships, Boats and Groundings 27 • <strong>Marine</strong> Debris 29 • Aquatic Invasive Species 30 • Security Training Activities 32 • Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration 33 • Other 35 Chapter 4: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the U.S. Virgin Islands 45 Christopher F.G. Jeffrey, Ursula Anlauf, James Beets, Sheri Caseau, William Coles, Alan M. Friedlander, Steve Herzlieb, Zandy Hillis-Starr, Matthew Kendall, Violeta Mayor, Jeffrey Miller, Richard Nemeth, Caroline Rogers, and Wesley Toller. Environmental and Anthropogenic Stressors 47 Coral Reef Ecosystem Data Gathering Activities and Resource Condition 57 Water Quality 59 Benthic Habitats 62 Associated Biological Communities 73 Current Conservation Management Activities 80 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations 83 Chapter 5: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Puerto Rico 91 Jorge (Reni) García-Sais, Richard Appeldoorn, Andy Bruckner, Chris Caldow, John D. Christensen, Craig Lilyestrom, Mark E. Monaco, Jorge Sabater, Ernest Williams, and Ernesto Diaz. Environmental and Anthropogenic Stressors 94 Coral Reef Ecosystem Data Gathering Activities and Resource Condition 105 Water Quality 108 Benthic Habitats 109 Associated Biological Communities 120 Current Conservation Management Activities 126 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations 127
Chapter 6: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Navassa 135 Margaret Miller, Joseph Schwagerl, David McClellan, Mark Vermeij, Dana Williams. Environmental and Anthropogenic Stressors 136 Coral Reef Ecosystem Data Gathering Activities and Resource Condition 140 Water Quality 141 Benthic Habitats 141 Associated Biological Communities 144 Current Conservation Management Activities 148 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations 148 Chapter 7: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Florida 150 Katherine Andrews, Larry Nall, Chris Jeffrey, and Simon Pittman, eds. Environmental and Anthropogenic Stressors 153 Coral Reef Ecosystem Data Gathering Activities and Resource Condition 165 Water Quality 165 Benthic Habitats 170 Associated Biological Communities 177 Current Conservation Management Activities 186 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations 192 Chapter 8: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Flower Garden Banks and Other Banks of the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico 201 Emma L. Hickerson and G.P. Schmahl. Environmental and Anthropogenic Stressors 204 Coral Reef Ecosystem Data Gathering Activities and Resource Condition 209 Water Quality 211 Benthic Habitats 212 Associated Biological Communities 216 Current Conservation Management Activities 218 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations 219 Chapter 9: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Main Hawaiian Islands 222 Alan Friedlander, Greta Aeby, Eric Brown, Athline Clark, Steve Coles, Steve Dollar, Cindy Hunter, Paul Jokiel, Jennifer Smith, Bill Walsh, Ivor Williams, and Wendy Wiltse. Environmental and Anthropogenic Stressors 224 Coral Reef Ecosystem Data Gathering Activities and Resource Condition 243 Water Quality 245 Benthic Habitats 247 Associated Biological Communities 253 Current Conservation Management Activities 259 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations 262 Chapter 10: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 270 Alan Friedlander, Greta Aeby, Russell Brainard, Athline Clark, Edward DeMartini, Scott Godwin, Jean Kenyon, Randy Kosaki, Jim Maragos, and Peter Vroom. Environmental and Anthropogenic Stressors 272 Coral Reef Ecosystem Data Gathering Activities and Resource Condition 282 Water Quality 284 Benthic Habitats 288 Associated Biological Communities 297 Current Conservation Management Activities 306 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations 307 page iv
Page 1 and 2: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems
Page 3: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 16: The State of Coral Reef
Page 9 and 10: ment of the condition of the ecosys
Page 11 and 12: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The State of Cora
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION The State of Coral Ree
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.4. A map depicting the loc
Page 19 and 20: species than degraded areas. The St
Page 37 and 38: of an unknown volume primarily supp
Page 45 and 46: Other Threats Crown-of-Thorns Starf
Page 47 and 48: REFERENCES The State of Coral Reef
Page 55 and 56:
The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems
Page 57 and 58:
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC STR
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
ECOSYSTEM COMPONENT Water quality 2
Page 69 and 70:
WATER QUALITY USVI DPNR/DEP Water Q
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
% Cover The State of Coral Reef Eco
Page 75 and 76:
UVI-CMES Video Assessment of Benthi
Page 77 and 78:
St. Thomas The percent cover of liv
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
ASSOCIATED BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES T
Page 85 and 86:
Historical data collected by previo
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Other Management Tools The DFW has
Page 95 and 96:
REFERENCES The State of Coral Reef
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
According to Sadovy (1992) export o
Page 113 and 114:
32.3 (± 4.8 SE) and the number of
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
BENTHIC HABITATS U.S. National Cora
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Results and Discussion By relating
Page 135 and 136:
Coral reefs exhibited the highest n
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Tropical Storms Navassa’s oceanic
Page 149 and 150:
Marine Debris There is a small amou
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 7.1. Locator map for Florida
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
and supported 4,500 jobs. Reefs off
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
een well documented (http://www.pbs
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
geographical determinants of water
Page 181 and 182:
tinel species; they bleach at a sli
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
tissue loss. The tagged population
Page 189 and 190:
In a report to the U.S. Congress (U
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Ferro et al. (2003) used the RVC me
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Researchers at NCRI are also curren
Page 201 and 202:
The databases of reef fish in Browa
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
WATER QUALITY The State of Coral Re
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 9.1. Maps of the MHI showing
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
tion (Friedlander and Parrish, 1998
Page 239 and 240:
Seven major wastewater treatment pl
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 9.12. Commercial catch data
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Table 9.5. Extant monitoring progra
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
BENTHIC HABITATS The State of Coral
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
MLCD HECTARES YEAR ESTAB. OAHU The
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
In late summer 2004, a second episo
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 10.13. Monitoring locations
Page 295 and 296:
waiian Archipelago have been measur
Page 297 and 298:
The coral reefs of the NWHI are exp
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
methods allows more precise detecti
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Figure 10.29. Time series of the es
Page 311 and 312:
Figure 10.33. Body size (TL) freque
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 11.1. Map of the locations i
Page 325 and 326:
Tropical Storms Tropical storms and
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Figure 11.8. Monitoring program sit
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Results and Discussion Territory-wi
Page 341 and 342:
The second artisanal fishery target
Page 343 and 344:
Marine Protected Areas Program Mari
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Figure 12.1. Locator map for the Pa
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Figure 12.8. Monitoring locations i
Page 361 and 362:
• Poor water circulation within P
Page 363 and 364:
a subsurface ocean data platform at
Page 365 and 366:
Shift in coral community structure
Page 367 and 368:
ALGAE The State of Coral Reef Ecosy
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
trevally [C. melampygus]). A half d
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
crusting, foliose, and Millepora sp
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Fishing Commercial fishing in the F
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
offshore banks (18 km x 22 km) in w
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Tropical Storms Typhoons are a rout
Page 419 and 420:
about 143,400 lbs, (65,000 kg) alth
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Figure 15.16. Monitoring site locat
Page 429 and 430:
DEQ Beach Water Quality Monitoring
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Figure 16.1. Locator map for Guam.
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Methods For the quantitative survey
Page 475 and 476:
Results and Discussion During these
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
138% within the Piti Bomb Holes Mar
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Local Action Strategies in Guam *)
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Figure 17.5. Seagrass (left) and co
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
CURRENT CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ACT
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
USVI Puerto Rico Navassa Florida Fl
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
ird stakes. The generally accepted
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533:
United States Department of Commerc
show all

2005 STATE OF CORAL REEF REPORT.pdf - Mote Marine Laboratory

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?