DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William

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Appendix I Queuing Effects I.1 Queuing Models I.2 Queuing Results Appendix J Orthogonality, Correlation, and Autocorrelation J.1 Correlation and Autocorrelation J.2 Orthogonal Codes Appendix K The TCP/IP Checksum K.1 Ones-Complement Addition K.2 Use in TCP and IP Appendix L TCP/IP Example Appendix M Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) M.1 Uniform Resource Locator M.2 Uniform Resource Identifier M.3 To Learn More Appendix N Glossary Augmented Backus-Naur Form CONTENTS xiii
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Page 2 and 3: DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Ei
Page 4 and 5: For my scintillating wife ATS
Page 6 and 7: WEB SITE FOR DATA AND COMPUTER COMM
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS Web Site for Data and Comp
Page 10 and 11: PART THREE WIDE AREA NETWORKS 295 C
Page 12 and 13: 19.5 Service Level Agreements 645 1
Page 16 and 17: PREFACE OBJECTIVES Begin at the beg
Page 18 and 19: PREFACE xvii Manuals for various pr
Page 20 and 21: 0 CHAPTER READER’S AND INSTRUCTOR
Page 22 and 23: 0.2 ROADMAP Course Emphasis 0.2 / R
Page 24 and 25: 0.3 / INTERNET AND WEB RESOURCES 5
Page 26 and 27: 0.4 / STANDARDS 7 equipment will ge
Page 28 and 29: PART ONE Overview The purpose of Pa
Page 30 and 31: The fundamental problem of communic
Page 32 and 33: 1.1 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWO
Page 34 and 35: 1.1 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWO
Page 36 and 37: 1.2 / A COMMUNICATIONS MODEL 17 •
Page 38 and 39: 1.3 DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1.3 / DATA
Page 40 and 41: 1.3 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS 21 and to
Page 42 and 43: 1.4 / NETWORKS 23 concerned with th
Page 44 and 45: 1.5 THE INTERNET Origins of the Int
Page 46 and 47: Corporate LAN Residential subscribe
Page 48 and 49: 1.6 / AN EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION 29 o
Page 50 and 51: 1.6 / AN EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION 31 T
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 / THE NEED FOR A PROTOCOL ARCHI
Page 54 and 55: 2.2 / THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECT
Page 60 and 61: TCP/IP Applications 2.2 / THE TCP/I
Page 62 and 63: Application Provides access to the
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Total communication function Decomp
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Table 2.1 Service Primitive Types 2
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Table 2.2 Multimedia Terminology 2.
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Table 2.3 Domains of Multimedia Sys
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2.7 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Problems 2.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QU
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APPENDIX 2A THE TRIVIAL FILE TRANSF
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IP datagram UDP segment TFTP packet
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Syntax, Semantics, and Timing APPEN
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the behavior of data signals propag
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DATA TRANSMISSION 3.1 Concepts and
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3.1 / CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 67 S
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Amplitude (volts) Amplitude (volts)
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3.1 / CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 71 s
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S(f) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.
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1.0 0.5 0.0 �0.5 �1.0 1.0 0.5 0
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Pulses before transmission: Bit rat
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Power ratio in decibels 0 �20 �
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Voltage at transmitting end Voltage
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3.2 / ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA TRANS
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Table 3.1 Analog and Digital Transm
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3.3 / TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 87 t
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3.3 / TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 89 E
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Data transmitted: Signal: Noise: Si
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Shannon Capacity Formula 3.4 / CHAN
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or, in decibel notation, a Eb b N0
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digital transmission direct link ef
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APPENDIX 3A DECIBELS AND SIGNAL STR
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where Thus L dB = 10 log P in P out
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Communication channels in the anima
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105 102 Frequency (Hertz) 103 104 1
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4.1 / GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA 107
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Table 4.4 High-Performance LAN Copp
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4.2 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION 4.2 / WIR
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where G = antenna gain A e = effect
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4.2 / WIRELESS TRANSMISSION 121 ope
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PCs Server Hub Remote site Point-of
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Infrared 4.3 / WIRELESS PROPAGATION
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Transmit antenna Ionosphere Transmi
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4.4 / LINE-OF-SIGHT TRANSMISSION 12
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Loss (dB) 180 170 160 150 140 130 1
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4.5 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Review Questions 4.6 / KEY TERMS, R
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4.6 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTIONS,
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Even the natives have difficulty ma
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5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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NRZ-L NRZI Bipolar-AMI (most recent
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5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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Biphase Probability of bit error (B
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where 5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL S
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Table 5.4 HDB3 Substitution Rules 5
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5.2 / DIGITAL DATA, ANALOG SIGNALS
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Probability of bit error (BER) 1.0
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 5.2
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Code number 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
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Output signal magnitude 1.0 0.8 0.6
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5.3 / ANALOG DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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5.4 / ANALOG DATA, ANALOG SIGNALS 1
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5.5 RECOMMENDED READING 5.6 / KEY T
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Figure 5.25 A Manchester Stream 5.6
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DM output 1 0 5.6 / KEY TERMS, REVI
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A conversation forms a two-way comm
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6.1 / ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
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6.1 / ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
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6.3 / ERROR DETECTION 187 assume th
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6.3 / ERROR DETECTION 189 Note, how
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P 1 1 0 1 0 1 6.3 / ERROR DETECTION
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P(X) X 5 � X 4 � X 2 � 1 X 9
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Input (10 bits) Output (15 bits) Sw
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6.4 / ERROR CORRECTION 197 mapped i
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6.4 / ERROR CORRECTION 199 01100 2
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6.5 / LINE CONFIGURATIONS 201 the c
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6.6 / RECOMMENDED READING 203 compa
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7 CHAPTER DATA LINK CONTROL PROTOCO
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 209 • Control
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 211 With the use
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 213 Let us exami
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RR 4 F0 F1 F2 RR 3 F3 F4 F5 F6 7.1
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 217 All of thes
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 219 previously
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 221 an example,
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Frame Structure Figure 7.7 7.3 / HI
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7.3 / HIGH-LEVEL DATA LINK CONTROL
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Timeout A B SABM SABM UA DISC UA (a
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APPENDIX 7A PERFORMANCE ISSUES 233
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t � 0 1 2 a a � 1 2a � 1 t
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N r APPENDIX 7A PERFORMANCE ISSUES
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MULTIPLEXING 8.1 Frequency Division
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1 link, n channels n inputs MUX DEM
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8.1 / FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXI
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8.1 / FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXI
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Table 8.1 North American and Intern
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m 1(t) m 2(t) m n(t) Buffer Buffer
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8.2 / SYNCHRONOUS TIME DIVISION MUL
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From source 1 2 kHz, analog From so
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Table 8.4 SONET/SDH Signal Hierarch
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Table 8.5 STS-1 Overhead Bits 8.2 /
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t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 Users A B C D Synchr
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8.3 / STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MUL
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Buffer size (frames) Delay (ms) 10
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Headend scheduler Grant: Station A
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Bits per hertz Frequency 8.4 / ASYM
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Table 8.8 Comparison of xDSL Altern
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pulse stuffing SDH SONET statistica
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All creative people want to do the
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9.2 / FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPEC
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9.2 / FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPEC
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Frequency MFSK symbol W s W d W d W
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Transmitter Receiver 9.3 / DIRECT S
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(a) d(t) Data (b) s d(t) (c) c(t) S
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9.4 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS B
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Table 9.1 CDMA Example CDMA for Dir
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Channel Data number value (0) 1 (1)
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PART THREE Wide Area Networks Part
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10 CHAPTER CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PA
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10.1 / SWITCHED COMMUNICATIONS NETW
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10.2 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NETWORKS 10.
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10.2 / CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NETWORKS 3
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10.3 / CIRCUIT-SWITCHING CONCEPTS 3
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 10.6 Th
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10.5 / PACKET-SWITCHING PRINCIPLES
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3 2 1 3 Figure 10.9 Packet Switchin
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10.5 / PACKET-SWITCHING PRINCIPLES
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Call request signal 10.5 / PACKET-S
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Table 10.1 Comparison of Communicat
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LAPB header Layer 3 header User dat
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10.7 / FRAME RELAY 321 Control plan
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10.7 / FRAME RELAY 323 Flag Address
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11.1 / PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 329 On
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11.2 ATM LOGICAL CONNECTIONS 11.2 /
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Table 11.1 Virtual Path/Virtual Cha
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Control Signaling 11.3 / ATM CELLS
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Table 11.2 Payload Type (PT) Field
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Table 11.3 Generic Flow Control (GF
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Successful Valid cell (intended ser
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In-sync time T d(A) in cell units 1
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11.5 / ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 345 T
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11.5 / ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 347 U
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12 CHAPTER ROUTING IN SWITCHED NETW
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Characteristics 12.1 / ROUTING IN P
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12.1 / ROUTING IN PACKET-SWITCHING
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Node 4 Directory Destination Next N
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3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 12.1 / ROUTING IN P
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12.1 / ROUTING IN PACKET-SWITCHING
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Destination 12.2 / EXAMPLES: ROUTIN
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Figure 12.7 Packet-Switching Networ
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Delay (hops) 5 4 3 2 1 Metric for s
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12.3 / LEAST-COST ALGORITHMS 369 Ad
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12.3 / LEAST-COST ALGORITHMS 371 li
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13 CHAPTER CONGESTION CONTROL IN DA
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13.1 / EFFECTS OF CONGESTION 379 in
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Ideal Performance Normalized throug
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Normalized throughput Delay 13.2 CO
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13.2 / CONGESTION CONTROL 385 recei
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13.4 / CONGESTION CONTROL IN POCKET
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Table 13.1 Frame Relay Congestion C
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0 Commited information rate (CIR) G
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13.5 / FRAME RELAY CONGESTION CONTR
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13.6 / ATM TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 395
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So In general, which can also be ex
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Traffic and Congestion Control Fram
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1 2 VCCs 3 4 5 VPC b VPC a VC-Sw 13
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Table 13.4 Procedures Used to Set V
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Arriving cell Token generator Capac
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UPC Service conformance mechanism 1
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13.8 RECOMMENDED READING 13.8 / REC
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. c. d. e. 13.9 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW
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14 CHAPTER CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWOR
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14.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORK
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14.1 / PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWO
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Height � 5 ��3 � 1.6 � 13
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14.2 / FIRST-GENERATION ANALOG 427
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 429 c
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 431 R
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 433
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Table 14.4 IS-95 Reverse Link Chann
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14.4 THIRD-GENERATION SYSTEMS 14.4
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Table 14.5 W-CDMA Parameters Channe
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Chapter 16 High-Speed LANs Chapter
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The whole of this operation is desc
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15.1 / BACKGROUND 449 • High-spee
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15.2 / TOPOLOGIES AND TRANSMISSION
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15.2 / TOPOLOGIES AND TRANSMISSION
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(a) C transmits frame addressed to
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15.3 / LAN PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 45
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MAC header LLC header IP header Fig
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15.4 / BRIDGES 465 • Source MAC A
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LAN A Station 1 Station 2 Station 1
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15.4 / BRIDGES 469 provide alternat
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15.4 / BRIDGES 471 The fixed routin
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15.5 / LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHES
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10 Mbps 10 Mbps Figure 15.13 Lan Hu
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15.5 / LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHES
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16.1 / THE EMERGENCE OF HIGH-SPEED
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16.2 / ETHERNET 485 • High-speed
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Channel busy Ready 1-Persistent:
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TIME t 0 A's transmission C's trans
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7 octets Preamble SFD = Start of fr
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Table 16.2 IEEE 802.3 10-Mbps Physi
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16.2 / ETHERNET 495 100-Mbps Ethern
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1000BASE-LX 1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-T
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Workstations Server farm 10/100 Mbp
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16.3 / FIBRE CHANNEL 501 with the c
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Table 16.4 Maximum Distance for Fib
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1 Linking highperformance workstati
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APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SIGNAL ENCODIN
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�V 0 �V APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SI
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01 10 APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SIGNAL E
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APPENDIX 16B PERFORMANCE ISSUES 515
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Table 16.7 Representative Values of
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Throughput 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
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APPENDIX 16C SCRAMBLING 521 origina
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KEY POINTS 17.1 / OVERVIEW 523 Inve
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Server UM � user module CM � co
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Cell Figure 17.3 Wireless LAN Confi
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17.2 / WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY 529
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17.3 / IEEE 802.11 ARCHITECTURE AND
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Extended service set Basic service
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17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CO
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MAC layer 2.4-Ghz frequencyhopping
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17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CO
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FC 17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS
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17.5 / IEEE 802.11 PHYSICAL LAYER 5
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Table 17.5 Estimated Distance (m) V
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17.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTION,
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17.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTION,
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The traffic that the Internet and t
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The map of the London Underground,
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18.1 / BASIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS 559
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18.1 / BASIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS 561
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• Connection identifiers 18.1 / B
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Table 18.1 Addressing Modes 18.1 /
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18.2 / PRINCIPLES OF INTERNETWORKIN
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End system (A) TCP IP LLC MAC t 1 t
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18.3 / INTERNET PROTOCOL OPERATION
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18.3 / INTERNET PROTOCOL OPERATION
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IP header (20 octets) IP header (20
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 577 IP pro
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 579 than t
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 581 and ro
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0 8 16 31 Type Code Unused Checksum
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 585 identi
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18.5 / IPv6 587 be sparsely used, b
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18.5 / IPv6 589 8. Destination Opti
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18.5 / IPv6 591 • Destination Add
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18.5 / IPv6 593 • Anycast: An ide
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18.5 / IPv6 595 destination address
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18.6 / VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS AND
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IPSec Functions 18.7 / RECOMMENDED
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19 CHAPTER INTERNETWORK OPERATION 1
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 605 changed.A c
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Table 19.1 Traffic Generated by Var
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 609 2. Each nod
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 611 3. Finding
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 613 • Number
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R3 Subnetwork 1.3 R4 19.2 / ROUTING
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 617 router
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 619 The fi
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 621 are st
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 623 metric
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N1 R1 3 10 3 N2 R2 H1 R9 N9 1 N11 3
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19.3 / INTEGRATED SERVICES ARCHITEC
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Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP
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19.4 / DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES 637
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0 1 2 3 4 5 Differentiated services
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19.5 / SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS 645
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19.6 / IP PERFORMANCE METRICS 647 1
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MP 1 I 1 MP2 I1 19.7 / RECOMMENDED
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autonomous system (AS) Border Gatew
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20 CHAPTER TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS 20.1
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20.1 / CONNECTION-ORIENTED TRANSPOR
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TCP Services 20.2 / TCP 675 TCP is
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Table 20.4 TCP Service Parameters 2
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ACK: acknowledgment field significa
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• Send policy • Deliver policy
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20.3 TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 20.3 /
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 685 s
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MDEV1X2 = E[ ƒ X - E[X] ƒ ] 20.3
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 689 t
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 691 W
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20.4 / UDP 693 segment until the mi
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PART SIX Internet Applications Part
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21 CHAPTER NETWORK SECURITY 701 21.
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21.1 / SECURITY REQUIREMENTS AND AT
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21.2 / CONFIDENTIALITY WITH SYMMETR
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Encryption Algorithms 21.2 / CONFID
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State SubBytes State ShiftRows Stat
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21.2 / CONFIDENTIALITY WITH SYMMETR
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21.3 / MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION AND H
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Message MAC algorithm K 21.3 / MESS
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Message H Message H H K E PR a E 21
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IV � H 0 21.3 / MESSAGE AUTHENTIC
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Plaintext input Plaintext input Joy
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21.4 / PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION AND DI
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Plaintext 88 21.4 / PUBLIC-KEY ENCR
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21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND TRAN
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21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND TRAN
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Time 21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND
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21.6 / IPV4 AND IPV6 SECURITY 733
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21.6 / IPV4 AND IPV6 SECURITY 735 B
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21.7 WI-FI PROTECTED ACCESS Station
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Station To other wireless stations
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22 CHAPTER INTERNET APPLICATIONS—
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22.1 ELECTRONIC MAIL—SMTP AND MIM
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22.1 / ELECTRONIC MAIL—SMTP AND M
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Table 22.2 SMTP Replies Code Descri
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Table 22.4 MIME Transfer Encodings
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Table 22.5 Radix-64 Encoding 22.1 /
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22.2 / NETWORK MANAGEMENT—SNMP 76
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Intermediate manager (manager/agent
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SNMP management station GetRequest
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Table 22.6 Allowable Data Types in
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22.2 / NETWORK MANAGEMENT—SNMP 76
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Four elements comprise the DNS: 23.
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Type Rdata field length 23.1 / INTE
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User program User system User query
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Table 23.3 Internet Root Servers 23
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783 Header section Question section
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Table 23.4 Key Terms Related to HTT
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User agent User agent User agent HT
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Request Line or Status Line General
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23.2 / WEB ACCESS—HTTP 791 • Ca
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23.2 / WEB ACCESS—HTTP 793 • Au
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23.3 /RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Problems 23.4 /KEY TERMS, REVIEW QU
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24.1 / AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
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Video in Intraframe mode � Interf
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Previous decompressed frame (24, 4)
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24.1 / AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
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Source: multimedia server Figure 24
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24.3 / VOICE OVER IP AND MULTIMEDIA
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Proxy server SIP (SDP) LAN DNS serv
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Proxy server (15.16.17.18) 1. INVIT
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Proxy server 7. NOTIFY 8. 200 OK 2
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24.3 / VOICE OVER IP AND MULTIMEDIA
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24.4 / REAL-TIME TRANSPORT PROTOCOL
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MPEG 24.4 / REAL-TIME TRANSPORT PRO
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Bit 0 4 8 9 16 V P X CC M V � Ver
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Page 848 and 849:
Page 850 and 851:
24.5 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB
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A APPENDIX FOURIER ANALYSIS 835 A.1
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A.2 / FOURIER TRANSFORM REPRESENTAT
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A.2 / FOURIER TRANSFORM REPRESENTAT
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B APPENDIX PROJECTS AND OTHER STUDE
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B.2 SOCKETS PROJECTS B.3 / ETHEREAL
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B.8 / WRITING ASSIGNMENTS 845 Profe
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REFERENCES In matters of this kind
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REFERENCES 849 CHEN02 Chen, T. “I
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REFERENCES 851 GIRO99 Giroux, N., a
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REFERENCES 853 KRIS01 Krishnamurthy
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REFERENCES 855 RIVE78 Rivest, R.; S
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REFERENCES 857 WIDM83 Widmer, A. an
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AS, see Autonomous system (AS) AS_P
Page 880 and 881:
defined, 275 DSSS, use for, 289-290
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synchronous transmission, 181, 182-
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congestion avoidance, 389, 393-394
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Interior router protocol (IRP), 615
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Microwave systems, 117, 119-124, 12
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Parameters header, ICMP, 583 Parity
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Routers, 25, 567 defined, 25 intern
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Star topology, 447, 454 Start Frame
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timing, 61 transfer, overview of, 5
Page 898 and 899:
ACRONYMS AAL ATM Adaptation Layer A
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THE WILLIAM STALLINGS BOOKS ON COMP
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DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William

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