DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William

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Cell Figure 17.3 Wireless LAN Configurations High-speed backbone wired LAN Nomadic station (a) Infrastructure wireless LAN (b) Ad hoc LAN 17.1 / OVERVIEW 527 requirements specific to the wireless LAN environment. The following are among the most important requirements for wireless LANs: • Throughput: The medium access control protocol should make as efficient use as possible of the wireless medium to maximize capacity. • Number of nodes: Wireless LANs may need to support hundreds of nodes across multiple cells. • Connection to backbone LAN: In most cases, interconnection with stations on a wired backbone LAN is required. For infrastructure wireless LANs, this is easily accomplished through the use of control modules that connect to both
528 CHAPTER 17 / WIRELESS LANS types of LANs. There may also need to be accommodation for mobile users and ad hoc wireless networks. • Service area: A typical coverage area for a wireless LAN has a diameter of 100 to 300 m. • Battery power consumption: Mobile workers use battery-powered workstations that need to have a long battery life when used with wireless adapters. This suggests that a MAC protocol that requires mobile nodes to monitor access points constantly or engage in frequent handshakes with a base station is inappropriate. Typical wireless LAN implementations have features to reduce power consumption while not using the network, such as a sleep mode. • Transmission robustness and security: Unless properly designed, a wireless LAN may be especially vulnerable to interference and eavesdropping. The design of a wireless LAN must permit reliable transmission even in a noisy environment and should provide some level of security from eavesdropping. • Collocated network operation: As wireless LANs become more popular, it is quite likely for two or more wireless LANs to operate in the same area or in some area where interference between the LANs is possible. Such interference may thwart the normal operation of a MAC algorithm and may allow unauthorized access to a particular LAN. • License-free operation: Users would prefer to buy and operate wireless LAN products without having to secure a license for the frequency band used by the LAN. • Handoff/roaming: The MAC protocol used in the wireless LAN should enable mobile stations to move from one cell to another. • Dynamic configuration: The MAC addressing and network management aspects of the LAN should permit dynamic and automated addition, deletion, and relocation of end systems without disruption to other users. 17.2 WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY Wireless LANs are generally categorized according to the transmission technique that is used. All current wireless LAN products fall into one of the following categories: • Infrared (IR) LANs: An individual cell of an IR LAN is limited to a single room, because infrared light does not penetrate opaque walls. • Spread spectrum LANs: This type of LAN makes use of spread spectrum transmission technology. In most cases, these LANs operate in the ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) microwave bands so that no Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensing is required for their use in the United States. Infrared LANs Optical wireless communication in the infrared portion of the spectrum is commonplace in most homes, where it is used for a variety of remote control devices.
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DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Ei
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For my scintillating wife ATS
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WEB SITE FOR DATA AND COMPUTER COMM
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CONTENTS Web Site for Data and Comp
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PART THREE WIDE AREA NETWORKS 295 C
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19.5 Service Level Agreements 645 1
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Appendix I Queuing Effects I.1 Queu
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PREFACE OBJECTIVES Begin at the beg
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PREFACE xvii Manuals for various pr
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0 CHAPTER READER’S AND INSTRUCTOR
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0.2 ROADMAP Course Emphasis 0.2 / R
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0.3 / INTERNET AND WEB RESOURCES 5
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0.4 / STANDARDS 7 equipment will ge
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PART ONE Overview The purpose of Pa
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The fundamental problem of communic
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1.1 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWO
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1.1 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWO
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1.2 / A COMMUNICATIONS MODEL 17 •
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1.3 DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1.3 / DATA
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1.3 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS 21 and to
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1.4 / NETWORKS 23 concerned with th
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1.5 THE INTERNET Origins of the Int
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Corporate LAN Residential subscribe
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1.6 / AN EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION 29 o
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1.6 / AN EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION 31 T
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2.1 / THE NEED FOR A PROTOCOL ARCHI
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2.2 / THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECT
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TCP/IP Applications 2.2 / THE TCP/I
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Application Provides access to the
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Total communication function Decomp
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Table 2.1 Service Primitive Types 2
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Table 2.2 Multimedia Terminology 2.
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Table 2.3 Domains of Multimedia Sys
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2.7 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Problems 2.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QU
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APPENDIX 2A THE TRIVIAL FILE TRANSF
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IP datagram UDP segment TFTP packet
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Syntax, Semantics, and Timing APPEN
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the behavior of data signals propag
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DATA TRANSMISSION 3.1 Concepts and
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3.1 / CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 67 S
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Amplitude (volts) Amplitude (volts)
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3.1 / CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 71 s
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S(f) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.
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1.0 0.5 0.0 �0.5 �1.0 1.0 0.5 0
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Pulses before transmission: Bit rat
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Power ratio in decibels 0 �20 �
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Voltage at transmitting end Voltage
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3.2 / ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA TRANS
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Table 3.1 Analog and Digital Transm
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3.3 / TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 87 t
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3.3 / TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 89 E
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Data transmitted: Signal: Noise: Si
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Shannon Capacity Formula 3.4 / CHAN
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or, in decibel notation, a Eb b N0
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digital transmission direct link ef
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APPENDIX 3A DECIBELS AND SIGNAL STR
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where Thus L dB = 10 log P in P out
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Communication channels in the anima
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105 102 Frequency (Hertz) 103 104 1
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4.1 / GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA 107
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Table 4.4 High-Performance LAN Copp
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4.2 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION 4.2 / WIR
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where G = antenna gain A e = effect
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4.2 / WIRELESS TRANSMISSION 121 ope
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PCs Server Hub Remote site Point-of
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Infrared 4.3 / WIRELESS PROPAGATION
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Transmit antenna Ionosphere Transmi
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4.4 / LINE-OF-SIGHT TRANSMISSION 12
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Loss (dB) 180 170 160 150 140 130 1
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4.5 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Review Questions 4.6 / KEY TERMS, R
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4.6 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTIONS,
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Even the natives have difficulty ma
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5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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NRZ-L NRZI Bipolar-AMI (most recent
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5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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Biphase Probability of bit error (B
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where 5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL S
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Table 5.4 HDB3 Substitution Rules 5
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5.2 / DIGITAL DATA, ANALOG SIGNALS
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Probability of bit error (BER) 1.0
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 5.2
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Code number 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
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Output signal magnitude 1.0 0.8 0.6
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5.3 / ANALOG DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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5.4 / ANALOG DATA, ANALOG SIGNALS 1
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5.5 RECOMMENDED READING 5.6 / KEY T
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Figure 5.25 A Manchester Stream 5.6
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DM output 1 0 5.6 / KEY TERMS, REVI
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A conversation forms a two-way comm
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6.1 / ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
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6.1 / ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
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6.3 / ERROR DETECTION 187 assume th
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6.3 / ERROR DETECTION 189 Note, how
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P 1 1 0 1 0 1 6.3 / ERROR DETECTION
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P(X) X 5 � X 4 � X 2 � 1 X 9
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Input (10 bits) Output (15 bits) Sw
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6.4 / ERROR CORRECTION 197 mapped i
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6.4 / ERROR CORRECTION 199 01100 2
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6.5 / LINE CONFIGURATIONS 201 the c
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6.6 / RECOMMENDED READING 203 compa
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7 CHAPTER DATA LINK CONTROL PROTOCO
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 209 • Control
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 211 With the use
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 213 Let us exami
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RR 4 F0 F1 F2 RR 3 F3 F4 F5 F6 7.1
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 217 All of thes
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 219 previously
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 221 an example,
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Frame Structure Figure 7.7 7.3 / HI
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7.3 / HIGH-LEVEL DATA LINK CONTROL
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Timeout A B SABM SABM UA DISC UA (a
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APPENDIX 7A PERFORMANCE ISSUES 233
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t � 0 1 2 a a � 1 2a � 1 t
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N r APPENDIX 7A PERFORMANCE ISSUES
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MULTIPLEXING 8.1 Frequency Division
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1 link, n channels n inputs MUX DEM
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8.1 / FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXI
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8.1 / FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXI
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Table 8.1 North American and Intern
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m 1(t) m 2(t) m n(t) Buffer Buffer
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8.2 / SYNCHRONOUS TIME DIVISION MUL
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From source 1 2 kHz, analog From so
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Table 8.4 SONET/SDH Signal Hierarch
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Table 8.5 STS-1 Overhead Bits 8.2 /
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t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 Users A B C D Synchr
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8.3 / STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MUL
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Buffer size (frames) Delay (ms) 10
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Headend scheduler Grant: Station A
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Bits per hertz Frequency 8.4 / ASYM
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Table 8.8 Comparison of xDSL Altern
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pulse stuffing SDH SONET statistica
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All creative people want to do the
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9.2 / FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPEC
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9.2 / FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPEC
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Frequency MFSK symbol W s W d W d W
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Transmitter Receiver 9.3 / DIRECT S
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(a) d(t) Data (b) s d(t) (c) c(t) S
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9.4 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS B
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Table 9.1 CDMA Example CDMA for Dir
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Channel Data number value (0) 1 (1)
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PART THREE Wide Area Networks Part
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10 CHAPTER CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PA
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10.1 / SWITCHED COMMUNICATIONS NETW
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10.2 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NETWORKS 10.
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10.2 / CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NETWORKS 3
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10.3 / CIRCUIT-SWITCHING CONCEPTS 3
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 10.6 Th
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10.5 / PACKET-SWITCHING PRINCIPLES
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3 2 1 3 Figure 10.9 Packet Switchin
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10.5 / PACKET-SWITCHING PRINCIPLES
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Call request signal 10.5 / PACKET-S
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Table 10.1 Comparison of Communicat
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LAPB header Layer 3 header User dat
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10.7 / FRAME RELAY 321 Control plan
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10.7 / FRAME RELAY 323 Flag Address
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11.1 / PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 329 On
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11.2 ATM LOGICAL CONNECTIONS 11.2 /
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Table 11.1 Virtual Path/Virtual Cha
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Control Signaling 11.3 / ATM CELLS
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Table 11.2 Payload Type (PT) Field
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Table 11.3 Generic Flow Control (GF
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Successful Valid cell (intended ser
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In-sync time T d(A) in cell units 1
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11.5 / ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 345 T
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11.5 / ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 347 U
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12 CHAPTER ROUTING IN SWITCHED NETW
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Characteristics 12.1 / ROUTING IN P
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12.1 / ROUTING IN PACKET-SWITCHING
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Node 4 Directory Destination Next N
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3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 12.1 / ROUTING IN P
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12.1 / ROUTING IN PACKET-SWITCHING
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Destination 12.2 / EXAMPLES: ROUTIN
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Figure 12.7 Packet-Switching Networ
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Delay (hops) 5 4 3 2 1 Metric for s
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12.3 / LEAST-COST ALGORITHMS 369 Ad
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12.3 / LEAST-COST ALGORITHMS 371 li
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13 CHAPTER CONGESTION CONTROL IN DA
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13.1 / EFFECTS OF CONGESTION 379 in
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Ideal Performance Normalized throug
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Normalized throughput Delay 13.2 CO
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13.2 / CONGESTION CONTROL 385 recei
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13.4 / CONGESTION CONTROL IN POCKET
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Table 13.1 Frame Relay Congestion C
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0 Commited information rate (CIR) G
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13.5 / FRAME RELAY CONGESTION CONTR
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13.6 / ATM TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 395
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So In general, which can also be ex
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Traffic and Congestion Control Fram
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1 2 VCCs 3 4 5 VPC b VPC a VC-Sw 13
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Table 13.4 Procedures Used to Set V
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Arriving cell Token generator Capac
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UPC Service conformance mechanism 1
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13.8 RECOMMENDED READING 13.8 / REC
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. c. d. e. 13.9 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW
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14 CHAPTER CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWOR
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14.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORK
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14.1 / PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWO
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Height � 5 ��3 � 1.6 � 13
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14.2 / FIRST-GENERATION ANALOG 427
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 429 c
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 431 R
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 433
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Table 14.4 IS-95 Reverse Link Chann
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14.4 THIRD-GENERATION SYSTEMS 14.4
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Table 14.5 W-CDMA Parameters Channe
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Chapter 16 High-Speed LANs Chapter
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The whole of this operation is desc
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15.1 / BACKGROUND 449 • High-spee
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15.2 / TOPOLOGIES AND TRANSMISSION
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15.2 / TOPOLOGIES AND TRANSMISSION
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(a) C transmits frame addressed to
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15.3 / LAN PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 45
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MAC header LLC header IP header Fig
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15.4 / BRIDGES 465 • Source MAC A
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LAN A Station 1 Station 2 Station 1
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15.4 / BRIDGES 469 provide alternat
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15.4 / BRIDGES 471 The fixed routin
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15.5 / LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHES
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10 Mbps 10 Mbps Figure 15.13 Lan Hu
Page 496 and 497: 15.5 / LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHES
Page 498 and 499: 15.7 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTIONS,
Page 502 and 503: 16.1 / THE EMERGENCE OF HIGH-SPEED
Page 504 and 505: 16.2 / ETHERNET 485 • High-speed
Page 506 and 507: Channel busy Ready 1-Persistent:
Page 508 and 509: TIME t 0 A's transmission C's trans
Page 510 and 511: 7 octets Preamble SFD = Start of fr
Page 512 and 513: Table 16.2 IEEE 802.3 10-Mbps Physi
Page 514 and 515: 16.2 / ETHERNET 495 100-Mbps Ethern
Page 516 and 517: 1000BASE-LX 1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-T
Page 518 and 519: Workstations Server farm 10/100 Mbp
Page 520 and 521: 16.3 / FIBRE CHANNEL 501 with the c
Page 522 and 523: Table 16.4 Maximum Distance for Fib
Page 524 and 525: 1 Linking highperformance workstati
Page 528 and 529: APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SIGNAL ENCODIN
Page 530 and 531: �V 0 �V APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SI
Page 532 and 533: 01 10 APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SIGNAL E
Page 534 and 535: APPENDIX 16B PERFORMANCE ISSUES 515
Page 536 and 537: Table 16.7 Representative Values of
Page 538 and 539: Throughput 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
Page 540 and 541: APPENDIX 16C SCRAMBLING 521 origina
Page 542 and 543: KEY POINTS 17.1 / OVERVIEW 523 Inve
Page 544 and 545: Server UM � user module CM � co
Page 548 and 549: 17.2 / WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY 529
Page 550 and 551: 17.3 / IEEE 802.11 ARCHITECTURE AND
Page 552 and 553: Extended service set Basic service
Page 554 and 555: 17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CO
Page 556 and 557: MAC layer 2.4-Ghz frequencyhopping
Page 558 and 559: 17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CO
Page 560 and 561: FC 17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS
Page 562 and 563: 17.5 / IEEE 802.11 PHYSICAL LAYER 5
Page 568 and 569: Table 17.5 Estimated Distance (m) V
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Page 574 and 575: The traffic that the Internet and t
Page 576 and 577: The map of the London Underground,
Page 578 and 579: 18.1 / BASIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS 559
Page 580 and 581: 18.1 / BASIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS 561
Page 582 and 583: • Connection identifiers 18.1 / B
Page 584 and 585: Table 18.1 Addressing Modes 18.1 /
Page 586 and 587: 18.2 / PRINCIPLES OF INTERNETWORKIN
Page 588 and 589: End system (A) TCP IP LLC MAC t 1 t
Page 590 and 591: 18.3 / INTERNET PROTOCOL OPERATION
Page 592 and 593: 18.3 / INTERNET PROTOCOL OPERATION
Page 594 and 595: IP header (20 octets) IP header (20
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 577 IP pro
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 579 than t
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 581 and ro
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0 8 16 31 Type Code Unused Checksum
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 585 identi
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18.5 / IPv6 587 be sparsely used, b
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18.5 / IPv6 589 8. Destination Opti
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18.5 / IPv6 591 • Destination Add
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18.5 / IPv6 593 • Anycast: An ide
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18.5 / IPv6 595 destination address
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18.6 / VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS AND
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IPSec Functions 18.7 / RECOMMENDED
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19 CHAPTER INTERNETWORK OPERATION 1
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 605 changed.A c
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Table 19.1 Traffic Generated by Var
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 609 2. Each nod
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 611 3. Finding
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 613 • Number
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R3 Subnetwork 1.3 R4 19.2 / ROUTING
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 617 router
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 619 The fi
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 621 are st
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 623 metric
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N1 R1 3 10 3 N2 R2 H1 R9 N9 1 N11 3
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19.3 / INTEGRATED SERVICES ARCHITEC
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Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP
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19.4 / DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES 637
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0 1 2 3 4 5 Differentiated services
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19.5 / SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS 645
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19.6 / IP PERFORMANCE METRICS 647 1
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MP 1 I 1 MP2 I1 19.7 / RECOMMENDED
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autonomous system (AS) Border Gatew
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20 CHAPTER TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS 20.1
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20.1 / CONNECTION-ORIENTED TRANSPOR
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TCP Services 20.2 / TCP 675 TCP is
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Table 20.4 TCP Service Parameters 2
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ACK: acknowledgment field significa
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• Send policy • Deliver policy
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20.3 TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 20.3 /
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 685 s
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MDEV1X2 = E[ ƒ X - E[X] ƒ ] 20.3
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 689 t
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 691 W
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20.4 / UDP 693 segment until the mi
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PART SIX Internet Applications Part
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21 CHAPTER NETWORK SECURITY 701 21.
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21.1 / SECURITY REQUIREMENTS AND AT
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21.2 / CONFIDENTIALITY WITH SYMMETR
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Encryption Algorithms 21.2 / CONFID
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State SubBytes State ShiftRows Stat
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21.2 / CONFIDENTIALITY WITH SYMMETR
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21.3 / MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION AND H
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Message MAC algorithm K 21.3 / MESS
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Message H Message H H K E PR a E 21
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IV � H 0 21.3 / MESSAGE AUTHENTIC
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Plaintext input Plaintext input Joy
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21.4 / PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION AND DI
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Plaintext 88 21.4 / PUBLIC-KEY ENCR
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21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND TRAN
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21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND TRAN
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Time 21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND
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21.6 / IPV4 AND IPV6 SECURITY 733
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21.6 / IPV4 AND IPV6 SECURITY 735 B
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21.7 WI-FI PROTECTED ACCESS Station
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Station To other wireless stations
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22 CHAPTER INTERNET APPLICATIONS—
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22.1 ELECTRONIC MAIL—SMTP AND MIM
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22.1 / ELECTRONIC MAIL—SMTP AND M
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Table 22.2 SMTP Replies Code Descri
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Table 22.4 MIME Transfer Encodings
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Table 22.5 Radix-64 Encoding 22.1 /
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22.2 / NETWORK MANAGEMENT—SNMP 76
Page 782 and 783:
Intermediate manager (manager/agent
Page 784 and 785:
SNMP management station GetRequest
Page 786 and 787:
Table 22.6 Allowable Data Types in
Page 788 and 789:
22.2 / NETWORK MANAGEMENT—SNMP 76
Page 790 and 791:
Page 792 and 793:
Page 794 and 795:
Four elements comprise the DNS: 23.
Page 796 and 797:
Type Rdata field length 23.1 / INTE
Page 798 and 799:
User program User system User query
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Table 23.3 Internet Root Servers 23
Page 802 and 803:
783 Header section Question section
Page 804 and 805:
Table 23.4 Key Terms Related to HTT
Page 806 and 807:
User agent User agent User agent HT
Page 808 and 809:
Request Line or Status Line General
Page 810 and 811:
23.2 / WEB ACCESS—HTTP 791 • Ca
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23.2 / WEB ACCESS—HTTP 793 • Au
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23.3 /RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Problems 23.4 /KEY TERMS, REVIEW QU
Page 818 and 819:
Page 820 and 821:
24.1 / AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
Page 822 and 823:
Video in Intraframe mode � Interf
Page 824 and 825:
Previous decompressed frame (24, 4)
Page 826 and 827:
24.1 / AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
Page 828 and 829:
Source: multimedia server Figure 24
Page 830 and 831:
24.3 / VOICE OVER IP AND MULTIMEDIA
Page 832 and 833:
Proxy server SIP (SDP) LAN DNS serv
Page 834 and 835:
Proxy server (15.16.17.18) 1. INVIT
Page 836 and 837:
Proxy server 7. NOTIFY 8. 200 OK 2
Page 838 and 839:
24.3 / VOICE OVER IP AND MULTIMEDIA
Page 840 and 841:
24.4 / REAL-TIME TRANSPORT PROTOCOL
Page 842 and 843:
MPEG 24.4 / REAL-TIME TRANSPORT PRO
Page 844 and 845:
Bit 0 4 8 9 16 V P X CC M V � Ver
Page 846 and 847:
Page 848 and 849:
Page 850 and 851:
24.5 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB
Page 852 and 853:
Page 854 and 855:
A APPENDIX FOURIER ANALYSIS 835 A.1
Page 856 and 857:
A.2 / FOURIER TRANSFORM REPRESENTAT
Page 858 and 859:
A.2 / FOURIER TRANSFORM REPRESENTAT
Page 860 and 861:
B APPENDIX PROJECTS AND OTHER STUDE
Page 862 and 863:
B.2 SOCKETS PROJECTS B.3 / ETHEREAL
Page 864 and 865:
B.8 / WRITING ASSIGNMENTS 845 Profe
Page 866 and 867:
REFERENCES In matters of this kind
Page 868 and 869:
REFERENCES 849 CHEN02 Chen, T. “I
Page 870 and 871:
REFERENCES 851 GIRO99 Giroux, N., a
Page 872 and 873:
REFERENCES 853 KRIS01 Krishnamurthy
Page 874 and 875:
REFERENCES 855 RIVE78 Rivest, R.; S
Page 876 and 877:
REFERENCES 857 WIDM83 Widmer, A. an
Page 878 and 879:
AS, see Autonomous system (AS) AS_P
Page 880 and 881:
defined, 275 DSSS, use for, 289-290
Page 882 and 883:
synchronous transmission, 181, 182-
Page 884 and 885:
congestion avoidance, 389, 393-394
Page 886 and 887:
Interior router protocol (IRP), 615
Page 888 and 889:
Microwave systems, 117, 119-124, 12
Page 890 and 891:
Parameters header, ICMP, 583 Parity
Page 892 and 893:
Routers, 25, 567 defined, 25 intern
Page 894 and 895:
Star topology, 447, 454 Start Frame
Page 896 and 897:
timing, 61 transfer, overview of, 5
Page 898 and 899:
ACRONYMS AAL ATM Adaptation Layer A
Page 900 and 901:
THE WILLIAM STALLINGS BOOKS ON COMP
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DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William

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