DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William

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0 CHAPTER READER’S <strong>AND</strong> INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 0.1 Outline of the Book 0.2 Roadmap 0.3 Internet and Web Resources 0.4 Standards 1
2 CHAPTER 0 / READER’S <strong>AND</strong> INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE “In the meanwhile, then,” demanded Li-loe, “relate to me the story to which reference has been made, thereby proving the truth of your assertion, and at the same time affording an entertainment of a somewhat exceptional kind.” “The shadows lengthen,” replied Kai Lung, “but as the narrative in question is of an inconspicuous span I will raise no barrier against your flattering request, especially as it indicates an awakening taste hitherto unexpected.” —Kai Lung’s Golden Hours, Earnest Bramah This book, with its accompanying Web site, covers a lot of material. Here we give the reader some basic background information. 0.1 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK The book is organized into five parts: Part One. Overview: Provides an introduction to the range of topics covered in the book.This part includes a general overview of data communications and networking and a discussion of protocols, OSI, and the TCP/IP protocol suite. Part Two. Data Communications: Concerned primarily with the exchange of data between two directly connected devices.Within this restricted scope, the key aspects of transmission, interfacing, link control, and multiplexing are examined. Part Three. Wide Area Networks: Examines the internal mechanisms and user-network interfaces that have been developed to support voice, data, and multimedia communications over long-distance networks. The traditional technologies of packet switching and circuit switching are examined, as well as the more recent ATM and wireless WANs. Separate chapters are devoted to routing and congestion control issues that are relevant both to switched data networks and to the Internet. Part Four. Local Area Networks: Explores the technologies and architectures that have been developed for networking over shorter distances. The transmission media, topologies, and medium access control protocols that are the key ingredients of a LAN design are explored and specific standardized LAN systems examined. Part Five. Networking Protocols: Explores both the architectural principles and the mechanisms required for the exchange of data among computers, workstations, servers, and other data processing devices. Much of the material in this part relates to the TCP/IP protocol suite. Part Six. Internet Applications: Looks at a range of applications that operate over the Internet. A more detailed, chapter-by-chapter summary of each part appears at the beginning of that part.
Page 2 and 3: DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Ei
Page 4 and 5: For my scintillating wife ATS
Page 6 and 7: WEB SITE FOR DATA AND COMPUTER COMM
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS Web Site for Data and Comp
Page 10 and 11: PART THREE WIDE AREA NETWORKS 295 C
Page 12 and 13: 19.5 Service Level Agreements 645 1
Page 14 and 15: Appendix I Queuing Effects I.1 Queu
Page 16 and 17: PREFACE OBJECTIVES Begin at the beg
Page 18 and 19: PREFACE xvii Manuals for various pr
Page 22 and 23: 0.2 ROADMAP Course Emphasis 0.2 / R
Page 24 and 25: 0.3 / INTERNET AND WEB RESOURCES 5
Page 26 and 27: 0.4 / STANDARDS 7 equipment will ge
Page 28 and 29: PART ONE Overview The purpose of Pa
Page 30 and 31: The fundamental problem of communic
Page 32 and 33: 1.1 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWO
Page 34 and 35: 1.1 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWO
Page 36 and 37: 1.2 / A COMMUNICATIONS MODEL 17 •
Page 38 and 39: 1.3 DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1.3 / DATA
Page 40 and 41: 1.3 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS 21 and to
Page 42 and 43: 1.4 / NETWORKS 23 concerned with th
Page 44 and 45: 1.5 THE INTERNET Origins of the Int
Page 46 and 47: Corporate LAN Residential subscribe
Page 48 and 49: 1.6 / AN EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION 29 o
Page 50 and 51: 1.6 / AN EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION 31 T
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 / THE NEED FOR A PROTOCOL ARCHI
Page 54 and 55: 2.2 / THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECT
Page 60 and 61: TCP/IP Applications 2.2 / THE TCP/I
Page 62 and 63: Application Provides access to the
Page 64 and 65: Total communication function Decomp
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.1 Service Primitive Types 2
Page 68 and 69: Table 2.2 Multimedia Terminology 2.
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Table 2.3 Domains of Multimedia Sys
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2.7 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Problems 2.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QU
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APPENDIX 2A THE TRIVIAL FILE TRANSF
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IP datagram UDP segment TFTP packet
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Syntax, Semantics, and Timing APPEN
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the behavior of data signals propag
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DATA TRANSMISSION 3.1 Concepts and
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3.1 / CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 67 S
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Amplitude (volts) Amplitude (volts)
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3.1 / CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 71 s
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S(f) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.
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1.0 0.5 0.0 �0.5 �1.0 1.0 0.5 0
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Pulses before transmission: Bit rat
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Power ratio in decibels 0 �20 �
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Voltage at transmitting end Voltage
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3.2 / ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA TRANS
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Table 3.1 Analog and Digital Transm
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3.3 / TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 87 t
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3.3 / TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 89 E
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Data transmitted: Signal: Noise: Si
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Shannon Capacity Formula 3.4 / CHAN
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or, in decibel notation, a Eb b N0
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digital transmission direct link ef
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APPENDIX 3A DECIBELS AND SIGNAL STR
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where Thus L dB = 10 log P in P out
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Communication channels in the anima
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105 102 Frequency (Hertz) 103 104 1
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4.1 / GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA 107
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Table 4.4 High-Performance LAN Copp
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4.2 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION 4.2 / WIR
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where G = antenna gain A e = effect
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4.2 / WIRELESS TRANSMISSION 121 ope
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PCs Server Hub Remote site Point-of
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Infrared 4.3 / WIRELESS PROPAGATION
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Transmit antenna Ionosphere Transmi
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4.4 / LINE-OF-SIGHT TRANSMISSION 12
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Loss (dB) 180 170 160 150 140 130 1
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4.5 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Review Questions 4.6 / KEY TERMS, R
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4.6 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTIONS,
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Even the natives have difficulty ma
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5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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NRZ-L NRZI Bipolar-AMI (most recent
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5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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Biphase Probability of bit error (B
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where 5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL S
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Table 5.4 HDB3 Substitution Rules 5
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5.2 / DIGITAL DATA, ANALOG SIGNALS
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Probability of bit error (BER) 1.0
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 5.2
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Code number 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
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Output signal magnitude 1.0 0.8 0.6
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5.3 / ANALOG DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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5.4 / ANALOG DATA, ANALOG SIGNALS 1
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5.5 RECOMMENDED READING 5.6 / KEY T
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Figure 5.25 A Manchester Stream 5.6
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DM output 1 0 5.6 / KEY TERMS, REVI
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A conversation forms a two-way comm
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6.1 / ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
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6.1 / ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
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6.3 / ERROR DETECTION 187 assume th
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6.3 / ERROR DETECTION 189 Note, how
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P 1 1 0 1 0 1 6.3 / ERROR DETECTION
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P(X) X 5 � X 4 � X 2 � 1 X 9
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Input (10 bits) Output (15 bits) Sw
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6.4 / ERROR CORRECTION 197 mapped i
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6.4 / ERROR CORRECTION 199 01100 2
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6.5 / LINE CONFIGURATIONS 201 the c
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6.6 / RECOMMENDED READING 203 compa
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7 CHAPTER DATA LINK CONTROL PROTOCO
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 209 • Control
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 211 With the use
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 213 Let us exami
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RR 4 F0 F1 F2 RR 3 F3 F4 F5 F6 7.1
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 217 All of thes
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 219 previously
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 221 an example,
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Frame Structure Figure 7.7 7.3 / HI
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7.3 / HIGH-LEVEL DATA LINK CONTROL
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Timeout A B SABM SABM UA DISC UA (a
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APPENDIX 7A PERFORMANCE ISSUES 233
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t � 0 1 2 a a � 1 2a � 1 t
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N r APPENDIX 7A PERFORMANCE ISSUES
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MULTIPLEXING 8.1 Frequency Division
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1 link, n channels n inputs MUX DEM
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8.1 / FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXI
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8.1 / FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXI
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Table 8.1 North American and Intern
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m 1(t) m 2(t) m n(t) Buffer Buffer
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8.2 / SYNCHRONOUS TIME DIVISION MUL
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From source 1 2 kHz, analog From so
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Table 8.4 SONET/SDH Signal Hierarch
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Table 8.5 STS-1 Overhead Bits 8.2 /
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t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 Users A B C D Synchr
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8.3 / STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MUL
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Buffer size (frames) Delay (ms) 10
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Headend scheduler Grant: Station A
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Bits per hertz Frequency 8.4 / ASYM
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Table 8.8 Comparison of xDSL Altern
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pulse stuffing SDH SONET statistica
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All creative people want to do the
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9.2 / FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPEC
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9.2 / FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPEC
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Frequency MFSK symbol W s W d W d W
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Transmitter Receiver 9.3 / DIRECT S
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(a) d(t) Data (b) s d(t) (c) c(t) S
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9.4 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS B
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Table 9.1 CDMA Example CDMA for Dir
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Channel Data number value (0) 1 (1)
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PART THREE Wide Area Networks Part
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10 CHAPTER CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PA
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10.1 / SWITCHED COMMUNICATIONS NETW
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10.2 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NETWORKS 10.
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10.2 / CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NETWORKS 3
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10.3 / CIRCUIT-SWITCHING CONCEPTS 3
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 10.6 Th
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10.5 / PACKET-SWITCHING PRINCIPLES
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3 2 1 3 Figure 10.9 Packet Switchin
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10.5 / PACKET-SWITCHING PRINCIPLES
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Call request signal 10.5 / PACKET-S
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Table 10.1 Comparison of Communicat
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LAPB header Layer 3 header User dat
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10.7 / FRAME RELAY 321 Control plan
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10.7 / FRAME RELAY 323 Flag Address
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11.1 / PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 329 On
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11.2 ATM LOGICAL CONNECTIONS 11.2 /
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Table 11.1 Virtual Path/Virtual Cha
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Control Signaling 11.3 / ATM CELLS
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Table 11.2 Payload Type (PT) Field
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Table 11.3 Generic Flow Control (GF
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Successful Valid cell (intended ser
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In-sync time T d(A) in cell units 1
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11.5 / ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 345 T
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11.5 / ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 347 U
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12 CHAPTER ROUTING IN SWITCHED NETW
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Characteristics 12.1 / ROUTING IN P
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12.1 / ROUTING IN PACKET-SWITCHING
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Node 4 Directory Destination Next N
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3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 12.1 / ROUTING IN P
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12.1 / ROUTING IN PACKET-SWITCHING
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Destination 12.2 / EXAMPLES: ROUTIN
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Figure 12.7 Packet-Switching Networ
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Delay (hops) 5 4 3 2 1 Metric for s
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12.3 / LEAST-COST ALGORITHMS 369 Ad
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12.3 / LEAST-COST ALGORITHMS 371 li
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13 CHAPTER CONGESTION CONTROL IN DA
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13.1 / EFFECTS OF CONGESTION 379 in
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Ideal Performance Normalized throug
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Normalized throughput Delay 13.2 CO
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13.2 / CONGESTION CONTROL 385 recei
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13.4 / CONGESTION CONTROL IN POCKET
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Table 13.1 Frame Relay Congestion C
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0 Commited information rate (CIR) G
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13.5 / FRAME RELAY CONGESTION CONTR
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13.6 / ATM TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 395
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So In general, which can also be ex
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Traffic and Congestion Control Fram
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1 2 VCCs 3 4 5 VPC b VPC a VC-Sw 13
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Table 13.4 Procedures Used to Set V
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Arriving cell Token generator Capac
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UPC Service conformance mechanism 1
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13.8 RECOMMENDED READING 13.8 / REC
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. c. d. e. 13.9 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW
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14 CHAPTER CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWOR
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14.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORK
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14.1 / PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWO
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Height � 5 ��3 � 1.6 � 13
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14.2 / FIRST-GENERATION ANALOG 427
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 429 c
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 431 R
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 433
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Table 14.4 IS-95 Reverse Link Chann
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14.4 THIRD-GENERATION SYSTEMS 14.4
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Table 14.5 W-CDMA Parameters Channe
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Chapter 16 High-Speed LANs Chapter
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The whole of this operation is desc
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15.1 / BACKGROUND 449 • High-spee
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15.2 / TOPOLOGIES AND TRANSMISSION
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15.2 / TOPOLOGIES AND TRANSMISSION
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(a) C transmits frame addressed to
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15.3 / LAN PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 45
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MAC header LLC header IP header Fig
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15.4 / BRIDGES 465 • Source MAC A
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LAN A Station 1 Station 2 Station 1
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15.4 / BRIDGES 469 provide alternat
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15.4 / BRIDGES 471 The fixed routin
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15.5 / LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHES
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10 Mbps 10 Mbps Figure 15.13 Lan Hu
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15.5 / LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHES
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16.1 / THE EMERGENCE OF HIGH-SPEED
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16.2 / ETHERNET 485 • High-speed
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Channel busy Ready 1-Persistent:
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TIME t 0 A's transmission C's trans
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7 octets Preamble SFD = Start of fr
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Table 16.2 IEEE 802.3 10-Mbps Physi
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16.2 / ETHERNET 495 100-Mbps Ethern
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1000BASE-LX 1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-T
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Workstations Server farm 10/100 Mbp
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16.3 / FIBRE CHANNEL 501 with the c
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Table 16.4 Maximum Distance for Fib
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1 Linking highperformance workstati
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APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SIGNAL ENCODIN
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�V 0 �V APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SI
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01 10 APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SIGNAL E
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APPENDIX 16B PERFORMANCE ISSUES 515
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Table 16.7 Representative Values of
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Throughput 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
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APPENDIX 16C SCRAMBLING 521 origina
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KEY POINTS 17.1 / OVERVIEW 523 Inve
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Server UM � user module CM � co
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Cell Figure 17.3 Wireless LAN Confi
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17.2 / WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY 529
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17.3 / IEEE 802.11 ARCHITECTURE AND
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Extended service set Basic service
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17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CO
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MAC layer 2.4-Ghz frequencyhopping
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17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CO
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FC 17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS
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17.5 / IEEE 802.11 PHYSICAL LAYER 5
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Table 17.5 Estimated Distance (m) V
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17.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTION,
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17.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTION,
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The traffic that the Internet and t
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The map of the London Underground,
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18.1 / BASIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS 559
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18.1 / BASIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS 561
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• Connection identifiers 18.1 / B
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Table 18.1 Addressing Modes 18.1 /
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18.2 / PRINCIPLES OF INTERNETWORKIN
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End system (A) TCP IP LLC MAC t 1 t
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18.3 / INTERNET PROTOCOL OPERATION
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18.3 / INTERNET PROTOCOL OPERATION
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IP header (20 octets) IP header (20
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 577 IP pro
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 579 than t
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 581 and ro
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0 8 16 31 Type Code Unused Checksum
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 585 identi
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18.5 / IPv6 587 be sparsely used, b
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18.5 / IPv6 589 8. Destination Opti
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18.5 / IPv6 591 • Destination Add
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18.5 / IPv6 593 • Anycast: An ide
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18.5 / IPv6 595 destination address
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18.6 / VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS AND
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IPSec Functions 18.7 / RECOMMENDED
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19 CHAPTER INTERNETWORK OPERATION 1
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 605 changed.A c
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Table 19.1 Traffic Generated by Var
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 609 2. Each nod
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 611 3. Finding
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 613 • Number
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R3 Subnetwork 1.3 R4 19.2 / ROUTING
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 617 router
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 619 The fi
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 621 are st
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 623 metric
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N1 R1 3 10 3 N2 R2 H1 R9 N9 1 N11 3
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19.3 / INTEGRATED SERVICES ARCHITEC
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Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP
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19.4 / DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES 637
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0 1 2 3 4 5 Differentiated services
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19.5 / SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS 645
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19.6 / IP PERFORMANCE METRICS 647 1
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MP 1 I 1 MP2 I1 19.7 / RECOMMENDED
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autonomous system (AS) Border Gatew
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20 CHAPTER TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS 20.1
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20.1 / CONNECTION-ORIENTED TRANSPOR
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TCP Services 20.2 / TCP 675 TCP is
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Table 20.4 TCP Service Parameters 2
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ACK: acknowledgment field significa
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• Send policy • Deliver policy
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20.3 TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 20.3 /
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 685 s
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MDEV1X2 = E[ ƒ X - E[X] ƒ ] 20.3
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 689 t
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 691 W
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20.4 / UDP 693 segment until the mi
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PART SIX Internet Applications Part
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21 CHAPTER NETWORK SECURITY 701 21.
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21.1 / SECURITY REQUIREMENTS AND AT
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21.2 / CONFIDENTIALITY WITH SYMMETR
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Encryption Algorithms 21.2 / CONFID
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State SubBytes State ShiftRows Stat
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21.2 / CONFIDENTIALITY WITH SYMMETR
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21.3 / MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION AND H
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Message MAC algorithm K 21.3 / MESS
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Message H Message H H K E PR a E 21
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IV � H 0 21.3 / MESSAGE AUTHENTIC
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Plaintext input Plaintext input Joy
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21.4 / PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION AND DI
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Plaintext 88 21.4 / PUBLIC-KEY ENCR
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21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND TRAN
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21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND TRAN
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Time 21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND
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21.6 / IPV4 AND IPV6 SECURITY 733
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21.6 / IPV4 AND IPV6 SECURITY 735 B
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21.7 WI-FI PROTECTED ACCESS Station
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Station To other wireless stations
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22 CHAPTER INTERNET APPLICATIONS—
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22.1 ELECTRONIC MAIL—SMTP AND MIM
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22.1 / ELECTRONIC MAIL—SMTP AND M
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Table 22.2 SMTP Replies Code Descri
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Table 22.4 MIME Transfer Encodings
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Table 22.5 Radix-64 Encoding 22.1 /
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22.2 / NETWORK MANAGEMENT—SNMP 76
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Intermediate manager (manager/agent
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SNMP management station GetRequest
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Table 22.6 Allowable Data Types in
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22.2 / NETWORK MANAGEMENT—SNMP 76
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Page 792 and 793:
Page 794 and 795:
Four elements comprise the DNS: 23.
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Type Rdata field length 23.1 / INTE
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User program User system User query
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Table 23.3 Internet Root Servers 23
Page 802 and 803:
783 Header section Question section
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Table 23.4 Key Terms Related to HTT
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User agent User agent User agent HT
Page 808 and 809:
Request Line or Status Line General
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23.2 / WEB ACCESS—HTTP 791 • Ca
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23.2 / WEB ACCESS—HTTP 793 • Au
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23.3 /RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Problems 23.4 /KEY TERMS, REVIEW QU
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Page 820 and 821:
24.1 / AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
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Video in Intraframe mode � Interf
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Previous decompressed frame (24, 4)
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24.1 / AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
Page 828 and 829:
Source: multimedia server Figure 24
Page 830 and 831:
24.3 / VOICE OVER IP AND MULTIMEDIA
Page 832 and 833:
Proxy server SIP (SDP) LAN DNS serv
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Proxy server (15.16.17.18) 1. INVIT
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Proxy server 7. NOTIFY 8. 200 OK 2
Page 838 and 839:
24.3 / VOICE OVER IP AND MULTIMEDIA
Page 840 and 841:
24.4 / REAL-TIME TRANSPORT PROTOCOL
Page 842 and 843:
MPEG 24.4 / REAL-TIME TRANSPORT PRO
Page 844 and 845:
Bit 0 4 8 9 16 V P X CC M V � Ver
Page 846 and 847:
Page 848 and 849:
Page 850 and 851:
24.5 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB
Page 852 and 853:
Page 854 and 855:
A APPENDIX FOURIER ANALYSIS 835 A.1
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A.2 / FOURIER TRANSFORM REPRESENTAT
Page 858 and 859:
A.2 / FOURIER TRANSFORM REPRESENTAT
Page 860 and 861:
B APPENDIX PROJECTS AND OTHER STUDE
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B.2 SOCKETS PROJECTS B.3 / ETHEREAL
Page 864 and 865:
B.8 / WRITING ASSIGNMENTS 845 Profe
Page 866 and 867:
REFERENCES In matters of this kind
Page 868 and 869:
REFERENCES 849 CHEN02 Chen, T. “I
Page 870 and 871:
REFERENCES 851 GIRO99 Giroux, N., a
Page 872 and 873:
REFERENCES 853 KRIS01 Krishnamurthy
Page 874 and 875:
REFERENCES 855 RIVE78 Rivest, R.; S
Page 876 and 877:
REFERENCES 857 WIDM83 Widmer, A. an
Page 878 and 879:
AS, see Autonomous system (AS) AS_P
Page 880 and 881:
defined, 275 DSSS, use for, 289-290
Page 882 and 883:
synchronous transmission, 181, 182-
Page 884 and 885:
congestion avoidance, 389, 393-394
Page 886 and 887:
Interior router protocol (IRP), 615
Page 888 and 889:
Microwave systems, 117, 119-124, 12
Page 890 and 891:
Parameters header, ICMP, 583 Parity
Page 892 and 893:
Routers, 25, 567 defined, 25 intern
Page 894 and 895:
Star topology, 447, 454 Start Frame
Page 896 and 897:
timing, 61 transfer, overview of, 5
Page 898 and 899:
ACRONYMS AAL ATM Adaptation Layer A
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THE WILLIAM STALLINGS BOOKS ON COMP
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DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William

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