DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William

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DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William Stallings Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on File Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Assistant Editor: Carole Snyder Editorial Assistant: Christianna Lee Executive Managing Editor: Vince O’Brien Managing Editor: Camille Trentacoste Production Editor: Rose Kernan Director of Creative Services: Paul Belfanti Creative Director: Juan Lopez Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Managing Editor,AV Management and Production: Patricia Burns ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Art Editor: Gregory Dulles Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Reo Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Manager,Visual Research: Beth Brenzel Manager, Cover Visual Research and Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manufacturing Manager, ESM: Alexis Heydt-Long Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell Executive Marketing Manager: Robin O’Brien Marketing Assistant: Mack Patterson All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Pearson Prentice Hall is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. All other tradmarks or product names are the property of their respective owners. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book.These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness.The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book.The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 0-13-243310-9 Pearson Education Ltd., London Pearson Education Australia Pty. Ltd., Sydney Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong Kong Pearson Education Canada, Inc., Toronto Pearson Educaci n de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education Japan, Tokyo Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Page 4 and 5: For my scintillating wife ATS
Page 6 and 7: WEB SITE FOR DATA AND COMPUTER COMM
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS Web Site for Data and Comp
Page 10 and 11: PART THREE WIDE AREA NETWORKS 295 C
Page 12 and 13: 19.5 Service Level Agreements 645 1
Page 14 and 15: Appendix I Queuing Effects I.1 Queu
Page 16 and 17: PREFACE OBJECTIVES Begin at the beg
Page 18 and 19: PREFACE xvii Manuals for various pr
Page 20 and 21: 0 CHAPTER READER’S AND INSTRUCTOR
Page 22 and 23: 0.2 ROADMAP Course Emphasis 0.2 / R
Page 24 and 25: 0.3 / INTERNET AND WEB RESOURCES 5
Page 26 and 27: 0.4 / STANDARDS 7 equipment will ge
Page 28 and 29: PART ONE Overview The purpose of Pa
Page 30 and 31: The fundamental problem of communic
Page 32 and 33: 1.1 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWO
Page 34 and 35: 1.1 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWO
Page 36 and 37: 1.2 / A COMMUNICATIONS MODEL 17 •
Page 38 and 39: 1.3 DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1.3 / DATA
Page 40 and 41: 1.3 / DATA COMMUNICATIONS 21 and to
Page 42 and 43: 1.4 / NETWORKS 23 concerned with th
Page 44 and 45: 1.5 THE INTERNET Origins of the Int
Page 46 and 47: Corporate LAN Residential subscribe
Page 48 and 49: 1.6 / AN EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION 29 o
Page 50 and 51: 1.6 / AN EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION 31 T
Page 52 and 53:
2.1 / THE NEED FOR A PROTOCOL ARCHI
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2.2 / THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECT
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Page 58 and 59:
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TCP/IP Applications 2.2 / THE TCP/I
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Application Provides access to the
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Total communication function Decomp
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Table 2.1 Service Primitive Types 2
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Table 2.2 Multimedia Terminology 2.
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Table 2.3 Domains of Multimedia Sys
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2.7 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Problems 2.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QU
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APPENDIX 2A THE TRIVIAL FILE TRANSF
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IP datagram UDP segment TFTP packet
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Syntax, Semantics, and Timing APPEN
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the behavior of data signals propag
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DATA TRANSMISSION 3.1 Concepts and
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3.1 / CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 67 S
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Amplitude (volts) Amplitude (volts)
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3.1 / CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 71 s
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S(f) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.
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1.0 0.5 0.0 �0.5 �1.0 1.0 0.5 0
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Pulses before transmission: Bit rat
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Power ratio in decibels 0 �20 �
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Voltage at transmitting end Voltage
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3.2 / ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA TRANS
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Table 3.1 Analog and Digital Transm
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3.3 / TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 87 t
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3.3 / TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 89 E
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Data transmitted: Signal: Noise: Si
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Shannon Capacity Formula 3.4 / CHAN
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or, in decibel notation, a Eb b N0
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digital transmission direct link ef
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APPENDIX 3A DECIBELS AND SIGNAL STR
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where Thus L dB = 10 log P in P out
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Communication channels in the anima
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105 102 Frequency (Hertz) 103 104 1
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4.1 / GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA 107
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Table 4.4 High-Performance LAN Copp
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4.2 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION 4.2 / WIR
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where G = antenna gain A e = effect
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4.2 / WIRELESS TRANSMISSION 121 ope
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PCs Server Hub Remote site Point-of
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Infrared 4.3 / WIRELESS PROPAGATION
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Transmit antenna Ionosphere Transmi
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4.4 / LINE-OF-SIGHT TRANSMISSION 12
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Loss (dB) 180 170 160 150 140 130 1
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4.5 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Review Questions 4.6 / KEY TERMS, R
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4.6 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTIONS,
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Even the natives have difficulty ma
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5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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NRZ-L NRZI Bipolar-AMI (most recent
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5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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Biphase Probability of bit error (B
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where 5.1 / DIGITAL DATA, DIGITAL S
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Table 5.4 HDB3 Substitution Rules 5
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5.2 / DIGITAL DATA, ANALOG SIGNALS
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Probability of bit error (BER) 1.0
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 5.2
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Code number 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
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Output signal magnitude 1.0 0.8 0.6
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5.3 / ANALOG DATA, DIGITAL SIGNALS
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5.4 / ANALOG DATA, ANALOG SIGNALS 1
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5.5 RECOMMENDED READING 5.6 / KEY T
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Figure 5.25 A Manchester Stream 5.6
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DM output 1 0 5.6 / KEY TERMS, REVI
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A conversation forms a two-way comm
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6.1 / ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
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6.1 / ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
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6.3 / ERROR DETECTION 187 assume th
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6.3 / ERROR DETECTION 189 Note, how
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P 1 1 0 1 0 1 6.3 / ERROR DETECTION
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P(X) X 5 � X 4 � X 2 � 1 X 9
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Input (10 bits) Output (15 bits) Sw
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6.4 / ERROR CORRECTION 197 mapped i
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6.4 / ERROR CORRECTION 199 01100 2
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6.5 / LINE CONFIGURATIONS 201 the c
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6.6 / RECOMMENDED READING 203 compa
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7 CHAPTER DATA LINK CONTROL PROTOCO
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 209 • Control
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 211 With the use
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7.1 / FLOW CONTROL 213 Let us exami
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RR 4 F0 F1 F2 RR 3 F3 F4 F5 F6 7.1
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 217 All of thes
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 219 previously
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7.2 / ERROR CONTROL 221 an example,
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Frame Structure Figure 7.7 7.3 / HI
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7.3 / HIGH-LEVEL DATA LINK CONTROL
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Timeout A B SABM SABM UA DISC UA (a
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Page 250 and 251:
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APPENDIX 7A PERFORMANCE ISSUES 233
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t � 0 1 2 a a � 1 2a � 1 t
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N r APPENDIX 7A PERFORMANCE ISSUES
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MULTIPLEXING 8.1 Frequency Division
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1 link, n channels n inputs MUX DEM
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8.1 / FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXI
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8.1 / FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXI
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Table 8.1 North American and Intern
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m 1(t) m 2(t) m n(t) Buffer Buffer
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8.2 / SYNCHRONOUS TIME DIVISION MUL
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From source 1 2 kHz, analog From so
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Table 8.4 SONET/SDH Signal Hierarch
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Table 8.5 STS-1 Overhead Bits 8.2 /
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t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 Users A B C D Synchr
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8.3 / STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MUL
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Buffer size (frames) Delay (ms) 10
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Headend scheduler Grant: Station A
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Bits per hertz Frequency 8.4 / ASYM
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Table 8.8 Comparison of xDSL Altern
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pulse stuffing SDH SONET statistica
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All creative people want to do the
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9.2 / FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPEC
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9.2 / FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPEC
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Frequency MFSK symbol W s W d W d W
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Transmitter Receiver 9.3 / DIRECT S
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(a) d(t) Data (b) s d(t) (c) c(t) S
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9.4 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS B
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Table 9.1 CDMA Example CDMA for Dir
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Channel Data number value (0) 1 (1)
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PART THREE Wide Area Networks Part
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10 CHAPTER CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PA
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10.1 / SWITCHED COMMUNICATIONS NETW
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10.2 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NETWORKS 10.
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10.2 / CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NETWORKS 3
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10.3 / CIRCUIT-SWITCHING CONCEPTS 3
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 10.6 Th
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10.5 / PACKET-SWITCHING PRINCIPLES
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3 2 1 3 Figure 10.9 Packet Switchin
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10.5 / PACKET-SWITCHING PRINCIPLES
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Call request signal 10.5 / PACKET-S
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Table 10.1 Comparison of Communicat
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LAPB header Layer 3 header User dat
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10.7 / FRAME RELAY 321 Control plan
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10.7 / FRAME RELAY 323 Flag Address
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11.1 / PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 329 On
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11.2 ATM LOGICAL CONNECTIONS 11.2 /
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Table 11.1 Virtual Path/Virtual Cha
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Control Signaling 11.3 / ATM CELLS
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Table 11.2 Payload Type (PT) Field
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Table 11.3 Generic Flow Control (GF
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Successful Valid cell (intended ser
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In-sync time T d(A) in cell units 1
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11.5 / ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 345 T
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11.5 / ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 347 U
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12 CHAPTER ROUTING IN SWITCHED NETW
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Characteristics 12.1 / ROUTING IN P
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12.1 / ROUTING IN PACKET-SWITCHING
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Node 4 Directory Destination Next N
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3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 12.1 / ROUTING IN P
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12.1 / ROUTING IN PACKET-SWITCHING
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Destination 12.2 / EXAMPLES: ROUTIN
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Figure 12.7 Packet-Switching Networ
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Delay (hops) 5 4 3 2 1 Metric for s
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12.3 / LEAST-COST ALGORITHMS 369 Ad
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12.3 / LEAST-COST ALGORITHMS 371 li
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13 CHAPTER CONGESTION CONTROL IN DA
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13.1 / EFFECTS OF CONGESTION 379 in
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Ideal Performance Normalized throug
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Normalized throughput Delay 13.2 CO
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13.2 / CONGESTION CONTROL 385 recei
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13.4 / CONGESTION CONTROL IN POCKET
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Table 13.1 Frame Relay Congestion C
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0 Commited information rate (CIR) G
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13.5 / FRAME RELAY CONGESTION CONTR
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13.6 / ATM TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 395
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So In general, which can also be ex
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Traffic and Congestion Control Fram
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1 2 VCCs 3 4 5 VPC b VPC a VC-Sw 13
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Table 13.4 Procedures Used to Set V
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Arriving cell Token generator Capac
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UPC Service conformance mechanism 1
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13.8 RECOMMENDED READING 13.8 / REC
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. c. d. e. 13.9 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW
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14 CHAPTER CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWOR
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14.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORK
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14.1 / PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWO
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Height � 5 ��3 � 1.6 � 13
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14.2 / FIRST-GENERATION ANALOG 427
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 429 c
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 431 R
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14.3 / SECOND-GENERATION CDMA 433
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Table 14.4 IS-95 Reverse Link Chann
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14.4 THIRD-GENERATION SYSTEMS 14.4
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Table 14.5 W-CDMA Parameters Channe
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Chapter 16 High-Speed LANs Chapter
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The whole of this operation is desc
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15.1 / BACKGROUND 449 • High-spee
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15.2 / TOPOLOGIES AND TRANSMISSION
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15.2 / TOPOLOGIES AND TRANSMISSION
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(a) C transmits frame addressed to
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15.3 / LAN PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 45
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MAC header LLC header IP header Fig
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15.4 / BRIDGES 465 • Source MAC A
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LAN A Station 1 Station 2 Station 1
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15.4 / BRIDGES 469 provide alternat
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15.4 / BRIDGES 471 The fixed routin
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15.5 / LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHES
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10 Mbps 10 Mbps Figure 15.13 Lan Hu
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15.5 / LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHES
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16.1 / THE EMERGENCE OF HIGH-SPEED
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16.2 / ETHERNET 485 • High-speed
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Channel busy Ready 1-Persistent:
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TIME t 0 A's transmission C's trans
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7 octets Preamble SFD = Start of fr
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Table 16.2 IEEE 802.3 10-Mbps Physi
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16.2 / ETHERNET 495 100-Mbps Ethern
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1000BASE-LX 1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-T
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Workstations Server farm 10/100 Mbp
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16.3 / FIBRE CHANNEL 501 with the c
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Table 16.4 Maximum Distance for Fib
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1 Linking highperformance workstati
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APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SIGNAL ENCODIN
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�V 0 �V APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SI
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01 10 APPENDIX 16A DIGITAL SIGNAL E
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APPENDIX 16B PERFORMANCE ISSUES 515
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Table 16.7 Representative Values of
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Throughput 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
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APPENDIX 16C SCRAMBLING 521 origina
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KEY POINTS 17.1 / OVERVIEW 523 Inve
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Server UM � user module CM � co
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Cell Figure 17.3 Wireless LAN Confi
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17.2 / WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY 529
Page 550 and 551:
17.3 / IEEE 802.11 ARCHITECTURE AND
Page 552 and 553:
Extended service set Basic service
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17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CO
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MAC layer 2.4-Ghz frequencyhopping
Page 558 and 559:
17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CO
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FC 17.4 / IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS
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17.5 / IEEE 802.11 PHYSICAL LAYER 5
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Page 566 and 567:
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Table 17.5 Estimated Distance (m) V
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17.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTION,
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17.8 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTION,
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The traffic that the Internet and t
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The map of the London Underground,
Page 578 and 579:
18.1 / BASIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS 559
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18.1 / BASIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS 561
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• Connection identifiers 18.1 / B
Page 584 and 585:
Table 18.1 Addressing Modes 18.1 /
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18.2 / PRINCIPLES OF INTERNETWORKIN
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End system (A) TCP IP LLC MAC t 1 t
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18.3 / INTERNET PROTOCOL OPERATION
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18.3 / INTERNET PROTOCOL OPERATION
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IP header (20 octets) IP header (20
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 577 IP pro
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 579 than t
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 581 and ro
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0 8 16 31 Type Code Unused Checksum
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18.4 / INTERNET PROTOCOL 585 identi
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18.5 / IPv6 587 be sparsely used, b
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18.5 / IPv6 589 8. Destination Opti
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18.5 / IPv6 591 • Destination Add
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18.5 / IPv6 593 • Anycast: An ide
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18.5 / IPv6 595 destination address
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18.6 / VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS AND
Page 618 and 619:
IPSec Functions 18.7 / RECOMMENDED
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
19 CHAPTER INTERNETWORK OPERATION 1
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 605 changed.A c
Page 626 and 627:
Table 19.1 Traffic Generated by Var
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 609 2. Each nod
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19.1 / MULTICASTING 611 3. Finding
Page 632 and 633:
19.1 / MULTICASTING 613 • Number
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R3 Subnetwork 1.3 R4 19.2 / ROUTING
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 617 router
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 619 The fi
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 621 are st
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19.2 / ROUTING PROTOCOLS 623 metric
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N1 R1 3 10 3 N2 R2 H1 R9 N9 1 N11 3
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19.3 / INTEGRATED SERVICES ARCHITEC
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Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP
Page 656 and 657:
19.4 / DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES 637
Page 658 and 659:
0 1 2 3 4 5 Differentiated services
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
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19.5 / SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS 645
Page 666 and 667:
19.6 / IP PERFORMANCE METRICS 647 1
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MP 1 I 1 MP2 I1 19.7 / RECOMMENDED
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autonomous system (AS) Border Gatew
Page 672 and 673:
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20 CHAPTER TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS 20.1
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20.1 / CONNECTION-ORIENTED TRANSPOR
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TCP Services 20.2 / TCP 675 TCP is
Page 696 and 697:
Table 20.4 TCP Service Parameters 2
Page 698 and 699:
ACK: acknowledgment field significa
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• Send policy • Deliver policy
Page 702 and 703:
20.3 TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 20.3 /
Page 704 and 705:
20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 685 s
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MDEV1X2 = E[ ƒ X - E[X] ƒ ] 20.3
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 689 t
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20.3 / TCP CONGESTION CONTROL 691 W
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20.4 / UDP 693 segment until the mi
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Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
PART SIX Internet Applications Part
Page 720 and 721:
21 CHAPTER NETWORK SECURITY 701 21.
Page 722 and 723:
21.1 / SECURITY REQUIREMENTS AND AT
Page 724 and 725:
21.2 / CONFIDENTIALITY WITH SYMMETR
Page 726 and 727:
Encryption Algorithms 21.2 / CONFID
Page 728 and 729:
State SubBytes State ShiftRows Stat
Page 730 and 731:
21.2 / CONFIDENTIALITY WITH SYMMETR
Page 732 and 733:
21.3 / MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION AND H
Page 734 and 735:
Message MAC algorithm K 21.3 / MESS
Page 736 and 737:
Message H Message H H K E PR a E 21
Page 738 and 739:
IV � H 0 21.3 / MESSAGE AUTHENTIC
Page 740 and 741:
Plaintext input Plaintext input Joy
Page 742 and 743:
21.4 / PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION AND DI
Page 744 and 745:
Plaintext 88 21.4 / PUBLIC-KEY ENCR
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21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND TRAN
Page 748 and 749:
21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND TRAN
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Time 21.5 / SECURE SOCKET LAYER AND
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21.6 / IPV4 AND IPV6 SECURITY 733
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21.6 / IPV4 AND IPV6 SECURITY 735 B
Page 756 and 757:
21.7 WI-FI PROTECTED ACCESS Station
Page 758 and 759:
Station To other wireless stations
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
22 CHAPTER INTERNET APPLICATIONS—
Page 764 and 765:
22.1 ELECTRONIC MAIL—SMTP AND MIM
Page 766 and 767:
22.1 / ELECTRONIC MAIL—SMTP AND M
Page 768 and 769:
Table 22.2 SMTP Replies Code Descri
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
Table 22.4 MIME Transfer Encodings
Page 778 and 779:
Table 22.5 Radix-64 Encoding 22.1 /
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22.2 / NETWORK MANAGEMENT—SNMP 76
Page 782 and 783:
Intermediate manager (manager/agent
Page 784 and 785:
SNMP management station GetRequest
Page 786 and 787:
Table 22.6 Allowable Data Types in
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22.2 / NETWORK MANAGEMENT—SNMP 76
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Four elements comprise the DNS: 23.
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Type Rdata field length 23.1 / INTE
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User program User system User query
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Table 23.3 Internet Root Servers 23
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783 Header section Question section
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Table 23.4 Key Terms Related to HTT
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User agent User agent User agent HT
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Request Line or Status Line General
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23.2 / WEB ACCESS—HTTP 791 • Ca
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23.2 / WEB ACCESS—HTTP 793 • Au
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23.3 /RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB S
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Problems 23.4 /KEY TERMS, REVIEW QU
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24.1 / AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
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Video in Intraframe mode � Interf
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Previous decompressed frame (24, 4)
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24.1 / AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
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Source: multimedia server Figure 24
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24.3 / VOICE OVER IP AND MULTIMEDIA
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Proxy server SIP (SDP) LAN DNS serv
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Proxy server (15.16.17.18) 1. INVIT
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Proxy server 7. NOTIFY 8. 200 OK 2
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24.3 / VOICE OVER IP AND MULTIMEDIA
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24.4 / REAL-TIME TRANSPORT PROTOCOL
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MPEG 24.4 / REAL-TIME TRANSPORT PRO
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Bit 0 4 8 9 16 V P X CC M V � Ver
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Page 848 and 849:
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24.5 / RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB
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Page 854 and 855:
A APPENDIX FOURIER ANALYSIS 835 A.1
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A.2 / FOURIER TRANSFORM REPRESENTAT
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A.2 / FOURIER TRANSFORM REPRESENTAT
Page 860 and 861:
B APPENDIX PROJECTS AND OTHER STUDE
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B.2 SOCKETS PROJECTS B.3 / ETHEREAL
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B.8 / WRITING ASSIGNMENTS 845 Profe
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REFERENCES In matters of this kind
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REFERENCES 849 CHEN02 Chen, T. “I
Page 870 and 871:
REFERENCES 851 GIRO99 Giroux, N., a
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REFERENCES 853 KRIS01 Krishnamurthy
Page 874 and 875:
REFERENCES 855 RIVE78 Rivest, R.; S
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REFERENCES 857 WIDM83 Widmer, A. an
Page 878 and 879:
AS, see Autonomous system (AS) AS_P
Page 880 and 881:
defined, 275 DSSS, use for, 289-290
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synchronous transmission, 181, 182-
Page 884 and 885:
congestion avoidance, 389, 393-394
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Interior router protocol (IRP), 615
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Microwave systems, 117, 119-124, 12
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Parameters header, ICMP, 583 Parity
Page 892 and 893:
Routers, 25, 567 defined, 25 intern
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Star topology, 447, 454 Start Frame
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timing, 61 transfer, overview of, 5
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ACRONYMS AAL ATM Adaptation Layer A
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THE WILLIAM STALLINGS BOOKS ON COMP
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DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Eighth Edition William

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