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other, which he was required to sign and to assent to orally before receiving his crown. The particular article of the Confederation assuring peace between the religious parties, and the corresponding part of the coronation oath, are commonly spoken of as the pax dissidentium. 29 Out of 98 subscribers, 41 were Catholics. cf. Edmund Bursche, ‘Z dziejow nazwy “Dysidenci”’ (from the history of the name “Dissidents”), Przeglad Historyczny, xxvi (1926), p. 25. 30 The often repeated story that on this occasion the King was told, Si non jurabis, non regnabis, has been shown to be legendary. v. the searching discussion of the whole episode by Waclaw Sobieski, ‘Si non jurabis, non regnabis,’ Reformacja w Polsce, ii (1922), 54 – 70; cf. Marquis E. H. V. de Noailles, Henri de Valois (Paris, 1867), ii, 213—417. 31 The so-called proces Konfoederaciey. 32 cf. Bursche, op. cit., pp. 22—41. 33 cf. Lengnich, Jus publicum, ii, 649. Book II, Chapter XXVII ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. V.supra, p. 348 f. 2 cf. Szczotka, Synody, p. 30 f; Henryk Merczyng, Szymon Budny jako krytyk tekstow biblijnych (S. B. as critic of biblical texts), Krakow, 1913, pp. 94—96. v. infra, p. 369 f. 3 cf. Defensio Fiancisci Davidis (Claudiopoli, 1582), pp. 121—236. Palaeologus, a scion of the Imperial family of Constantinople, born a Greek on the island of Chios, fled to Italy after the fall of Constantinople, and entered the Dominican order at Rome, but leaving it fled from the Inquisition iii 1559 and joined the Protestants in Germany He came to Poland in 1571, where he associated with the ‘Arians’ (cf. Lubieniecius, Historia, p. 200), as also later with the Unitarians in Transylvania, where he was Rector of their college at Kolozsvár, 1573—’74. Incessantly hunted by the Inquisition, he fled thence, was finally seized in Moravia, 1582, and after long imprisonment in Rome was burned at the stake, He agreed with David and Budny as to the worship of
Christ, and with Budny in opposing the radical social views of the Racovians. cf. Karl Landsteiner, Jacobus Palaeologus (Wien, 1873). 4 This was the first synod at which Socinus appeared. cf. Bock, Antitrinitar., i, 425 f; Szczotka, op. cit., p. 31; Sandius, Bibliotheca, p. 214. 5 cf. Lewicki. Socynjanie, pp. 204—234, condensed and translated from the author’s Socianstwo w Polsze i Jugozapadnoj Rusi’ (Socinianism in Poland and southwestern Red Russia), Kijewskaja Starina (1862). 6 cf. Waclaw Sobieski, ‘Propaganda Zydowskaw 1530—1540’ (Jewish propaganda), Przeglad Narodowy, xxi (1921), pp. 24—42. 7 Marcin Czechowicz, Rozmowy Christianskie, ktore z Greckiego nazwiska Dialogami zowia etc. (Christian conversations, which they call by the Greek name Dialogues), Rakow, 1575, chaps. 6, 8—10. cf. Henryk Merczyng, ‘Polscy Deisci i wolnomyslicieli za Jagiellonow’ (Polish deists and free-thinkers under the Jagellons), Przeglad Historyczny, xii (1911), No.3. 8 cf. Merczyng, Budny: Stanislaw Kot, art. ‘Budny,’ Polski Stownik Biograficzny (Krakow, 1937), iii, 96—99. 9 cf. Josias Simler, Assertio orthodoxae doctrinae de duabus naturis Christi . . . opposita blasphemiis et sophismatibus Simonis Budnaei nuper ab ipso in Lituania evulgatis (Tiguri, 1575); Johannes Wigand, De Jesu Christo Deo et Homine (Regiomonti, 1575). 10 cf. Reformacja w Polsce, vii (1936), 316—323; Ms in Bodleian Library, Oxford, Rawlinson Letters 107, PP. 97—100; Stanislaw Kot, ‘Anglo Polonica,’ Nauka Polska, xx (1935) 105 ff. 11 O przedniejszych wiary Christianskiey artikulech, etc. (On the principal articles of the Christian faith), Losk, 1576. 12 cf. Stanislaw Ostrowski, O prawdziwym Bostwie Jezu Chrysta Pana, etc. (Of the true divinity of Jesus Christ the Lord), Poznan, 1588; id., De Trinitate . . . contra impia scripta Simonis Budnaei, etc. (Posnaniae, 1591). 13 cf. Szymon Budny, O urzedzie miecza uzywajacem (On the office employing the sword), 1583; ed. Stanislaw Kot (Warszawa, 1932), p. 27 f; Szczotka, op. cit., p. 36.
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A HISTORY OF UNITARIANISM Volume I
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This volume is dedicated to Jay Gar
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scholars; and these works, moreover
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University libraries at Leiden and
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XVIII. A SPORADIC OUTBREAK OF ANTIT
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION IT IS THE PU
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essential to it. Had the chief doct
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almost the middle of the nineteenth
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interpretations of Christianity wer
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this earliest Christian belief bega
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est. 6 Thus Arianism, though it sti
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after the beginning of the Reformat
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Modification of the dogmas that had
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Athanasian Creeds, but after a few
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CHAPTER III ANTITRINITARIAN TENDENC
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ut with the general form, purpose a
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sword in 1535. The result upon the
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individuals, however, may stand as
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Oecolampadius, leader of the Reform
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Denck left Worms in July, and by mi
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Such an inference is encouraged by
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during the next six months has alre
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Christian world at large, and posit
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earnestness; but he disagreed with
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Catholic. He gradually became more
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was with Bünderlin at Strassburg,
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1535. After four years of missionar
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or personal being, but only a breat
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discovery he had often to change th
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long afterwards to appear in the Mi
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escaped from the rigorous bondage o
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hardly a single disciple of his pec
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with the Fathers of the Church and
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of critical importance in shaping t
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in the old Church, for at this time
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Thus rebuffed again, Servetus now d
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238 small pages, neatly printed, bu
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which are found on practically ever
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there were sundry things in it that
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terms so rude and bald that his att
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Apart from the extremely irritating
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Trinity full treatment, and underta
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directed the Inquisitor of Aragón
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assisted by a theologian imported f
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CHAPTER VI THE UNITARIAN ANABAPTIST
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of little account unless he were ta
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e traced to the two books on the Tr
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Dario Sozzino, Paolo Alciati and ot
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thus seems irresistible that the pl
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5. The wicked do not rise at the la
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might have done much in Italy for t
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called identical twins, for even in
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Out of these conferences grew the b
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to be entitled to honorable mention
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order wrote, it seemed as if nothin
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Chiavenna and Zurich he came in tim
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led to so much contention, that aft
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speculations might be preached as w
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missionary named Tiziano. 8 His fir
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Naples. Soon after accepting the re
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to be an Anabaptist, strongly sugge
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proposed by Mainardu, though in 154
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The reply of the Zurich ministers w
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equired only to preach according to
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CHAPTER IX THE LATER LIFE OF SERVET
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edition of Wilibald Pirckheimer (St
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professor at Tubingen, the most cel
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Andreas Vesalius, later to be recog
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Tagault, Dean of the medical facult
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friends. He has realized the risk h
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If we may credit his testimony at V
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his publisher had formerly allowed
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eceived. But the theologians at Lou
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CHAPTER X SERVETUS: THE “CHRISTIA
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heart, though he was willing to try
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Lausanne, in much the same tone as
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and three printers, ignorant of the
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Inquisition at Vienne, and of the t
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Protestant systems, and in his new
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and even in hell. It is his presenc
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suppressed, have exercised a marked
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Hence a heated controversy has long
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the noted French humanist and found
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manuscripts and letters, which for
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The blot upon his reputation was no
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the judgment of the Church and to c
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Guéroult as to the character of th
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CHAPTER XII THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF
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were not established he should hims
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It was at just this juncture, when
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showed that the form of his belief
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the name of the State, and Calvin h
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content from the former ones. Those
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in the trial, that when the data we
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enewed his demand for legal counsel
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their ministers as the more compete
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some others followed him; while of
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mistakes and ignorance and sins, th
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admirable qualities together with l
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Nevertheless Calvin was, in theory,
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CHAPTER XIII AFTER DEATH, THE JUDGM
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sixteenth century the chief spokesm
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of putting heretics to death (pp. 4
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‘splendid testimonial.’ 38 In t
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Sebastian Castellio 52 was born in
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CHAPTER XIV CASTELLIO AND THE STRUG
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Castellio’s book, with the persua
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Servetus he said he had never felt
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is not defending his doctrine, but
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is the brief Historia de morte Serv
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so much that he determined to write
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movement. As regards the latter, Se
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finally in Poland where Servetus wa
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nearly as possible on the spot wher
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Switzerland centered chiefly at Cal
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Calvin, which the latter haughtily
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counselors, and consulted in affair
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Gribaldi summoned to appear before
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former chair at the University of G
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Hungary, for something like a dozen
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have gone to Chiavenna, 63 but he t
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apparently made his headquarters at
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primary interest in the reformation
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with a capital charge. 31 To refute
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After a short time he went on to Ly
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a little prejudiced because of his
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doctrine of the Trinity had been th
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advanced, and where the writings of
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present exhausted the resources in
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Bullinger Vergerio wrote from Tubin
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ecommended him heartily to Laski (a
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This was Bernardino Ochino, whose e
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the Italian congregation in the Str
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Like the Italian reformers in gener
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there were willing to intercede for
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the plague, which carried off two s
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CHAPTER XVIII A SPORADIC OUTBREAK O
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and hence worthy of death. The secu
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We have thus far been engaged with
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independence of mind by placing on
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CHAPTER XIX POLAND: THE EARLY REFOR
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significant an influence on the cou
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The country in its greatest extent
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etween the clergy and the secular p
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preferments. Such a condition in th
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The Protestants had as yet no publi
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Diet of 1555 by an Interim which wa
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discuss points of doctrine with him
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office as its Superintendent, thoug
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the first period of its history cam
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in Poland, to go thither and work f
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which he observed that some were ad
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Kráków said something against the
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Like Servetus before him he therefo
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ought forward at Brzesc and in that
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are following. In the little group
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CHAPTER XXI GROWTH OF LIBERAL THOUG
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which it was customary at the openi
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excluded from their synod; at Herma
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y his hostility to Arianism, took S
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the synods, some of the nobles impa
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pretence of curing the chronic dise
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Karniniski of Alexandrowice. 64 The
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invited to come from Switzerland. 2
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committed to a position granting pr
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cause; the Catholics, however, inte
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evidently hoped that his doctrine m
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conservatives were slowly gaining s
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and colleges which should form the
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ecently arrived. 56 Gentile returne
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themselves clearly, without rhetori
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alienated them, made them enemies,
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CHAPTER XXIII THE MINOR REFORMED CH
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most important and influential elem
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the liberal wing of the Reformed Ch
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without which one was regarded as v
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espect. It was a long step toward t
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The temperate conclusion reached at
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hands, and eloquently and unwearied
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CHAPTER XXIV EFFORTS AT CIVIL PERSE
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from this time on, the ministers, i
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invoked; that due obedience is to b
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longer than from 1562 to 1565, afte
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The synod at Skrzynno 23 had the ve
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Doctrinal differences in the Minor
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CHAPTER XXV THE MINOR CHURCH EXCLUD
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Councils, no agreement was to be ex
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way alone. Thus at a period when th
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at Chmielnik, Simon Ronemberg the a
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fifty miles west of Sandomir, and w
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and became most effective means of
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were calm and modest in behavior, s
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through free discussion, reached th
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had fully approved it, and almost a
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CHAPTER XXVII THE MINOR CHURCH: THE
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For the reason given in the precedi
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where he ere long declared that it
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extant. This book evidently took th
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These questions were publicly discu
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eply to Paulus was it granted. It w
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they should persevere in the Minor
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Calvinists, meeting at Lublin in 16
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their congregations as sinks for th
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Church. While they were at heart in
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al ready held, few converts were ma
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Though born the child of Catholic p
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purpose. Yet friendly personal rela
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had made there twenty years before,
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Elder of the Kráków congregation
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finds an echo among many of the ext
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his ability and skill in discussion
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seemed to turn to him with their qu
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Carpathian foothill district where
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attacks of the Catholics; its spiri
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three years later he had been able
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CHAPTER XXXI THE RACOVIAN CATECHISM
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was accepted by general consent as
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The Racovian Catechism was not buil
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worship God as the primary author o
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unruly are corrected privately or i
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admirably supplemented by other wri
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inquirer with materials for an adeq
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Inspired with fresh confidence in t
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left a young son Demetrius, and thi
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would take with him a stock of book
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until in view of what they might ot
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fully as necessary, and illustrated
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Especial attention was given to sch
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fully observed by the Socinians tha
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CHAPTER XXXIII GROWING OPPOSITION T
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leadership collapsed without having
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polemic. They were generally con du
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against the religion of the Protest
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wavering were more likely now to ma
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appeals to the people tended to deg
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accept the responsible office of pu
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change his religion, threatening hi
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debate, on the sufficiency of Scrip
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anking as the best in Poland, whose
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Jakob Zadzik of Krakow. The Bishop,
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plea that it was for this time only
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CHAPTER XXXV CONTINUED PERSECUTION
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college at Rakow, it was voted to b
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of ‘Arianism.’ These cases were
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appeared the following year, with n
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them. 26 They were of course disapp
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1648 at which Jan Casimir was elect
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ehind them and fled head long and a
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Queen, who had in the meantime been
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they might attack and kill, and the
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Marienburg in Prussia, where the fe
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Iwanicki), 23 sought to block proce
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persecutions in the popular mind ag
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there was scarcely a country in all
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Some of those that were invited to
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south of the Vistula, where Socinia
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eventually forgot their mother tong
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prepared to enter upon his work as
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in another village in the vicinity
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across the border into Silesia. Her
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liberty. 27 Besides, now that their
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place to bury their dead. Their min
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few Socinian communities had long e
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citizens was being shaken, the cler
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cousin Janusz had championed their
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Remonstrants and the Mennonites. Hi
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in the Socinian doctrine through bo
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Besides various minor works, discus
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appointed minister. Under existing
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obedience to his commands; and they
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Prussia. Such a request could not w
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From tile point our narrative has n
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they lived, in the persuasion, as o
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CHAPTER XL SOCINIAN LEAVEN AT WORK
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dedication of the German edition of
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comparatively few hands, or through
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Not long after this time an interes
Page 555 and 556:
A clearer trace of infection with S
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The discussion thus now shifted gro
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disturbed so long as they conformed
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Antitrinitarian thought had appeare
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was an intimate acquaintance betwee
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in Poland. 18 Where Wojdowski spent
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in the faith. The desired evidence
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some of its teachings won his appro
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Gouda and drew up a document asking
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CHAPTER XLII GROWING INFLUENCE OF S
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youth who gathered there for study.
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forced it upon his attention, and n
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interpreted it, rightly or wrongly,
Page 581 and 582:
They hold private meetings in which
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emonstrance. He accepted the commis
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uneducated his Weerlegginge der Soc
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ground that the most competent Dutc
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Holland; but there proved to be too
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human confession, though it meant t
Page 593 and 594:
In order to escape continued fricti
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country, to celebrate the Lord’s
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stream of stragglers seeking a new
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and author of several controversial
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CHAPTER XLIV THE LAST SOCINIANS IN
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thinking. In the field of ethics on
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for in 1657 he removed to Holland,
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created a great sensation by its im
Page 609 and 610:
office of Magistrate, indulging in
Page 611 and 612:
State; for he had long been convinc
Page 613 and 614:
een tracing began in Holland, with
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This last was greatly revised and e
Page 617 and 618:
spirit and thought survived and liv
Page 619 and 620:
PRONOUNCING TABLE THERE are many na
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Chmielnik (Hmee-el-nik) Chrzczecice
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Joris (yo’-ris) K Kalisz (kah’-
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Mezyk (maN’-zhyk) Mieczyslaw (mye
Page 627 and 628:
Raków (rah’-koof) Rhedei (ray’
Page 629 and 630:
Waiglowa (vy-glo’-va) Wawel (vah
Page 631 and 632:
INDEX OF ABBREVIATIONS FULL bibliog
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Chmaj, Przypkowski, 451 Chmaj, Ruar
Page 635 and 636:
Keller, Apostel, 24 Kochowski, Anna
Page 637 and 638:
Pascal, Alciati, 214 PasierbiiIsid,
Page 639 and 640:
U. H. S., Boston, 425 Uytenbogaert,
Page 641 and 642:
A Abelard, 12, 392 GENERAL INDEX Ac
Page 643 and 644:
Arnoullet, Balthazar, publishes Chr
Page 645 and 646:
Bolsec, Dr. Jerome, 135n., 137, 155
Page 647 and 648:
Calvinism, in Poland and Lithuania,
Page 649 and 650:
Cichowski, Nicolas, foe of Socinian
Page 651 and 652:
376; retirement and death, 379; deb
Page 653 and 654:
Ecclesiastical History (Sandius), 8
Page 655 and 656:
Friedrichstadt, Socinian exiles at,
Page 657 and 658:
Harvey, William, 147 Heidelberg, ou
Page 659 and 660:
J Jacquelot, Isaac, 533 Jagiello, G
Page 661 and 662:
Krotowski, Jan, 368, 437 Krzyzak, s
Page 663 and 664:
Lubomirski, Palatine Stanislas, 457
Page 665 and 666:
Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, 12,
Page 667 and 668:
Ochino, Bernardino, 81, 82, 83, 93,
Page 669 and 670:
Pelsznica, synod at, 343, 349, 354
Page 671 and 672:
R Rabkowa, 400, 489 Racovia, see Ra
Page 673 and 674:
Rozmowy (Czechowicz), 379, 406, 418
Page 675 and 676:
Servetus, Michael, 6, 32n.; initiat
Page 677 and 678:
Holland, 537—540; doctrines of, 5
Page 679 and 680:
Sweden, invades Poland, 468—472 S
Page 681 and 682:
Trinitarii, 340n., 344 Trinity, The
Page 683 and 684:
Vorst, Dr. Konrad, 541—543 Vulgat
Page 685 and 686:
Zwingli, Ulrich, Reform preacher at
Page 687 and 688:
will that those that embrace this c
Page 689 and 690:
1 cf. H. E. Dosker, The Dutch Anaba
Page 691 and 692:
26 Preserved in Franck, Chronica, l
Page 693 and 694:
Mystic and Reformer of the Reformat
Page 695 and 696:
8 He had been excommunicated by the
Page 697 and 698:
scholar Tohannes Crellius, who died
Page 699 and 700:
28 Tollin whose imagination is ever
Page 701 and 702:
45 “Decuerat me ante cditionem li
Page 703 and 704:
sceri bus discerperetur”; Calvin,
Page 705 and 706:
90 cf. Laemmer, bc. Cit. 91 cf. Bul
Page 707 and 708:
10 v. snp;a, p. 70. cf. Mclanclstho
Page 709 and 710:
accounts are in substantial agreeme
Page 711 and 712:
11 cf. Wiffen, in Valdes’s Alfabe
Page 713 and 714:
6 Campell, ii, 296 f. Campell reduc
Page 715 and 716:
David in Transylvania was essential
Page 717 and 718:
to find the same persecuting spirit
Page 719 and 720:
16 cf. Tollin, ‘Michael Servet al
Page 721 and 722:
In a thorough search of University
Page 723 and 724:
curn tot monstris mihi esse dimican
Page 725 and 726:
72 So Mosheim declares, op. cit. (p
Page 727 and 728:
17 cf. Calvin, viii, 734, n. 2. The
Page 729 and 730:
(Edinburgh, 1846), p. 239; Doumergu
Page 731 and 732:
57 id. op., pp. 665 f, 430. For stu
Page 733 and 734:
2 cf. Aymon Galiffe, Notices Géné
Page 735 and 736:
18 Essai sur les moeurs et l’espr
Page 737 and 738:
43 Le Charneve was an open place on
Page 739 and 740:
Bourgogne, Seigneur de Falais, who
Page 741 and 742:
39 cf. Calvin, viii, 771—775. 40
Page 743 and 744:
66 cf. Calvin, viii, 555-558, 808
Page 745 and 746:
93 Mino Celso, In haeieticis coerce
Page 747 and 748:
memorabile ad omnem posteritatem ex
Page 749 and 750:
34 cf. Varillas, Revolutions, iv, 2
Page 751 and 752:
Basel in the time of Sigismund Augu
Page 753 and 754:
9 cf. De haereticis, pp. 29—63. 1
Page 755 and 756: 24 This, as well as most of the ite
Page 757 and 758: 45 See the interesting corresponden
Page 759 and 760: 19 Beza to Bullinger, Oct. 22, 1555
Page 761 and 762: 50 Sylvius to Calvin, Oct. 20, 1562
Page 763 and 764: 13 cf Jean Gaberel, Histoire de l
Page 765 and 766: 45 It is said that Alciati secured
Page 767 and 768: Mclanchthon to Sigismund Augustus,
Page 769 and 770: 31 Bullinger to Calvin, May 8, 1558
Page 771 and 772: 60 Sarnicki to Tretius, Nov. 1562,
Page 773 and 774: 87 cf. Lubieniecius, Historia, p. 1
Page 775 and 776: 11 cf. Theodor Wotschke. Die Reform
Page 777 and 778: strong recommendations from the Kin
Page 779 and 780: Book II, Chapter XX ---------------
Page 781 and 782: 20 Hardly excommunicated (in the se
Page 783 and 784: 8 cf. his Gymnasii Pinczoviensis In
Page 785 and 786: 35 Wengerscius, ibid. 36 Papistica
Page 787 and 788: 63 cf. Lasciana, pp. 528, 549. One
Page 789 and 790: 17 cf. Zachorowski, op. cit., p. 21
Page 791 and 792: 29 The work is not extant, but its
Page 793 and 794: 52 In 1563 the King had refused to
Page 795 and 796: 68 ln 1590. cf. Lubieniecius, Histo
Page 797 and 798: 23 cf. Wlodzimierz Budka, ‘Szymon
Page 799 and 800: 40 cf. J. F. Kiessling, Das Lehrgeb
Page 801 and 802: abandoned it. cf. Relacye Nuncyuszo
Page 803 and 804: 11 Ronemberg was a highly respected
Page 805: 17 The school at Rakow was not a un
Page 809 and 810: executioner), Przeglad Historyczny,
Page 811 and 812: 14 Tractatiis de regno Christi mill
Page 813 and 814: Neoarians . . . especially those se
Page 815 and 816: 23 In gratiam magni cujusdam viri.
Page 817 and 818: 43 The statement in an anonymous an
Page 819 and 820: 21 cf. Socinus to Balcerowicz, Dec.
Page 821 and 822: early in the twentieth century, whe
Page 823 and 824: 17 This burning is often confused (
Page 825 and 826: 8 cf. Szczotka, Synody, pp. 71, 74;
Page 827 and 828: 30 For a fuller account of the wors
Page 829 and 830: looked. Answered by Jan Niemojewski
Page 831 and 832: and went to Wieliczka near by and r
Page 833 and 834: 26 The Catholic historian Lukaszewi
Page 835 and 836: 3 cf. Czartoryski Ms 2573, no. 47.
Page 837 and 838: 28 cf. Czartoryski Ms 1657, p. 403
Page 839 and 840: 13 After Rákoczy had occupied the
Page 841 and 842: has generally been supposed to have
Page 843 and 844: Book II, Chapter XXXVII -----------
Page 845 and 846: 22 As a final effort the Socinians
Page 847 and 848: 12 For the interesting corresponden
Page 849 and 850: 32 cf. J. J. van Vollenhoven, Beitr
Page 851 and 852: 52 cf. the extensive correspondence
Page 853 and 854: 14 cf. Bock, Socinianismus, pp. 71
Page 855 and 856: students’ dissertations and publi
Page 857 and 858:
21 (Noel Aubert de Verse) Le Protes
Page 859 and 860:
(Rotterdam, 1646), pp. 307—309; T
Page 861 and 862:
9 cf. Ruar, op. cit., pp. 126—162
Page 863 and 864:
41 Apologia pro veritate accusata,
Page 865 and 866:
14 No visible remains of the Colleg
Page 867 and 868:
5 cf. again the works referred to a
Page 869 and 870:
trans., Van de hoedanigheyd des Rij
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A HISTORY OF UNITARIANISM - Starr King School for the Ministry

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