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04-161 (Regeneración in vitro) - Colegio de Postgraduados

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establecer el nivel hormonal endógeno a<strong>de</strong>cuado que <strong>in</strong>fluyera<br />

positivamente en las células <strong>de</strong> los ápices <strong>de</strong> raíz<br />

en su capacidad para regenerar plantas. Lo anterior obe<strong>de</strong>ce<br />

a que la respuesta <strong>de</strong>l explante está en función <strong>de</strong><br />

los niveles hormonales endógenos <strong>de</strong> éste durante el cultivo<br />

<strong>in</strong> <strong>vitro</strong> (Fehér et al., 2003). La función <strong>in</strong>ductora<br />

<strong>de</strong>l 2, 4-D en la embriogénesis somática ha sido observado<br />

por otros autores (Van <strong>de</strong>r Valk et al., 1992; Zeng<br />

et al., 1998; Myers y Simon, 1998), y se confirma con<br />

los resultados <strong>de</strong>l presente trabajo. Se ha <strong>de</strong>mostrado que<br />

el 2, 4-D estimula la síntesis <strong>de</strong> otras aux<strong>in</strong>as como el<br />

ácido <strong>in</strong>dol acético (AIA) en células <strong>de</strong> zanahoria (Daucus<br />

carota L.) (Michalczuk et al., 1992). Asimismo, se ha<br />

propuesto que el 2, 4-D podría actuar no sólo como una<br />

aux<strong>in</strong>a, s<strong>in</strong>o también como un herbicida, el cual <strong>in</strong>duce<br />

respuestas a estrés (Grossmann, 2000). Lo anterior se<br />

fundamenta en el hecho <strong>de</strong> que la presencia <strong>de</strong>l 2, 4-D<br />

en el medio <strong>de</strong> cultivo <strong>in</strong>duce la expresión <strong>de</strong> varios genes<br />

relacionados con el estrés en células <strong>de</strong> alfalfa (Medicago<br />

sativa) (Györgyey et al., 1991; Davletova et al., 2001).<br />

Tres semanas <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> que los callos se transfirieron<br />

al medio F (libre <strong>de</strong> reguladores <strong>de</strong>l crecimiento)<br />

triplicaron su tamaño, advirtiéndose la presencia <strong>de</strong> algunos<br />

embriones <strong>de</strong> los cuales emergían el vástago y la<br />

raíz para convertirse en plantas. El estudio anatómico,<br />

que permitirá corroborar la ontogenia y bipolaridad <strong>de</strong><br />

los embriones, está en proceso. El mantener las plantas<br />

en los medios G (1 mg L −1 <strong>de</strong> BA), H (0.5 mg L −1 <strong>de</strong><br />

BA) y F promovió su crecimiento hasta un tamaño en el<br />

cual pudieron someterse a un tratamiento que <strong>in</strong>dujera la<br />

formación <strong>de</strong> microbulbos.<br />

Las plantas regeneradas <strong>in</strong> <strong>vitro</strong> que se mantuvieron<br />

a 4 °C por 15 d, formaron microbulbos en su base dos<br />

semanas <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> retiradas <strong>de</strong> esta condición. Los<br />

microbulbos cont<strong>in</strong>uaron su crecimiento hasta convertirse<br />

en bulbos que alcanzaron un tamaño <strong>de</strong> 3 cm <strong>de</strong><br />

diámetro <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> 32 semanas <strong>de</strong> haber <strong>in</strong>iciado el<br />

cultivo <strong>de</strong> ápices (Figura 1E), y a las 52 semanas <strong>de</strong> tal<br />

<strong>in</strong>icio, las plantas <strong>de</strong> cebolla obtenidas <strong>de</strong> estos bulbos<br />

aún cont<strong>in</strong>uaban su crecimiento en el <strong>in</strong>verna<strong>de</strong>ro (Figura<br />

1F).<br />

Aunque Dunstan y Short (1978) emplearon ápices<br />

<strong>de</strong> raíces para regenerar plantas <strong>de</strong> algunas varieda<strong>de</strong>s<br />

<strong>de</strong> cebolla (Giant Zittau e Inai Early Yellow), era necesario<br />

establecer las condiciones <strong>de</strong> cultivo <strong>in</strong> <strong>vitro</strong> que <strong>in</strong>dujeran<br />

la mejor respuesta en varieda<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>terés para<br />

México como Cristal y El Toro. Asimismo, aunque se ha<br />

reportado la regeneración <strong>de</strong> plantas <strong>de</strong> cebolla a partir<br />

<strong>de</strong> otros explantes (Van <strong>de</strong>r Valk et al., 1992; Mohamed-<br />

Yasseen y Splittstoesser, 1992; Saker 1997; Zheng et al.,<br />

1998), la mayoría <strong>de</strong> estos protocolos sólo contemplan la<br />

fase <strong>in</strong> <strong>vitro</strong>, por lo que no proporcionan <strong>in</strong>formación acerca<br />

<strong>de</strong> el tiempo requerido para el establecimiento <strong>de</strong> las plantas<br />

en suelo, ni se ha dado seguimiento al <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> la<br />

REGENERACIÓN <strong>in</strong> <strong>vitro</strong> DE PLANTAS DE CEBOLLA (Allium cepa L.)<br />

calluses of the Cristal variety were more friable and more<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensely yellow than those of El Toro variety, this means,<br />

there were differences among genotypes, which agrees<br />

with Novák et al. (1986), who found differential<br />

pigmentation among genotypes.<br />

Embryogenic calluses (Figure 1B) were <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

<strong>in</strong> presence of 2,4-D alone, as well as <strong>in</strong> comb<strong>in</strong>ation<br />

with k<strong>in</strong>et<strong>in</strong>. However, plants produced by these calluses<br />

were less numerous when embryogenic calluses were<br />

<strong>in</strong>duced to media conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 2, 4-D and k<strong>in</strong>et<strong>in</strong> (Table<br />

3). These results contrast with those reported by Robledo-<br />

Paz et al. (2000) and Van <strong>de</strong>r Valk et al.(1992) for garlic<br />

and onion tissues, but agree with what was observed <strong>in</strong><br />

embryogenic cultures of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)<br />

(Baker and Wetzste<strong>in</strong>, 1994) and pepper (Capsicum<br />

annuum L.) (Ste<strong>in</strong>itz et al., 2003). The <strong>in</strong>significant<br />

<strong>in</strong>fluence of k<strong>in</strong>et<strong>in</strong> on onion plant regeneration might<br />

be due to the fact that the utilized levels of this<br />

phytoregulator were higher or lower than the<br />

concentrations, required to establish an a<strong>de</strong>quate<br />

endogenous hormone level, that could have a positive<br />

effect on the cells of the root tips <strong>in</strong> their capacity of<br />

regenerat<strong>in</strong>g plants. The previous is due to the fact that<br />

the response of the explant is a function of its endogenous<br />

hormone levels dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>vitro</strong> culture (Fehér et al., 2003).<br />

The <strong>in</strong>ductive function of 2, 4-D <strong>in</strong> somatic<br />

embryogenesis has been observed by other authors (Van<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Valk et al., 1992; Zheng et al., 1998; Myers and<br />

Simon, 1998) and is confirmed by the results of the<br />

present paper. It has been <strong>de</strong>monstrated that 2, 4-D<br />

stimulates the synthesis of other aux<strong>in</strong>s, like <strong>in</strong>doleacetic<br />

acid (AIA) <strong>in</strong> carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells (Michalczuk<br />

et al., 1992). Likewise, it has been suggested that 2, 4-D<br />

might act not only as an aux<strong>in</strong>, but also as herbici<strong>de</strong>,<br />

which generates responses to stress (Grossmann, 2000).<br />

The aforesaid is based on the fact that 2, 4-D presence <strong>in</strong><br />

the culture medium orig<strong>in</strong>ates the expression of several<br />

genes related to stress <strong>in</strong> cells of alfalfa (Medicago sativa)<br />

(Györgyey et al., 1991; Davletova et al., 2001).<br />

Three weeks after the calluses had been transferred<br />

to medium F (without growth regulators), they tripled<br />

their size, and the presence of some embryos was<br />

perceived, whose shoot and root emerged to become<br />

plants. The anatomic study, which will permit to<br />

corroborate ontogeny and bipolarity of the embryos, is<br />

be<strong>in</strong>g conducted. Keep<strong>in</strong>g the plants <strong>in</strong> media G (1mg<br />

L −1 of BA), H (0.5 mg L −1 of BA), and F, promoted their<br />

growth until reach<strong>in</strong>g a size where they could be subjected<br />

to a treatment, which would <strong>in</strong>duce microbulb formation.<br />

Plants regenerated <strong>in</strong> <strong>vitro</strong>, be<strong>in</strong>g ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed at 4 °C<br />

for 15 days, formed microbulbs at their base, two weeks<br />

after be<strong>in</strong>g removed from this condition. The microbulbs<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>ued their growth until they turned to bulbs, reach<strong>in</strong>g<br />

a diameter of 3 cm after 32 weeks of <strong>in</strong>itiat<strong>in</strong>g the culture<br />

QUINTANA-SIERRA et al.<br />

653

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