Contenido en alcaloides en semillas de poblaciones naturales ... - Inia

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254 J.A. OLIVEIRA et al. endofitos. En particular, sería necesario tener cuidado en el pastoreo de las plantas espigadas, ya que las semillas son una fuente importante de alcaloides en los pastos infectados (Sleper y Buckner, 1995; Ball et al., 1997). En este tipo de pastos, la acumulación de materia muerta y un mayor consumo de vainas foliares respecto a hojas en el caso de pastoreos intensivos puede aumentar el contenido en alcaloides. También en las zonas de acampada del ganado en el pasto donde se acumulan las deyecciones y que son zonas donde el ganado prefiere pastar por la abundancia de vegetación, las concentraciones de alcaloides son más altas que en las zonas que rodean a estas zonas más fertilizadas (Keogh y Clements, 1993). AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo se ha podido realizar gracias a la financiación concedida en el proyecto RF95-017-C2-1 del programa de Conservación y Utilización de Recursos Fitogenéticos del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación y al apoyo del Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo (Xunta de Galicia). SUMMARY Alkaloid content in Neotyphodium-infected seeds of perennial ryegrass wild populations from the North of Spain The alkaloid content (lolitrem B and ergovaline) in Neotyphodium-infected seeds of 21 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) wild populations from the North of Spain was analysed. The infection level in perennial ryegrass was low to moderate (average = 40.1 %), ranging from 8 to 80 %. In most of the populations (62 %) the infection level was below 50 %. In perennial ryegrass seeds, the average lolitrem B content was 1.1 ppm, ranging from 0.0 to 7.1 ppm and the average ergovaline content was 13.5 ppm, ranging from 1.0 to 36.2 ppm. The relationships between endophyte infection and alkaloid content were studied using Spearman’s correlations. Significant correlations were found between endophyte infection and ergovaline (r = 0.59 at p < 0.01). The highest concentrations of lolitrem B and ergovaline were considered high enough to induce «ryegrass staggers» and «fescue toxicosis» but the species diversity in natural pastures of northern Spain can probably prevent the disorders. In pastures abundant in natural endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass, grazing seed heads should be avoided, because the highest levels of alkaloids are actually found in seeds. Key words: ergovaline, lolitrem B, pastures, Lolium perenne REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS BALL O.J.P., BARKER G.M., PRESTIDGE R.A., SPROSEN J.M., 1997. Distribution and accumulation of the mycotoxin lolitrem B in Neotyphodium lolii-infected perennial ryegrass. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 23 (5), 1435-1449. BONY S., ICEAGA F., RAYNAL G., 1996. Acremonium toxicosis: a call for collaboration. Rev. Ned. Vet. 147, 403-405. CLAY K., 1986. Grass endophytes. En: Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Fokkema, N.J., van den Heuvel, J.., ed. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 188-204. CLAY K., 1987. Effects of fungal endophytes on the seed and seedling biology of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea. Oecología. 73, 358-362. CHRISTENSEN M.J., LEUCHTMANN A., ROWAN D.D., TAPPER B.A., 1993. Taxonomy of Acremonium endophytes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), meadow fescue (F. pratensis) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Mycol. Res. 97, 1083-1092.
ALCALOIDES EN SEMILLAS DE RAIGRÁS INGLÉS 255 DIMENNA M.E., MORTIMER P.H., PRESTIDGE R.A., HAWKES A.D., SPROSEN J.A., 1992. Lolitrem B concentrations, counts of Acremonium lolii hyphae, and the incidence of ryegrass staggers in lambs on plots of A. lolii-infected perennial ryegrass. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 35, 211. EASTON H.S., LANE G.A., TAPPER B.A., KEOGH R.G., COOPER B.M., BLACKWELL M., ANDERSON M., FLETCHER L.R., 1996. Ryegrass endophyte-related heat stress in cattle. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 57, pp. 37-41. FLETCHER L.R., GARTHWAITE I., TOWERS N.R., 1993. Ryegrass staggers in the absence of lolitrem B. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Acremonium/Grass Interactions, Palmerston North, New Zealand. pp. 119-121. FLETCHER L.R., 1999. «Non-toxic» endophytes in ryegrass and their effect on livestock health and production. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. Ryegrass endophyte: an essential New Zealand Symbiosis. Grassland Research and Practice series No.7, Napier, New Zealand. pp. 133-139. GALLAGHER R.T., HAWKES A.D., STEWART J.M., 1985. Rapid determination of neurotoxin lolitrem B in perennial ryegrass by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography. 321, 217-225. GLENN A.F., BACON C.W., PRICE R., HANLIN R.T., 1996. Molecular phylogeny of Acremonium and its taxonomic implications. Mycologia. 88, 369-383. HAMILTON-MANNS M., CROTHERS R., 1999. Farmer experience of perennial ryegrass endophyte on a Manawatu dairy farm. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. Ryegrass endophyte: an essential New Zealand Symbiosis. Grassland Research and Practice series No.7, Napier, New Zealand. pp. 51-56. HINTON D.M., BACON C.W., 1985. The distribution and ultrastructure of the endophyte of toxic tall fescue. Can. J. Bot. 63, 36-42. KEOGH R.G., CLEMENTS R.J., 1993. Grazing management: a basis for control of ryegrass staggers, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Acremonium/Grass Interactions. Palmerston North, New Zealand. pp. 129-131. LATCH G.C.M., POTTER L.R., TYLER B.R., 1987. Incidence of endophytes in seeds from collections of Lolium and Festuca species. Annals of Applied Biology. 111, 59-64. LATCH G.C.M., TAPPER B.A., 1988. Lolium endophytes-problems and progress. Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol. Suppl. 1, pp. 220-223. LATCH G.C.M., 1993. Physiological interactions of endophytic fungi and their hosts. Biotic stress tolerance of endophyte-infected grasses. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 44, 143-156. LEWIS G.C., 1997. Significance of endophyte toxicosis and current practices in dealing with the problem in Europe. Proc. IV Int. Symp. on Neotyphodium/Grass interactions. Athens, Georgia. pp. 28-31. LEWIS G.C., RAVEL C., NAFFAA W., ASTIER C., CHARMET G., 1997. Occurrence of Acremonium endophytes in wild populations of Lolium spp., in European Countries and a relationship between level of infection and climate in France. Annals of Applied Biology. 130, 227-238. NEIL J.C., 1941. The endophytes of Lolium and Festuca. N.Z.J.Sci. Technol. 23, 185-193. OLDEMBURG E., 1997. Endophytic fungi and alkaloid production in perennial ryegrass in Germany. Grass and Forage Science. 52, 425-431. OLIVEIRA J.A., CASTRO V., 1998. Incidence of Neotyphodium endophytes in Spanish perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) accessions. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter. 113, 1-3. OLIVEIRA J.A., ROTTINGHAUS G.E., COLLAR J., CASTRO P., 1997. Perennial ryegrass endophytes in Galicia, Northwest Spain. Journal of Agricultural Science. 12, 173-177. OLIVEIRA J.A., ROTTINGHAUS G.E., PREGO C., 2000. Endophytic fungi and alkaloid production in grass seeds in northern Spain. Book of Abstracts of the Grassland Conference 2000 and 4 th International Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions Symposium, University of Paderborn, Soest, Alemania. p. 130. PLAZA R., GARCÍA B., GARCÍA A., VÁZQUEZ B.R., ZABALGOGEAZCOA I., 2001. Hongos endofíticos en plantas de Lolium perenne L., en dehesas de Salamanca. Actas de la XLI Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos y I Foro Iberoamericano de Pastos, Alicante. pp. 421-425. PORTER J.K., 1994. Analysis of endophyte toxins: fescue and other grasses toxic to livestock. Proceedings of the «Fescue and Other Toxic Grasses: Effects on Livestock Production» Symposium at the ASAS 85 th Annual Meeting, Spokane, Washington. pp. 871-880. PRESTIDGE R.A., GALLAGHER R.T., 1989. Acremonium endophytes in perennial ryegrass, ryegrass staggers in lambs, and growth rate of Argentine stem weevil larvae. Proceedings of the 5 th Australasian Conf. Grassland Invertebrate Ecology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia pp. 229-235. RAVEL C., MICHALAKIS Y., CHARMET G., 1997. The effect of imperfect transmission on the frequency of mutualistic seed-borne endophytes in natural populations of grasses. Oikos. 80, 1, 18-24. Invest. Agr.: Prod. Prot. Veg. Vol. 17 (2), 2002
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