qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze
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SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis instituti<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literatura</strong> <strong>modernizmisa</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>realizmis</strong> <strong>mijnaze</strong><br />

(eZRvneba mixeil javaxiSvilis <strong>da</strong><br />

niko lorTqifaniZis <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

130-e wlisTavs)<br />

Tbilisi 2010

UDC(uak)821.353.1.09<br />

q-279<br />

samecniero krebuli gamoica<br />

qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT.<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qtori<br />

irma ratiani<br />

sare<strong>da</strong>qcio kolegia:<br />

ivane amirxanaSvili<br />

maka elbaqiZe<br />

miran<strong>da</strong> tyeSelaSvili<br />

mxatvari<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r sumbaZe<br />

kompiuteruli uzrinvelyofa<br />

TinaTin duglaZe<br />

© SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis instituti,<br />

2010<br />

ISBN 978-9941-0-2514-3<br />

2

sarCevi<br />

bela wifuria<br />

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturis instituti<br />

modernistuli gamocdileba saqarTveloSi.........................................3<br />

Tamaz vasaZe<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

sulierebis pirvelujredi.....................................................................19<br />

maia jaliaSvili<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

mixeil javaxiSvilis neorealizmi,<br />

rogorc modernizmis alternativa........................................................25<br />

inga milorava<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

keria _ miwa _ mamuli _ niko lorTqifaniZe................................34<br />

manana kvaWantiraZe<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

triqsteri rogorc antigmiri<br />

(mixeil javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~)...................................40<br />

3

usu<strong>da</strong>n burjanaZe<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

niko lorTqifaniZe _ a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>mcveli..................58<br />

nona kupreiSvili<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

mxatvruli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri diskursis<br />

korelacia `jayos xiznebis~ mixedviT................................................64<br />

irma ratiani<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti,<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

teqstis interpretaciuli SesaZleblobebi.<br />

mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~.................................................74<br />

4

ela wifuria<br />

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturis instituti<br />

modernistuli gamocdileba saqarTveloSi<br />

meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis saqarTveloSi modernistuli<br />

gamocdilebis arseboba mniSvnelovani movlenaa ara mxolod<br />

kulturuli, aramed sociokulturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriul-politikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli Semdegi<br />

periodis <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturuli/sociokulturuli sinamdvilisaTvis<br />

am gamocdilebas iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs, rogoric,<br />

mTeli meoce saukunis manZilze, saqarTvelis pirveli<br />

respublikis arsebobas aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifos<br />

ganviTarebis perspeqtivisTvis. ufro metic: SeiZleba<br />

vimsjeloT imazec, Tu ramdenad gansazRvra sazogadoebriv<br />

doneze <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturisadmi swrafvam saqarTvelos<br />

pirveli demokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis miswrafeba,<br />

ramdenad iqonia <strong>da</strong>savlurma kulturulma arCevanma gavlena<br />

qveynis saxelmwifoebriv-politikur arCevanze. yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

tipis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi<br />

imave sazogadoebrivma tendenciebma ganapiroba, ramac gansaz-<br />

Rvra <strong>da</strong>savluri tipis kulturuli garemos Seqmnis mcdelobac.<br />

amave dros, <strong>modernizmisa</strong>dmi <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

kulturisadmi interesi, mTeli sabWoTa periodis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

swored iseve iyo SenarCunebuli, rogorc interesi<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri tipis saxelmwifoebisadmi. aqac SegviZlia<br />

vimsjeloT urTierTganmapirobebel tendenciebze, erTi mxriv<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebriv-politikur, meore mxriv ki kul-<br />

5

turul procesebSi integrirebis survilze. ufro zustad<br />

ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>savluri tipis sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />

mowyobis Seqmnis survils sabWoTa<br />

sinamdvileSic swored is sazogadoebriv-inteleqtualuri<br />

tendenciebi ganapirobebdnen, romlebic aRZravdenen interess<br />

Tanadrouli <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturisadmic. <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernistuli<br />

teqstebi, kulturuli memkvidreoba am periodSic<br />

moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> ufro farTo <strong>da</strong>savlur kulturul arealTan SemakavSirebeli<br />

funqciiT, rac aris kidec kulturis zogadi<br />

misia. amgvari midgomiT, saqarTveloSi modernistuli kulturuli<br />

tendenciis arseboba mniSvnelovania rogorc sinqronul<br />

droSi, meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, ise mTel Semdgom<br />

periodSi <strong>da</strong> dRemde.<br />

roca saqarTveloSi modernistuli gamocdilebis arsebobaze<br />

vmsjelobT, kiTxvebi ismis rogorc misi kulturuli,<br />

aseve sociokulturuli amocanebis mimarT: ra kulturuli<br />

winapirobebi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturul-politikuri sivrcisadmi<br />

interess? ra mizniT xdebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi modernizmis,<br />

rogorc <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis dominanturi stilis<br />

implementacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli gamocdilebis aTviseba?<br />

ramdenad srulad mox<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi modernizmis<br />

kulturuli (esTetikuri <strong>da</strong> msoflmxedvelobrivi) gamocdilebis<br />

a<strong>da</strong>ptacia? ramdenad Rirebuli mxatvruli produqcia<br />

Seiqmna saqarTveloSi modernistuli kulturuli gamocdilebis<br />

safuZvelze? ramdenad didi zegavlena hqon<strong>da</strong> modernistuli<br />

stilis a<strong>da</strong>ptacias <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis ganviTarebaze?<br />

SegviZlia Tu ara, sabolood, vaRiaroT ara mxolod<br />

qarTul teqstebSi calkeuli modernistuli niSnebis arseboba,<br />

aramed erTiani kulturuli situaciis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mo-<br />

6

dernizmis arsebobac? ra adgili aqvs qarTul modernizms<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri modernizmis erTian kulturul sinamdvileSi?<br />

SegviZlia Tu ara vimsjeloT <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernistuli<br />

kulturis/azrovnebis wvlilze ruseTis imperiis rRvevisas<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, <strong>da</strong>savlur-demokartiuli arCevanis<br />

ganxorcielebaSi? tician tabiZis saprogramo werili<br />

`cisferi yanwebiT~ naTlad gviCvenebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

arCevanisadmi modernistTa erTian pozicias,<br />

rac, cxadia, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturuli <strong>da</strong> sociokulturuli<br />

garemos saerTo ganwyobebzec zemoqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. rusuli koloniuri<br />

gamocdilebis Sefasebisas, misi Sexedulebebi Seesabameba<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis arealSi mecxramete sukuneSive arsebul<br />

antikoloniur ganwyobas, magram ufro calsaxad aris verbalizebuli:<br />

`mecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi xdeba ukanaskneli<br />

qartexili <strong>qarTuli</strong> politikuri cxovrebis, romelmac gansazRvra<br />

mTeli Semdegi yofna. saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong>karga Tavisi<br />

saxe, rogorc saxelmwifom. am dRi<strong>da</strong>n yoveli dRe TiTo<br />

lursmans umatebs mis kubos. Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan mtkicdeba ruseTis<br />

gavlena qarTul samoqalaqo cxovrebaze. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

suli jer mZlavrobs, magram aRdgomis magier iferfleba~<br />

(tabiZe 1916). amave dros, 1916 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>weril am<br />

werilSi cxa<strong>da</strong>d Cans, rom modernistebi emzadebian saqarTveloSi<br />

axali sinamdvilis <strong>da</strong>dgomisTvis. pirveli msoflio<br />

omis mimdinareoba maT axali istoriul-politikuri realobis<br />

Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs, Tavad ki am procesSi<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> inteleqtualuri <strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis rols<br />

acnobiereben: `xolo dRes iwyeba Zirianad Secvla <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

azrovnebis, saukunod <strong>da</strong>Crdiluli warsuli cocxldeba <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebi dgebian, <strong>da</strong>monebuli<br />

suli ubrundeba Tavis Zvel budes. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c gaiz-<br />

7

deba erovnuli Segneba, imdenad vuaxlovdebiT warsuls <strong>da</strong><br />

inakvTeba <strong>qarTuli</strong> idea. saqarTvelos xelovnebis momavalic<br />

am ideis gaSliT gaizomeba~ (tabiZe 1916).<br />

<strong>modernizmisa</strong>dmi kulturuli miswrafeba, rogora<strong>da</strong>c is<br />

pirvelad grigol robaqiZis, sxva cisferyanwelebis, galaktionis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi, meoce saukunis aTiani wlebis, ruseTi<br />

imperiis mier kolonizebul saqarTveloSi iqmneba, cxadyofs,<br />

rom qarTveli avtorebi aSkarad gamoxataven interess ara<br />

rusuli, aramed sakuTriv <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli sivrcisadmi.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rusuli kulturis sivrceSic<br />

maT ainteresebT `vercxlis xanis~ avtorebis modernistuli<br />

teqstebi. maSin, roca kulturuli kavSiris TvalsazrisiT<br />

rusuli kultura gacilebiT ufro xelmisawvdomia <strong>da</strong> arsebobs<br />

kidec pirovnuli <strong>da</strong> teqstualuri kontaqtebis mravali<br />

faqti, qarTul modernizmSi deklarirebulia miswrafeba<br />

swored evropuli kulturisaken. tician tabiZec werilSi<br />

`cisferi yanwebiT~ aanalizebs rusul kulturul garemos,<br />

Tumca saubrobs rusul <strong>literatura</strong>Si modernizmis ararelevantur<br />

modificirebaze <strong>da</strong> modernistuli gamocdilebis<br />

a<strong>da</strong>ptaciisaTvis uSualo wyarod evropul teqstebs asaxelebs.<br />

qarTvelo modernistebis msgavsi Sexedulebebi SeiZleba<br />

aRviqvaT rogorc modernizmis avTenturi sinamdvilis ga-<br />

Tavisebis survili <strong>da</strong>, aseve, antikoloniuri gancdis gamoxatuleba:<br />

qarTveli modernistebi ar aRiareben metropoliis<br />

kulturisadmi imgvar <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas, roca<br />

periferiaSi fasobs <strong>da</strong> upiratesad miiCneva centris kulturuli<br />

tendenciebi, kulturuli teqstebi <strong>da</strong> figurebi.<br />

1910-ian wlebSi, <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernizmis warmoSobisas, ruse-<br />

Tis imperiis mier, cxadia, xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> imperiuli politika,<br />

maT Soris kulturis donezec, magram Tavisi Tanmim-<br />

8

devrulobiT is ver Seedrebo<strong>da</strong> sabWour kulturul poli-<br />

tikas, roca periferiaze centris kulturis dominanturi<br />

gavlenis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba ufro agresiulad <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTulad<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTveli modernistebis mier evropis, <strong>da</strong> sakuTriv,<br />

parizis, rogorc kulturuli centris deklarireba Tavis-<br />

Tavad Seesabameba evropuli modernistuli kulturis realobas<br />

(iaSvili 1916). meore mxriv, vropis, rogorc kulturuli<br />

centris pozicionireba gamoxatavs antikoloniur<br />

suliskveTebas <strong>da</strong> ewinaaRmdegeba rusuli kulturul-politikuri<br />

sivrcis aRmatebulad aRiarebis tendencias, rac koloniuri<br />

gamocdilebis pirvel etapze, mecxramete saukunis<br />

pirvel naxevarSi, aseTi sagrZnobi iyo qarTul sociokulturul<br />

sivrceSi. Tumca rusuli kulturul-politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>winaurebis imperiuli miTis rRveva ukavSirdeba ara uSualod<br />

qarTvel modernistebs, aramed maT wina Taobas, <strong>da</strong><br />

sakuTriv ilia WavWavaZes, romelmac am amocanis Sesruleba<br />

jer kidev `mgzavris werilebSi~ <strong>da</strong>iwyo, roca am antikolonuri<br />

suliskveTebis teqstis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSive, rusuli etlisadmi<br />

frangi nacnobis <strong>da</strong>mcinavi poziciiT (`magiT <strong>da</strong>dis?!<br />

imitomac Sors aris wasuli!..~) gvamcno, rom ruseTis imperiis<br />

saxelmwifoebriv-kulturuli procesi TavisTavad CamorCeba<br />

evropis winsvlas. rusuli centris upiratesobis<br />

modelis rRvevas uSualod <strong>da</strong>savluri realobisadmi, kulturuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

mowyobisadmi interesis gaRvivebis mizans emsaxureba ilia<br />

WavWavaZis asobiT publicisturi werili. amdenad, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom centrisa <strong>da</strong> periferiis imperiuli mimarTebis<br />

moSlis amocana qarTveli modernistebis gamosvlis droisaTvis<br />

ukve Sesrulebulia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturisadmi ma-<br />

Ti <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, rusuli kulturis dominantobis sa-<br />

9

nacvlod <strong>da</strong>savluri gamocdilebis a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis survili, uSualo<br />

gagrZelebaa ilia WavWavaZis mier qarTul kulturul<br />

garemoSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli xedvisa. swored am xedvas Seesabameba<br />

is miznebic, romelTa mixedviTac xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

kulturis <strong>da</strong>savluri gamocdilebasTan sinqronizacia, `qar-<br />

Tuli kulturis gamarTva msoflio radiusiT~ (t. tabiZe).<br />

am fonze qarTveli modernistebi rusul kulturasTan mimarTebis<br />

koloniur models cvlian centris gadmonacvlebis,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis centrulobis modeliT, rac realobad<br />

iqceva saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis periodSi, roca<br />

mTeli ruseTis yofili imperiis farglebSi swored Tbilisi<br />

gaxdeba `kulturuli oazisi~, rusi modernistebis TavSesafari,<br />

`aRTqmuli qveyana~ (o. mandelStami) (nikolskaia<br />

2000).<br />

imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom qarTveli modernistebis mier Catarebuli<br />

muSaoba, upiratesad, kulturul-esTetikur arealSi<br />

mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savluri gamocdilebis a<strong>da</strong>ptacia zegavlenas<br />

axden<strong>da</strong> siciokulturul arealze, rac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> qveynis <strong>da</strong>savluri mimarTulebiT<br />

ganviTarebis strategiaze. niSandoblivia, rom es mimarTeba<br />

qarTveli avtorebis pirvelive saprogramo teqstebSia deklarirebuli.<br />

nacionalur funqciaze, saqarTvelos ganaxlebis<br />

mizanze orientacia gacxadebulia paolo iaSvilis `pirvelTqmaSi~.<br />

teqstSi gabneuli kodebiT SeiZleba saqarTvelos<br />

saxis rekonstruireba, rogora<strong>da</strong>c is aRiqmeba cisferyanwelTa<br />

mier: saqarTvelo aris maradi, magram misi arseba<br />

axla landuria <strong>da</strong> mdumarebiT <strong>da</strong>mSvidebuli, saqarTvelos<br />

xalxi aris usxivo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli, magram didebiT <strong>da</strong>gvirgvinebis<br />

Rirsi, saqarTvelos sxeuls <strong>da</strong>patronebian yalbi<br />

mqa<strong>da</strong>geblebi, magram saqarTvelos axalgazrdebi qveynis mo-<br />

10

mavlisaTvis gaerTiandebian <strong>da</strong> maTi ideebi <strong>da</strong> energia mo-<br />

itans ganaxlebas (iaSvili 1916). manifestSi, jgufis misiis<br />

Semcvel dokumentSi, warmoCenilia, rom SemoqmedebiT ganax-<br />

lebis ideas ordeni akavSirebs, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, qveynis ganaxlebis<br />

ideasTan, xolo <strong>da</strong>savluri sivrci<strong>da</strong>n gamocdilebis aTvisebisas<br />

isini rogorc sakuTriv esTetikur, aseve zogad doneze<br />

cvlian qveynis sinamdviles. am mxriv qarTveli modernistebis<br />

miznebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ara mxolod esTetikur,<br />

aramed socialur movlenad, rac TavisTavad Seesabameba iurgen<br />

habermasis mier esTetikuri <strong>da</strong>, ufro zoga<strong>da</strong>d, kulturuli<br />

modernizmis amocanebis ganxilvas, rogorc mravalmxrivi<br />

socialuri modernizaciis amocanebis winapirobisa<br />

(habermasi 1993.). am konteqstSi logikuri Cans qarTveli<br />

modernistebis mier nacionaluri identobis axleburad gaazrebis<br />

mcdelobebi, rac zog SemTxvevaSi idealizebulia `qar-<br />

Tuli messianizmis~ (g. leoniZe) ideamde, zog SemTxvevaSi ki<br />

sakmaod pragmatul-inteleqtualur pozicias gulisxmobs,<br />

rac ukavSirdeba evropeizaciis procesis garduvalobis fonze<br />

nacionaluri kulturuli saxis gacnobierebas _ evropuli<br />

kulturis winaSe mtkice poziciis mosapoveblad (`rogorc<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaTavdes omi, aSkaraa wina aziaSi evropa SemoaRebs<br />

kars <strong>da</strong> am dros Cven un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vxvdeT SeWurvili erovnuli<br />

SemecnebiT, erovnuli kulturis yvela folaqeb Sekruli~)<br />

(tabiZe 1916).<br />

am fonze iqmneba qarTul garemoSi modernistuli kulturuli<br />

stilisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli figurebis sociokulturuli<br />

funqciac. gansxvavebiT mecxramete saukunis mwerlis<br />

sociokulturuli saxisagan, rac, uwinaresad, ukavSirdeba<br />

zneobrivi misiisa <strong>da</strong> identobis <strong>da</strong>mcvelis funqciis mqone<br />

nacionaluri lideris rols, modernizmis epoqis mwerals<br />

11

<strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, mwerlobas, morgebuli aqvs kulturtregeris<br />

statusi <strong>da</strong> am funqciT moqmedebs sociumSi. TavisTavad es<br />

statusi uzrunvelyofs maTTvis lideris rols, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

ganaxlebasTan, TanamedroveobasTan, ganviTarebis perspepeqtivasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebis misiiT swored isini gamodian. Tumca ni-<br />

Sandoblivia, rom qarTveli modernistebi mwerlis figurisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> literaturuli qmnilebebis ufro tradiciul, samocianelTa<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul statuss <strong>da</strong>ubrundebian sabWourtotalitaruli<br />

reJimis pirobebSi, roca mTeli modernistuli<br />

Taoba akeTebs axal kulturul arCevans, sabWouri kulturis<br />

fasadis miRma qmnis nacionaluri orientaciis kulturas<br />

<strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs <strong>qarTuli</strong> nacionaluri identobis SenarCunebas<br />

_ amjerad ara <strong>da</strong>savlur sivrceSi integraciis<br />

gziT, rac obieqtur pirobebSi SeuZlebeli xdeba, aramed<br />

rusul-sabWouri sivrcisagan kulturul-inteleqtualuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> RirebulebiTi izolaciis strategiis meSveobiT.<br />

niSandoblivia, rom cisferyanwelebis, rogorc pirveli<br />

modernistuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebis mier <strong>da</strong>saxuli <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi orientirebi aqtualuria saqar-<br />

TveloSi modernizmis arsebobis mTeli periodis ganmavloba-<br />

Si. maSinac, roca calkeuli avtorebi an jgufebi e<strong>da</strong>vebian<br />

erTmaneTs ama Tu im konkretuli modernistuli mimdinareobisadmi<br />

kuTvnilebis an pirovnuli <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis niSniT<br />

(iqneba es futuristebis polemika cisferyanwelebTan, an,<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c, konstantine gamsaxuridias polemika grigol robaqiZesTan),<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>vo ar xdeba <strong>da</strong> ar ga<strong>da</strong>isinjeba <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

kulturuli sivrcisadmi orientacia. <strong>da</strong> maSinac, roca esTetikuri<br />

poziciis Seqmnisas deklarirebulia <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong><br />

aRmosavluri, an <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri esTetikis sin-<br />

Tezi (konstantine gamsaxurdiasTan, an, cxadia, tician tabi-<br />

12

ZesTan, romelic hafizis <strong>da</strong> prudonis, besikisa <strong>da</strong> bodleris<br />

poetikis Serwymaze, Tu axal qarTveli poetSi rusTavelisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> malarmes Sexvedraze saubrobs), an, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, roca evropuli<br />

modernistuli figurebis nacvlad klasikur evropul<br />

memkvidreobaze keTdeba aqcenti (`akademiuri asociaciis mier~),<br />

es mainc <strong>da</strong>savlur kulturuli realobaSi integraciis<br />

<strong>da</strong> am gziT <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis ganaxlebis amocanis nawilad<br />

ganixileba.<br />

ramdenad srulfasovnad ganviTar<strong>da</strong> modernizmi saqarTveloSi,<br />

an gax<strong>da</strong> Tu ara <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernizmi, iurgen habermasis<br />

sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT kidev erTi <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli proeqti<br />

modernizaciisa? istoriuli realobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

modernizmis kulturuli procesis ganviTarebisTvis saqar-<br />

Tvelos aT welze odnav meti ergo _ Tuki aTvlas <strong>da</strong>viwyebT<br />

`cisferi yanwebis~ gamosvliT, 1916 wli<strong>da</strong>n, gamodis,<br />

rom Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> aqtiuri ganviTarebisaTvis modernizms,<br />

saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde, xuTiode weli aqvs. 1921 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, mxolod 1920-iani wlebis bolomde,<br />

kulturaze sabWouri, sakuTriv ki beriaseuli agresiuli<br />

kontrolis pirobebSic, jer kidev iwereba modernistuli<br />

teqstebi, rac 1930-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegs, kulturaze<br />

totalitaruli sabWouri kontrolis <strong>da</strong>myarebisas wydeba.<br />

amdenad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernizmi ara Tu <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli, aramed<br />

Sewyvetili proqtia, kulturuli procesis wyveta <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />

sastik <strong>da</strong> sisxlian istoriuli procesTan. am fonze<br />

SegviZlia vimsjeloT imazec, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iyo<br />

saqarTveloSi modernizmis talRa, Tuki, amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

dRemde aqtualuria is kulturul produqcia <strong>da</strong> Tavad<br />

kulturuli procesi, romelsac <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis istoriaSi<br />

ganviTarebis aTiode weli eTmobo<strong>da</strong>. am periodSi mo-<br />

13

dernizmis esTetikiT Seqmnili, modernizmis saxeliT produ-<br />

cirebuli literaturuli teqstebis mxatvruli Rirebuleba<br />

aRiarebulia qarTveli mkiTxvelis <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturismcodneobis<br />

mier. raodenobriva<strong>da</strong>c swored am periodze<br />

modis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturisTvis umniSvnelovanes teqstTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> umniSvnelovanes literaturul figuraTa didi wili _<br />

galaktionis asobiT simbolisturi lirikuli Sedevri <strong>da</strong><br />

Sedevrebis wignad wodebuli `artistuli yvavilebi~, tician<br />

tabiZis, paolo iaSvilis, valerian gafrin<strong>da</strong>Svilis, kolau<br />

nadiraZis, giorgi leoniZis, grigol robaqiZis simbolisturi<br />

lirika <strong>da</strong> eseistika, grigol robaqiZis romani `gvelis<br />

perangi~ <strong>da</strong> misi piesebi, niko lorqifaniZis impresionistuli<br />

novelebi, konstantine gamsaxur<strong>da</strong>s eqspresionistuli<br />

novelebi <strong>da</strong> misi romani `dionisos Rimili~, demna Sengelaias<br />

romani `sanavardo~, leo qiaCelis modernistuli novelebi,<br />

mixeils javaxiSvilis fsiqoanalitikuri proza <strong>da</strong><br />

modernistuli problematikiT gajerebuli misi romanebi<br />

`TeTri sayelo~ <strong>da</strong> `jayos xiznebi~, simon Ciqovanis futuristuli<br />

leqsebi <strong>da</strong> sxva. Sesabamisad, 1910-1920-ian wlebSi<br />

modernistuli kulturis farglebSi SegviZlia araerTi literaturuli<br />

teqstis, individualuri avtoris <strong>da</strong>, aseve avtorTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufebis (`cisferi yanwebi~, `H2SO4~, `akademiuri<br />

asociacia~), <strong>da</strong>jgufebaTa saxeliT gamocemuli perioduli<br />

organoebis, originaluri teqstebis identificireba, rac <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />

garemosTanac konteqstualizebulia evropuli modernistuli<br />

teqstebis Targmanebisa <strong>da</strong> esseistur-analitikuri<br />

refleqsiis meSveobiT. modernistuli esTetika vrceldeba<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis areali<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> moicavs mTel<br />

kulturul-SemoqmedebiT sinamdviles _ mxatvrobis, Teatris,<br />

kinos sivrces. literaturuli procesis TavisTavadi<br />

14

mTlianoba <strong>da</strong> moculoba, <strong>da</strong> masTan kavSirSi, mTeli saxelovnebo<br />

sivrcis farglebSi aRqmuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernistuli<br />

mxatvroba, Teatri, kino (irakli gamrekelis, Salva qiqoZis,<br />

elene axvledianis, lado gudiaSvilis, petre ocxelis,<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT kakabaZis modernistuli esTetikiT Seqnmili namuSevrebi,<br />

kote marjaniSvilisa <strong>da</strong> sandro axmetelis speqtaklebi,<br />

kote miqaberiZis, nikoloz Sengelaias filmebi)<br />

gvi<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom modernizmi im periodis saqarTveloSi<br />

namdvilad aris dominantuli kulturuli stili, romelic<br />

moicavs kulturis yvela sferos <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis yvela avtors,<br />

maT Soris, maTac, vinc sabWoTa periodSi savsebiT aramodernistuli<br />

statusiT, sabWoTa kulturuli sivricisadmi kuTvnilebis<br />

niSniT, Sesabamisi teqstebiT iyvnen popularizebulni<br />

(magaliTad, cnobili sabWouri teqstis `dediserTa<br />

leninTan~ avtori, sandro SanSiaSvili, amave dros, cisferyanwelTa<br />

megobrad <strong>da</strong> modernistuli piesis, `berdo zmanias~<br />

avtorad gvevlineba, cnobili sabWoTa kritikosi, besarion<br />

JRenti _ qarTvel futuristad a.S).<br />

cxadia, sabWoTa Zalas, romelic, istoriuli kataklizmebis<br />

Sedegad, modernizmis amgvar aqtivobas Sewyvet<strong>da</strong>, mar-<br />

Tlac mZlavri moqmedebebi <strong>da</strong>sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi agresiis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze sabWoTa xelisufleba<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva meTodebiT moqmedebs <strong>da</strong> am process Tavisi qronologia<br />

aqvs: koniunqturuli sabWouri teqstebis Seqmnis<br />

moTxovna <strong>da</strong> msgavsi teqstebis gamoCena, jer kidev Tavisufali<br />

SemoqmedebiTi produqciis gverdiT, rac 1920-iani<br />

wlebis bolo<strong>da</strong>nve TvalsaCinoa modernist avtorebTan; amave<br />

periodi<strong>da</strong>n _ modernistuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis <strong>da</strong>Sla; 1930-iani<br />

wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n _ modernistuli esTetikis sruli gamodevna<br />

kulturis sivrci<strong>da</strong>n; amave periodi<strong>da</strong>n _ TvalsaCino<br />

15

mweralTa figurebis `gasabWoeba~, sabWouri kulturis konteqstSi<br />

moqceva, maTTvis sabWouri socialuri statusis Seqmna<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabWouri jildoebiT <strong>da</strong>jildoeba; amave dros, metnaklebad<br />

`xelisSemSlel~ modernist avtorTa identificireba<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi izolacia (Tun<strong>da</strong>c, grigol robaqiZis gandevna<br />

qveyni<strong>da</strong>n); 1937 wlisTvis ki _ amgvar avtorTa (tician<br />

tabiZis, mixeil javaxiSvilis, nikolo miwiSvilis, paolo<br />

iaSvilis) fizikuri ganadgureba; maTi teqstebis blokireba<br />

(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, 50-ian wlebSi reabilitaciamde); amave wlebSi,<br />

qveynis mosaxleobis im nawilis fizikuri ganadgureba an ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba,<br />

vinc nacionalur, religiur Tu <strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebebs<br />

aRiareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> modernistuli kulturis momxmareblis<br />

potencials flob<strong>da</strong>; modernistuli kulturis aRqmis<br />

praqtikis moSla <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis amoSla sazogadoebrivi<br />

mexsierebi<strong>da</strong>n; amis sanaclod sabWouri ideologizirebuli<br />

kulturis indoqtrinacia; <strong>da</strong>savluri modernistuli kulturis<br />

blokireba <strong>da</strong> qarTveli mkiTxvelis Tavisufali inteleqtualuri<br />

ganviTarebis procesis xelis SeSla; <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

modernizmis ignorireba an <strong>da</strong>mamcrobeli Sefaseba (cnobil<br />

qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedebis modernistuli periodis saxeldeba<br />

`ymawvilur senad~ Tu `gulubryvilo gatacebebad~,<br />

mweralTa Sesaxeb Seqmnil gamokvlevebSi maTi teqstebis modernistuli<br />

Sinaarsis miCqmalva, qarTvel mweralTa modernistuli<br />

teqstebis sanacvlod maTive realisturi teqstebis<br />

popularizacia <strong>da</strong> a.S.). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa agresia<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> modernizmis mimarT iseTive mizanimimarTuli<br />

iyo, rogoric <strong>qarTuli</strong> aristokratiuli gvarebis <strong>da</strong>, rac<br />

mTavaria, <strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis mimarT.<br />

es kidev erTxel migviTiTebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernizmis<br />

TavisTavad mniSvnelobaze, iseve, rogorc sabWoTa xelisuf-<br />

16

lebis mier am mniSvnelobis gacnobierebis faqtze. amasTanave,<br />

drois mdinarebis fonze, cxa<strong>da</strong>d Cans modernistuli kulturis<br />

<strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Rirebulebebis saboloo upiratesoba<br />

TviT mZlavr <strong>da</strong> agresiul sabWoTa sistemaze: totalitaruli<br />

reJimebi marcxdeba, modernistuli kulturuli<br />

memkvidreobisadmi interesi ki mxolod izrdeba. es kanonzomiereba<br />

warmoCenilia meoce saukunis meore naxevris erTerTi<br />

umniSvnelovanesi poetis, rusuli modernizmis namdvili<br />

memkvidris, iosif brodskis TvalsazrisSic, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />

kacobriobam meoce saukunis didi totalitaruli<br />

reJimebis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba imis ZaliTac SeZlo, rom msoflioSi,<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavad am qveynebSive, arsebob<strong>da</strong> individualisturi (anu<br />

modernistuli) kulturuli gamocdileba. amave dros, sab-<br />

WoTa periodSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernistuli kulturuli memkvidreobis<br />

ignorirebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri sivrcisagan izolaciiT<br />

miRebuli Sedegi gamoixateba imaSic, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernistuli<br />

gamocdileba ar aris moqceuli msoflio modernizmis<br />

konteqstSi. is rCeba lokalur qarTul <strong>da</strong>, aseve,<br />

garkveuli saxiT, rusul kulturul garemoSi aRiarebul<br />

faqtad, modernizmis avTentur <strong>da</strong>savlur sivrceSi ki kvlav<br />

legitimacias saWiroebs.<br />

niSandoblivia isic, 1990-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>nve, sabWouri sistemisagan<br />

gaTavisuflebis pirvelive etapi<strong>da</strong>nve, saqarTvelo-<br />

Si, uwinaresad, <strong>da</strong>iwyo sazogadoebriv sivrceSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> modernistuli<br />

kulturis <strong>da</strong>brunebis procesi. Tuki sabWoTa<br />

periodSi am kulturul memkvidreobasTan kavSiri araformalur,<br />

individualur SemTxvevebSi iyo SenarCunebuli, postsabWoTa<br />

periodSi am kavSiris aRdgena, modernistuli literaturuli<br />

figurebis saTanado Sefasebis, teqstebis saTanado<br />

interpretaciis procesi ufro farTod, formalur li-<br />

17

teraturul-akademiur doneze <strong>da</strong>iwyo. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> avtorTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>, rac niSandoblivia, axladSeqmnil <strong>da</strong>jgufebaTa (`qronofagebi~,<br />

`reaqtiuli klubi~ <strong>da</strong> sxva) SemoqmedebiT Camoyalibebis<br />

procesSi ki swored 1910-1920-ian wlebis qarTul modernistul<br />

(simbolistur <strong>da</strong> avangardistul) gamocdilebas<br />

mieniWa gansakuTrebuli roli. sanam kulturuli komunikacia<br />

<strong>da</strong>myardebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur literaturul sinamdvilesTan, qar-<br />

Tuli literaturul-kulturuli garemos liberalizaciis,<br />

inovaciuri tendenciebis gamokveTis, ararealistur-aranormatiul<br />

esTetikur procesebSi reorientaciis amocana kvlavac<br />

qarTulma modernizmma Seasrula. amjera<strong>da</strong>c saqarTveloSi<br />

modernistuli tradiciis arseboba SeiZleba ganvixiloT,<br />

rogorc qveynis xelmeore <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli, sociokulturuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>, aseve, politikuri arCevanis winapiroba. amave<br />

dros, qarTul kultura <strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, saqarTvelo, ara<br />

mxolod Suasaukuneebis klasikuri kulturis, aramed, mniSvnelovanwilad,<br />

modernistuli gamocdilebis arsebobiT <strong>da</strong><br />

mis ganviTarebiT moipovebs sayrdenebs msoflios Tavisufal<br />

kulturul sivrceSi TviT<strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebani:<br />

tabiZe 1916: tabiZe t. `cisferi yanwebiT~. J. `cisferi yanwebi~, # 2.<br />

1916.<br />

iaSvili1916: iaSvili p. `saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmindesi qveyana aris<br />

parizi. adide, xalxo, es Cveni mrisxane qalaqi~. `pirvelTqma~. J. `cisferi<br />

yanwebi~, # 1. 1916.<br />

nikolskaia 2000: Никольская Т. «Фантастический город»: Русская<br />

культурная жизнь в Тбилиси: 1917-1921. М.: Пятая страна, 2000.<br />

habermasi 1993: Habermas J. Modernity – An Incomplete Project, in:<br />

Postmodernism: A Reader, ed. Thomas Docherty. New York: Harvester Wheatsheat,<br />

1993.<br />

18

Tamaz vasaZe<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

sulierebis pirvelujredi<br />

mwerlis Rrma emociuri kavSiri Tavis mTavar faseulobebTan<br />

mu<strong>da</strong>m sagrZnobia niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi. iSviaTia<br />

sulis sisufTavisken, keTilSobilebisken, a<strong>da</strong>mianur<br />

urTierTobaTa guliTadi harmoniulobisken ase gatacebiT<br />

mswrafveli prozaikosi meoce saukuneSi. upirvelesad es<br />

qmnis niko lorTqifaniZis pirovnul-mwerluri ieris gamor-<br />

Ceul momxibvlelobas.<br />

sulieri sinaTlis <strong>da</strong> sifaqizis, sulieri aristokratizmis<br />

bedi uxeS realobaSi, misi Sejaxeba cxovrebis simkacresTan,<br />

disharmoniasTan niko lorTqifaniZis mxatvruli<br />

xedvis, mtkivneuli fiqris ZiriTadi sagania.<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovan sulier-moralur faseulobaTa<br />

Semkrebia niko lorTqifaniZisTvis ojaxis fenomeni, romelsac<br />

qarTul faseulobaTa sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />

ukavia. igi Semoinaxavs umTavres erovnul tradicias _ a<strong>da</strong>mianur<br />

urTierTobaTa siwrfeles <strong>da</strong> siTbos, humanurobas.<br />

1910 wels, Tavisi literaturuli cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,<br />

niko lorTqifaniZe wers miniaturas `ojaxi~, romelSic misi<br />

Semoqmedebis Zireuli motivebis <strong>da</strong> problematikis Canasaxi<br />

ikveTeba.<br />

`...sad movisvenebT <strong>da</strong>Rlil-<strong>da</strong>qanculi, sad SegvaSroben<br />

ofls <strong>da</strong> ar gangvikiTxaven, Tu ratom meti ver movimoqmedeT?<br />

ojaxSi.<br />

19

<strong>da</strong>uZlurebuls, wlebiT gatexils, sad moarCenen movliT<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mSvidebiT?<br />

ojaxSi.<br />

cxovrebis navi uecrad rom gatydeba <strong>da</strong> yoveli qafi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xrCobas gipirebs, yoveli qvis natexi fexebSi gedeba, roca<br />

zizRi <strong>da</strong> SurisZiebis survili fex<strong>da</strong>fex gsdevs, vin <strong>da</strong>xris<br />

Tavs mwuxarebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gexmareba sevdis atanaSi?<br />

ojaxi.<br />

ojaxi! nu vaxlebT xels, _ igi wmi<strong>da</strong>a. yovels a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />

erTi adgili mainc un<strong>da</strong> hqondes, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi xeluxlebeli,<br />

sayvareli, mu<strong>da</strong>m erTi <strong>da</strong> igive ukv<strong>da</strong>vi wevria.<br />

nu vaxlebT xels yovelTvis, yovels mdgomareobaSi siyvarulis,<br />

saTnoebis, lmobierebis <strong>da</strong> Tavganwirvis taZarsojaxs.<br />

cxovrebis saerTo simkacre, cota ar iyos, sustdeba<br />

ojaxis kerasTan.<br />

<strong>da</strong>vexmaroT, winadve Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili Tvisebani ojaxisa gavamagroT,<br />

maTi uarmyofeli movTxaroT, movspoT.<br />

mkvidri safuZveli CavugdoT ojaxs. erTi udidesi ubedureba<br />

iqneba ojaxis mospoba.<br />

qristes ar hqonia ojaxi, magram TviTon iyo yovelisave<br />

navTsayudeli. vinc ar iCemebs _ me TviT qriste varo, sxvebs<br />

ar urCevs _ qristes Tvisebani miiweros, mas sWirdeba<br />

ojaxi!~.<br />

niko lorTqifaniZe arsebiTad ojaxis fenomenis sakralizebas<br />

axdens _ ojaxi `wmi<strong>da</strong>a~, is `taZaria~, qristes msgavsad<br />

`navTsayudelia~ a<strong>da</strong>mianebisTvis; ojaxia sivrce, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

SesaZlebelia xelSesaxeb realobad iqces ZiriTadi qristianuli<br />

moraluri Rirebulebebi _ `siyvaruli, saTnoeba,<br />

lmobiereba <strong>da</strong> Tavganwirva~, sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Rrma Tanagan-<br />

20

c<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamzrunveloba amTlianebs; aq yoveli a<strong>da</strong>miani absoluturi,<br />

usasrulo faseulobis mqone <strong>da</strong> Seucvlelia,<br />

`ukv<strong>da</strong>via~...<br />

hegelis ganmartebiT, ojaxi zneobis pirveladi, bunebrivi<br />

xorcSesxmaa, romelsac <strong>da</strong>eSeneba zneobriobis realizebis<br />

sxva, ufro farTo sferoebi _ samoqalaqo sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifo.<br />

meoce saukunis filosofosis ivan ilinis TqmiT, `ojaxi<br />

aris pirveli, bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> amave dros wmin<strong>da</strong> kavSiri, romelSic<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani aucileblobis ZaliT Sedis. igi mowodebulia<br />

es kavSiri siyvarulze, rwmenaze <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebaze <strong>da</strong>amyaros,<br />

eziaros masSi gulis pirvel erTobliv moZraobebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> misgan amaRldes a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sulieri erTobis momdevno<br />

formebisken _ samSoblos <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosken~.<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis miniaturaSi lirikuli uSualobiT<br />

gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisi _ ojaxi zneobis, sikeTis, sulieri<br />

erTianobis upirvelesi samkvidrebelia, sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />

yvelaze humanuri <strong>da</strong> moraluri urTierToba aqvs sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan<br />

_ yofiTi realiebiT <strong>da</strong> detalebiT, utyuari cxovrebiseuli<br />

siuJetiT imoseba moTxrobaSi `tyvedyofilis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bruneba~. moTxrobis gmiri, cxovrebisgan nagvemi kaci, ojaxuri<br />

siyvarulis, siTbos <strong>da</strong> mzrunvelobis wyalobiT TiTqos<br />

mkvdreTiT aRdgeba, xelaxla ibadeba. mis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalSi<br />

ganfenilia avtoris TvalTaxedva, rom saqarTvelos ga<strong>da</strong>mrCeni<br />

Zala istoriis koSmarSi uwinaresad mkvidri ojaxi<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> momavalSic is SeiZleba iyos; rom zneobiT ganmtkicebuli<br />

ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n bunebrivad amoizrdeba iseTi moraluri<br />

fenomeni, rogoricaa zrunva sakuTar qveyanaze <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoze.<br />

amis gamoc Tvlis niko lorTqifaniZe aucileblad<br />

ojaxis tradiciis sagangebo mofrTxilebas.<br />

21

kritikaSi miniSnebulia, rom miniaturiT `ojaxi~ niko<br />

lorTqifaniZe upirispirdeba memarcxene radikalebs, romle-<br />

bic `ojaxuri borkilebis~ msxvrevisTvis ganawyobdnen sazogadoebas<br />

(v.ciskariZe). ojaxis <strong>da</strong>mngrevi, individis unapiro<br />

`Tavisuflebis~ <strong>da</strong>mamkvidrebeli moralis saqarTveloSi fexis<br />

mokidebas gviCvenebs moTxroba `Selocva radioTi~; mcire,<br />

SeWirvebuli erisTvis es morali tragikuli safrTxis<br />

Semqmnelia(T. doiaSvili).<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis saukeTeso moTxrobaTa umetesobaSi<br />

ojaxis fenomenis <strong>da</strong>knineba Tu rRveva, ojaxuri dramebi <strong>da</strong><br />

tragediebia gamosaxuli. rac ufro mniSvnelovania mwerlis-<br />

Tvis TviTkmari <strong>da</strong> sicocxlisunariani ojaxi rogorc pirovnebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis, Rirsebis gamoxatuleba (`glexis mosaxleoba<br />

imereTSi~), rac ufro faqizad grZnobs a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />

ojaxur urTierTobaTa organulobas, emociur siRrmes, siZvirfases<br />

(`Zmebi~), miT ufro mtkivneulia misTvis ojaxis<br />

tradiciis ga<strong>da</strong>gvareba, ngreva. ojaxis fenomenis deformaciaTa<br />

warmoCena niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi erovnuli organizmis<br />

sneulebebs amJRavnebs, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi moralur<br />

faseulobaTa gamofitvas, humanurobis kriziss xdis<br />

xiluls. amgvari literaturuli meTodis efeqtianoba mravaljer<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia (gavixsenoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c `mefe liri~,<br />

`mama gorio~...). igi niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi ise mudmivad,<br />

sistemurad iCens Tavs, rom mis arsebiT Taviseburebad<br />

iqceva.<br />

ojaxur urTierTobaTa gaukuRmarTeba, metic, mkvlelobis<br />

codviT Seryvnaa warmosaxuli `mrisxane batonSi~ <strong>da</strong> `JamTa<br />

siaveSi~; a<strong>da</strong>mianis ara <strong>da</strong>mcveli, aramed <strong>da</strong>mTrgunveli <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>mmonebulia ojaxi `sabaSi~; ojaxis zneobriv sayrdenTa<br />

moSla, ojaxuri siyvarulis deficiti gansazRvravs `Tavsaf-<br />

22

iani de<strong>da</strong>kacis~ <strong>da</strong> `qorwilis~ gmirTa bedis simZimes; ojaxis<br />

rRvevas ewinaaRmdegeba <strong>da</strong> amiT sakuTar sulSi sinaTlis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas dramatulad cdilobs moTxrobis `sanaxavaT~ patara<br />

gmiri; ojaxis, Svilebis mimarT pasuxismgebloba gausaZlisi<br />

tvirTi aRmoCndeba moTxrobis `tragedia ugmiroT~<br />

mTavari personaJisTvis; ojaxis mier individis <strong>da</strong>monebis,<br />

ojaxis tradiciis angarebiT <strong>da</strong> usiyvarulobiT, tyuiliT<br />

Selaxvis msxverplia moTxrobis `marad <strong>da</strong> marad~ gmiri _<br />

gamousworebeli romantikosi; Zveli aristokratuli ojaxebis<br />

gapartaxebaze mogviTxrobs `<strong>da</strong>ngreuli budeebi~ _ elegiuri<br />

poema prozad; erT-erTi aseTi ojaxuri `budis~ ngrevis<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCenili a<strong>da</strong>mianis tragikuli istoriaa<br />

`Selocva radioTi~; koloniuri Cagvris mikromodels warmoadgens<br />

sakuTari ojaxuri cxovreba `sizmrebis~ peronaJis-<br />

Tvis; `qaRaldis kacSi~ groteskulad gamoisaxeba filisteruli<br />

ojaxis yofa _ ori mcenaris simbiozi; yvelaze bunebriv<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianur kavSirs _ de<strong>da</strong>Svilur kavSirs wyvets <strong>da</strong><br />

sakuTari `feo<strong>da</strong>luri~ ojaxis winaaRmdeg klasobriv brZolas<br />

aCaRebs moTxrobis `didi saqmis orRobeSi~ karikaturuli<br />

personaJi _ socialisti...<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis mier Seqmnili am naRvliani panoramis<br />

Sinagani sazrisi is aris, rom `raki ojaxi sulierebis<br />

pirvelujredia, sulieri krizisi uwinaresad mas azianebs~<br />

(i. ilini).<br />

ojaxis tradiciis sulieri krizisiT gamowveuli erozia,<br />

romelsac niko lorTqifaniZe aCvenebs, ufro mkveTrad<br />

<strong>da</strong>sanaxia XIX saukunis qarTul <strong>literatura</strong>Si gamosaxuli<br />

zneobiT SeduRabebuli, gamZle ojaxebis fonze (`oTaraanT<br />

qvrivi~, `stumar-maspinZeli~, `gamzrdeli~). magram saukuneebis<br />

<strong>mijnaze</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT kldiaSvili ukve mkveTrad aRbeW<strong>da</strong>vs<br />

23

ojaxis zneobrivi sayrdenebis ryevas (`samaniSvilis dedinac-<br />

vali~, `miqela~...) <strong>da</strong> niko lorTqifaniZe am TvalsazrisiT<br />

misi memkvidrea.<br />

ojaxis fenomens gul<strong>da</strong>smiT akvirdeba niko lorTqifani-<br />

Zisgan mravalmxriv gansxvavebuli mwerali mixeil javaxiSvi-<br />

lic. misTvisac ojaxis deformirebis warmoCena _ oRond<br />

mware skeptikuri tonalobiT, <strong>da</strong>undobeli sarkazmiT _ sazogadoebis<br />

sulier _ moraluri krizisis gamomJRavnebis me-<br />

Todia. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, `ori ganaCeni~ an ,,<strong>da</strong>mpatiJe~,<br />

`jayos xiznebi~ an `TeTri sayelo~, romelSic mwvave refleqsiis<br />

sagania sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi ojaxis zneobrivi<br />

fun<strong>da</strong>mentis SenarCunebis problema...<br />

24

maia jaliaSvili<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

mixeil javaxiSvilis neorealizmi,<br />

rogorc modernizmis alternativa<br />

(Strixebi)<br />

`CvenTvis <strong>literatura</strong> arc TviTgarTobaa, arc sxvisi<br />

gasarTobi. igi arc parnasia gandegilebisTvis, arc gaxsnili<br />

sanavardoa usaqmurebisTvis. igi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad socialuri<br />

saqmianobaa, xolo mwerali _ piruTvneli <strong>da</strong> bejiTi mosamsaxurea<br />

erisa. amitom <strong>da</strong>vadeqiT axals _ neorealistur<br />

gzas <strong>da</strong> amitom <strong>da</strong>vswereT Cvens droSaze: `axali gziT, er-<br />

TgulebiT, imediT, SromiT <strong>da</strong> siyvaruliT~ (javaxiSvili<br />

1980:48). ase gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> mixeil javaxiSvilma neorealizmi,<br />

rogorc Tavisi Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvreli.<br />

XX saukunis I naxevarSi qarTul <strong>literatura</strong>s ori<br />

mZlavri nakadi msWvalav<strong>da</strong>, erTi mxriv, modernizmi, Tavisi<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ganStoebiT (simbolizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresionizmi,<br />

futurizmi...) <strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, neorealizmi _ javaxiSvilis<br />

proziT. es ori nakadi erTmaneTs avseb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> warmoaCen<strong>da</strong><br />

epoqis majiscemas.<br />

modernizmi iyo erTgvari protesti <strong>realizmis</strong> winaaRmdeg.<br />

erTgvari, radgan es iyo literaturuli cxovrebis<br />

axali etapi, romelic imeoreb<strong>da</strong> warsulis gamocdilebas <strong>da</strong><br />

axali kuTxiT aviTareb<strong>da</strong>. gameorebaSi vgulisxmobT, imas,<br />

rom modernizmi iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> winaparTa garkveul gamocdilebas.<br />

magaliTad, cnobilia, rom modernizmis esTetikam gar-<br />

25

kveulwilad aaRorZina barokos idealebi, Suasaukuneobrivi<br />

dualizmi, saxeTa alegoriuloba <strong>da</strong> sxva. magaliTad, cisferyanwelebi<br />

TavianT `winaprad~ besikis Semoqmedebas asaxelebdnen,<br />

aRiarebdnen, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi iyo musikis<br />

azrze upiratesoba, xazgasmuli metaforuloba. tician tabi-<br />

Ze wer<strong>da</strong>: `momaval did qarTvel mxatvarSi un<strong>da</strong> Sexvdes<br />

rusTaveli <strong>da</strong> malarme~ (tabiZe 2002: 91). rusTaveli _<br />

rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis saukeTeso tradicia <strong>da</strong> malarme<br />

_ Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis simbolo. modernizmis<br />

esTetikas saqarTveloSi qmnidnen gamorCeuli mwerlebi:<br />

maT Soris: grigol robaqiZe, cisferyanwelebi, niko lor-<br />

TqifaniZe, konstantine gamsaxurdia, vasil barnovi, demna<br />

Sengelaia, leo qiaCeli.<br />

mixeil javaxiSvili Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> yvelasgan. misi<br />

pirveli moTxrobebi amxeldnen sruliad sxvagvar interess<br />

Temisa Tu stilis TvalsazrisiT. amitomac SeiZleba<br />

vilaparakoT mis realizmze, rogorc modernizmis erTgvar<br />

alternativaze. Semdeg, mogvianebiT, 1926 wels mixeil javaxiSvilma<br />

is nakadi, romelic mis saxels ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

upirvelesad, Seafasa, rogorc neorealizmi, romlis calkeuli<br />

principi Camoayaliba kidec werilSi `Cveni miwa~ (literaturuli<br />

gancxadeba). mixeil javaxiSvilis azriT,<br />

`mxatvruli sityva misi Casaxvis pirvelive dRi<strong>da</strong>n umTavresad<br />

realisturi iyo _ am cnebis uRrmesi <strong>da</strong> ufarToesi<br />

mniSvnelobiT. aseTia igi dResac <strong>da</strong> aseTive <strong>da</strong>rCeba momavalSic.<br />

yovelive <strong>da</strong>narCeni an misi nakadebia, an Senakadebi:<br />

`realizmi de<strong>da</strong>xea mxatvruli literaturisa. igi miwaze<br />

dgas <strong>da</strong> miwi<strong>da</strong>nve amodis. oriveni erTmaneTs hkvebaven, zrdian<br />

<strong>da</strong> amagreben~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 44).<br />

26

mwerali miwisagan mowyvetas eris sulieri Zalebis mo-<br />

dunebisa <strong>da</strong> Semoqmedebis <strong>da</strong>qveiTebis safuZvlad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

igi fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom `visac miwis alRo <strong>da</strong>uClung<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> realobis<br />

grZnoba <strong>da</strong>ekarga, imas xerxemalic moerRva <strong>da</strong> kunTebic<br />

moeSala. xolo uZvlo <strong>da</strong> usisxlo sxeuli ueWvelad<br />

ganwirulia. realobis mZlavri grZnoba <strong>da</strong> miwis gabasruli<br />

alRo xelovnebisTvis <strong>da</strong> xalxisaTvisac uebari duRabia _<br />

maTi sulisa <strong>da</strong> sxeulis gamfoladebeli~ (javaxiSvili<br />

1980: 45).<br />

mwerali, amgvarad, naTlad gamokveT<strong>da</strong> ZiriTad debulebas:<br />

xelovneba miwisTvis, CvenTvis, xalxisTvis! es iyo erTgvari<br />

mibruneba iliaseul <strong>da</strong> akakiseul principTan (`RmerT-<br />

Tan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ (ilia),<br />

`mxolod mis saxes giCvenebT, rasac Sig Cauxedia~ (akaki).<br />

mixeil javaxiSvili realizms gamijnav<strong>da</strong> naturalizmisgan:<br />

`mxatvruli <strong>literatura</strong> arc mSrali sagazeTo ambavia,<br />

arc fotografiuli suraTia. mxatvari mecnieri ar aris, xolo<br />

misi Tavi faqtebis civ sawyobad an qimiur laboratoriad<br />

ver ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva. mSralma <strong>da</strong> usulo naturalizmma Tvisi<br />

saTqmeli sTqva <strong>da</strong> wavi<strong>da</strong>~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 48). igi imgvar<br />

realizmsac uaryof<strong>da</strong>, romelic un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong><br />

ama Tu im politikur-socialur ideologias. `mxatvrisTvis<br />

es gza, sai<strong>da</strong>nac un<strong>da</strong> modiodes igi, metad molipulia. Cven-<br />

Tvis misaRebia ideiuri, utilitaruli xelovneba, mosaTmenia<br />

di<strong>da</strong>qtiuric, xolo mesame safexuri _ uaRresi tendencia _<br />

mxatvrisTvis metad saxifaTod migvaCnia~ (javaxiSvili 1980:<br />

48).<br />

`arifionis~ literaturul skolasac, romelSic erTi<br />

TvalTaxedvis mwerlebi gaerTiandnen (1927-1928). `arifionis~<br />

wevrebi iyvnen: v. gorgaZe, S. <strong>da</strong>diani, k. kapaneli, b. me-<br />

27

liqiSvili, l. metreveli, i. mosaSvili, m. mrevliSvili, d. su-<br />

liaSvili, i. tatiSvili, p. qavTaraZe, l. qiaCeli, g. qiqoZe,<br />

s. SanSiaSvili, k. WiWinaZe, m. javaxiSvili. gaerTianebam gamosca<br />

almanaxi `arifioni~ (1928), romelsac neo<strong>realizmis</strong><br />

principebi <strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad.<br />

mwerlisTvis ras niSnav<strong>da</strong> neorealizmi <strong>da</strong> riT gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

igi <strong>realizmis</strong>gan? `neorealizms safuZvlad udevs<br />

igive klasikuri realizmi Semdegi ganmeorebiT, <strong>da</strong>matebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganmartebebiT; Seswavla maxlobel <strong>da</strong> Soreul kulturaTa<br />

warsulisa <strong>da</strong> misi mxatvruli gamoyeneba dRevandeli<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis gemovnebis mixedviT. ganukveTeli kulturuli<br />

mTlianoba warsulisa, awmyosi <strong>da</strong> momavlisa. Senaxva jansaRi<br />

tradiciebisa... kultura a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa. SeduRebuli<br />

marTali mSveniereba <strong>da</strong> mSvenieri simarTle (orive er-<br />

Tia, forma <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsi (ganuyrelia). `vici~! <strong>da</strong> `ar vici~,<br />

namdvili <strong>da</strong> uCinari (pirveli mravaljer sWarbobs meores)...<br />

mkacri <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis bunebisa <strong>da</strong> leqsikonisa ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> amRvrevisagan. bejiTi Sroma enis gamdidrebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaxalisebisaTvis arsebulis sruli gamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong> axalis<br />

frTxili SemoSvebiT~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 46).<br />

isic un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom evropul <strong>literatura</strong>Si neorealizmi<br />

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n gamoCn<strong>da</strong> (neorealist<br />

mwerlebad miiCnevian; elio vitorini, Cezare paveze,<br />

bepe fonolio, italo kalvino, alberto moravia, vasko pratolini,<br />

franCesko jovine, domeniko rea, karlo levi, mario<br />

tobino, karlo kasola), xolo rogorc kinematografiuli<br />

mimdinareoba, italiaSi 1940-1950-ian wlebSi ganviTar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tumca termini jer kinematografiaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> (neorealisturi<br />

kinos yvelaze cnobili reJisorebi arian: roberto roselini,<br />

vitorio de sika, lukino viskonti).<br />

28

ogor gaiazreb<strong>da</strong> mixeil javaxiSvili <strong>realizmis</strong> gzas<br />

saqarTveloSi? `roca mxatvruli prozis sakiTxi irCeo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

t. tabiZem yvelaferi is, rac ara galeqsiT CvenSi <strong>da</strong>werila,<br />

mxatvruli prozis nimuSad CaTvala. mis kvals rom gavyveT,<br />

yvela sagazeTo werili mxatvrul prozaSi un<strong>da</strong> SevitanoT.<br />

namdvilad mxatvruli proza iwyeba iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c iwyeba raime<br />

faqtiuri ambis mxatvruli gar<strong>da</strong>qmna, anu mogonili ambis Se-<br />

Txzva. evropiuli beletristikis <strong>da</strong>mwyebi ilia WavWavaZe<br />

gaxlavT <strong>da</strong> sxva aravin. saba-sulxan orbelianis prozas<br />

dRes ver gavyvebiT. igav-arakebis Janri mokv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis gamococxlebas<br />

aravin apirebs...~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 48) mixeil<br />

javaxiSvili di<strong>da</strong>d afaseb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi drois SemoqmedTa naRvaws<br />

(maT Soris, grigol robaqiZesa, konstantine gamsaxurdias,<br />

vasil barnovis (am ukanasknelis SemoqmedebaSi is romantizmisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>realizmis</strong> nazavs xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>) (ix. werili `barnovis<br />

<strong>da</strong>krZalvaze~), Tumca ar eridebo<strong>da</strong> mkveTrad gamoeTqva<br />

Tavisi Tvalsazrisi modernizmis Sesaxebac: `mxatvrul <strong>literatura</strong>Si<br />

mZlavrad SemoiWra sneuli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmi <strong>da</strong> sulis<br />

momdunebeli deka<strong>da</strong>nsi. am movlenas TavisTavad mohyva parnaseloba<br />

_ gandegiloba. mwerali moswy<strong>da</strong> miwas <strong>da</strong> xalxs.<br />

cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis nacvlad simbolistebma ganyenebuli<br />

azrovneba Semoitanes <strong>da</strong> cxadi qveyana bundovani nisliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>Crdiles~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 45).<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom mixeil javaxiSvili ar uaryof<strong>da</strong> miTs,<br />

zRapars, mistikas, magram gansxvavebul funqcias akisreb<strong>da</strong>:<br />

`janmrTeli realistis TvalSi garkveuli Rirebuleba aqvs<br />

zRapars, miTs, alegorias <strong>da</strong> simbolosac, Tu maT aqvT naTeloba,<br />

sicxade <strong>da</strong> mWidro kavSiri miwasTan e. i. Tu simbolo<br />

naTlad <strong>da</strong> mkafiod aris aSenebuli am qveynis nia<strong>da</strong>gze <strong>da</strong><br />

29

amave qveyanas ara swydeba~ (javaxiSvili 1980:46). mis Semoq-<br />

medebaSi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aris zRaparic, miTica <strong>da</strong> alegoriac.<br />

igi fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom mwerali ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>monebo<strong>da</strong> arc Te-<br />

mas <strong>da</strong> arc formas: `zogni mxolod Sinaarss eZeben, zogni<br />

droga<strong>da</strong>sul formebSi gaiyinnen, zogierTebma axali forma<br />

TviTmiznad <strong>da</strong>isaxes, sxvebma ki sityvisa <strong>da</strong> bgeris kulti<br />

SemoiRes <strong>da</strong> azri sityvas <strong>da</strong>umorCiles. Cven xelovnebad ver<br />

CavTvliT martooden Sinaarss, Tun<strong>da</strong>c metad jansaRic rom<br />

iyos igi~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).<br />

mixeil javaxiSvili drois majiscemas miyuradebuli mwerali<br />

iyo, amitomac fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom `dRes aRarc dromoWmul<br />

formaze SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>sveneba. verc axali forma <strong>da</strong>gvakmayofilebs,<br />

Tu masSi Sesaferi Sinaarsi _ fabula, siuJeti ar<br />

aris Caqsovili. marTalia, formisa <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsis gankveTa<br />

zedmiwevniTi sisworiT SeuZlebelia, magram oriveni mainc<br />

cal-calke arseboben. mxolod forma an marto Sinaarsi namdvil<br />

xelovnur nawarmoebs ver Sehqmnian. WeSmariti xelovneba<br />

moiTxovs orives Sezavebas <strong>da</strong> SeduRebas. Tu pirvels<br />

meore aklia, usisxlo <strong>da</strong> uxerxemlo xorci gamova. Tu meores<br />

pirvelic Tan ar axlavs, Seumoseli ConCxi <strong>da</strong>rCeba.<br />

amitom Cven pirvelobas verc formas mivakuTvnebT, verc Sinaarss.<br />

namdvili Rirebuleba cal-calke arc erTs aqvs, arc<br />

meores. xolo oriveni erTad, Tanabrad Sezavebulni, mTliansa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganukveTel mxatvrul erTeuls hqmnian~ (javaxiSvili<br />

1980: 46).<br />

igi akritikeb<strong>da</strong> futuristebs: `sityvisa <strong>da</strong> ritmis gamocalkevebas<br />

uazro <strong>da</strong> carieli bgerebis varjiSoba mohyva. Tu<br />

forma mxolod garegania mTliani mxatvruli sxeulisa, marto<br />

bgera carieli <strong>da</strong> usxeulo samoselia, romelSic arc<br />

xorcia, arc Zvali, arc suli~. misi azriT, `mxatvruli na-<br />

30

warmoebi ki un<strong>da</strong> savse iyos erTiani <strong>da</strong> mTliani ritmiT. mi-<br />

si ganviTareba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia Sinaarsis ganviTarebisagan mTli-<br />

an mxatvrul saxeSi, romelic, mxatvrul simarTlesTan er-<br />

Tad, Semoqmedebis de<strong>da</strong>boZad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos~ (javaxiSvili<br />

1980: 46).<br />

mixeil javaxiSvils mxatvruli saxis TviTmiznad ga<strong>da</strong>qcevis<br />

principic ar moswon<strong>da</strong>: `Semoqmedma marto mxatvrul<br />

ornamentze ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axur<strong>da</strong>os Tvisi niWi. zomierad naxmari<br />

ornamenti mxolod Sesamkobi masalaa mxatvruli sinTezis<br />

<strong>da</strong>s mTliani dinamiuri saxis, romelic de<strong>da</strong>RerZiviT un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos Sedgmuli <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebuli mxatvrul nawarmoebSi~<br />

(javaxiSvili 1980: 47).<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, ras fiqrob<strong>da</strong> igi gamsaxurdias<br />

Semoqmedebaze (`konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris<br />

motaceba~): `k. gamsaxurdia freskebis magvari saxeebis<br />

mxatvaria... peizaJis didi ostatia, magram alag-alag peizaJi<br />

moqmedebasTan ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, TavisTavadia. zogjer<br />

peizaJi geografiaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis. zogierTi adgilis aRweriloba<br />

vnebs siuJetis ganviTarebas~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis modernistuli esTetikiT ganaxlebas<br />

igi `saxifaTo calmxrivobad~ miiCnev<strong>da</strong>: `lirikam TiTqmis<br />

savsebiT <strong>da</strong>iufla samwerlo are. Cven saWirod migvaCnia wonasworobis<br />

aRdgena: mxatvrul masalis <strong>da</strong>muSavebas safuZvlad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>edos rogorc lirikuli, agreTve epiuri <strong>da</strong><br />

dramatiuli misvla sagnebTan <strong>da</strong> movlenebTan~ (javaxiSvili<br />

1980: 46).<br />

neorealizmi ar zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> mxatvris alRosa <strong>da</strong> Tvalis<br />

Tavisuflebas, `magram Cven mainc Tanadrouloba gvirCevnia _<br />

am cnebis farTo mniSvnelobiT. gulwrfelobis SenarCunebisaTvis<br />

Semoqmedi movalec aris ise <strong>da</strong>inaxos <strong>da</strong> igrZnos sag-<br />

31

nebi <strong>da</strong> movlenebi, rogorc SeuZlian <strong>da</strong> moeCveneba. magram<br />

Cvenc mainc gvirCevnia iseTi masalis SerCeva, SegrZnoba <strong>da</strong><br />

Tvali, romelnic gaamxneveben xalxs <strong>da</strong> gauRviveben imeds,<br />

energias <strong>da</strong> zneobas~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).<br />

modernizmma, rogorc cnobilia, gansakuTrebuli yurad-<br />

Reba miaqcia axal enobriv konstruqciebs. amis Taobazec gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong><br />

mixeil javaxiSvili azrs: `ori ukiduresoba swewavs<br />

qarTuls: erTi rvaliviT amagrebs sityvas (mohxkal!),<br />

meore ki bambasaviT arbilebs (mokal!). aqac zomiereba gvir-<br />

Cevnia (mohkal!). mainc erTi ram un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes mu<strong>da</strong>m: qar-<br />

Tuli magar enebis jgufs ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong> ar iguebs frangulsparsulis<br />

sitkbosa <strong>da</strong> sirbiles~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 129).<br />

mas ar moswon<strong>da</strong> modernistul nawarmoebebSi gamoyenebuli<br />

amgvari sintaqsuri konstruqcia: `kaci modis maRali~. igi,<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas amaxvileb<strong>da</strong> vasil barnovis<br />

prozaze <strong>da</strong> SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>: `vasil barnovis sintaqsuri wyoba _<br />

`saxlebi eTamaSebodnen maRalni~ _ mxolod saintereso c<strong>da</strong><br />

iyo axali sintaqsuri formebis SemoRebisa <strong>da</strong> isev c<strong>da</strong>d<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa. ase <strong>da</strong>lagebuls ociode striqons kidev gauZlebs<br />

mkiTxveli, mTeli wignis wakiTxva ki metismetad Znelia~<br />

(javaxiSvili 1980: 107).<br />

oTar CxeiZem SeniSna <strong>da</strong> gamokveTa mixeil javaxiSvilis<br />

neo<strong>realizmis</strong>Tvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba:<br />

`am realistur nawarmoebSi (igulisxmeba `jayos xiznebi~),<br />

am yovlad realur, yovlad yofiTsa Tu Cveulebriv situaciebSi,<br />

Tu gnebavT, yovlad banalur situaciebSi, bevri<br />

ram ufro simboluria, simboluri <strong>da</strong> metaforulia, gazRaprebulobaze<br />

Tu miTologizirebaze ro araferi iTqvas; rogorRac<br />

ucnaurad aq TiTqos piriqiTaa yvelaferi: Tu sxvagan<br />

metaforebsa <strong>da</strong> simboloebSi, alegoriebsa <strong>da</strong> miTosur<br />

32

situaciebSi kiTxuloben realur saxeebsa, aq realurSi, realursa<br />

<strong>da</strong> SiSvel saxeebSi, naturalisturobamde gaSiSvlebul<br />

saxeebSi, amoikiTxeba piriqiTa anTu gaiazreba piriqiTa,<br />

metaforuli <strong>da</strong> simboluri suraTebi gaiazreba, – ase piriqiTaameTqi<br />

yvelaferi; es araa patara xelovneba, es didi xelovnebaa,<br />

didostatoba swore<strong>da</strong>c esaa realistur romanSi~<br />

(CxeiZe 2009: 1)<br />

oTar CxeiZis azriTve, <strong>da</strong> rac un<strong>da</strong> iyos, Tu rogorc<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos, Cveni drois mxatvruli proza, <strong>qarTuli</strong> cxadia<br />

<strong>da</strong>, raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ganisazRvreba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ori TavTaviseburi<br />

mxatvruli stiliTa, ori mxatvruli koncepciiTa: er-<br />

Ti vasil barnovia, erTica mixeil javaxiSvili; Tu SeimCneva<br />

kidev sxva rameca, ufro mo<strong>da</strong>a, literaturuli mo<strong>da</strong>a, ufro,<br />

swrafwarmavali <strong>da</strong> ukvalo (CxeiZe 2009: 1).<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi orive nakadma<br />

_ modernistulmac <strong>da</strong> neorealisturmac, mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebis<br />

Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. <strong>da</strong>iwera modernistuli<br />

romanebi: grigol robaqiZis `gvelis perangis~, konstantine<br />

gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimilis~, demna Sengelaias `sanavardos~<br />

saxiT, meore mxriv neorealisturi romanebi: `jayos<br />

xiznebis~, `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~, `givi Saduris~, `TeTri sayelos~,<br />

`arsena marabdelis~ saxiT.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebani:<br />

tabiZe 2002: tabiZe t. cisferi yanwebiT. // `tician tabiZe, paolo<br />

iaSvili~. Tb.: `dia~, 2002.<br />

CxeiZe 2009: CxeiZe o. isev `jayos xiznebi~. http://burusi.wordpress.com/<br />

2009/07/04/otar-ckheidze/<br />

javaxiSvili 1980: javaxiSvili m. werilebi, Txzulebani. t. VI, Tb.: `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1980.<br />

33

inga milorava<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

keria _ miwa _ mamuli _ niko lorTqifaniZe<br />

niko lorTqifaniZe gansakuTrebul adgils iWers <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mxatvruli azrovnebis im nakadSi, romelic erTi mxriv<br />

uwyvetia saukuneTa manZilze, meore mxriv ki mudmivad mdidrdeba<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva axali SenakadiT. man SeZlo gaegrZelebina<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis tradicia. igi Sinagan kavSirs amyarebs<br />

im problemebTan <strong>da</strong> TemebTan, romlebic mudmivad aqtualuria<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis, Tumca XX sis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mdegs, modernizaciis procesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>nve, man qar-<br />

Tuli mxatvruli sivrce gaamdidra sruliad axali, gansakuTrebuli,<br />

im droisTvis Zalian Tanamedrove gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

sistemiT _ impresionizmiT.<br />

impresionistuli samyaros aRqma gulisxmobs mocemuli<br />

wertili<strong>da</strong>n mocemul wamSi miRebuli STabeWdilebis mxatvruli<br />

anabeWdis Seqmnas. Sesabamisad Tavisi arsiT, filosofiuri<br />

safuZvlebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, igi Zalian subieqturia<br />

<strong>da</strong> saTaves iRebs zoga<strong>da</strong>d modernistuli azrovnebis Taviseburebebis<br />

gamapirobebeli zmanebisa <strong>da</strong> cxadis urTierTmimar-<br />

Tebis msoflmxedvelobrivi qvakuTxedi<strong>da</strong>n. samyaro, romelsac<br />

qmnis impresionisti xelovani (mwerali, mxatvari, musikosi)<br />

nakleba<strong>da</strong>a orientirebuli <strong>realizmis</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />

ganzogadebasa <strong>da</strong> e. w. `miwier~, xelSesaxeb orientirebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

problemebze, Tun<strong>da</strong>c socialur, politikur Temebze. impresionisti<br />

mozRuduli sivrci<strong>da</strong>n (wertili) miRebul aseve<br />

mxolod wamier STabeWdilebebSi cdilobs Caatios mTeli<br />

34

samyaro <strong>da</strong> sakuTari individualuri gancdebi, grZnobebi, maradiuloba<br />

<strong>da</strong> warmavaloba _ erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave wertilSi Tavmoyrili.<br />

isini Tavisuflad, moqnilad moZraoben, <strong>da</strong>srialeben<br />

saxeebis, bgerebis, grZnobebis ferad RrublebSi <strong>da</strong> TavianTi<br />

Semoqmedebis nayofis aRmqmel-Semmecnebel-mkiTxvels iwveven<br />

Caebas am SemoqmedebiT procesSi <strong>da</strong> STabeWdilebis mi-<br />

Rebis Semdeg fiqris gagrZelebiT, wertilisa <strong>da</strong> wamis usaz-<br />

Rvrod gafarToebiT cxadis farglebs gascdnen <strong>da</strong> miaRwion<br />

zmanebismier, miRmur, metafizikur samyaros, sai<strong>da</strong>nac areklilia<br />

xiluli samyaros nebismieri sagani Tu movlena.<br />

impresionistuli <strong>da</strong> saerTod yvela modernistuli mimdinareoba<br />

raki nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs miwier, socialur,<br />

politikur <strong>da</strong> a. S., vTqvaT ase, materialistur Temebs, maT<br />

Soris bunebrivad un<strong>da</strong> moqceuliyo erovnuli problematikac<br />

<strong>da</strong> umetesad es asec xdeba. niko lorTqifaniZis adgili<br />

<strong>da</strong> roli imiTac unikaluria, rom man SeZlo erTmaneTTan bunebrivad<br />

Seexamebina tradiciuli Temebi, saukuneebSi gamotarebuli<br />

saxeebi, tkivilebi, gancdebi <strong>da</strong> sruliad axali, er-<br />

Ti SexedviT ucxo, magram misi ostatobiT ukve gasagebad <strong>da</strong><br />

misaRebad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnili gamomsaxvelobiTi sistema, mxatvruli<br />

qsovilis Seqmnis gansxvavebuli xerxi. es magaliTia, Tu rogor<br />

SeiZleba moxdes modernizeba nebismieri sivrcis, movlenis,<br />

mxatvruli struqturis ise, rom ar <strong>da</strong>ikargos misi arsi,<br />

suli, is mentaluri xerxemali, romlis garSemoc izrdeba<br />

ganaxlebuli qsovili, niko lorTqifaniZem siaxle yovelgvari<br />

snobizmis, arasrulfasovnebis SegrZnebis gareSe<br />

miiRo <strong>da</strong> SeZlo misi tradiciulis nia<strong>da</strong>gze bunebrivad<br />

gadmonergva.<br />

arc erTi wamiT, arc erT nawarmoebSi, vrcelsa Tu miniaturulSi,<br />

niko lorTqifaniZes ar moudunebia yuradReba,<br />

35

erTi wamiTac ar mouSorebia Tvali Tavisi qveynis macocxlebeli<br />

uwyveti nakadisTvis, romlis ufro STambeW<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

gadmosacema<strong>da</strong>c moiZia swored es axali gza <strong>da</strong> axali<br />

xerxebi.<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis samyaros aRqmis <strong>da</strong> gamosaxvis Taviseburebebs<br />

SeiZleba Tavi movuyaroT modelSi keria→miwa→<br />

mamuli→samyaro. am models, romlis safuZvelSic devs sam-<br />

Soblos, rogorc umaRlesi miRmuri ideis xiluli saxis<br />

koncefcia, myari centri<strong>da</strong>nuli struqtura aqvs. usasruloba,<br />

mTeli samyaro sayrdeni centris irgvlis iSleba. es centri-wertili<br />

aris keria. rogorc erTi wertilis afeTqebiT<br />

warmoiSva mTeli samyaro, ise kerii<strong>da</strong>n (keriis qvaSi koncentrirebuli<br />

sulieri energiis gamoTavisuflebis Semdeg) iSleba<br />

cxadis (samSoblo, mamuli) <strong>da</strong> zmnebis, usasrulobis,<br />

maradiulobis sivrce.<br />

keria ar aRiqmeba mxolod erT, kerZo, nivTier planSi.<br />

igi Zevs miwis _ mamulis centrSi <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis garSemo<br />

kravs mis samyofels, mis adgils vrcel samyaroSi. arc keria,<br />

arc miwa-mamuli ar Semoifargleba. mxolod materialisturi<br />

sazRvrebiT, isini usasrulod farTovdebian <strong>da</strong><br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan sulier sferoSi, miRma samyaroSi ganefinebian... `visac<br />

saxl-kar-mi<strong>da</strong>moSi mTeli gvaris legendebi, winaprebis<br />

tanjva <strong>da</strong> sixaruli Camarxuli eCveneba, saxlis gayidvasTan,<br />

warsulis <strong>da</strong>SorebasTan ekargeba momavalic. win aRaraferia<br />

CvenTvis Tu ukani<strong>da</strong>n ar Semogvyurebs winapris mkacri ulmobeli<br />

saxe _ tradicia, Tu isa gvyavs, kidev bevri ris-<br />

Tvisme vvargivarT, rac saWiroa qveynisTvis~. _ wers niko<br />

lorTqifaniZe `<strong>da</strong>ngreul budeebSi~. am nawarmoebis Si<strong>da</strong>sivrceze<br />

naTlad aisaxa, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs miwa-mamulis <strong>da</strong><br />

misi sakraluri centris, droTa kavSiris Semkvreli sawyi-<br />

36

sis _ keriis <strong>da</strong>kargvas. Tu qreba sayrdeni centraluri wertili<br />

_ keria, mis garSemo apokalifsuri procesebi viTardeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> qreba yvela Semdegi gare Sre <strong>da</strong> sabolood mTeli<br />

samyaroc _ sulieri plani.<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis vrcel moTxrobaSi `keriasaTvis~<br />

gmiris, minais, egzistencialuri sivrcis centri-wertili<br />

zustad emTxveva nawarmoebis kompoziciur centrs. aseTi<br />

konceptualuri <strong>da</strong> kompoziciuri centria keria, romliskenac<br />

miemarTeba minais cxovrebis gzis spirali. kerias ori<br />

urTierTgamsWvalavi plani aqvs: 1) nivTieri _ mozRudul<br />

nakveTze, miwaze, mamulze <strong>da</strong>debuli keriis qvis saxiT; 2)<br />

sulieri _ keria, rogorc sakuTari `meobis~ srulad gamovlenis,<br />

ojaxis, samSoblos siyvarulis, momavlis imedis <strong>da</strong><br />

bednierebis maradiuli idea. minais mTeli cxovreba keriis<br />

mosapoveblad gamarTuli umZimesi brZoliTa <strong>da</strong> SromiTaa<br />

gansazRvruli.<br />

niko lorTqifaniZem keriis nivTier-sulieri plani erT<br />

mTlianobaSi gaiazra <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovreba miwiT, mamuliT,<br />

keriiT gansazRvrul odenobad warmoadgina. keria mwerlis-<br />

Tvis niSnavs a<strong>da</strong>mianis arsebobis safuZvels, fizikur <strong>da</strong> sulier<br />

centrs, romlisken swrafvac gansazRvravs mis gzas <strong>da</strong><br />

adgils samyaroSi. minais gza miuyveba tradiciul samyaros<br />

RerZs, riTac xorcieldeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis kavSiri kosmosTan.<br />

tradiciuli warmodgenis mixedviT samyaros RerZs aseTi<br />

struqtura aqvs: kosmosiqalaqisofelikeria. minai gaivlis<br />

yvela am fazas. `egsistencialur sivrces~, romelsac<br />

haidegeri `samyaroseul oTxsaxas~ uwodebs oTxi mxare aqvs:<br />

miwa, ca, RmerTi <strong>da</strong> kaci. a<strong>da</strong>mianis samyaro am oTx mxares<br />

iSleba, qalaqSi minaia ocnebobs, rom `isev iq miva, Tavis eklesiaze<br />

ilocavs, Tavisi xarebi eyoleba, Tavisi keria eqne-<br />

37

a~. minais am ocnebaSi mweralma Tavi mouyara ZiriTad postulatebs,<br />

romelic warmoadgens a<strong>da</strong>mianis cnobierebis sayrdens,<br />

misi `egzistencialuri sivrcis~ qvakuTxeds, esaa<br />

rwmena cis, RmerTis _ `Tavis eklesiaze ilocavs~; miwa _<br />

`Tavisi xarebi eyoleba~ _ xarebi bunebrivad ukavSirdeba miwaTmoqmedebiT<br />

kulturas <strong>da</strong> keria _ `Tavisi keria eqneba~,<br />

rac misi, rogorc kacis arsebobas gansazRvravs. ase ikvreba<br />

`samyareuli oTxsaxa~: miwa, ca, RmerTi <strong>da</strong> kaci. keriis qvas,<br />

rogorc miwis, Semdeg mamulis, bolos ki mTeli samyaros<br />

flobis simbolos am erTianobaSi sakraluri mniSvneloba<br />

eniWeba.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad minais swrafva keriisaken gaucnobierebelia.<br />

mxolod arsenas zRapris mosmenis Semdeg gaiazrebs igi<br />

Tavisi ltolvis WeSmarit arss, zRapruli plani iWreba<br />

mxatvrul qsovilSi <strong>da</strong> Tvisobrivad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis, ganmartavs<br />

mas. zRapari afarToebs realuri droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis farglebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ambavi zedrouli xdeba. zRapris metafizikuri,<br />

ideebis samyaro<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli impulsebis miRebis <strong>da</strong> gaazrebis<br />

Semdeg igebs minai ra <strong>da</strong> vin un<strong>da</strong> eZebos _ keria <strong>da</strong> keriis<br />

mfarveli qali, Tu SeZlebs maT mopovebasa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebas,<br />

ipovis Tavis adgils <strong>da</strong> Seasrulebs Tavis sulier <strong>da</strong><br />

fizikur misias.<br />

iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c ingreva sawyisi wertili _ keria <strong>da</strong> wydeba<br />

misgan wamosuli STabeWdilebaTa jaWvi, iSleba Semdegi Srec<br />

_ mamulic. magaliTad, `raindebSi~ Tavad moqelaZis mamulSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>ingra keria, mraval cecxladSretil, civ segmentad <strong>da</strong>iSala<br />

<strong>da</strong> TavTavianT odebSi SeyuJulma STamomavlebma verc ki<br />

gages rodis gar<strong>da</strong>icvala maTi winapari, anu gaqra saZirkveli,<br />

tradicia. miqelaZis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli samflobelo saxea<br />

mTeli mamulisa, xolo mamulis ngreva mTeli samyaros, mak-<br />

38

okosmosSi mikrokosmosis _ a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sinagan rRvevas iwvevs.<br />

swored es procesi aisaxa `<strong>da</strong>ngreul budeebSi~, `Tavsafrian<br />

de<strong>da</strong>kacSi~, `Selocva radioTiSi~, `JamTa siaveSi~.<br />

es modeli _ centrSi _ wertili-keria, misgan aRZruli<br />

fiqrebisa <strong>da</strong> STabeWdilebebis gafarToebiT Seqmnili Semdegi<br />

sibrtye-mamuli <strong>da</strong> maTi kavSiri mTel garemomcvel, idumal<br />

samyarosTan naTlad warmoaCens, rom mweralma SeZlo <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mxatvruli azrovnebisTvis aqtualuri samSoblos, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

samSobloSi arsebobis <strong>da</strong> miwa-mamulis a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis SenarCunebis<br />

Tema samyaros SecnobasTan <strong>da</strong>ekavSirebina <strong>da</strong> axali<br />

formiTa <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli saSualebebiT gamoesaxa.<br />

39

manana kvaWantiraZe<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

triqsteri rogorc antigmiri<br />

(mixeil javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~)<br />

mixeil javaxiSvili epoqaluri mwerali iyo, <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod<br />

imitom, rom warmatebiT SeZlo <strong>realizmis</strong> klasikuri<br />

tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> modernizmis sinTezi, aramed imitomac, rom<br />

Semoitana mTeli rigi konceptebi, romelTa <strong>da</strong>muSavebac gagrZel<strong>da</strong><br />

literaturis ganviTarebis momdevno etapebze <strong>da</strong><br />

grZeldeba dResac. sinTezSi vgulisxmobT rogorc orive am<br />

mimarTulebis Tematur-formaluri SesaZleblobebis axlebur<br />

gamoyenebas msoflmxedvelobriv <strong>da</strong> stilur doneebze,<br />

ise saxeTa realisturi sicxadisa <strong>da</strong> groteskuli polisemantizmis<br />

urTierTSerwymas.<br />

`mwerali, upirveles yovlisa, valSia Tavisi drois wina-<br />

Se~ _ drois mimarT es gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba,<br />

garkveulwilad, xsnis mixeil javaxiSvilis interess<br />

triqsteris mimarT.<br />

triqsteri (ingl.: moxerxebuli, gaiZvera, iluzionisti.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mat.; flidi, matyuara, TaRliTi, avanturisti, lizRi <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv.). msoflio literaturisa <strong>da</strong> miTologiis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

arqauli personaJia. XX saukunis filosofiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

kulturologiaSi triqsteri aRiarebulia msoflio kulturis<br />

erT-erT ZiriTad personaJad (termini samecniero mimoqcevaSi<br />

Semoitana amerikelma anTropologma pol radinma).<br />

swored a<strong>da</strong>mianis es tipi aRwera mixeil javaxiSvilma<br />

Tavis romanSi `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~ (1925 w.)<br />

40

ogorc yvela arqetipuli saxe, ganviTarebis xangrZlivi<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi triqsteric saxecvlilebas ganicdis.<br />

es cvlilebebi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia triqsteris literaturuli<br />

saxeebis ganviTarebis WrilSi, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli karnavaluri<br />

kulturis tradiciiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri pikareskuli<br />

romaniT _ XX saukunis moderistuli romaniT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli.<br />

kvaWis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebic <strong>qarTuli</strong> variaciaa im mravalricxovani<br />

avanturebisa, romlebsac mkiTxveli msoflio literaturis<br />

oriaTaswlovani istorii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> xalxuri _ maT<br />

Soris <strong>qarTuli</strong> _ zepirsityvierebi<strong>da</strong>n icnobs.<br />

1925 wlis YJurnalSi ,,Teatri <strong>da</strong> cxovreba~ (#5, gv.<br />

17) ,,wvrili ambebis~ rubrikaSi gvxvdeba cnoba imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom ,,m. javaxiSvili wers axal romans, romlis saTauria<br />

,,nacarqeqia~. cnobaSi mokle<strong>da</strong>a aRniSnuli, rom romani Tanamedrove<br />

cxovrebas asaxavs, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamoyvanilia qarTveli don<br />

-kixoti. es romani, qeTevan javaxiSvilis cnobiT, ,,arqivSi<br />

ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. arsebobs mxolod calkeuli Canawerebi, romel-<br />

Tac miwerili aqvs ,,nacarqeqia~, sai<strong>da</strong>nac irkveva, rom rom<br />

mwerals <strong>da</strong>wyebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> axal romanze muSaoba~ (javaxiSvili<br />

1989: 28) aseve, mwerlis pirad arqivSi Semonaxulia<br />

1925 wels ruTavelis TeatrSi ,,jayos xiznebTan~ <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

gamarTuli diskusiis programac. Temebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />

imaze metyvelebs, rom mixeil javaxiSvili sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva teqstebs<br />

Soris paralelebisa <strong>da</strong> saxeTa ganviTarebis Cvenebas<br />

isaxavs miznad. magaliTad: ,,luarsab TaTqariZi<strong>da</strong>n Teimuraz<br />

xevisTavamde~; ,,hamletizmi <strong>da</strong> don-kixotizmi. mwignobroba<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqmianoba, umweoba <strong>da</strong> Zliereba~ (javaxiSvili 1989: 45).<br />

Cans, mwerali bevrs fiqrobs momavalze, cdilobs gaarkvios,<br />

ra sWirdeba sazogadoebas, grZnobs epoqaTa gzajvaredins,<br />

roca wesrigs, sistemas qaosi enacvleba <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi<br />

41

azrs kargaven; roca cxovreba tragikomikur elfers iZens<br />

<strong>da</strong> deformirebuli sinamdvile groteskuli profiliT<br />

imzireba. am dros scenaze gamodis triqsteri _ farsis<br />

mTavari personaJi _ <strong>da</strong> gmiris mantiiT imoseba.<br />

imas, Tu ramdenad aqtualuri iyo triqsteris Tema ara<br />

mxolod mixeil javaxiSvilisTvis, aramed mTeli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

sinamdvilisaTvis, rusTavelis Teatris 1927 wlis repertuarSi<br />

Setanili oTxi speqtaklic mowmobs, oTxive kvaWize: S.<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~ inscenireba, n. SiukaSvilis<br />

ori piesa — `amerikeli Zia~ <strong>da</strong> `Ziis gasabWoeba~, <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />

Tavad m. javaxiSvilis piesa `iveriumi~, romelic ar <strong>da</strong>dgmula<br />

<strong>da</strong> xelnaweric <strong>da</strong>kargulia. qeTevan javaxiSvilis cnobiT,<br />

masSi kvaWis saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba yofila aRwerili<br />

(javaxiSvili 1989: 176).<br />

,,kvaWi narevi tipia~_ ganmartavs javaxiSvili. mas<br />

erTdroulad ainteresebs rogorc triqsteris folkloruli<br />

winaresaxe — nacarqeqia, ise ,,realuri~ kvaWi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki misi mimarTeba kulturul antipodTan — raindTan<br />

anu gmirTan, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qmni<strong>da</strong> istoriulad<br />

Camoyalibebul <strong>da</strong> tradiciiT ganmtkicebul, mamakacis<br />

normatiul eTikur-zneobriv models. am modelis qar-<br />

Tul variants Cveni sazogadoeba `vefxistyaosni<strong>da</strong>n~ icnobs.<br />

am periodi<strong>da</strong>n mokidebuli, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba, kulturis<br />

moTxovnilebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, xangamoSvebiT aZliereb<strong>da</strong> RirebulebaTa<br />

moryeul sistemas <strong>da</strong> aRadgen<strong>da</strong> raindis saxesac.<br />

XIX saukuneze rom araferi vTqvaT, Tanamedrove etapze<br />

amis warmatebuli magaliTi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T Wabua amirejibis `<strong>da</strong>Ta<br />

TuTaSxia~, guram doCanaSvilis `samoseli pirveli~ <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

saukuneze metia, am modelis mravalferovani transformaciebi<br />

ara mxolod mwerlobis, aramed <strong>qarTuli</strong> kritikisa <strong>da</strong><br />

42

publicistikis Sefasebisa <strong>da</strong> gansjis obieqtia. raki sityvam<br />

moitana, am Temis Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>ptorTa sayuradRebod min<strong>da</strong><br />

vTqva: sanam saboloo, Cveni droisaTvis esoden <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />

radikalur, nihilistur <strong>da</strong> arakoreqtul <strong>da</strong>skvnas<br />

gamovitanT (,,mSvidobiT raindo…<strong>da</strong>...…jan<strong>da</strong>bamdis gza gqonia...~),<br />

vfiqrob, gonivruli iqneba, kidev erTxel yuradRebiT<br />

movisminoT guram asaTianis <strong>da</strong>kvirveba am sociokulturul<br />

personasa <strong>da</strong> paradigmul literaturul modelze:<br />

,,saqarTveloSi TviT yvelaze srulad Camoyalibebuli, uimedo<br />

obivatelic ki (praqticizmis, gamdidrebis, TavkerZobis,<br />

uTavmoyvareobis, qurdbacacobis adeptebi) dRemde ,,raindobanas~<br />

TamaSoben.<br />

es sasaciloa, zogjer amazrzenic. magram, Tu mSvi<strong>da</strong>d<br />

Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT, amas Tan erTvis erTi mosaTmeni garemoebac: ,,Tama-<br />

Si~ aiZulebs maT, formalurad mainc, Seasrulon arCeuli<br />

Tu aCemebuli roli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare zogierTi rituali <strong>da</strong>,<br />

ase gasinjeT, es Tvisebebi (Tun<strong>da</strong>c sabalagano saxiT) uneblieT<br />

maTSic ganagrZobs arsebobas...“ (asaTiani 2002: 101).<br />

dRevandeli ga<strong>da</strong>saxedi<strong>da</strong>n, kritikosis es Tvalsazrisi<br />

mixeil javaxiSvilisa <strong>da</strong> misi epoqis mweralTa tradiciis<br />

gagrZelebad moCans aRniSnul sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT: Tu<br />

ver qmni gmirs, SeiZleba Seqmna triqsteri, romlis groteskuli<br />

habitusis miRma yovelTvis SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>kargulis amokiTxva,<br />

raindis <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli aCrdilis gacocxleba, radgan<br />

formis ,,siWarbe~ yovelTvis aRZravs gamqrali mniSvnelobis<br />

xsovnas, groteski ki _ deformaciis gasworebis impulss.<br />

javaxiSvilma swored es gza airCia, radgan kargad grZnob<strong>da</strong>:<br />

roca raindis ideali sabolood miecema <strong>da</strong>viwyebas, maSin<br />

cxovrebis sceni<strong>da</strong>n gaikrifebian samarTlianoba, moZmeze<br />

zrunva, vaJkacoba, siyvaruli <strong>da</strong> megobroba, patiosneba,<br />

43

keTilSobileba, Semwynarebloba <strong>da</strong> sxva siqveleni. erT<br />

garemoebasac un<strong>da</strong> gaewios angariSi, romlis gareSec, vfiqrob,<br />

mTeli Tanamedrove ,,antirainduli~ Sefasebebi, ubralod,<br />

informaciis an, sulac, realobis grZnobis naklebobas<br />

SeiZleba mieweros: inteleqtualur samyaros triqsteri ori<br />

ipostasiT evlineba: rogorc realuri istoriuli figura,<br />

gansaxlebuli normatiuli kulturul-moraluri sivrcis<br />

periferiaze <strong>da</strong> rogorc iluziuri _ koleqtiuri warmosaxvis<br />

konkretuli dominantebisagan warmoqmnili. Sesabamisad,<br />

gansxvavebulia misi aRqmac: Tan saxifaTo _ qceva-azrovnebis<br />

normaluri zonebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad momxiblavic<br />

_ socialur-egzotikuri elferis gamo. swored am<br />

ormagobis gamo triqsteri <strong>da</strong> misi struqturulad monaTesave<br />

figurebi (yaCaRebi, meamboxeebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.) _ anu periferiaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxlebuli araordinaluri socialuri tipebi, TavianTi<br />

negatiuri konotaciebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, yovelTvis warmatebiT<br />

heroizdebodnen xalxur zepirsityvierebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>literatura</strong>Si.<br />

gavixsenoT bediswerasTan moTamaSe, xelisuflebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> kanonTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa saxeebi miTebSi, zRaprebSi,<br />

baladebSi, prozasa Tu poeziaSi.<br />

mainc rogor gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong> triqsteri/gmiris opizacia<br />

XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi <strong>da</strong> ras eubneba is dRes<br />

Tanamedrove mkiTxvels, rogoria triqsteri globalur konteqstSi,<br />

travestul droSi, anu XXsaukunis istoriul<br />

monakveTze?<br />

zogi ram triqsteris xasiaTi<strong>da</strong>n: triqsteri gamoirCeva<br />

eSmakobiT, gonebamaxvilobiT, sisastikiT, transformaciis<br />

unariT; erTdroulad Semoqmedicaa (magaliTad, nacarqeqia)<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mangrevelic, matyuarac <strong>da</strong> tyuilis msxverplic. mis<br />

saqciels upiratesad instinqtebi <strong>da</strong> impulsebi gansazRvra-<br />

44

ven. moralurad ganurCevelia _ arc sikeTe icis, arc bo-<br />

roteba <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa amitomac, uCveulod gamZlea <strong>da</strong> sicocxlisunariani.<br />

miTebis did umravlesobaSi triqsteri samyaros<br />

meore Semoqmedia, riskiani TamaSis wamomwyebi, xSirad<br />

gmiris saqmis uneblie xelSemwyobi an Segnebuli CamSleli.<br />

igi kulturuli gmiris komikur (groteskul) dubliorad<br />

gvevlineba. ormagoba, ambivalenturoba TviT triqsteris cnebaSia<br />

Cadebuli, amitom misi qmedebebi ar eqvemdebareba erTmniSvnelovan,<br />

calsaxa Sefasebas, ver Tavsdeba `<strong>da</strong>debiTis~ an<br />

`uaryofiTis~ CarCoebSi. igi mxolod sakuTari vnebebiT,<br />

ltolvebiT, survilebiT xelmZRvanelobs <strong>da</strong> amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

xSirad swored misi wyalobiT iZens yvela faseuloba<br />

Tavis namdvil mniSvnelobas.<br />

istoriis gar<strong>da</strong>maval etapebze, roca RirebulebaTa sistema<br />

ingreva <strong>da</strong> sociokulturuli sivrce ganurCevlobasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qaosSi iZireba, triqsteris Tema gansakuTrebul aqtualurobas<br />

iZens swored imitom, rom mas SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />

gmiris, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>karguli gmiris saxis indikatoroba ikisros.<br />

cxadia, misTvis, vinc mixeil javaxiSvilis am romans<br />

icnobs, Zneli araa triqsteris zemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebeb-<br />

Si kvaWi kvaWantiraZis saxis amokiTxva, xolo is, vis mimarTac<br />

igi indikatoris funqcias asrulebs, gmiri <strong>da</strong> raindia.<br />

am azriT, kvaWi-triqsteri antigmiri <strong>da</strong> fsevdoraindia,<br />

Tumca ganuwyvetliv migvaniSnebs im adgilze, romelic gmirs<br />

ekava kulturis teqstSi (gavixsenoT, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, kvaWis ,,ZmaTa<br />

rainduli ordeni~ _ mkacr urTierTmxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli,<br />

mkafiod ganawilebuli saqmiT, ierarqiiT, Zmobis ficiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> kvaWi _ beladi). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sociokulturuli<br />

realobi<strong>da</strong>n gaZevebuli raindi triqsteris saxiT ganagrZobs<br />

arsebobas teqstSi. gmiris xsovna triqsteris meSve-<br />

45

obiT cocxlobs. igi opoziciis is wevria, romelic <strong>da</strong>kar-<br />

gulze miuTiTebs.<br />

rogor xe<strong>da</strong>vs mas javaxiSvili <strong>da</strong> rogor afasebs perso-<br />

naJi sakuTar Tavs? es ori pozicia Zalze saintereso wer-<br />

tilebSi ga<strong>da</strong>kveTs erTmaneTs. zemoT vTqviT, rom triqste-<br />

ri Semoqmedia. faqtobrivad, kvaWi istoriis Semoqme<strong>da</strong>d xe<strong>da</strong>vs<br />

Tavs im wuTi<strong>da</strong>nve, roca sakuTar saxels - identobis<br />

umTavres niSans uaryofs <strong>da</strong> napoleon apoloviCs irqmevs,<br />

anu istoriisa <strong>da</strong> miTis SeuRlebis nayofad asaRebs Tavs.<br />

epizodSi, romelic saimperatoro karze momx<strong>da</strong>r saidumlo<br />

Sexvedraze gviambobs, ukve mweralic araorazrovnad miakuTvnebs<br />

Tavis gmirs istoriis erT-erTi Semoqmedis statuss<br />

vinme anonimi-s saxiT. javaxiSvili istorias `asworebs~ literaturiT,<br />

radgan, misive TqmiT, istoria ,,yovelTvis tyuis~,<br />

is `ujiaTi bavSvia~, anu infantiluri, mkafio cnobierebas<br />

moklebuli zr<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>usrulebeli arseba, romelic un<strong>da</strong><br />

`<strong>da</strong>seriozuldes~, ,,gaizardos~ <strong>da</strong> WeSmariti mniSvneloba<br />

SeiZinos <strong>literatura</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> misi meSveobiT. mwerali Tavisi<br />

travestuli epoqis axal istorias wers, romlis mTavari<br />

gmiric triqsteria, radgan es epoqa kvaWisnairTa Semoqmedebaa,<br />

maTi aqtiurobis nayofi, iseTive ,,Wreli~, rogoric Tavad<br />

kvaWia. travestul droSi kvaWi beladi <strong>da</strong> raindia: ,,mas,<br />

Zlevamosil rainds~... (javaxiSvili 1960: 332); ,,saca beladi,<br />

Cvenc iq viqnebiT~ (javaxiSvili 1960: 307).<br />

im did qaosSi, romelsac imdroindeli ruseTis imperia<br />

erqva, kvaWi pirvelxarisxovani moTamaSea: ,,Cveni morgani~,<br />

,,udidesi finansisti~, ,,guluxvi mecenati~. ,,piaric~ exerxeba,<br />

imperiis faqtiur mmarTvelTa gulsac igebs <strong>da</strong> veeberTela<br />

Tanxebsac ganagebs. swored amitom, mwerali kvaWis xeliT<br />

usworebs angariSs ruseTs, ,,salosebis klasikur qveya-<br />

46

nas~ _ did sociokulturul gaugebrobas, sa<strong>da</strong>c marTlmadideblur<br />

eklesiebs TaRliTi ebraeli komersantebi aSeneben,<br />

imperiis beds ki rasputinebi wyveten.<br />

irakli abaSiZe ixsenebs, rom romanis gamoqveynebisTanave<br />

Tbilisur ojaxebSi, Turme, ar wydebo<strong>da</strong> saubrebi nikoloz<br />

II karze rasputinis wlebSi <strong>da</strong>trialebul intrigebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

avanturebSi qarTvel didgvarovanTa monawileobis Sesaxeb:<br />

,,am dros amotivtivdnen gvarebi ivane nakaSiZisa, aleqsandre<br />

eristovisa, alek amilaxvrisa, uCa <strong>da</strong>dianisa, nikoloz niJaraZisa,<br />

andronikovisa, ServaSiZisa, dumbaZisa, orbelianisa,<br />

Tarxanovisa. magram yvelaze metad rasputinis sasiZo simon<br />

fxakaZisa~ (,,kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~) (abaSiZe 2003: 86).<br />

paradoqsia, magram triqsteri swored sociokulturuli<br />

qaosis wyalobiT ikvreba, mTliandeba <strong>da</strong> Zlierdeba: yovel<br />

<strong>da</strong>brkolebaze kvaWi `gaStikindeba~ xolme. igi erTaderT<br />

bolomde myar struqturad rCeba irgvliv gamefebul amorfulobaSi.<br />

kvaWi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis uyoymanod mimRebia —<br />

<strong>da</strong>eWvebulTa Soris, moqmedia — umoqmedoTa, <strong>da</strong>mfrTxalTa<br />

Soris, moZravia — umoZraoTa Soris miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

arc guladobiT gamoirCeva <strong>da</strong> arc WkuiT. triqsteri paradoqsia,<br />

magram paradoqsuli epoqisTvis is gmiria, RviZli<br />

Svili <strong>da</strong> demiurgia. `dRevandel epoqas suli ara aqvs, <strong>da</strong><br />

Tu aqvs, mZulvarebaa misi saxeli~ — ase afasebs mixeil<br />

javaxiSvili Tavis epoqas. am fonze, cxadia, kvaWic `usuloa~:<br />

arasodes eZebs TanagrZnobas — mxolod gamosavals,<br />

aravin uyvars — mxolod iyenebs, arasdros arafers nanobs<br />

imis gar<strong>da</strong>, rac <strong>da</strong> vinc ver <strong>da</strong>iTria, ver ,,gaaimasqna~, ver<br />

acduna an gaabriyva.<br />

<strong>da</strong> mainc: kvaWis uzneoba xan<strong>da</strong>xan TavSesaqcevi, maxvilgonivruli,<br />

saxalisoc kia. nawilobriv, kvaWis saxes am or-<br />

47

magobas mwerlis komizmi aniWebs: rainduli esTetika, ,,raindulad“<br />

Sesrulebuli sisaZagle kvaWis amazrzen uzneobs sasacilod<br />

aqcevs, amiT ki asatans xdis. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

TiTqos ar v<strong>da</strong>obT mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze, kvaWi mainc<br />

sxvaa, vidre uaryofiTi personaJi. SesaZloa imitom, rom misi<br />

<strong>da</strong>debiTi mewyvile realurad ar Cans. SeiZleba imitomac,<br />

rom igi yoveli sazogadoebis raRac iseTi suliskveTebis<br />

gamomxatvelia, romelsac arasdros gasdis yavli <strong>da</strong> romelic<br />

Zalze Zliera<strong>da</strong>a mibmuli sasicocxlo instinqtze, ubralod,<br />

mxolod saxes <strong>da</strong> saxels icvlis.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, kvaWis tipiT moxibvla erT-erT braldebad<br />

wauyenes javaxiSvils 1937 wels, <strong>da</strong>matimrebi<strong>da</strong>n samiode<br />

dRis Semdeg, roca `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savals~ (ase<br />

erqva romanis pirvel, 1925 wlis gamocemas _ m.k.) uwodes<br />

`tipiuri burJuaziuli yaidis romani... avanturizmis, TaRli-<br />

Tobis, satyuarobisa <strong>da</strong> TavalTmaqcobis gaSiSvlebuli apologia~<br />

(demetraZe 2005: 112).<br />

cxadia, es ar iyo apologia. kvaWi cocxali mxatvruli<br />

saxea <strong>da</strong> javaxiSvilic mxolod gviCvenebs, arafers gveubneba<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir. es misi mxatvruli meTodia. kvaWis saxis es xibli,<br />

sanam racionalur-eTikuri gansja CaerTveba, aSkaraa <strong>da</strong><br />

rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, mas, nawilobriv, saxis esTetizacia<br />

(komizmi) qmnis. meore mxriv, esaa a<strong>da</strong>mianis am tipis uCveulo<br />

sicocxlisunarianoba, sicocxliT tkbobis absoluturi<br />

Rirebulebis aRiareba yvela sxva RirebulebasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />

swored sicocxlis es gansakuTrebuli,SiSveli <strong>da</strong><br />

aulagmavi instinqti marTavs kvaWis xasiaTs <strong>da</strong> qcevas. amitomaa<br />

amazrzenic <strong>da</strong> momxiblavic erTdroulad, mx<strong>da</strong>lic <strong>da</strong><br />

gabedulic, riskiani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>udevari: ,,mxolod <strong>da</strong>udevarTaTvis<br />

Rirs sicocxle <strong>da</strong> mxolod maT ician misi fasi<br />

48

(javaxiSvili 2005: 158) am SemTxvevaSi javaxiSvili modernistic<br />

aris <strong>da</strong> realistic; ,,sicocxlis filosofiis~ mimdevaric<br />

<strong>da</strong> epoqis mkacri, <strong>da</strong>undobeli mxatvaric.<br />

erTi ram cxadia: javaxiSvili ar ubrazdeba Tavis gmirs.<br />

aq arc mrisxanebaa <strong>da</strong> arc siZulvili. igi akvirdeba <strong>da</strong> Tuki<br />

vinmes <strong>da</strong>scinis, im epoqas, romelSic kvaWebi ase xaroben; im<br />

sazogadoebas, romelmac isini gmiris mantiiT Semosa. erT<br />

CanawerSi Teimuraz xevisTavs aTqmevinebs: ,,Cveni cxovrebis<br />

RerZi <strong>da</strong> idumaleba is aris, rom xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> xalxi<br />

erTmaneTs atyuebs. amitom dRes motyueba udides mecnierebad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqca~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 161) mwerali drois saidumlos<br />

amocnobas cdilobs, rainduli esTetikisa <strong>da</strong> TaRliTobis<br />

maxinji simbiozis, misi zemoqmedebis Zalis(,,umal<br />

miizi<strong>da</strong> rainduli yofa-qceviT~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 338)<br />

mxileba un<strong>da</strong>; misi ,,mecnierebis~, anu miznebisa <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebis<br />

garkveva swadia. javaxiSvilis satira drozea <strong>da</strong>miznebuli,<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir uyurebs drois maxinj saxes, kvaWobis sicocxlisunarianobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> gavrcelebis saSiS masStabebs, sazogadoebis<br />

yvela fenis TaRliTur suliskveTebas: `meubnebian,<br />

dRes kvaWebi aRar gvyavs. es marTalia, radgan u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi<br />

kvaWs ra un<strong>da</strong>, samagierod Tumniani kvaWiko aTasobiT moipoveba,<br />

didi kvaWebi ki sul sxva banakSi un<strong>da</strong> veZeboT (politkvaWebi)~<br />

(javaxiSvili 2005: 177).<br />

mwerali Txzav<strong>da</strong> antigmirs, raTa gmiri Seexsenebina sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />

qmni<strong>da</strong> triqsteris saxes, raTa <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli<br />

raindobis idealis xsovna gamoewvia qarTvelebSi. is, Tu,<br />

raoden mniSvnelovani iyo misTvis es amocana, ubis wignakSi<br />

aqvs CaniSnuli: `vinc vaJkacia, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong>sweros am Temaze:<br />

vaJkacobis kulti qarTul mwerlobaSi <strong>da</strong> xalxur poeziaSi,<br />

es de<strong>da</strong>RerZi un<strong>da</strong> aRzdges, Torem sul <strong>da</strong>viRupebiT~<br />

49

(javaxiSvili 2005: 162). <strong>da</strong> sxvagan: `Tava<strong>da</strong>znauroba mokv<strong>da</strong>,<br />

iqneb, sulis aristokratizmi mainc ga<strong>da</strong>rCes~. gmiris Seqmna<br />

fsevdogmirebis epoqaSi Zalze riskiani (mxtvruli <strong>da</strong>majereblobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT) <strong>da</strong> saxifaTo saqme iyo. Tuki niko<br />

lorTqifaniZe raindis xsovnas istoriul suraTebSi acocxleb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

javaxiSvilma antigmirebiT, nakacarebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo: jayo-<br />

Ti, TeimuraziT, kvaWiT, givi SaduriT <strong>da</strong> bolos Seqmna<br />

gmiris saxe — glexi arsena, romelsac swored is Tvisebebi<br />

mianiWa, romlebic Tavis xalxSi undo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>enaxa.<br />

triqsteri-kvaWis moqmedebis klasikuri sfero <strong>da</strong>ngrevaa.<br />

am azriT kvaWi gmiris kontrastul anabeWds warmoadgens.<br />

Tuki gmiri demiurgia, triqsteri destruqciulia, Tumca<br />

misi es unari periodulad <strong>da</strong> SemTxveviT, uaryofiT wesrigsac<br />

utevs xolme (ruseTis imperiis ngreva). gmiri yovel-<br />

Tvis <strong>da</strong>kavebulia samyaros mowesrigebiT. am azriT igi sistemis,<br />

wesrigis centrSi myofobs. triqsteri — centris<br />

aucilebeli sapirwone — aaqtiurebs samyaros centri<strong>da</strong>nul<br />

tendenciebs, utevs normebs, RirebulebaTa sistemas <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />

xan cinikuri, xan ki — ukiduresad gaubraloebuli SefasebebiT<br />

axdens mis recesias, mis adgilas ki sakuTars amkvidrebs<br />

(kvaWis msjelobebi samSobloze, siyvarulze, zneobaze).<br />

kvaWis qmedebis saxe <strong>da</strong> saxeli `gaimasqnebaa~, crusaqmianoba<br />

anu imis keTeba, rac wesrigs arRvevs <strong>da</strong> areuloba<br />

Semoaqvs. kvaWis usaxelo teqnologiebi kosmosuri aqtis sapirispiroa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelic amitom ar qvia.<br />

Tuki gmiris adgili kulturis centrSia, triqsteri eqscentriulia.<br />

isini aucilebel, gar<strong>da</strong>uval opoziciur wyvilad<br />

rCebian maSinac ki, roca gmiri ar Cans <strong>da</strong> sabolood<br />

periferiazea gandevnili. triqsteri centris imitirebas axdens<br />

— icvlis saxels, ikazmeba gmiris mantiiT, raTa <strong>da</strong>S-<br />

50

lili centris adgili <strong>da</strong>ikavos (gavixsenoT kvaWis aznauroba,<br />

misakuTrebuli saxelebi, aristokratuli wodebebi). TamaSi/seriozulobis<br />

opoziciis konteqstSi triqsteri Tama-<br />

Sis, araseriozulobis mxares dgas (bzis kovzis epizodi).<br />

gmiri rTul gzebs gadis, ar iiolebs cxovrebas, emsaxureba<br />

kanons <strong>da</strong> kodeqss (rainduls an sxv.). triqsters imedgacrueba,<br />

SfoTi <strong>da</strong> areuloba Seaqvs realur wesrigSi <strong>da</strong> amas<br />

TamaSiTa <strong>da</strong> elementaruli energiebiT axerxebs. gmirs <strong>da</strong>brkolebad<br />

eqceva Tavisi kulturuloba, triqsters — saku-<br />

Tari ukulturoba uxsnis xel-fexs. gmiri qmnis <strong>da</strong> ganamtkicebs<br />

kulturul tradicias, Sori<strong>da</strong>n mosuli triqsteri ki<br />

mas Slis, orazrovnebas aniWebs. triqsteri gmiris parodiaa,<br />

magram, imavdroulad, am parodirebiT emsaxureba kidec<br />

mas. garkveuli azriT, triqsteri srulad uferulia, ordinaluria,<br />

magram amiTac gmiris saxiT siRrmesa <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebulobas<br />

gamokveTs. triqsteri profanuli personaJia, romelic<br />

gmiris sakralurobas usvams xazs.<br />

triqsteris sicocxlisunarianobis xarisxi gacilebiT<br />

maRalia, vidre gmirisa. gmirs ar SeuZlia miznis misaRwevad<br />

yvela meTodis gamoyeneba, triqsteri ki isaa, visTvisac bediswerad<br />

arasodes iqceva didsulovneba <strong>da</strong> keTilSobileba;<br />

visTvisac xerxi yovelTvis sjobia Rones, naZraxi sicocxle<br />

— saxelovan sikvdils, msoflio geografiuli sivrce –<br />

sakuTar samSoblos <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

triqsteri travestuli drois iluzionistia, romelic,<br />

rogorc vTqviT, raindis mantias irgebs. triqsteris oinbazobebi<br />

(TamaSis wesebi) Cveulebrivi a<strong>da</strong>mianebisTvis ara mxolod<br />

miuRebeli, aramed warmoudgenilic kia. amitom atyuebs<br />

ase iolad volkovis qvrivs, inteligent mama-Svils, TviT<br />

samefo karis gaqnil moxeleebsa <strong>da</strong> udides maqcias —<br />

51

griSka rasputins. sxvaTa Soris, triqsteri yovelTvis la-<br />

parakobs gmirze, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod<br />

gmiri. Tu gmiri vinmes axsovs, es triqsteria. Tavisi qceviT,<br />

sityviT, niSnebiT, sizmarSic ki — igi uneblied axdens gmiris<br />

(kvaWis SemTxvevaSi — tarielis, avTandilis) komentirebas.<br />

triqsteris toposi, raindis msgavsad — mTeli msoflios<br />

geografiuli sivrcea; kvaWisTan ki aqcentirebulad:<br />

samefo kari, didi qalaqebi, restornebi <strong>da</strong>... sawoli.<br />

Tumca triqsteri gmirs ar asaxelebs, magram avtorma<br />

zustad icis, vin dgas personaJis ukan, visi xsovna ukargavs<br />

mas mosvenebas <strong>da</strong> Semoaqvs kidec teqstSi es faruli metateqsti<br />

xan pir<strong>da</strong>piri citirebiT, xan ki niSnebis, qveteqstebisa<br />

Tu miniSnebebis saxiT. es metateqsti `vefxistyaosania~.<br />

javaxiSvilis teqstisTvis `vefxistyaosani~ warmoadgens mesafuZvle<br />

kulturul konteqsts, Secvlili, Tumca jer kidev<br />

Senaxuli mniSvnelobebiT, romlis Semotanas triqsteri,<br />

rogorc teqsti-interpretatori Tavis sasargeblod cdilobs.<br />

igi (kvaWi) TiTqos am konteqstTanaa mibmuli jaWviT<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara marto imitom, rom arev-<strong>da</strong>reva, gaurkvevloba misi<br />

stiqiaa, aramed imitomac, rom sakuTari mniSvnelovneba <strong>da</strong>amtkicos,<br />

istoriuli kulturuli konteqstiT miaCumaTos,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>faros sakuTriv misi konteqstis ukulturoba. magram<br />

Zvel konteqsts, uneblied, Tavisi sakuTari gmiris kvali <strong>da</strong><br />

anabeWdi, anu xsovna axlavs. am konteqsts gareSe kvaWi<br />

araraobaa, erTi martivi crupentela: angarebiani, mSiSara<br />

suteniori.<br />

raindi yovelTvis tovebs kvals, radgan erTgulia – suverenis,<br />

satrfos, drois, normisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis. triqsteri<br />

kvals ar tovebs, radgan arsad ar rCeba (masze marto Worebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>dis). suliT <strong>da</strong>umZimebeli sxeuliT sul ze<strong>da</strong>pirze<br />

52

srialebs, sul ,,zRvarzea~. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom yvelganaa,<br />

igi aravisTan ar identificirdeba, landiviTaa. rainduli<br />

konteqstis gareSe is ar Cans. am konteqtTan ga<strong>da</strong>Zaxilia<br />

romanis Tavebis <strong>da</strong>saTaureba (,,ambavi kvaWis <strong>da</strong>badebisa~; ,,aqa<br />

ambavi umadur samSoblo<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xvewisa~; ,,aqa ambavi... mravalTa<br />

sagmiro saqmeTa~ <strong>da</strong> sxv..) <strong>da</strong> siuJetis kompozicia.<br />

axali amocani<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mixeil javaxiSvilTan rainduli<br />

romanis siuJeturi <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba Sesustebulia, Txroba<br />

miznisken (kulminaciisken) ar miemarTeba aseTis arasebobis<br />

gamo. ambis ganviTarebas triqsteruli Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebis ritmulad<br />

ucvleli Txroba Caenacvleba. Cndeba erT wreze<br />

trialis aRqma. javaxiSvili bolomde asrulebs Tavis mxatvrul<br />

amocanas kvaWis <strong>da</strong>qorwinebiT saroskipos mepatrone<br />

beber `dediloze~ (interteqstualuri ga<strong>da</strong>Zaxili vefxistyaosnis<br />

finalTan: ,,ambavi Zveli siyvarulis ganaRdebisa,<br />

kvaWis <strong>da</strong>ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> ambavTa <strong>da</strong>srulebisa”). SemTxveviToba<br />

iseve ikavebs aucileblobis adgils, rogorc TaRliToba <strong>da</strong><br />

Ralati _ movaleobis, ficis, erTgulebis, rainduli kodeqsis<br />

adgils. triqsters uSromels ver uwodeb, magram<br />

misi saqmianoba `gaimasqnebaa~; kvaWis ,,gzebze sufris ga<strong>da</strong>fena~<br />

Tu ara, restornebis <strong>da</strong>xurva namdvilad uyvars. Tu<br />

mdidrisgan warTmeuls Raribebs ar urigebs, samagierod Zmakacebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sayvarlebze ,,zrunva~ ,,exerxeba~ (maT Soris,<br />

mkvlelobac, gacurebac. gaqiravebac). erTi sityviT, Tavis<strong>da</strong><br />

uneburad, triqsteri mcveli <strong>da</strong> Semxsenebelia imisa, rac <strong>da</strong>ikarga.<br />

rainduli teqsti javaxiSvilis antigmirs samagieros<br />

imiT uxdis, rom triqsteri am kulturi<strong>da</strong>n sabolood verafers<br />

iCemebs. kvaWis ganuwyvetliv Tan sdevs raindis sarkastulad<br />

momRimare aCrdili.<br />

53

kidev erTi konteqsti — romantikuli konteqstia, ro-<br />

melSic kvaWi Tavis zmanebebSi meranze (swored baraTaSvilis<br />

,,huneze”) amxedrebuli Sedis. ase rom, triqsteri-kvaWi am<br />

ori konteqstis _ rainduli <strong>da</strong> romantikuli _ kulturuli<br />

konteqstebis mniSvneloba<strong>da</strong>kargul, groteskulad deformirebul<br />

interteqsts warmoadgens. imas, Tu ramdenad<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo mwerlisaTvis es konteqsti <strong>da</strong> ratom<br />

,,mosinja~ igi kvaWisTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Semdegi Canaweri mowmobs:<br />

,,mxolod qarTul foladur romantikas SeuZlian savsebiT<br />

gangvkurnos~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 162).<br />

Tumca yvelas Tavisianad <strong>da</strong> Sinaurad eCveneba, triqsteri<br />

mu<strong>da</strong>m ,,sxvaganaa~. igi sxvagan yofnis niSania. kvaWi arasodes<br />

ekuTvnis im sivrces <strong>da</strong> im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romlebTanac saqmes<br />

iWers: arc im socialur jgufs, romlis warmomadgenla<strong>da</strong>c<br />

Tavs acxadebs, arc im qalaqs, romelsac ipyrobs, arc im<br />

qals, visi gulisTvisac de<strong>da</strong>miwis erTi kidi<strong>da</strong>n meoremde<br />

<strong>da</strong>rbis. misi maidentificirebeli niSani, misi amosacnobi kodi<br />

sasicocxlo instinqti <strong>da</strong> egoa — usasrulo survilebiT,<br />

siamovnebisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebisaken ltolviT. is mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />

sxvis sivrceSi TamaSobs (,,CaliCobs~, ,,anaRdebs~, ,,aimasqnebs~<br />

– m.k.) _ istoriis megzuri, sazogadoebis SuagulSi ,,moxetiale~<br />

niRbiani crupentela <strong>da</strong> TaRliTi, romlis saxec<br />

isea mizrdili niRabTan, rom gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia.<br />

yvelaferi, rac romanSia, travestirebas anu karnavalur<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cmas, saxis Secvlas, niRbis afarebis princips emorCileba:<br />

rasputinis mkvlelobis scena `sasiZos mokvlisa~ <strong>da</strong><br />

imavdroulad WaSnagiris mkvlelobis aluzias iwvevs. imperatorisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> imperatricas (,,batuSka~ <strong>da</strong> ,,matuSka~) saidumlo<br />

wveuleba kvaWis monawileobiT indoeTis karze momx<strong>da</strong>ri incindentis<br />

Soreul asociacias badebs. saidumlo serobis,<br />

54

osmaleTis frontis scenebis, nacnobi kulturuli <strong>da</strong> literaturuli<br />

teqstebis calkeul fragmentTa ga<strong>da</strong>TamaSeba, istoriuli<br />

faqtebis, dokumenturi masalebis CarTva romanis<br />

teqstSi, TviT mwerlis gamoyvana romanis personaJad <strong>da</strong> avtorisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kvaWis urTierTgacnoba, masTan avtoris pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

dialogi — es yvelaferi <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva modernistuli <strong>da</strong><br />

pistmodernistuli literaturuli TamaSebis arsenali<strong>da</strong>naa.<br />

kvaWis cxovrebis gza — <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>qorwinebamde, misi<br />

Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebis sagangebo <strong>da</strong>saTaureba `vefxistyaosnis~ kvalobaze,<br />

enis `saxarebiseuli~ gar<strong>da</strong>qmna romanis bolo Taveb-<br />

Si, triqsteris Soreuli interteqstis — Suasaukuneebis<br />

rainduli tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> kidev ufro Soreuli konteqstis<br />

— saxarebis profanacias aRwers.<br />

,,bedi-mdevris~ koncepti, romelic m. javaxiSvilis araerT<br />

moTxrobasa <strong>da</strong> romanSi gvxvdeba, `kvaWi kvaWantiraZeSi~<br />

,,bedis mdevris~ konceptad gar<strong>da</strong>isaxeba <strong>da</strong> es principuli,<br />

konceptualuri mniSvnelobis cvlilebaa. gmirs sabediswero<br />

gansacdels umzadebs bediswera _ ,,qamandiani bedi~, fatumi,<br />

moira anu boroti gangeba. triqsteris Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

avanturebs ki fortuna anu iRbali xelmZRvanelobs, e. i.<br />

arsTagamrigis keTilganwyobis, gangebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera warmar-<br />

Tavs. bedis mdevneli, masTan moTamaSe <strong>da</strong> misi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

moimede, raindis niRabafarebuli avanturisti – aseTia axali,<br />

modernistuli epoqis protagonisti, sicocxlis mZlavri<br />

instinqtiTa <strong>da</strong> mopovebis JiniT Sepyrobili qarTveli<br />

triqsteri.<br />

kvaWi saSiSia. cnobilia: imisaTvis, rom SiSma Zala <strong>da</strong>kargos,<br />

igi sasacilod un<strong>da</strong> iqces, anu <strong>da</strong>knindes. romanis<br />

finalSi sworad aseT kvaWis vxe<strong>da</strong>vT: mwerali ironiulad,<br />

magram TiTqos TanagrZnobiT exmianeba Tavis mowyenil, aspa-<br />

55

ezis gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCenil ,,rainds~: ,,maS ra gin<strong>da</strong> kvaWantira-<br />

Zev? mudmivi xetiali? maradiuli devna bedisa? uTavbolo<br />

sirbili <strong>da</strong> qrola qveyanaSi? maS ra gin<strong>da</strong>, ra? Senc ar ici.<br />

mesmis Seni, kvaWikov! mesmis <strong>da</strong> vici~ (javaxiSvili 1960:<br />

419).<br />

ra icis mweralma <strong>da</strong> vis ekuTvnis es TanagrZnoba _ rainds<br />

Tu triqsters, <strong>da</strong>kargul gmirs Tu imas, vinc istoriisa<br />

Tu bediweris ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT mis adgilas aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>?<br />

an, iqneb, triqsters mxolod iTmenen <strong>da</strong> isic imitom, rom<br />

raindis ,,memorialuri sivrce~ sabolood ar <strong>da</strong>carieldes?<br />

globaluri soflis usasrulo sivrceebSi monavarde bedis-maZiebeli,<br />

yvela xalxisa <strong>da</strong> yvela kulturis (sinqronul<br />

<strong>da</strong> diaqronul WrilebSi) momxmarebeli, moxerxebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTuli, hedonisti <strong>da</strong> ara esTeti, arc inteleqtuali<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc meocnebe, aramed qurdi, mkvleli, TaRliTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> politikosi _ aseTia XXsaukunis antigmiri _ triqsteri,<br />

romelic romanis <strong>da</strong>sasruls Cumad <strong>da</strong>rdobs <strong>da</strong> raRacas<br />

elodeba. iqneb, axali speqtaklis wamowyebas gegmavs? an iqneb<br />

qarTveli triqsteri beds ki ara, saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />

mewyvilis gamoCenas elis? avtoris finaluri fraza `mesmis<br />

<strong>da</strong> vici Seni, kvaWi~ —saukunes wvdeba. mwerlis gamWoli<br />

mzera <strong>da</strong> xma gafrTxilebis intonacias Seicavs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebani:<br />

abaSiZe 2003: abaSiZe i. zarebi oc<strong>da</strong>aTiani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n. Tb.: ,,inteleqti~,<br />

2003.<br />

asaTiani 2002: asaTiani g. niko lorTqifaniZe. TxzulebaTa Txtomeuli.<br />

t.3. Tb.: ,,neostudia~, 2002.<br />

demetraZe 2005: demetraZe d. m.javaxiSvilis moRalaturi saqmianobis<br />

Sesaxeb. 17.08.1937. ,,lelvari~. Tb.: ,,literaturuli matiane”, 2005.<br />

56

javaxiSvili 1960: javaxiSvili m. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. III. Tb.:<br />

,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1960.<br />

javaxiSvili 1989: javaxiSvili q. mixeil javaxiSvili. Tb.: ,,sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1989.<br />

javaxiSvili 2005: mixeil javaxiSvilis ubis wignakebi<strong>da</strong>n. ,,lelvari~.<br />

Tb.: <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatueris saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba ,literaturuli<br />

matiane~, 2005.<br />

sxva <strong>literatura</strong>:<br />

TeTruaSvili l. RirebulebaTa ga<strong>da</strong>faseba mixeil javaxiSvilTan, anu<br />

kvaWi Cveni Tanamedrovea. ,,saunje~, #3-4, 2002.<br />

Кереньи К. Трикстер и древнегреческая мифология. http://ec-dejavu.net/t-<br />

2/Trickster-3.html<br />

Шильман М. Трикстер, Герой, его Тень и ее заслуги. http://abuss. narod.ru/<br />

texthtml/trickster.htm<br />

Юнг К. Психология образа трикстера. В кн.: Душа и миф: шесть архетипов.<br />

Киев: 1996.<br />

57

usu<strong>da</strong>n burjanaZe<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwofi universiteti<br />

niko lorTqifaniZe _<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>mcveli<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad didi aRmSeneblobisa, XX saukune sakmaod<br />

sevdiani <strong>da</strong> tragikuli saukunea _ gauTavebeli omebiT, revoluciebiT,<br />

masStaburi Tu lokaluri agresiiTa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

SedegebiT. zogjer iseTi STabeWdilebac Cndeba, TiTqos, yvela<br />

Tu ara, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mniSvnelovani jgufi marcxena xeliT<br />

aSenebs <strong>da</strong> marjvenaTi angrevs. am gaugebrobis Sedegi ki,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, ngrevas garidebul, ferfls Sefarebul,<br />

sulgamoclil a<strong>da</strong>mianTa ukurnebeli tkivilia, rasac xan<br />

`<strong>da</strong>karguli Taobis~ sindromi uwodes, xan nicSeanuri zekacis<br />

saZebnelad gauyenes Saragzas. yvelafer amas ki oblad<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCenilTa, siyvarulis gareSe gazrdilTa zneobrivi kompromisisa<br />

Tu kategoriulad ukompromisobis kompleqsi <strong>da</strong>erTo<br />

Tan.<br />

asea Tu ise, faqtia: globaluri Tu lokaluri kataklizmebis<br />

dros erTeulebi inarCuneben a<strong>da</strong>mianur saxes, <strong>da</strong>narCenebi<br />

am saxes an kargaven, an, mdumare sasowarkveTaSi<br />

myofni, sakuTar samSobloSi agrZeleben eamigrantebad<br />

cxovrebas.<br />

am mcirericxovan, gonier, zneobriv <strong>da</strong> ukompromiso a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />

kategorias ekuTvnian mixeil javaxiSvilica <strong>da</strong> niko<br />

lorTqifaniZec. paradoqsia, magram faqtia isic, rom swored<br />

am niSniT gamoarCies <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCenebs (igive saxadi rom ar<br />

58

Sehyro<strong>da</strong>T) samu<strong>da</strong>mod moaSores javaxiSvili. magaliTis Za-<br />

la xom Zalian ga<strong>da</strong>mdebia...<br />

Cexovi ambob<strong>da</strong>, provincializmi geografiuli mdebareoba<br />

ki ara, sulis mdgomareobaao. SeuZlebelia, ar <strong>da</strong>eTanxmo.<br />

provincialma sul ori nacvalsaxeli icis. pirisa _ `me~ <strong>da</strong><br />

kuTvnilebiTi _ `Cemi~. aseve, ori zmna: `min<strong>da</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> `mekuTv-<br />

nis~. sxvasac Tu un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekuTvnis raime, amaze provinciali<br />

naklebad fiqrobs <strong>da</strong> iwyeba Zalauflebis, qonebis, sicocx-<br />

lis xelyofac ki. xolo, Tu raodenobrioba Tvisobrivad iqca,<br />

erisgan, sazogadoebisgan, kacobriobisgan, brbos gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aRaraferi rCeba.<br />

am katastrofas upirispirebs dRes arsebuli, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />

uflebebis <strong>da</strong>mcveli uamravi organizacia, romelTa upirvelesi<br />

sazrunavi grandiozuli aRmSeneblobebis miRma verSem-<br />

Cneuli, uZRebi agresiis Sedegad travmirebuli Tu, ubralod,<br />

gangebisgan ganwiruli a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>xmarebaa.<br />

amave katasrofas upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong> rafinirebuli, gonieri<br />

<strong>da</strong> kacTmoyvare mwerali niko lorTqifaniZe mTeli Tavisi<br />

SemoqmedebiTa Tu pirovnuli qmedebiT.<br />

haine ambobs: `a<strong>da</strong>miani qveynierebaa, romelic masTan er-<br />

Tad ibadeba <strong>da</strong> kvdeba. TiToeul samarxSi marxia mTeli qveynierebis<br />

istoria~.<br />

niko lorTqifaniZe moTxrobaSi `<strong>da</strong>dianis asuli <strong>da</strong> maTxovari~<br />

wers: `gamx<strong>da</strong>r Txas, <strong>da</strong>koWlebul cxens, Caxmaxmotexil<br />

Tofs fasi ekargeba. a<strong>da</strong>mianis fasi ki arafriT ganizomeba,<br />

samegrelos mTavrobas uboZebs mas RmerTi Tu <strong>da</strong>dianis<br />

meRoreobas <strong>da</strong>akisrebs... a<strong>da</strong>miani arc iyideba, arc icvleba.<br />

is Seufasebelia, is erTia, mxolod erTi~.<br />

mwerali mu<strong>da</strong>m iyo am erTaderTi <strong>da</strong> ganumeorebeli qveynierebis<br />

qomagi an monaRvle. `monaRvle~ sabas leqsikonSi<br />

59

<strong>da</strong>mcvels, Wirisufals niSnavs. am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis <strong>da</strong>sturia<br />

lorTqifaniZis mTeli Semoqmedebac. iqac, sa<strong>da</strong>c is ambobs,<br />

didebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi uZeglod ikargebiano (`Tavsafriani de<strong>da</strong>kaci~)<br />

<strong>da</strong> iqac, sa<strong>da</strong>c glaxa, maTxovari, arseba (`<strong>da</strong>dianis<br />

asuli <strong>da</strong> maTxovari~) Rirsebis grZnobis gaRviZebisTanave<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianad, pirovnebad iqceva.<br />

gana ra iyo CemSi iseTi, ramac <strong>da</strong>dianis asuli SeaCera,<br />

cxenze Semisva <strong>da</strong> oms gamari<strong>da</strong>o, <strong>da</strong>fiqr<strong>da</strong> aqamde yvelasagan<br />

SeumCneveli arseba. me xom arc lamazi var, arc _ axalgazr<strong>da</strong>,<br />

arc mdi<strong>da</strong>rio?!.. <strong>da</strong> didi wvalebis Semdeg miagno im er-<br />

TaderT <strong>da</strong> swor pasuxs, ramac Rirseba <strong>da</strong>ubruna, a<strong>da</strong>mianad,<br />

pirovnebad aqcia <strong>da</strong> SeaZlebina, aqeT eca pativi misi sicocxlis<br />

uflebis ga<strong>da</strong>mrCenisTvis. pasuxi ki sul ubraloa:<br />

isic a<strong>da</strong>miania!<br />

Tavsafriani de<strong>da</strong>kacisadmi miZRvnili Zeglis marTebulobaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>sarwmuneblad ki quCaSi gagdebuli, Svilebis azriT,<br />

funqcia<strong>da</strong>karguli dedis ukanaskneli depeSac kmara. `wavedi<br />

salocavaT. nuRar meZebT~. Rirsebaayrilma isev Svilebis<br />

Rirseba <strong>da</strong>indo, sasikvdilod gawirulma isev maTi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />

saxis SenarCunebis valdebuleba ikisra. gasaocari sulieri<br />

simaRlea. Tumca xSirad amboben, gana iseTi ra mox<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Cvenc xom xSirad (ojaxSi mainc) aTasgvar rames veubnebiT<br />

erTmaneTs, mere rao?.. didi ambavi, `Segenana~, `saRirali pativi~<br />

Svilma akadra, ucxom xom arao~?<br />

am kiTxvebsa <strong>da</strong> sityvis magiur Zalaze bibliaca <strong>da</strong> fsiqolingvistikac<br />

Cemze ukeT gascemen pasuxs. me ki martivad<br />

vityvi: TiToeul bgeras, bgeraTkompleqss, sityvas, sityvaTa<br />

Tanamezoblobas garkveuli sixSire gaaCnia, garkveuli energetika,<br />

rac acocxlebs an klavs iseve, rogorc _ locva <strong>da</strong><br />

wyevla.<br />

60

am Tezis <strong>da</strong>sturia n. lorTqifaniZis erT-erTi saintere-<br />

so moTxroba `Selocva radioTi~, sa<strong>da</strong>c moTxrobis gmiri<br />

qalis namdvili saxeli `elpide~ (imedi) dide<strong>da</strong>s locvanSi<br />

rCeba, xolo emociebs ayolili, saxel <strong>da</strong> saxe<strong>da</strong>karguli<br />

mSvenieri eli, viRac ingliselis `wyalobiT~, emigranti<br />

xdeba. mwerali Cveuli lakonizmiT, detalebze yuradRebis<br />

gamaxvilebis gareSe, gviambobs elis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savals evropaSi,<br />

misi gaurkveveli urTierTobis ambavs heqsli-bromleisTan.<br />

gakvriT axsenebs, rom man samSobloSi moxuci mama <strong>da</strong> Svili<br />

<strong>da</strong>tova, rom ori uiRblo qorwinebis Semdeg evropa <strong>da</strong>agemovna,<br />

umdidresi Tayvanismcemlebic SeiZina <strong>da</strong> a. S. erTi<br />

sityviT, elis dRes yvela piroba aqvs `saukeTeso cxovrebisTvis~.<br />

<strong>da</strong>, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rogorc ki iRviZebs masSi<br />

droebiT miZinebuli Rirsebis grZnoba, iwyeba identifikacia<br />

samSoblosTan, iq <strong>da</strong>rCenilebTan, dide<strong>da</strong>s locvanSi myof<br />

imedTan... elis ukurnebeli saxadi Seeyreba _ `nostalgia~,<br />

rac ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonSi ase ganmartebuli: umZimesi<br />

seni samSobloSi ver<strong>da</strong>brunebis gamo. eli ukidures qmedebaze<br />

midis <strong>da</strong> erTaderT gamosavlad gvelebTan cekva miaCnia.<br />

miT ufro, rom mas aRar surs valSi <strong>da</strong>rCena vinme bromleisTan,<br />

kacTan, romelic arafrad uRirs. man un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imsaxuros<br />

wasvla, moigos naZlevi. ris fasad? Tun<strong>da</strong>c _<br />

sikvdilis...<br />

elisa <strong>da</strong> gvelebis cekvis epizodi, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom kidev<br />

erTxel a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Rirsebaayrili a<strong>da</strong>mianis gaa<strong>da</strong>mianebis,<br />

Rirsebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis, pirovnebad qcevis ucilobel faqts,<br />

erT-erTi saukeTeso ferweruli tilocaa impresionistuli<br />

weris manerisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c mwerali ki ar mogviTxrobs, aramed<br />

gviCvenebs...<br />

61

sityvis magiuri, zogjer _ mistikuri _ Zalis uZlureba<br />

Cans elis ukanaskneli survilis aRsrulebaSi, rodesac gam-<br />

zrdeli roqsanis locvas radios saSualebiT awvdian momakv<strong>da</strong>vs...<br />

elisa <strong>da</strong> samSoblos Soris Camdgarma manZilma <strong>da</strong><br />

drom gawyvita is organuli kavSiri, rac malamod un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>hfeno<strong>da</strong><br />

mis nawvaleb suls...<br />

an, iqneb, aRarc Rir<strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>bruneba, vin icis...<br />

gana erTi <strong>da</strong> ori magaliTi viciT guSindel Tu Tanamedrove<br />

migrantTa cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n, literaturul gmirTa Tu, ubralod,<br />

nacnob-axlobelTa yoveldRiuri yofi<strong>da</strong>n _ gaorebulebma,<br />

ucxod qceulebma <strong>da</strong> sasowarkveTilebma, veRarsad<br />

rom moizomes sakuTari adgili?..<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis erT-erTi saukeTeso noveli<strong>da</strong>n `tragedia<br />

ugmirod~, romelze<strong>da</strong>c bevri ramis Tqma SeiZleba, me<br />

gamovyof ukanasknel abzacs, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia Cem<br />

mier arCeul TemasTan _ a<strong>da</strong>mianis, a<strong>da</strong>mianurobis, humanizmis<br />

sayovelTao moralur kanonTan <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebTan, kerZod<br />

ki _ mezoblis mier gamoTqmul `wuxilTan~ mas Semdeg, rac<br />

ubedurma mamam sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutana sakuTar Tavs<br />

<strong>da</strong> bavSvebi upatronod <strong>da</strong>yara. `raRa Cems ezoSi, Cemi TokiT<br />

CamoixrCo Tavi am ojaxqorma!~ _ iwyevlebo<strong>da</strong> mezobeli, romelsac<br />

am SemTxvevis gamo garkveuli diskomforti elo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

samagaliTo sisastikea, samagaliTo usulgulobac, gamaognebeli<br />

gulgrilobac.<br />

sazogadoebis gulgriloba ki upirvelesi mizezia calkeul<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianTa tragediis...<br />

ai, am gulgrilobis, ugulisyurobis, sixarbis, sisastikis,<br />

ugunurebisa <strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, isev provincializmis winaaRmdegaa<br />

mimarTuli aristokratiuli sulis mqone mwerlisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> moazrovnis niko lorTqifaniZis mTeli Semoqmedeba, rom-<br />

62

lisTvisac TiToeuli arsebis a<strong>da</strong>mianad, pirovnebad qceva ra-<br />

finirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas niSnavs <strong>da</strong> amitomacaa,<br />

rom dResac zariviT rekavs misi ritmuli proziT <strong>da</strong>werili<br />

erTgverdiani miniatura:<br />

`iyideba saqarTvelo!<br />

yidis yvela!<br />

iyideba yvelgan!~<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tu yurs mivugdebT <strong>da</strong> gavigonebT am Zaxils, iqneb<br />

mogveces Sansi erTad, sazogadoebad, saxelmwifod <strong>da</strong>rCenisa<br />

dRes, Cveni qveynisTvis umZimes istoriul realobaSic...<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos, markus avreliusi ambob<strong>da</strong>: `oboba amayobs, roca<br />

buzs abams qselSi; vis baWiis <strong>da</strong>Wera eamayeba, vis _ sardinisa<br />

badiT, vis _ gareuli taxis Zleva, vis _ <strong>da</strong>Tvisa,<br />

vis kidev _ sarmatis (barbarosTa tomis). magram gana yvelani<br />

yaCaRebad ar warmogvidgebian, Tu gamowvlilviT ganvixilavT<br />

maTs samoqmedo sawyisT?<br />

63

nona kupreiSvili<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti<br />

mxatvruli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri diskursis korelacia<br />

`jayos xiznebis~ mixedviT<br />

arsebobs sakmaod miviwyebuli saubris Canaweri mixeil<br />

javaxiSvilsa <strong>da</strong> mweral <strong>da</strong>viT kasraZes Soris. es aris uaRresad<br />

cocxali, aluziuri teqsti, romelSic mixeil javaxiSvilis<br />

ara mxolod rogorc mwerlis, aramed rogorc<br />

praqtikos-ekonomistis Sefasebaa asaxuli. <strong>da</strong>viT kasraZe:<br />

`rogorc Cans, Sen ufro finansisti un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyavi, vidre<br />

beletristi. rogor mox<strong>da</strong>, rom kaios ∗ mopasanoba arCie?~<br />

<strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvaze javaxiSvili mTeli seriozulobiT pasuxobs:<br />

`Sen xumrob, magram vin icis, ra emjobinebo<strong>da</strong> Cveni<br />

qveynisTvis~. mwerlis avtobiografiac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs zemogamoTqmul<br />

varauds, radgan masSi sakmao<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili, ase<br />

vTqvaT, araliteraturuli saqmianobis faqtebi: aviRoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />

1906 weli. gazeT `glexis~ re<strong>da</strong>qtorobisaTvis samar-<br />

TalSi micemuli <strong>da</strong> SveicariaSi gaparuli mwerali parizSi<br />

aRmoCndeba <strong>da</strong>, rogorc TviTonve wers, `sorbonaSi <strong>literatura</strong>s,<br />

xelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> politikur ekonomias swavlobs~.<br />

drois gansakuTrebuli niSani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom swored<br />

am periodSi `Terg<strong>da</strong>leulTa~ kval<strong>da</strong>kval mosuli axali<br />

Taoba jansaRi pragmatizmis, `praqtikuli cxovrebis al-<br />

Roianobis~ aucileblobas gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT grZnobs.<br />

amitomac f. gogiCaiSvili emigraciaSi mimaval axalgazr<strong>da</strong>s<br />

∗ Jozef kaio – safrangeTis finansTa ministri.<br />

64

sagangebod urCevs, dro uqmad ar <strong>da</strong>kargos, humanitarul<br />

mecnierebebs ar CauRrmavdes <strong>da</strong> mTeli energia ekonomikis<br />

Seswavlas moaxmaros. imave <strong>da</strong>viT kasraZesTan saubarSi mwerali<br />

ityvis: filipe gogiCaiSvilma gamaracionalistao. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

dros mix. javaxiSvili, marTalac, gvevlineba rostovis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mzRvevi sazogadoebis saolqo inspeqtorad; amave sazogadoebis<br />

rwmunebulad amierkavkasiaSi; wiTeli jvris sazogadoebis<br />

inten<strong>da</strong>ntad; savaWro-samrewvelo palatis erT-erT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mfuZneblad; amierkavkasiis sagareo vaWrobis safinanso<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> salicenzio ganyofilebis gamged; Tumca socialuri<br />

revanSis epoqaSi interesTa farTo wre, maRali<br />

profesionalizmi <strong>da</strong> Rrma azrovneba ara pativiscemas, aramed<br />

eWvs iwvev<strong>da</strong>. bolos yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ise <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc romanSi `jayos xiznebi~ _ mwignobari Teimuraz xevisTavi,<br />

romelic vaWrobasa <strong>da</strong> finansebSic erkveo<strong>da</strong>, jayos<br />

<strong>da</strong>xli<strong>da</strong>robisTvis gaiwira...<br />

mix. javaxiSvilis ekonomikuri diskursi ilia WavWavaZis<br />

`modernizatoruli proeqtis~ Semadgeneli nawilia, mxolod<br />

misi realizaciis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet fazaSi, drois axal gansxvavebul<br />

konteqstSi. is, rasac Tanamedrove ilialogebi `literaturis<br />

wiaRSi axali saqarTvelos Seqmnis process~ uwodeben,<br />

XX s.aukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ramdenadme koreqtirebuli<br />

saxiT warmoudga evropis universitetebSi ganaTlebamiRebul<br />

axalgazrdobas, romelsac ilias kvalSi dgoma xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxavi<br />

pasuxismgeblobis winaSe ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. arCil jorjaZe,<br />

geronti qiqoZe, mixeil javaxiSvli, revaz gabaSvili, samson<br />

fircxalava <strong>da</strong> sxvebi miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad `Terg<strong>da</strong>leulTa~ miznebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> amocanebis ramdenadme gansxvavebuli Sefasebisa, zogjer<br />

ki maTi ideebis recesiis mcdelobisa, erTianni iyvnen TviT<br />

ekonomikuri urTierTobis erovnuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri cxov-<br />

65

ebis saZirkvlad aRiarebisas. sakiTxebi, romelic mTeli<br />

simwvaviT <strong>da</strong>isva publicistikaSi ekonomikas, rogorc kulturis<br />

formas, ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas axali qarTvelis TviT<strong>da</strong>dgenis,<br />

TviTrealizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes komponentad<br />

miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. maTi nawili Tavis droze ilias SemoqmedebaSi<br />

aisaxa. mag. mamuli, rogorc ekonomikuri faqtori <strong>da</strong><br />

rogorc metafora; codnisa <strong>da</strong> rwmenis morigeba sekularizaciis<br />

konteqstSi; raindze vaWris gamarjvebis kanonzomiereba<br />

anu xmlisa <strong>da</strong> fulis antinomia; qalaqi <strong>da</strong> sofeli – Teza<br />

<strong>da</strong> antiTeza; erovnuli <strong>da</strong> kapitalisturi eTosis morigeba;<br />

aqtiuri xasiaTis, igive funqciuri a<strong>da</strong>mianis, aucileblobis<br />

stimulireba <strong>da</strong> sxva. Tumca swrafva `faqizi balansisaken~<br />

(kaxa kacitaZe) progresistul ideebsa <strong>da</strong> myar faseulobebs<br />

Soris, romliTac ilias strategia gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>, axal saukuneSi<br />

ufro xisti <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri xdeba. es clileba, upirveles<br />

yovelisa, Tavad mix. javaxiSvilis moRvaweobis xasiaTs<br />

Seexo. Cvidmeti weliwadi, romelic man mwerlobis miRma<br />

gaatara <strong>da</strong> swori kulturul-politikuri orientaciis determinirebas<br />

moaxmara, naTlad cxadyofs ara marto sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebaSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis xarisxs, aramed<br />

konkretuli istoriuli momentis mniSvnelobas.<br />

kulturuli identobis problema, romelic iliam <strong>da</strong><br />

misma Taobam `axali istoriuli konteqstis Seqmnamde~ gaafarToes,<br />

mix. javaxiSvilTan ufro metad detalizebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

aqtivizebulia. erT-erT publicistur werilSi `patara kacis<br />

patara fiqrebi~ (1906 w.) TbilisSi stumrad myofi ucxoeli<br />

(sxvaTa Soris, erovnebiT poloneli), romelic yvela<br />

niSniT, avtoris `alter egoa~, realobis kondensirebul suraTs<br />

ase warmogvidgens: igi xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura<br />

caristuli ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n Semosul kulturas <strong>da</strong>umarcxebia, Tan<br />

66

qarTvelTa aqtiuri xelSewyobiT. saWiroa ara misi aRdgena,<br />

aramed axlis Seqmna _ `magram vin un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas es kultura,<br />

es wyaro, es adgilobrivi cxovreba?~ – svams kiTxvas idu-<br />

mali poloneli <strong>da</strong> adekvatur pasuxsac iZleva: `mas ver Seqmnis<br />

verc Tqveni gamyidveli Tava<strong>da</strong>znauroba (Zala, romelic<br />

ase eimedebo<strong>da</strong> ilias – n.k.), verc Tqveni radikaluri inteligencia<br />

<strong>da</strong> verc socialisturi muSa xalxi. ara mgonia,<br />

moiZebnos sadme cotad Tu bevrad Segnebuli kaci, romelmac<br />

ar aRiaros, rom Tanamdrove kulturas aSenebs <strong>da</strong> qmnis mxolod<br />

mesame elementis ganviTareba, mxolod vaWroba <strong>da</strong> mrewveloba~...<br />

(javaxiSvili 2001:246) Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurobis Sesaxeb<br />

javaxiSvils `jayos xiznebis~ Seqmnamdec hqon<strong>da</strong> gamoTqmuli<br />

ukompromiso Sexedulebebi. mag: `aTiode TavadiSvilma ufro<br />

metad azarala saqarTvelo ekonomiurad <strong>da</strong> politikurad,<br />

vidre aRa-mahmad xanma...~ Tumca aq TviTkoreqcia gax<strong>da</strong> saWiro,<br />

radgan male mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom social-demokratiuli ideebiT<br />

mowamlul atmosferoSi jansaRi kritika mizans Sordebo<strong>da</strong><br />

klasobrivi brZolisken mowodebad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba<br />

ilias mier Tavis droze aRmoCenil disproporcias raindsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> vaWars an mrewvels Soris, mix. javaxiSvilisTvis aq qar-<br />

Tuli kulturul-istoriuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

konsesusuri formula aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> misaRebi. `vai, im xalxs,<br />

vinc mxolod vaWrobs <strong>da</strong> vui, imas, vinc mxolod raindobs~.<br />

gavixsenoT, rogor mosazrebas gamoTqvams am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

SirebiT Tavadi – mwignobari Teimuraz xevisTavi, XX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisis<br />

aristokratuli warmoSobis <strong>qarTuli</strong> inteligenciis<br />

warmomadgeneli: `...qeCo<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli fexis frCxilamde<br />

aznaurebi varT... yvela Sromas gaurbis... qarTvels suliviT<br />

uyvars fuli, magram uZiro siyvaruliT sZuls <strong>da</strong> eziz-<br />

Reba fuliani kaci, ese igi, fulis Sovnis xerxi, ese igi,<br />

67

vaWroba <strong>da</strong> mrewveloba. xolo, vaWrobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> mrewvelobisaTvis<br />

saWiroa didi Taosnoba, garja <strong>da</strong> momWirneoba, ese<br />

igi, oris Sovna <strong>da</strong> erTis <strong>da</strong>xarjva. ese igi, Tav<strong>da</strong>Werili,<br />

dinji <strong>da</strong> angariSiani cxovreba, sulisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis disciplina,<br />

ese igi, Sroma <strong>da</strong> nebisyofa~. <strong>da</strong> swored aq gaismis<br />

seriozuli braldeba XIX saukunis Suaxanebis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mwerlobisadmi, romelmac erisTavis, cagarelis, antonovis<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa <strong>da</strong>mxarebiT gaamasxarava vaWari, <strong>da</strong>Tesa am saqmianobis<br />

mimarT yovlad gaumarTlebeli zizRi <strong>da</strong> Sxami.<br />

gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Sromis kulturis<br />

mimarT mix. javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani. ekonomikuri<br />

sakiTxebisa<strong>da</strong>mi miZRvnil mis publicistur werilebSi<br />

xSirad figurirebs inglisi, belgia Tu amerika, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

swored Sromis swori organizebis xarjze ga<strong>da</strong>rCenilan, samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoebis mkvidri safuZvlebi CauyriaT. cxadia,<br />

Teimurazmac, romlis `msubuqi kalami~ am Temasac swvdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

kargad icis Sromis fasi, Sromis ara tanjvad, aramed sasiamovno<br />

movaleobad aRqmis mniSvneloba. icis, Tumca TviTon<br />

yofiT, yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, srul uunarobas iCens.<br />

kontrasti, romelic mTeli romanis manZilze nakacaris Teoriulsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> praqtikul momzadebas Soris igrZnoba, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

inteligenciisaTvis mwerlis mier gamotanili verdiqtis<br />

mxatvruli transformaciis formad aRiqmeba, romelmac garkveul<br />

dro-sivrcul arealSi `jayoobis~ Seucvleli stimulatoris<br />

funqcia Seasrula. samwuxarod, am romanSi oTaraanT<br />

qvrivisa <strong>da</strong> misi meuRlisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Sromisunarianobis,<br />

giorgisaTvis ki sabediswerod qceuli namusiani<br />

garjisTvis adgili aRar aris. igi bolSevikuri `ngrevis Senebas~<br />

Caunacvlebia, rac savsebiT amarTlebs zaza firaliSvilis<br />

mosazrebas `TaTqariZeobis~ igive crusaqmianobis (ara-<br />

68

adekvaturi iluzoruli TviTSefasebiT) msgavsi Tvisebebis<br />

mqone socializmiT Canacvlebis Sesaxeb: `TaTqariZeoba socializmma<br />

Caanacvla~... (firaliSvili 2005:205). maS, socializmi<br />

Tu kapitalizmi? romeli gziT wava mravaltanjuli,<br />

monobisagan ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebuli qveyana? ilias dros am kiTxvas,<br />

erTi SexedviT, naklebi seriozulobiT ekidebodnen. mix. javaxiSvili<br />

ki TvalnaTliv xe<strong>da</strong>vs social-demokratebis `moRvaweobis~<br />

Sinaarss, imas, Tu rogor ~mRvrie naka<strong>da</strong>d Seerivnen~<br />

isini <strong>qarTuli</strong> cxovrebis ris vai-aglaxiT <strong>da</strong>Zrul mdinarebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> aqcents, Tavisi didi winamorbedebis msgavsad<br />

(ilia, niko nikolaZe, filipe gogiCaiSvli) kerZo sakuTrebis<br />

xelSeuxeblobaze akeTebs. aqac igive ambivalenturobaa:<br />

mamuli, rogorc ekonomikuri faqtori <strong>da</strong> mamuli, rogorc<br />

metafora. Teimuraz xevisTavs arc erTi ganzomilebis mimarT<br />

ar gamouCenia Tav<strong>da</strong>deba, ar CabRauWebia mama-papis <strong>da</strong>natovars,<br />

ar ucdia sakuTari ojaxis miwis siyvaruliT ga<strong>da</strong>rCena.<br />

saqarTvelos istoriiT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli ucxoeli mecnieri<br />

jefri hoskingi wignSi `ruseTi, xalxi <strong>da</strong> imperia~<br />

(1955-1917 ww.) (hoskingi 2001:53) SeniSnavs: `TavianTi uflebebis<br />

bolomde miyvanaSi qarTvelebs ganuviTar<strong>da</strong> Taviseburi<br />

forma nacionalizmisa, romelic ragind paradoqsulic ar<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos _ <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iyo marqsizmze... marqsizmi pasuxob<strong>da</strong><br />

maT internaconalur <strong>da</strong> antikapitalistur miswrafebebs~...<br />

polonelic, mix. javaxiSvilis zemo<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli werili<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

kargad xe<strong>da</strong>vs erTsulovan gatacebas socialisturi<br />

ideebiT... rac saqarTvelos anomaliuri mdgomareobis gamovlinebad<br />

miaCnia (javaxiSvili 2001:247).<br />

maqs veberis mier kapitalizmisa <strong>da</strong> konfesiebis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

kvlevis konteqstSi kapitalizmis sulis makoordineblad<br />

Sromasa <strong>da</strong> yairaTianobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli eTikis<br />

69

miCneva, rogorc Tamaz vasaZe SeniSnavs Tavis werilSi `orgvari<br />

cnobiereba~, analogiura<strong>da</strong>a gaazrebuli `oTaraanT<br />

qvrivSi~. uqmi sityvis koncepti, qvrivis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba saqmisagan<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sorebul sityvasTan, `sityva saqmianis~ upiratesobis<br />

aRiarebis surviliT, qristianuli moraliTaa ganpirobebuli.<br />

am moments saTanadod iTvaliwineben kidec ilias `sekularizaciul<br />

proeqtze~ saubris dros, Tumca is, rac iq<br />

mxolod miniSnebulia, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi idealebis<br />

kraxiT gawiwmatebuli Teimuraz xevisTavis aRsarebaSi radikaluri<br />

formiT Cndeba: `ho, Sroma, isev Sroma <strong>da</strong> Sroma!<br />

axali drois axali sarwmunoeba, axali religia, qristianobaze<br />

ufro mZlavri, ufro saWiro <strong>da</strong> sasargeblo. vinc es<br />

gaigo <strong>da</strong> mas xorci Seasxa, gamarjvebulia, vinc ver moeria<br />

– <strong>da</strong>Rupulia. CvenTvis ki Sroma umZimesi tvirTia, RvTis<br />

wyevlaa. ai, Turme sad yofila ZaRlis Tavi Camarxuli! ai,<br />

Turme ra gvklebia _ Sroma <strong>da</strong> nebisyofa, ese igi, kultura!..~<br />

(javaxiSvili 1998:105). vfiqrobT, es <strong>qarTuli</strong> sociokulturuli<br />

cxovrebis peripetiebSi gamotarebuli axali<br />

ideologemaa, romelic gaucxoebul drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi aRmocen<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> amdenad, sruliad unayofo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sruli Tanxvedra iliasa <strong>da</strong> mixeil javaxiSvilis ekonomikur<br />

koncefciebs Soris glexisadmi, `rogorc sazogadoebis<br />

qve<strong>da</strong> fenebSi <strong>da</strong>grovili SemoqmedebiTi energiis~ matareblisadmi,<br />

gamJRavn<strong>da</strong>. `me TviTon glexi var, sofelSi <strong>da</strong>vibade,<br />

glexebSi gavizarde <strong>da</strong> Zalian kargad vici glexis<br />

cxovreba <strong>da</strong> vaivaglaxi. mamaCemi dili<strong>da</strong>n saRamomdis muSaob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

oflSi iwurebo<strong>da</strong>, welze fexs idgam<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />

colSvilisaTvis lukmapurs Soulob<strong>da</strong>~ _ ase gvacnob<strong>da</strong> sakuTar<br />

mSobels mwerali saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi (javaxiSvili<br />

2001:272). 30-ian wlebSi ki <strong>da</strong>sZen<strong>da</strong>: `xelmoWerili qiziye-<br />

70

li iyo, mklavmagari <strong>da</strong> sakmaod SeZlebuli. exla mamal kulakad<br />

CaiTvlebo<strong>da</strong>...~ am or amonaridSi social-politikuri<br />

kataklizmebis, kulturuli paradigmebis cvlis xanaSi glexis,<br />

momavali saqarTvelos am yvelaze saimedo social-ekonomikuri<br />

Zalis, realuri bedia proecirebuli. ilias swrafva,<br />

batonymobis ga<strong>da</strong>vardnis Semdeg <strong>qarTuli</strong> mowinave sazogadoeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>erwmunebina glexis kerZo mesakuTred Camoyalibebis<br />

aucileblobaSi, mix. javaxiSvilis publicistikaSi, `moqalaqeobrivi<br />

Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ganviTarebis~...<br />

myar orientira<strong>da</strong>a wamodgenili. mTavari iyo glexi revoluciur<br />

anu `sxvis~ brZolebSi ar SeetyuebinaT. mas upirvelesad<br />

sakuTar miwasTan kavSirisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari miwisaTvis un<strong>da</strong><br />

ebrZola. mwerali sagangebod mimarTavs irlandili glexebis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>debis magaliTebs gamovlenils kanons <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> ingliseli `lendlordebis~ Tavnebobisagan miwis Tavisufali<br />

gankargvis uflebebis mopovebisaTvis gamarTul brZolebSi.<br />

mwerali mizanmimarTulad warmoaCens saqarTveloze<br />

aranakleb Seviwroebul, mtruli mezoblis garemocvaSi myof<br />

qveyanas, sa<strong>da</strong>c eri Tavs swiravs ara sxvaTagan Tavsmoxveul<br />

utopiur ideebs, aramed sakuTar miwaze mesakuTris uflebebis<br />

ganmtkicebas. swored amitom mix. javaxiSvilis werili<br />

`agraruli reformebi irlandiaSi~ TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis<br />

manifestiviT ikiTxeba. `jayos xiznebSi~ warmodgenili<br />

glexebi ki mas Semdeg, rac Teimurazisagan `Cveneburi nexvis~<br />

Senaxvis Sesaxeb sasurvel informacias ver iReben, advilad<br />

erTvebian axali sabWoTa a<strong>da</strong>mianis mimikriul oromtrialSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> jayosa <strong>da</strong> `jayoobasTan~, `ninikasa~ <strong>da</strong> `ninikobasTan~ advilad<br />

misasvlel gzebs eZeben. is, Tu rogor moswy<strong>da</strong> glexi<br />

miwas <strong>da</strong> rogor <strong>da</strong>adga crusaqmianobiT, Zveli uprincipobiT<br />

71

gatkepnil gzas STambeW<strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>a asaxuli mogvianebiT Seqmnil<br />

moTxrobaSi `<strong>da</strong>mpatiJe~.<br />

mix. javaxiSvilis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> literaturuli diskursis<br />

konceptualuri erTianoba, sxvaTaSoris, abaTilebs am<br />

bolo dros <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba miTo-poeturi cnobierebis generaciis sa-<br />

Sualebad ganixileba. gamodis, rom Cven srulyofilad ar<br />

vicnobT Cvensave klasikas. gavixsenoT, ramodenime aTeuli<br />

wlis win, rodesac tabuirebuli `jayos xiznebis~ persona-<br />

Jebi reJisor T. CxeiZis satelevizio speqtaklSi gacocxldnen,<br />

sazogadoebis didi nawilis reaqcia sruliad unugeSo<br />

iyo. dRes am romans, sabednierod, sxva TvaliT vkiTxulobT<br />

<strong>da</strong> vrwmundebiT, rom aseTi mniSvnelovani mxatvruli teqstis<br />

mravalgvari recefcia mkiTxvelis warmodgenaTa aqtualizebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> konkretizebis axal-axal saSualebebs iZleva.<br />

amasTan xdeba Tavad mkiTxvelis meir sakuTari Tavis formireba.<br />

mix. javaxiSvili, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom yvela drois-<br />

Tvis uxerxuli avtoria, teqstisa <strong>da</strong> mkiTxvelis swored<br />

amgvari urTierTobis saSualebas iZleva. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, Cven mier warmodgenili mosazrebebic,<br />

inerpretaciis <strong>da</strong>uwereli kanonis moTxovniT, momavalSi<br />

kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>ixveweba <strong>da</strong> Seivseba.<br />

72

<strong>da</strong>mowmebani:<br />

berZeniSvili 1965: berZeniSvili n. masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri<br />

cxovrebisaTvis. // <strong>qarTuli</strong> wyaroTmcodneoba. Tb.: 1965.<br />

guguSvili 1972: guguSvili p. ekonomikuri urTierTobani amierkavka-<br />

siaSi XIX-XX s.s. <strong>mijnaze</strong>. Tb.: 1972.<br />

gogiCaiSvili 1902: gogiCaiSvili f. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTa-<br />

reba me-19 saukuneSi. `kvali~, # 49, Tb.: 1902.<br />

kacitaZe 2007: kacitaZe k. ilias epoqa <strong>da</strong> dRevandeloba. // ilia<br />

WavWavaZe 170. Tb.: 2007.<br />

firaliSvili 2005: firaliSvili z. ilia: istoriuli konteqsti <strong>da</strong><br />

pirovneba. // ilia WavWavaZe 170. Tb.: 2005.<br />

javaxiSvili 1985: javaxiSvili m. jayos xiznebi. Tb.: 1985.<br />

javaxiSvili 2001: javaxiSvili m. werilebi (r. SiSniaSvilis red.). Tb.:<br />

2001.<br />

hoskingi 2001: Хоскинг Дж. Россия, люди и империя 1855-1916 гг. 2001.<br />

73

irma ratiani<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis instituti,<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

teqstis interpretaciuli SesaZleblobebi.<br />

mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~<br />

`interpretacia gaugebrobiT iwyeba~, acxadeb<strong>da</strong> hermenevtikuli<br />

meTodis fuZemdebeli fridrih Slaiermaxeri, Sesabamisad,<br />

interpretaciis xelovnebis upirveles <strong>da</strong>niSnulebad<br />

am gaugebrobis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba miaCn<strong>da</strong>. gaugebrobis pirvelwyarod<br />

Semecnebis procesis garTulebas asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>, ga<strong>da</strong>Wris<br />

gzad ki _ meTodologiur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, rac, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> gagebis procesis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas meTodologizebul<br />

movlenad.<br />

interpretacia, Tuki mas aqvs marTebuli gagebis pretenzia,<br />

warmoadgens ukve Seqmnili produqciis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n Seqmnis,<br />

anu kvlav-Seqmnis mowesrigebul sistemas. Slaiermaxerisave<br />

azriT, araferi Rirebuli, maT Soris arc literaturuli<br />

teqsti, ar iqmneba avtoris mier winaswar <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesebis<br />

farglebSi, magram interpretatori, anu kvlav-Semqmneli, romelic<br />

axdens teqstis rekonstruqcias masSi gamokveTili<br />

Tu nagulisxmevi wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xSirad ufro<br />

swor axsnas aZlevs teqstis <strong>da</strong>farul <strong>da</strong> gaugebar Sreebs,<br />

vidre avtori. amgvari, wesebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli, rekonstruqcia,<br />

veRar CaiTvleba meqanikur procesad, vinai<strong>da</strong>n moicavs, sul<br />

mcire, or, meTodologiurad gamarTul mimarTulebas. es mi-<br />

74

marTulebebia: a) gramatikuli, istoriuli <strong>da</strong> komparativis-<br />

tuli rekonstruqcia; b) intuiciuri rekonstruqcia.<br />

rekonstruqciis pirveli tipi teqsts miiCnevs Semecnebis<br />

paradigmatul obieqtad. iseve rogorc TiToeuli sityvis<br />

Semecneba teqstSi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia wina<strong>da</strong>debaze <strong>da</strong>, xSirad,<br />

frazeologiur konteqstze, teqstis Semecnebac farTovdeba<br />

masStaburi konteqstis mimarTulebiT: Tu teqsti ganixileba<br />

avtoris kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, avtoris kanonebi ganixileba<br />

lingvistur kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, mocemuli enis lingvisturi<br />

kanonebi ganixileba sxva enebis lingvistur kanonebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, enebis lingvisturi kanonebi ganixileba maTi<br />

ganviTarebis etapebTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. <strong>da</strong> a. S. rekonstruqciis<br />

am tipis Tanaxmad, interpretaciis procesi SeiZleba<br />

iyos sasruli, magram Semecnebis sfero amouwuravi <strong>da</strong><br />

usasruloa.<br />

rekonstruqciis meore tipi intuiciuria. gansxvavebiT<br />

Semecnebis sferosgan, romelic amouwuravi <strong>da</strong> usasruloa,<br />

Sesamecnebeli obieqtis mniSvneloba yovelTvis gansazRvrulia,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n warmoadgens konkretuli avtoris Semoqmedebis<br />

produqts misi moRvaweobis konkretul etapze. interpretatori,<br />

cxadia, ver moaxerxebs avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />

Tu stilisturi maneris srulyofilad aRdgenasa <strong>da</strong> SeTvisebas,<br />

Sesabamisad, interpretaciis procesis warmarTvisaTvis<br />

igi saWiroebs konkretuli masalis intuiciur wvdomas. rekonstruqciis<br />

am tipis Tanaxmad, interpretatori Semoqmedis<br />

TanaSemoqme<strong>da</strong>d iqceva.<br />

sruliad cxadia, rom rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi,<br />

interpretacia <strong>da</strong>farulis Sesamecneblad warmarTuli<br />

procesia. <strong>da</strong> Tu gaviTvaliswinebT martin haidegeris marTebul<br />

SeniSvnas, rom <strong>da</strong>farulis Sesamecneblad sakmarisi ar<br />

75

aris aRwera, aramed saWiroa safaris ax<strong>da</strong>, mivalT <strong>da</strong>skvnamde,<br />

rom interpretacia mudmivad moqmedebs sazRvarze <strong>da</strong>farulsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> gacxadebuls Soris.<br />

sainteresoa, warmodgenili modelis farglebSi, rogor<br />

saxes iRebs teqstisa <strong>da</strong> interpretatoris struqturuli<br />

urTierTmimarTeba?<br />

naSromSi `WeSmariteba <strong>da</strong> meTodi~ hans georg ga<strong>da</strong>meri<br />

miuTiTebs, rom teqsti ki ar emorCileba interpretatoris<br />

anu individis ukve Camoyalibebul <strong>da</strong> kristalizebul sistemas,<br />

aramed, piriqiT, Tavad individi integrirdeba teqstSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganicdis transformacias. interpretatoris xedvis horizonti<br />

mudmivad esazRvreba teqstis horizonts <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens<br />

masTan mudmiv dialogs. interpretatori SekiTxvebs<br />

usvams teqsts <strong>da</strong>, piriqiT, teqsti usvams SekiTxvebs interpretators.<br />

msgavs viTarebaSi savsebiT <strong>da</strong>saSvebia interpretatoris<br />

gamocdilebis ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba teqstis doneze, misi<br />

Serwyma teqstis TviTSemecnebasTan <strong>da</strong> axali gamocdilebis<br />

gamomuSaveba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, teqstis interpretacia<br />

warmoadgens mudmiv dialogs awmyosa <strong>da</strong> warsuls Soris,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c awmyos gansazRvruloba mxolod warsulis miRmaa SesaZlebeli.<br />

iqmneba gangrZobiToba, romlis wiaRSic erTmaneTs<br />

erwymis istoriuli <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove xedvis horizontebi.<br />

principuli mniSvneloba aq eniWeba ara avtoriseul intenciebs,<br />

aramed _ teqstis ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebis process erTi kulturul-istoriuli<br />

konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi. am process ga<strong>da</strong>meri<br />

hermenevtikuli aqtis istoriul aspeqts uwodebs, kondicias,<br />

romelic warmoaCens istoriis dialeqtikur xasiaTs<br />

<strong>da</strong> interpretaciis ganpirobebulobas konkretuli kulturul-istoriuli<br />

konteqstiT.<br />

76

ibadeba kiTxva: aseT SemTxvevaSi, <strong>da</strong>culia Tu ara avto-<br />

ris uflebebi? hirSis <strong>da</strong>bejiTebuli mtkicebiT, interpreta-<br />

ciuli wris gafarToveba odnava<strong>da</strong>c ver aryevs avtoris<br />

uflebebs: nebismieri interpretaciis procesi warmoadgens<br />

gaxsnil perspeqtivas, masalis marTebulad gaazrebaTa invariantul<br />

sistemas, romelic avtoris mier SemoTavazebul<br />

albaTobebsa <strong>da</strong> varaudebzea orientirebuli. avtori amkvidrebs<br />

teqstis `azrsa~ <strong>da</strong> `arss~, mravalricxovani mkiTxveli<br />

ki individualurad adgens mis `mniSvnelobas~. kritikosis<br />

interesis sagans un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes ara konkretuli avtoriseuli<br />

wiaRsvlebi, aramed, `arsebiTobis~ zogadtipologiuri<br />

sivrce, teqstis e.w. `Sinagani Janri~, romelic warmoaCens<br />

avtoris zogad mosazrebebsa <strong>da</strong> xedvis ZiriTad perspeqtivas<br />

SemoqmedebiTi aqtis procesSi. hirSi zrunavs avtoris<br />

`kerZo mesakuTris~ statusis SenarCunebaze. misi azriT,<br />

teqstis `arsebiToba~ ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebaros socializaciis,<br />

Aanu teqstis `saerTo-saxalxo~ sakuTrebad qcevis<br />

process: teqsti ekuTvnis avtors <strong>da</strong> Tu mkiTxvels ar gaaCnia<br />

mowiweba avtoris mier <strong>da</strong>dgenili normebisadmi, maSin<br />

arc interpretaciis norma gaaCnia <strong>da</strong> meqanikurad axdens<br />

kritikuli anarqiis provocirebas.<br />

mogvianebiT, rodesac, pol rikiori gamijnavs `ganmartebisa~<br />

<strong>da</strong> `interpretaciis~ cnebebs, aRniSnavs, rom `ganmarteba~<br />

cxadyofs teqstismier informacias, xolo `interpretacia~<br />

aRniSnavs teqstze kritikosis reaqciis siRrmes. Sesabamisad,<br />

`SegrZneba~ teqstis obieqtur Tvisebad miiCneva, `SeniSvna~<br />

ki warmoaCens kritikosis codnis perspeqtivas, mis<br />

intencionalobas, romelic gansazRvravs reaqcias.<br />

Tu SevajamebT yovelive zemoTqmuls, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT:<br />

interpretaciis xibli Tavisuflebaa, magram ara sumburuli,<br />

77

aramed – logikuri, <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli konkretul meTodologi-<br />

ur xerxebze <strong>da</strong> mowodebuli <strong>da</strong>farulis Sesamecneblad. in-<br />

terpretaciis procesi warmoaCens intepretatoris Semecne-<br />

biT SesaZleblobebs avtoris uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cviTa <strong>da</strong> gaTva-<br />

liswinebiT. Sesabamisad, kiTxvaze: gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba gavafarTovoT<br />

teqstis interpretaciis sazRvrebi, pasuxi calsaxad<br />

<strong>da</strong>debiTia. xolo kiTxvaze, SeiZleba Tu ara interpretaciis<br />

procesi iyos umarTavi, pasuxi aris calsaxad<br />

uaryofiTi.<br />

teqsti Sreobrivi sistemaa. jer kidev roman ingardeni<br />

wer<strong>da</strong>, rom teqstis struqtura Sreebad <strong>da</strong>yofil formulas<br />

warmoadgens, xolo avtorisagan teqstis zogadi perpeqtivis<br />

SerCevis procesi garkveuli sizustiT aireklavs mwerlis<br />

SemoqmedebiT resursebsa <strong>da</strong> stilistur Taviseburebebs. magram<br />

avtors ar ZaluZs srulganzomilebiani samyaros Seqmna,<br />

is sjerdeba calkeuli fragmentebis warmoCenas im pirobiT,<br />

rom avtoris SemoqmedebiTi intencionaloba swored aRniSnuli<br />

fragmentebis farglebSi ga<strong>da</strong>ikveTeba interpretatoris<br />

recefciul intencionalobasTan. gamomdinare aqe<strong>da</strong>n, erTi<br />

mxriv, avtorisa <strong>da</strong> mkiTxvelis intencionaloba <strong>da</strong>, meore<br />

mxriv, reduqciuli strategia, romlis miRmac ganirCeva teqstis<br />

struqturuli Sreebi, warmoadgens literaturul<br />

kritikasTan SeTavsebad bazisur fenomenologiur koncefciebs.<br />

literaturuli teqstis Semecnebis es Tavisebureba ganasxvavebs<br />

mxatvrul nawarmoebs samecniero naSromisagan: Tu<br />

mecnieruli narkvevis Semecnebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba an<br />

grovdeba codna, romelic aRniSnuli narkvevisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />

arsebobs, literaturuli teqstis Semecneba safuZvels<br />

uyris faseuli esTetikuri gamocdilebis <strong>da</strong>grovebas.<br />

78

Sesabamisad, rac metad fragmentulia literaturuli<br />

teqsti <strong>da</strong> rac ufro farTo esTetikuri impulsebis generatorad<br />

gvevlineba igi, miT ufro maRalia misi mxatvruli<br />

Rirebuleba. <strong>da</strong> amis erT-erT mniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebad<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoriaSi mixeil javaxiSvilis romani<br />

`jayos xiznebi~ mosCans.<br />

Tavs ar SegawyenT romanis irgvliv Seqmnili saliteraturo<br />

kritikis <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTi mimoxilviT, mxolod aRvniSnav,<br />

rom misi interpretacia sakmaod mravalferovania: kritikosTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>literatura</strong>TmcodneTa nawili mas <strong>realizmis</strong><br />

literaturul mimdinareobas anac neorealisturi romanis<br />

Janrs miakuTvnebs, nawili _ viwrosocialuri romanisa, nawili<br />

modernistul WrilSi kiTxulobs, nawilic evropuli<br />

subieqtivisturi romanis tendenciebs Wvrets. visTvis `jayos<br />

xiznebi~ ukiduresad miTologizebuli teqstia, visTvis,<br />

piriqiT demiTologizebuli. albaT, ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT,<br />

rom yvela wakiTxvas aqvs arsebobis ufleba, gar<strong>da</strong> im<br />

wakiTxvisa, romelic:<br />

1. avtoris koncefcias aqcevs intepretaciuli kliSes<br />

pirobebSi;<br />

2. sakuTar intepretacias miiCnevs imperatiulad swor<br />

versiad.<br />

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, kritikosi arRvevs avtoris uflebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> axorcielebs interpretaciul Zaladobas avtorze, meore<br />

SemTxvevaSi _ ugulvebelyofs Semecnebis procesis SesaZleblobebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> uSvebs uxeS Secdomas Tavad intepretaciis ideis<br />

mimarT. ra uwyobs xels interpretaciuli kliSeebis Camoyalibebas?<br />

erTi mxriv, hipertrofirebuli ideologizebuli<br />

manqana, rogorc mTavari gamRizianebeli, meore mxriv _ <strong>literatura</strong>TmcodneobiTi<br />

inercia, pasiuri mokrZaleba avtori-<br />

79

tetebis winaSe, rac xSirad aranakleb `efeqturia~ vidre<br />

pirveli. rodis iZens interpretacia imperatiul tons? rodesac<br />

kritikosi mxedvelobis are<strong>da</strong>n kargavs avtors, an _<br />

rodesac avtomatizdeba sakuTarive meTodologiis farglebSi.<br />

Tuki interpretacias gavaTavisuflebT am xelovnuri<br />

SezRudvebisgan, miviRebT Zalze saintereso Sedegs: interpretaciul<br />

Tavisuflebas, rogorc meTodologiur movlenas,<br />

<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuls teqstis realur SesaZleblobebze.<br />

vxelmZRvanelobdiT ra am TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime wlis<br />

winaT, monografiaSi `qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis~ (2005 w.)<br />

Cven warmovadgineT mixeil javaxiSvilis romanis `jayos<br />

xiznebi~ wakiTxvis inovaciuri versia. SevecadeT, wagvekiTxa<br />

romani erTi mxriv, antiutopiuri Janris <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv,<br />

liminalobis anTropologiuri Teoriis WrilSi. interpretaciis<br />

am models safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo konkretuli meTodologiuri<br />

principebi: pirvel yovlisa, <strong>da</strong>vefuZneT sakvlev teqstSi<br />

antiutopiuri JanrisTvis niSandoblivi iseTi motivaciuri<br />

maxasiaTeblebis realizebis tendencias, rogoricaa:<br />

koleqtiuri Sromisa <strong>da</strong> kvazinominaciis motivi; liderisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> fsevdo-lideris motivi; mecnieruli progresisa <strong>da</strong> teqnokratizmis<br />

motivi; SemoqmedebiTi gonis nivelirebis motivi;<br />

SiSis motivi; ojaxuri tradiciis destruqciis motivi;<br />

TviTmkvlelobis motivi; fsevdokarnavaluri <strong>da</strong> fsevdoritualuri<br />

motivi; parodirebis motivi.<br />

am motivTa detalurma ganxilvam teqstis faqtobrivi<br />

monacemebis doneze (qronotopi... 2005: 181-269) <strong>da</strong>, rac arsebiTia,<br />

maTi koordinirebis <strong>da</strong>dgenam avtoriseul fragmentebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> teqstis zogadtipologiur sivrcesTan, migviyvana<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom aRniSnuli motivebis mxatvruli realizacia<br />

80

teqstSi iZens mkveTrad gamoxatul esqatologiur <strong>da</strong>tvir-<br />

Tvas, risi meTodologiuri analizic Tavsebadia liminalo-<br />

bis anu sazRvris anTropologiur TeoriasTan.<br />

am, garkveulwilad, moulodnelma eqsperimentma, miuxe<strong>da</strong>-<br />

vad imisa, rom Segviqmna intepretaciuli winaaRmdegoba ro-<br />

manis wakiTxvis tradiciul modelebTan, swored imitom, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>efuZna mkacr meTodologiur principebs, Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwia <strong>literatura</strong>TmcodneobiTi<br />

eTikis normebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />

niSa <strong>da</strong>ikava im interpretaciul dialogSi, romelic warmoebs<br />

`jayos xiznebis~ garSemo. Tumca, safrTxe yovelTvis arsebobs.<br />

maSinac, rodesac meTodologiur principebze gamar-<br />

Tul kritikas waradgen <strong>da</strong> maSinac, rodesac amas ar gaake-<br />

Teb. rogori SeiZleba iyos es safrTxe?<br />

Tomas elioti, ganixilav<strong>da</strong> ra saliteraturo kritikis<br />

sazRvrebsa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebs, aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom literaturuli<br />

kritikis umTavresi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba `xelovnebis nimuSebis<br />

axsna-ganmarteba <strong>da</strong> gemovnebis <strong>da</strong>xvewaa~ (elioti 2005:<br />

71), romelic, mogvianebiT, Caanacvla fraziT `gageba <strong>da</strong> literaturiT<br />

tkbobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera~ (elioti 2005: 71), aqve miuTiTa,<br />

rom `tkboba~ <strong>da</strong> `gageba~ sulac ar aris gansxvavebuli<br />

movlenebi, aramed erTi <strong>da</strong> igive movlenis emociuri <strong>da</strong><br />

inteleqtualuri mxareebia. SeiZleba gesmodes, magram ver<br />

ganicdide siamovnebas, meore mxriv, Tu mxolod gsiamovnebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ar gesmis, es niSnavs, rom siamovnebas mxolod sakuTari<br />

naazrevi<strong>da</strong>n iReb. rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi interpretacia<br />

arasrulyofilia. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, saliteraturo kritikis<br />

<strong>da</strong>yvana arc mxolod meTodologiur axsna-ganmartebaze<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong> arc mxolod esTetikur siamovnebaze, aramed maT<br />

mTlianobaze.<br />

81

vfiqrobT, eliotis am mosazrebas Cveni moxsenebis <strong>da</strong>sa-<br />

wyisSi gamoTqmul azrTan mivyavarT: interpretaciis proce-<br />

sis, rogorc gaxsnili perspeqtivis, amocanas Seadgens teq-<br />

stis <strong>da</strong>faruli azris Semecneba, rac gulisxmobs, erTi<br />

mxriv, teqstis faqtobrivi moncemebis ganxilvasa <strong>da</strong> axsnaganmartebas<br />

garkveuli meTodologiuri normebis <strong>da</strong> ara ideologiuri<br />

kliSes farglebSi, meore mxriv ki _ esTetikuri<br />

gamocdilebis gamomuSavebas teqstis calkeuli fragmentebis<br />

mimarT, ara rogorc sayovelTao stan<strong>da</strong>rtisa, aramed rogorc<br />

individualuri recefciis formisa. msgavsi interpretaciuli<br />

strategia avtorisa <strong>da</strong> interpretatoris uflebebis<br />

Tanabrad <strong>da</strong>cvas gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> interpretaciuli warmatebis<br />

winapirobad gvevlineba.<br />

Sesabamisad, warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos `jayos<br />

xiznebis~ nebismieri interpretacia, romelic icavs zemoT<br />

Camoyalibebul normebs, romanis yoveli axali, <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli<br />

interpretacia ki un<strong>da</strong> moviazroT ara rogorc tradiciis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rRveva, aramed rogorc nacnobi teqstis kidev erTi axali,<br />

ucnobi rakursis aRmoCena.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebani<br />

ratiani 2005: ratiani i. qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis. Tb.: 2005.<br />

elioti 2005: elioti t. s. kritikis sazRvrebi // sjani, #6. Tb.:<br />

2005.<br />

82

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