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avtoris stili daculia<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis instituti<br />

leri TavaZe<br />

bizantiuri saimperio titulatura saqarTveloSi<br />

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili<br />

d i s e r t a c i a<br />

xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori<br />

Tedo dundua<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2012

Sinaarsi<br />

Sesavali--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />

Tavi I. bizantiuri saimpero titulatura da Tanamegobrobis qveynebi--<br />

Tavi II. kurapalatis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi---------------<br />

Tavi III. novelisimosis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi----------<br />

Tavi IV. sevastosis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi----------------<br />

Tavi V. keisris tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi-----------------------<br />

Tavi VI. saqarTvelos mefeTa saimperatoro titulatura----------------------<br />

daskvna----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />

SemoklebaTa ganmarteba------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />

bibliografia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />

2<br />

32<br />

51<br />

109<br />

132<br />

156<br />

182<br />

218<br />

225<br />

226<br />

1

Sesavali<br />

saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavlas qarTul<br />

istoriografiaSi didi yuradReba eTmoboda. iqmneboda da iqmneba araerTi<br />

naSromi da statia, romelSic ganxilulia Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis mravali aspeqti. Tematika farToa: ikvleven Sua saukuneebis<br />

wyaroTmcodneobis, socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, politikis,<br />

kulturis, samarTlis istoriis sakiTxebsa da mraval sxva sferos.<br />

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom qarTulma<br />

istoriografiulma skolam didi samuSao Caatara saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

mravali problemis damuSavebaSi. saqarTvelos istoriis Sua saukuneebis<br />

epoqis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovani roli akademikos ivane javaxiSvils (1876-1940<br />

ww.) miuZRvis. ivane javaxiSvilma Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis mierve<br />

daarsebul universitetSi safuZveli Cauyara qarTuli medievistikis<br />

yvelaze Zlier skolas. swored am skolis miRwevebi gaxda is safuZveli,<br />

ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada Cveni naSromis im saxiT Sesruleba, rogorc is<br />

aris warmodgenili dRes.<br />

Cveni mizania kompleqsurad iqnas Seswavlili saqarTveloSi<br />

gavrcelebuli bizantiuri sakariskaco da saimperatoro titulebi. aseve,<br />

yvela ZiriTadi titulis funqcia, raoba, saqarTveloSi maTi gavrcelebis<br />

qronologia da mniSvneloba. mniSvnelovania agreTve, sxvadasxva qarTuli<br />

samefo-samTavroebisa Tu erTiani saqarTvelos samefos politikuri<br />

statusis sakiTxic Sua saukuneebSi.<br />

bizantiuri saimperio titulebis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb<br />

vrceli masalebi arsebobs, rogorc saistorio wyaroebSi, aseve specialur<br />

literaturaSi. miuxedavad didi interesisa, romelsac specialistebi<br />

iCendnen da iCenen aRniSnuli problemis mimarT, sakiTxis kompleqsuri<br />

Seswavla aravis ucdia. samecniero kvlevis pirobebSi movipoveT garkveuli<br />

masala, romelic axalia da interpretirebas moiTxovs. am kuTxiT<br />

2

izantiuri titulaturis Seswavla saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi<br />

sainteresod gveCveneba.<br />

bizantiuri saimperio titulatura wlebis manZilze iyo<br />

damkvidrebuli qarTul politikur realobaSi. aRniSnuli titulebi<br />

eZleodaT, rogorc qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mmarTvelebs, aseve<br />

warCinebul qarTvel didebulebs. misi mflobelebi iyvnen qarTuli<br />

aristokratiis gamorCeuli wevrebi, rogorc sakuTriv saqarTveloSi, aseve<br />

mis farglebs gareT. aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze XII saukunis dasawyisamde yvela bizantiur tituls qarTuli<br />

aristokratiis wverebze bizantiis imperatori gascemda. daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

mefobis dros situacia Seicvala. amieridan bizantiuri sakariskaco<br />

titulebi qreba, xolo qarTveli mefeebi bizantiis imeratorebis msgavsad<br />

saimperatoro titulebiT iwodebian. aRniSnuli saimperatoro titulebi<br />

memkvidreobiTi iyo da mas qarTveli monarqi bizantiis mmarTvelis sanqciis<br />

gareSe iRebda. amrigad, bizantiuri titulaturis Seswavla iZleva imis<br />

saSualebas, rom vimsjeloT aramxolod saqarTvelo bizantiis<br />

urTierTobis cvalebad xasiaTze, aramed mniSvnelovan wilad warmodgena<br />

viqonioT qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mmarTvelebis politikur statusze,<br />

rogorc bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi, aseve mTels Sua saukuneebis samyaroSi.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom titulatura aris, mxolod erTi mxare, romelic<br />

saSualebas iZleva SeviswavloT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli politikuri da<br />

imperiuli azrovnebis aspeqtebi, misi kompleqsuri damuSaveba da qarTuli<br />

samecniero sivrceSi farTod gatana am kuTxiTac sakmaod mniSvnelovnad<br />

gveCveneba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom bizantiuri saimperio titulaturis<br />

kompleqsuri Seswavla jer aravis ucdia qarTul istorriografiaSi. es<br />

momenti aRniSnuli kvlevis aqtualobas zrdis.<br />

arseobobda ori saxis bizantiuri saimperio titulatura, romelic<br />

saqarTveloSi gavrcelda: 1. sakariskaco – senatoruli. 2. saimperatoro.<br />

amaTgan, es ukanaskneli TiTqmis Seuswavlelia qarTul istoriografiaSi,<br />

xolo pirveli sxvadasxva naSromebSi damuSavebulia, magram ara<br />

kompleqsulad.<br />

3

amrigad, Cveni mcdelobaa monografiulad SeviswavloT aRniSnuli<br />

problema. saistorio kvleviTi meTodebidan viyenebT kompleqsuri kvlevis,<br />

SedarebiTi analizisa da teqstologiuri kvlevis meTodebs. yvela<br />

aRniSnuli meTodiT moxdeba naSromSi dasmuli sxvadasxva problemebis<br />

Seswavla. bunebrivia, viTvaliswinebT konkretuli sakiTxis specifikas,<br />

romelsac Sesabamis meTods mivusadagebT.<br />

saistorio wyaroebi da istoriografia<br />

a) qarTuli wyaroebi – mravalferovania qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi<br />

saqarTveloSi bizantiuri titulaturis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom isini pirdapir ar mianiSneben ama Tu im titulis funqciaze,<br />

maTSi daculi cnobebi bizantiuri titulebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelosTan<br />

mimarTebaSi pirvelxarisxovani cnobebs Semcvelia. amasTan erTad, qarTul<br />

saistorio wyaroebis cnobebi saqarTveloSi bizantiuri saimperio<br />

titulebis Sesaxeb, sxva saistorio narativebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT<br />

ufro uxvi, mravalferovani da mdidaria.<br />

pirvelrigSi unda gamovyoT Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

SeswavlisTvis mniSvnelovani ori krebuli _ `qarTlis cxovreba~ da<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~. orive maTgani warmoadgens saistorio TxzulebaTa<br />

krebuls, sadac warmodgenilia sxvadasxva periodSi Sesrulebuli<br />

ramdenime naSromi. orive krebulis, rogorc Sedgenilobis, aseve maTSi<br />

Semavali naSromebis avtorebisa Tu Sedgenis periodi did kamaTs iwvevs<br />

istoriografiaSi.<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Sesulia ramdenime saistorio Txzuleba, maT<br />

Soris pirvelia `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da<br />

naTesavTa~. moicavs periods uZvelesi droidan V saukunis dasawyisis<br />

CaTvliT. miiCneven, XI saukunis Sua wlebis naSromad, romelic leonti<br />

mrovels, ruisis episkoposs unda Seeqmna. arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic misi<br />

daTariRebisa da avtoris vinaobis Sesaxeb. nawarmoebi gansakuTrebiT<br />

saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis saqarTvelos antikuri periodis titulebis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

4

juanSer juanSerianis `cxovreba da moqalaqeoba vaxtang<br />

gorgaslisa~ `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semavali meore Txzulebaa. aRwerilia<br />

V-VIII saukuneebis ambebi. ivane javaxiSvili da sxva istorikosebi Tvlian,<br />

rom is XI saukuneSi unda iyos Sedgenili. aris mosazreba, rom vaxtang I<br />

gorgaslis cxovreba Tavad juanSer juanSerianis, xolo misi<br />

gardacvalebis Semdegi ambebi misi ucnobi gamgrZeleblis mier unda iyos<br />

aRwerili. Tumca, qarTlis cxovrebaSi daculi erT-erTi minaweris<br />

mixedviT, romelic momdevni Txzulebas `wamebaÁ wmindasa arCilisas~ aqvs<br />

darTuli orive Txzulebis avtorad juanSeria dasaxelebuli, igive saxis<br />

minaweri aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ XII saukunis somxur Targmans, rac imas<br />

miuTiTebs, rom cnoba juanSeris avtorobis Sesaxeb XI-XII saukuneebSi<br />

cnobili iyo (abulaZe 1953:L207-208; metreveli 2008: 250; yauxCiSvili 1955: 248).<br />

swored am nawarmoebSi fiqsirdeba pirvelad CvenTvis saintereso<br />

bizantiuri titulebi, romelTa gadacema qarTvel mmarTvelebze teqstis<br />

mixedviT VI saukunidan aris savaraudebeli (magaliTad kurapalatis<br />

tituli).<br />

momdevno Txzuleba: `cxovrebaÁ wmindisa da didebulisa mowamisa<br />

arCilisi romeli-ese iyo mefe qarTlisaÁ~ (Semok.: `wamebaÁ wmindasa<br />

arCilisa~) avtorad, kvlav leonti mrovels miiCneven, magram minaweris<br />

mixedviT, avtorad juanSer juanSeriania dasaxelebuli. aRniSnuli<br />

nawarmoebi aris hagiografiuli tipis mcire zomis teqsti. igi naklebad<br />

mniSvnelovani cnobebis Semcvelia (yauxCiSvili 1955: 245-248; metreveli 2008:<br />

247-250).<br />

samagierod didi mniSvneloba aqvs anonimi avtoris, `matiane<br />

qarTlisaÁs~. is Sedgenilia XI saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos da<br />

aRwerilia VIII-XI saukunebis ambebi. masSi mravlad moipoveba cnobebi,<br />

rogorc bizantiis saimperio titulebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi,<br />

aseve bizantiis da qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis urTierTobis amsaxveli<br />

mravali mnviSvnelovani aspeqti. aRniSnuli nawarmoebis saTauri pirobiTia<br />

da is ivane javaxiSvilma SemoiRo. konstantine grigolia axal versias<br />

5

gvTavazobs nawarmoebis saTaurad: `wigni mefeTa divanis~, rac ufro axlos<br />

unda iyos teqstis realur saTaurTan.<br />

ucnobi avtoris `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~ aRwers<br />

saqarTvelos istorias daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi. Txzuleba dawerilia<br />

1123-1126 wlebSi (javaxiSvili 1977: 210-220; bogveraZe 1971: 70-83) da Seicavs<br />

aRweras daviTis dabadebidan (1073 weli), vidre mis gardacvalebamde (1125<br />

weli). teqstis dasawyisi savaraudod naklulia, Txroba grZeldeba 1074<br />

wlidan, rodesac sulTani maliq-Sahi Semovida saqarTveloSi – `amisa<br />

Semdgomad movida sultani maliq-Sa, moadga samSÂldes da wariRo~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 301). es raRac ambis gagrZelebaa, rac teqstSi ar Cans.<br />

daviTis mematianis TxzulebaSi mravlad vxvdebiT bizantiuri saimperatoro<br />

epiTetebis xsenebas, adresati, rogorc wesi daviT IV aRmaSenebelia.<br />

daviTis matianes mosdevs misi erTgvari gagrZeleba e.w. giorgi laSas<br />

mematianes Txzulebis saxiT. teqsti mcire zomisaa, xolo Txrobis stili<br />

mokle da lakonuri. masSi aRwerilia oTxi mefis (demetre I, giorgi III,<br />

Tamari da giorgi IV laSa) istoria. teqsti dawerilia rusudan dedoflis<br />

(1222-1245 ww.) mefobis dasawyisSi da warmoadgens bagrationTa samefo karis<br />

oficialur matianes.<br />

sumbat daviTis Ze (XI saukune) `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semavali<br />

originaluri Txzulebis avtoria – `cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~. is<br />

aRwers, mmarTveli dinastiis – bagrationTa cxovrebas XI saukunemde.<br />

Cvenamde moRweuli redaqciebi Seicavs 1030 wlamde ambebis aRwerilobas,<br />

ris Semdegac Txroba wydeba. unda vivaraudoT, rom teqstis sul mcire<br />

samocwliani monakveTi dakargulia. Tavad sumbati daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

droindeli moRvawe unda iyos bagrationTa gvaridan. misi nawarmoebi<br />

pirvelwyaroa bagrationTa dinastiis wevrebis saimperio titulebis<br />

Seswavlis saqmeSi.<br />

ucnobi avtoris `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ aRwers Tamar<br />

mefis da misi mamis giorgis istorias. Txzuleba panegirikuli xasiaTisaa<br />

da mraval xotbis Semsxmeli epiTetebiT gamoirCeva, amasTan `qarTlis<br />

6

cxovrebis~ Semaval TxzulebebSi erT-erTi yvelaze vrcelia. dawerilia<br />

XIII saukuneSi (javaxiSvili 1977: 221-241).<br />

imave, XIII saukuneSia Sedgenili Tamaris meore mematianis nawarmoebi<br />

`cxovrebaÁ mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi~. ivane javaxiSvilma hipoTeturad<br />

aRniSnuli nawarmoebis avtorad basil ezosmoZRvari gamoacxada, romelic<br />

TiTqos sakuTari Tavis moxseniebas axdens teqstis Sua monakveTSi<br />

(metreveli 2008: 501), rac ar aris sakmarisi argumenti basilis avtorobis<br />

samtkiceblad. Txzuleba ZiriTadad aRwers Tamaris mefobas da mis<br />

moRvaweobas, msgavsad Tamaris pirveli istorikosis naSromisa, matiane<br />

mdidaria motivebiT, romlebic kargad axasiaTebs saqarTvelo-bizantiis<br />

urTierTobas da mis saxecvlil xasiaTs, amjerad ukve XII-XIII saukuneebis<br />

mijnaze.<br />

JamTaaRmwerelis – XIV saukunis ucnobi avtoris Txzuleba pirobiTi<br />

saTauriT `aswlovani matiane~, aRwers saqarTvelos istoriis daaxloebiT<br />

aswliani istoriis monakveTs – 1205/7 wlidan 1317 wlis CaTvliT.<br />

JamTaaRmwerelis teqsti, rusudanis gamefebidan (1222/3 weli) moyolebuli,<br />

vidre giorgi brwyinvalis gamefebamde, unikaluri informaciis Semcvelia,<br />

vinaidan sxva, vrclad moTxrobili matiane, am periodis saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis Sesaxeb SemorCenili ar aris (javaxiSvili 1977: 246-262; kiknaZe<br />

1987; kiknaZe 1989: 156-175).<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ ori damoukidebeli naSromisgan Sedgeba. maT<br />

Soris pirvelis pirobiTi saxelwodebaa qarTlis moqcevis qronika, sadac<br />

aRwerilia saqarTvelos istoria aleqsandre makedonelis (Zv.w. IV s.)<br />

qarTlSi `Semosvlidan~, vidre arabebis Semosevebamde (VII saukunis 30-iani<br />

wlebi), masve darTuli aqvs erisTavTa da kaTalikosTa sia X saukunis<br />

CaTvliT, romelic gviandeli danarTi unda iyos. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~<br />

meore nawilia `wminda ninos cxovreba~, rogorc zaza aleqsiZe varaudobs<br />

termini `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ Tavdapirvelad unda yofiliyo saerTo<br />

saTauri im Txzulebebisa, romlebic aRwerdnen qarTlis gaqristianebas<br />

dasabamidan VI saukunis CaTvliT (aleqsiZe 2007: 5). qarTlis gaqristianebis<br />

amsaxveli es orive nawarmoebi mniSvnelovani wyaroa, rogorc CvenTvis<br />

7

saintereso problemis Sesaswavlad, aseve saqarTvelos istoriis rigi<br />

movlenebis dasadgenad.<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ da `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Txzulebebis garda<br />

V-XV saukuneebis CvenTvis saintereso qarTuli wyroebidan gamovarCevdiT<br />

Semdeg hagiografiul Tu sxva saxis nawarmoebebs: iakob xucesis `SuSanikis<br />

wameba~ (V s.), ioane sabanis Zis `habos wameba~ (VIII s.), anonimis `daviT da<br />

konstantines wameba~ (X s.), giorgi merCules `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~<br />

(X s.), giorgi mTawmidelis `ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba~ (XI s.), giorgi<br />

mcires `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba~ (XI s.), aseve `Zegli erisTavTa~ qsnis<br />

erisTavTa sagvareulo matiane da sxva.<br />

gviandeli wyaroebidan, romlebic erTgari Semavsebeli masalebis<br />

rols asruleben, xolo rig SemTxvevebSi pirveladi wyaros funqcia<br />

eniWebaT (magaliTad XIV-XV saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

Sesaswavlad) gamovyofdiT Semdeg nawarmoebebs: vaxuSti bagrationis<br />

`aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ (yauxCiSvili 1973), ucnobi avtoris<br />

`cxovreba saqarTvelosa~ igive e.w. `parizis qronika~ (alasania 1980), beri<br />

egnataSvilis `axali qarTlis cxovreba~ (e.w. pirveli teqsti), beri<br />

egnataSvilis teqstis ori gadamuSavebuli Txzuleba e.w. `axali qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ meore da mesame teqstebi. maTi avtorebi ucnobia. yvela maTgani<br />

dawerilia XVIII saukuneSi (yauxCiSvili 1959).<br />

es rac Seexeboda CvenTvis saintereso saistorio da Zveli qarTuli<br />

literaturuli Janris Txzulebebs, maT garda arsebebs mravali sxva<br />

istoriuli wyaroebi, romelTa Seswavlac bizantiuri titulaturis<br />

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis kuTxiT friad mniSvnelovania. maT Soris<br />

gamovyofdi qarTuli diplomatikis, epigrafikis, numizmatikis,<br />

sigilografiis (sfragistika) mraval sxva Zeglebs, romelTa kvleva,<br />

aranakleb mniSvnelovan materialebs gvaZvevs sakiTxis kompleqsuri<br />

analizis kuTxiT.<br />

diplomatikis nimuSebidan unda gamovarCioT is mravalricxovani<br />

sigel-gujarebi, romlebic mravladaa gacemuli qarTveli mefeebis mier.<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania XI-XV saukuneebis samefo sigelebi. XI<br />

8

saukuneze adreuli, sruli saxiT Semonaxuli qarTvel mefeTa sigeli ar<br />

gagvaCnia. sigel-gujarebSi saucxood aris asaxuli mefeTa titulatura<br />

misi cvalebadoba, Sedgeniloba, rigiToba, xasiaTi da a.S. XIII saukunis Cvens<br />

xelT arsebuli sigel-gujrebi TiTqmis sruli saxiT aris Sesuli<br />

`qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusSi~ (wigni pirveli). amdenad, XIV-XV<br />

saukuneebis diplomatikis numuSebi gabneulia sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa<br />

SromebSi. am kuTxiT Seqmnili sicariele garkveulwilad Seavso `pirTa<br />

anotirebuli leqsikonis~ gamocemam, sadac XI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli<br />

istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT am periodSi mcxovrebi TiToeuli<br />

istoriuli piris Sesaxeb mokle informacia aris Sekrebili. amJamad (2011<br />

wlisTvis), gamocemulia `pirTa anotirebuli leqsikonis~ oTxi tomi, sadac<br />

gaerTianebulia monacemebi istoriuli pirebis Sesaxeb anidan (a) Ranis (R)<br />

CaTvliT. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli leqsikonis<br />

pirveli tomi, sadac Sesulia bagrationTa dinastiis wevrebis anotirebuli<br />

leqsikoni (surgulaZe, odiSeli 1991: 212-371).<br />

qarTuli diplomatikuri masalebis gamocemaSi didi wvlili<br />

miuZRvis isidore doliZes, romelmac gamosca `qarTuli samarTlis<br />

Zeglebi~ Svid tomad. amaTgan, CvenTvis sainteresoa meore da mesame tomebi<br />

(doliZe 1965; doliZe 1970).<br />

samefo sigelebi gamoqveynebulia, aseve sxva mravali avtoris mier.<br />

Tavis droze maT moZiebaSi da SeswavlaSi didi wvlili mouZRviT iseT<br />

mkvlevarebs, rogorebic iyvnen: sargis kakabaZe, dimitri baqraZe, Tedo<br />

Jordania, eqvTime TayaiSvili da sxvebi (baqraZe 1987; kakabaZe 1912; Jordania<br />

1897; Jordania 2004; TayaiSvili 1920). qarTuli epistolaruli wyaroebi<br />

Seiswavla da gamosca mamisa berZniSvilma (berZniSvili 1989).<br />

epigrafikuli wyaroebi mniSvnalovanwilad avsebs, zemoxsenebul<br />

wyaroebs qarTveli mefeebis titulaturis Sesaxeb. Tavis droze daigegma<br />

regionul-qronologiuri principiT Sejerebuli epigrafikuli wyaroebis<br />

korpusis gamocema. samxreT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos epigrafikuli<br />

masalebis met-nalebad sruli suraTi asaxulia nodar (nukri) SoSiaSvilis<br />

mier Sedgenil `qarTuli warwerebis korpusSi~, romelic faravs<br />

9

aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos V-X saukuneebis lapidarul Zeglebs<br />

(SoSiaSvili 1980). IX-XIII saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos epigrafika,<br />

amave seriis meore wignSi gamosca valeri silogavam (silogava 1980). am<br />

wignSi Sesuli da mogviano periodis aRmnusxveli `samegrelo-afxazeTis<br />

qarTuli epigrafika~, imave avtorma ukve mogvianebiT gamosca (silogava<br />

2004). XII da XIII saukunis dasawyisis warwerebs Tavi mouyara giorgi<br />

oTxmezurma (oTxmezuri 1981). zemoT xsenebuli da sxva mkvlevarebis mier<br />

gamoqveynebulia, kidev araerTi warwera, rac sazogadod mdidar masalas<br />

iZleva samefo titulaturis Sesaxeb V-XV saukuneebSi.<br />

numizmatikuri masalebidan sainteresod gveCveneba X_XVI saukuneebis<br />

monetebi. isini iZlevian saintereso informacias, rogorc narativis saxiT<br />

saxiT, aseve atributikis da regaliebis Seswavlis mxrivac. amaTgan,<br />

CvenTvis saintereso X-XIII saukuneebSi moWrili monetebis didi nawili<br />

Sesulia giorgi dunduas da Tedo dunduas `qarTuli numizmatikis~<br />

ortomeulSi (dundua, dundua 2006; 2011), xolo mogviano periodis qarTuli<br />

numizmatikuri Zeglebis aRwerilobebi mocemulia maTive avtorobiT<br />

Sesrulebul sxva monografiebsa Tu statiebSi. amave dargSi saintereso<br />

kvlevebi SemogvTavazes evgeni paxomovma, devid marSal langma, daviT<br />

kapanaZem, Tamar abramiSvilma, ciala RvaberiZem da sxvebma (Пахомов 1970; Lang<br />

1957; kapanaZe 1969; RvaberiZe 1986).<br />

qarTuli beWdebis Seswavla sakvlevis Temis kuTxiT, aseve<br />

sainteresod gveCveneba. gansakuTrebiT bizantiuri da qarTuli<br />

sfragistikis namuSevrebis Sedareba. qarTuli sfragistikis nimuSebis didi<br />

nawili Seiswavla da gamoaqveyna ana baqraZem (baqraZe 1978).<br />

sxva masalebidan, albaT yvelaze faseuli infromacia daculia<br />

qarTul anderZ-monawerebSi (kolofonebi), romlebsac xSirad kinklosebad<br />

anu mcire qronikebad moixsenieben. miuxedavad imisa, rom anderZ-minawerebis<br />

mniSvneloba didia Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi movlnis<br />

agdgena-daTariRebis kuTxiT, maTi kompleqsurad Sekreba da erTad Tavmoyra<br />

jer aravis ucdia. yvelaze mniSvnelovani am kuTxiT, rac gakeTda iyo Tedo<br />

10

Jordanias `qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa~ _ misi<br />

samtomeulis gamocema (Jordania 1897; 1967; 2004). es naSromi XIX-XX<br />

saukuneebis mijnaze gamoica da dRemde ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba.<br />

mas Semdeg calke, kompleqsurad anderZ-minawerebis gamocema aravis ucdia,<br />

Tu ar CavTvliT im Sromebis mcire nawils, sadac rogorc wesi, mokle<br />

qronologiuri CarCoa gaTvaliswinebuli. maTi didi nawili Tavmoyrilia<br />

elene metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT gamocemul qarTul xelnawerTa<br />

aRwerilobaSi. xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi xelnawerebi<br />

fondebis mixedviT iqna aRwerili da TiToeuli fondis aRweriloba<br />

ramdenime tomad gamoica, sadac mravlad Sevida TiToeuli aRwerili<br />

xelnaweris kolofonebi (SaraSiZe 1948; metreveli 1976). miuxedavad im didi<br />

Sromisa, rac institutis TanamSromlebma Caatares elene metrevelis<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT, saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis anderZ-minawerebis korpusis<br />

momzadebaze muSaobis dawyeba aucileblad migvaCnia.<br />

kolofonebis msgavsad, sagulisxmo informaciis Semcvelia<br />

sinodikonebic, igive sulTa mosaxseniebeli matianeebi. sulTa<br />

mosaxseniebeli matianeebsa da saaRape wignebSi mravali cnobaa daculi<br />

saqarTvelos monarqebis, maTi ojaxis wevrebisa da im sapatio titulebis<br />

Sesaxeb, romelsac isini atarebdnen cxovrebaSi (metreveli 1998).<br />

b) berZnuli, laTinuri, siriuli da somxuri wyaroebi – qarTulisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT berZnul da laTinur enebze Sesrulebuli bizantiuri<br />

wyaroebi gacilebiT mravalricxovania. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb daculi<br />

cnobebi, umTavresad aRwers qarTveli mefeebis cxovrebasa da zogadad<br />

qveynis istoriis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs. isini Tavmoyrilia simon<br />

yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT gamosul rvatomeulSi – `georgika. bizantieli<br />

mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~ (yauxCiSvili 1941; 1952; 1961; 1963;<br />

1965; 1966; 1967; 1970). im bizantiuri wyaroebis cnobebidan saqarTveloze,<br />

romlebic ar aris Sesuli `georgikaSi~ da mniSvnelovania Cveni<br />

kvlevisTvis, SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi masalebi: cnoba abazgiis<br />

kaTalokosis Sesaxeb konstantinopolis sinodis aqtebidan; pavle tagaris-<br />

11

paleologosis cnoba XIV saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos samefo<br />

saxlSi mimdinare dapirispirebis Sesaxeb (F. Miklosich, J. Muller 1862: 224-230);<br />

giorgi paximeres cnobebi (Failler 1999 1 ; 1999 2 ) da sxva.<br />

bizantiuri istoriuli Txzulebebi SeiZleba, imdenad mdidari ar<br />

iyos saqarTvelos mefeebis bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb daculi<br />

informaciiT, samagierod cnobebi bizantiis imperatorebisa da misi ojaxis<br />

wevrebis, aseve senatorebis titulebsa da epiTetebze maTSi didi<br />

raodenobiTaa Semonaxuli. yvelaferi es kompleqsuri da SedarebiTi<br />

kvlevis pirobebisTvis karg niadags gvimzadebs.<br />

bizantiis istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis kompleqsur Seswavlas<br />

safuZveli jer kidev, XVI saukuneSi cnobilma germanelma filologma<br />

ieronimus volfma (1516-1580 ww.) Cauyara. manve daamkvidra samecniero wreebSi<br />

termini `bizantia~ _ aRmosavleT romis imperiis sayovelTaod gaziarebuli<br />

saxelwodeba (ODB 1 1991: 344). ieronimusis Sromebma didi gavlena moaxdina<br />

bizantinologiuri kvlevebis gaRrmavebis kuTxiT. bizantieli mwerlebis<br />

korpusi - Corpus Historiae Byzantinae Seikriba da gamoica safraneTis mefe lui<br />

XIV (1638-1715 ww.) da misi ministris Jan-batist kolberis (1619-1683 ww.)<br />

patronaJis qveS. aRniSnuli seriis SeqmnaSi safrangeTis da evropis<br />

mravalma mecnierma miiRo monawileoba. is `parzis korpusis~ saxeliT aris<br />

cnobili. mogvianebiT misi xelaxali gamocema ganxorcielda veneciaSi<br />

(Ostrogorsky 1957: 4).<br />

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia Jan pol mines redaqtorobiT misive<br />

gamomcemlobaSi Sesrulebuli Patrologia Graeca – qristianuli epoqis berZnul<br />

enaze Sesrulebuli Txzulebebis krebuli, sadac didi nawili Sromebisa<br />

swored bizantiis epoqaze modis. Seicavs 161 toms, amaTgan ramdenime<br />

Sesrulebulia or an sam nawilad.<br />

bizantiuri istoriuli Txzulebebis Sesaxeb saubrisas ar SeiZleba<br />

gverdi auaroT bizantiuri wyaroebis kidev or korpuss – 1. Corpus Scriptorum<br />

Historiae Byzantinae; 2. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae.<br />

12

amaTgan pirvelis gamocema jer kidev XIX saukuneSi daiwyo<br />

germanelma klasikosma imanuel bekerma, rac mogvianebiT sxva mkvlevarebma<br />

gaagrZeles. es aris ormocdaaTtomeuli, sadac Tavmoyrilia ramdenime<br />

aTeuli bizantieli avtoris saistorio naSromi berZnul originaliTa da<br />

laTinuri TargmaniT. misi didi nawili `parizis korpusis~ xelaxali<br />

gamocemaa, rac Sevsebulia damatebiT sxva masalebiT (Ostrogorsky 1957: 4).<br />

Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae warmoadgens bizantiuri teqstebis<br />

kritikulad dadgenil gamocemas, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara 1967 wels,<br />

bizantiis kvlevebis dambarton-oqsis centrSi. gamodis ramdenime seriad,<br />

isini iyofian gamocemebis adgilis mixedviT. esenia: vaSingtonis (dambarton-<br />

oqsi), berlinis, venis, parizis, bruselis, italiis, aTenis da salonikis<br />

seriebi. sul gamocemulia ormocdaaTamde tomi da aqedan naxevari<br />

vaSingtonis seriaze modis.<br />

bizantieli avtorebis monacemebi, romlebic aRwerdnen aRmosavleT<br />

romis imperiis da gare samyaros cxovrebas qristianobis damkvidrebidan<br />

konstantinopolis dacemamde (1453 weli), Tavisi informaciulobiT erT-erTi<br />

umdidresia Sua saukuneebSi.<br />

evsevi kesarielis (263-339 ww.) Sromebi IV saukunis pirveli naxevris<br />

Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia da mravalferovani. misi mravlferovani<br />

bibliografiidan gamorCeuli adgili ukavia sam naSroms, esenia: 1) `qronika~<br />

- aRwers 303 wlamdel movlenebs da maT Soris diokletianes moRvaweobas,<br />

romelmac pirvelad gayo imperia aRmosavleT da dasavleT imperiebad. 2)<br />

`saeklesio istoria~ mogviTxrobs imperiis istorias 325 wlamde. 3)<br />

`kurTxeuli imperatori konstantines cxovreba~, sadac konstantine I didis<br />

cxovreba aris aRwerili mis gardacvalebamde (337 weli) (yauxCiSvili 1961:<br />

21-23; Cameron, Hall 1999; Oulton 1932; Redrosian 2008).<br />

IV saukunis meore naxevaris bizantiis istoriis aRweriloba<br />

dagvitova amiane marcelinem (330-390-anis bolo). amiane agrZelebs tacitusis<br />

istorias nervas mmarTvelobidan, vidre imperator valensis daRupvamde<br />

adrianopolis brZolaSi (378 weli). SemorCenlia amianes istoriis mxolod<br />

13

olo nawili. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi Txzuleba gamoirCeva movlenebis<br />

zusti aRweriT da obieqturobiT (yauxCiSvili 1961: 78-9; Rolfe 1935; 1940; 1952).<br />

evsevi ierome (331-420 ww.) cnobili swavluli da mTargmneli. Targmna<br />

biblia laTinurad (vulgata). masve ekuTvnis mravali werili Tavisi epoqis<br />

amsaxveli sxvadasxva Temebis Sesaxeb. dawera aseve nawarmoebi `De viris<br />

illustribus~ (cnobil pirTa Sesaxeb). mniSvnelovania misi ganvrcobili<br />

perefrazireba evsevi kesarielis `qronikisa~ abraamidan 325 wlis CaTvliT<br />

(ODB 2 1991: 1033).<br />

mniSvnelovani aseve Teodorite kvirelis (393-457 ww.) `saeklesio<br />

istoria~, romelic moicavs eklesiis istoriis ambebs, vidre 429 wlamde.<br />

SemorCenilia misi apologetikuri, egzegetikuri da dogmatikuri naSromebis<br />

didi memkvidreoba, romelTa nawili Tavis droze iTargmna qarTul eneze<br />

(ix.: juReli 2008). `eklesiis istoriis~ is nawili, romelic exeboda<br />

qarTlis gaqristianebas XI saukuneSi Targmna efrem mcirem (yauxCiSvili<br />

1961: 208-209).<br />

mexuTe saukunis bizantiuri saistorio mwerlobidan yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovania zosimes `istoria~. zosimes nawarmoebi moicavs romis<br />

istoriis ambebis aRweras 410 wlis CaTvliT. is eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad<br />

avtors: deqsipuss (III saukune), evnapiuss (IV-V ss.) da olimpiodoruss<br />

Tebedan (daax. 380-425 ww.) (yauxCiSvili 1961: 264-266; Ridley 1982).<br />

salamane ermia sozomenes (daax. 400-450 ww.) `saeklesio istoria~<br />

moicavs 324-439 wlebis ambebis aRweras, rac formalurad evsevi kesarielis<br />

naSromis gagrZelebas warmoadgens (ODB 3: 1932). Txzulebis bolo nawili<br />

dakargulad iTvleba, sadac 425-439 wlebis ambebia aRwerili (yauxCiSvili<br />

1961: 236).<br />

priske panioneli nawarmoebi, imave saukunis mniSvnelovani wyaroa.<br />

misi naSromi dakargulad iTvleba da SemorCenilia sxva avtorebis<br />

SromebSi da isic fragmentebis saxiT (yauxCiSvili 1961: 249, ODB 3 1991: 1721;<br />

Дестунис 1860). priske panionelis istoria imdenad mniSvnelovania,<br />

ramdenadac is aRwerilia uSualo TviTmxilvelis mier, romelsac Tavad<br />

14

hqonda Sexeba im qveyanaSi mimdinare saSinao Tu sagareo politikur<br />

procesebTan, romelsac is aRwers Tavis naSromSi. amdenad, is naklebad<br />

eyrdnoba sxva avtorebs (Rohrbacher 2002: 92).<br />

marselinus komesi (VI saukune), warmoSobiT ilirieli. Tavis<br />

laTinur `qronikaSi~ (analebi) aRwers 379-518 wlebis bizantiis istorias.<br />

Tavadve agrZelebs, vidre 534 wlamde. mogvianebiT teqsts daemata meore<br />

CanarTi – 548 wlamdeli ambebis aRwera, romelic marselinuss aRar<br />

ekuTvnis. aRniSnuli Sroma warmoadgens evsevi ieromes Txzulebis<br />

formalur gagrZelebas (ODB 2 1991: 1296; Croke 1995: XIX).<br />

prokopi kesarieli (VI saukune) iyo gamoCenili bizantieli mwerali<br />

palestinidan. misi originaluri naSromebidan, romelebic Seexeba<br />

iustiniane I didi (527-565 ww.) epoqas gamorCeulad mniSvnelovania `omebi~<br />

(Sedgeba rva wignisgan), `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ da `saidumlo istoria~<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1965: 38-9; ODB 3 1991: 1732).<br />

ioane lide anu lidieli (490 - daax. 565 ww.) daibada lidiis<br />

filadelfiaSi. mis kalams ekuTvnis iseTi mniSvnelovani naSromi,<br />

rogoricaa `Zalauflebis Sesaxeb~, sadac aRwers gvainantikur romaul<br />

biurokratias. is, avtoria, sxva mniSvnelovani Txzulebebisa, maT Soris<br />

iseTebis, rogoricaa `Tveebis Sesaxeb~, `ciur niSTa Sesaxeb~. (ODB 2 1991:<br />

1061; yauxCiSvili 1965: 235).<br />

agaTias mirineli (daax. 532-582 ww.), igive sqolastikosi. misi mTavari<br />

naSromia `iustinianes imperatorobis Sesaxeb~, sadac aRwerilia iustiniane<br />

I didis xanis bizantiis imperia. naSromi warmoadgens prokopi kesarielis<br />

`omebis~ gagrZelebas da moicavs mcire periods, 552-559 wlebi (ODB 1 1991:<br />

35-6; J. D. Frendo 1975, gv. IX-X).<br />

evagre sqolastikosi (daax. 535-600 ww.) daibada epifaniaSi mdinare<br />

orontis xeoba, siria. misi `saeklesio istoria~ moicavs farTo<br />

qronologiur periods efesos pirveli saeklesio krebidan (431 weli), vidre<br />

imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) moRvaweobis xanamde. (Whitby 2000: XIII-XV;<br />

yauxCiSvili 1936: 290).<br />

15

ioane epifaneli (VI-VII ss.) iyo evagre sqolastikosis naTesavi, misi<br />

istorias grZeldeba agaTia mirinelis Tzxulebis dasasrulidan, vidre<br />

imperatori mavrikes mmarTvelobis CaTvliT. misi Tzxuleba SemorCenilia<br />

fragmentebis saxiT (ODB 2 1991: 1064-1065).<br />

ioane malalas (daax. 490-570/580 ww.) `xronografiaSi~ moTxrobilia<br />

msoflios istoria dasabamidan 574 wlamde. avtori bibliuri adamidan<br />

moyolebuli aRwers universalur istorias religiur-filosofiur WrilSi.<br />

naSromi Sedgeba Tvrameti wignisgan da avtoris warmoSobis adgilis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT aRwerilobaSi centraluri adgili ukavia antioqias<br />

(siria), mxolod bolo wignis Sua nawilidan – konstantinopoli.<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1936: 260; Thurn 2000).<br />

menandre protiqtori (VI saukune), ekava sasaxlis zedamxedvelis<br />

Tanamdeboba. msgavsad, ioane epifanelisa agrZelebs agaTia mirenelis<br />

istorias, vidre imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) mmarTvelobamde. (ODB 2 1991:<br />

1338; Blockley 1985).<br />

Teofilakte simokata (VI-VII ss.) iyo gamgrZelebeli menandre<br />

proteqtoris `istoriis~, romelic mTavrdeba imperatori tiberiusis (578-582<br />

ww.) gardacvalebiT. misi istoria daiwera imperator herakles (610-641 ww.)<br />

zeobis dros. is aris erT-erTi ukanaskneli klasikuri stilis mimdevari<br />

istorikosi, romelmac Tavis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani yuradReba dauTmo<br />

iseT tradiciul Temebs, rogorebicaa politika, diplomatia, samxedro<br />

saqme da ara iseTs, rogorc aris religia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom misi<br />

istoria aRar gaugrZelebiaT, vidre VIII-IX saukuneebis mijnamde, rodesac<br />

konstantinopolis patriarqma nikiforem warmogvidgina VII-VIII saukuneebis<br />

bizantiis istoriis mokle eqskursi, rac Cafiqrebuli iyo Teofilaqte<br />

simokatas naSromis gagrZelebad (Whitby, Whitby 1986: XIII).<br />

konstantinopolis patriarqi nikifore Tevdores Ze (758-828 ww.)<br />

daibada bizantiis imperiis dedaqalaqSi xatmebrZoli imperatori<br />

konstantine V koprunimusis (741-775 ww.) dros. patriarqad akurTxes 806<br />

wels, xolo gadaayenes 815 wels. gardaicvala 828 wels. is aris avtori<br />

16

mravali Teologiuri Txzulebisa, romelic ZiriTadad eZRvneba<br />

xatmebrZolobis Tematikas (O’Connel 1972). Cvenamde moaRwia misma orma<br />

istoriulma naSromma, esenia: `mokle istoria~ da `mokle xronografiuli<br />

gadmocema~. amaTgan pirveli simokatas `istoriis~ gagrZelebas warmoadgens,<br />

xolo meore moicavs msoflio istoriis mokle xronografiul aRweras,<br />

vidre IX saukunis dasawyisamde (Mango 1990: 1-4). `mokle istoria~ iwyeba<br />

fokas mmarTvelobiT da grZeldeba 769 wlis ambebis aRweris CaTvliT, ris<br />

Semdegac Txroba wydeba. fiqroben, rom naSromi daumTavrebelia (Mango 1990:<br />

6-7).<br />

giorgi svingelozi (VIII-IX ss.) moRvaweobda konstantinopolis<br />

patriarq tarasis dros (786-806 ww.). misi `xronografia~ warmoadgens<br />

msoflio istorias adamidan imperator diokletianemde (284-305 ww.). avtors<br />

gamizmuli hqonda gaegrZelebina misi istoria da faqtobrivad calke<br />

gamoeyo romis istoris qristianuli periodi, misive Tanamedroveobis<br />

CaTvliT, magram ar dascalda. samagierod misi naSromis gagrZeleba iTava<br />

Tefane aRmsarebelma. (Adler, Tuffin 2002: XXIX).<br />

Teofane aRmsarebeli (759/60-818 ww.), igive JamTaaRmwereli agrZelebs<br />

giorgi singelosis `xronografias~. Teofanes qronika bizantiuri<br />

saistorio mwerlobis udides miRwevadac aris Sefasebuli (Mango and Scott<br />

1997: L-LI; yauxCiSvili 1941: 70; Adler, Tuffin 2002: XIX, XXIX; Mango 1978; 17).<br />

giorgi hamartolosi (IX saukune) `xronografia~ dawerilia<br />

bizantiis imperator mixael III loTis (842-867 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros.<br />

masSi moTxrobilia bizantiis istoria uZvelesi droidan imperator<br />

Teofiles gardacvalebamde (842 weli). Txzuleba Sedgeba oTxi wignisgan da<br />

masSi bizantiis ambebTan erTad moTxrobilia sxva qveynebis istoriac, ris<br />

gamoc naSromi imperiis sazRvrebs gareT didi popularobiT sargeblobda,<br />

iTargmna mraval enaze, maT Soris qarTulzec, gamoCenili qarTveli<br />

mTargmnelisa da Teologis arsen iyalToelis mier XII saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1952: 309).<br />

17

nikoloz mistikosi (852-925 ww.) iyo konstantinopolis patriarqi da<br />

imperator leon VI brZenis erT-erTi yvelaze daaxloebuli piri. misi<br />

memkvidreobidan istoriuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovania, misi<br />

werilebi. vatikanis erT-erTi xelnaweri Seicavs mis 163 werils, rac<br />

mniSvnelovani werilobiTi wyaroa im droindeli bizantiis imperiis<br />

Sesaswavlad. (yauxCiSvili 1952: 209).<br />

ioseb genesiosi (X saukune) aris avtori Txzulebisa, romelis<br />

saTauria `basileiai~ (xelmwifebani). naSromi faravs 813-886 wlebis periods<br />

da Sedgeba oTxi wignisgan. genesiosma misi matiane Seasrula imperator<br />

konstantine VII porfirogenetis dakveTiT. (Kaldellis 1998: XI-XV).<br />

konstantine VII porfirogeneti (905-959 ww.) iyo bizantiis imperatori<br />

913-959 wlebSi. miuxedavad misi mdgomareobisa gansakuTrebul dainteresebas<br />

iCenda mecnierebisken. aris avtori ramdenme Txzulebisa, maT Soris:<br />

`Temebis Sesaxeb~ (De thematibus), `cereminiebis Sesaxeb~ (De caeremoniis),<br />

`mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ (De administrando). yvela maTgani mniSvnelovan<br />

informacias Seicavs bizantiis imperiis cxovrebis mravali aspeqtis Sesaxeb.<br />

misive dakveTiT daiwyo sxvadasxva nawarmoebebis Sesruleba, riTic<br />

mecnierebis araerTi dargis ganviTarebas Seewyo xeli X saukunis bizantiis<br />

imperiaSi (yauxCiSvili 1952: 219; ODB 1991: 502-3).<br />

sudas enciklopediuri leqsikoni Sedgenilia daaxloebiT X<br />

saukuneSi. masSi ganmartebulia 30 000-ze meti sxvadasxva saxis termini da<br />

saxelwodeba. leqsikonis saTauri `suda~ Zveli berZnuli sityvaa da<br />

aRniSnavs `zRudes~, `gamagrebul adgils~. sudas `kompilaciebis<br />

kompilaciadac~ moixsenieben, radgan Sedgenilia sxvadasxva kompilaciuri<br />

tipis naSromebisgan amokrefili masalebis safuZvelze. savaraudod,<br />

dawerilia avtorTa jgufis mier da ara vinme svidas mier, rogorc es adre<br />

iTvleboda (ODB. 3 1991: 1930-1931; yauxCiSvili 1952: 313-314).<br />

Teofanes gamgrZelebeli, rogorc is sakuTar Tavs moixseniebs aris<br />

anonimi avtori vrceli Txzulebisa, romelic Sedgeba eqvsi wignisgan.<br />

aRwerilia 813-961 wlebis bizantiis istoria. naSromi SemorCenilia<br />

18

erTaderTi xelnaweris saxiT, romelic ganekuTvneba XI saukunes. avtori<br />

iyenebs mraval Txzulebas, xolo Tavad nawarmoebi kompilaciuri saxisaa<br />

(ODB 3 1991: 2061-2062; yauxCiSvili 1952: 325-326).<br />

simon logoTeti, magistrosi (X saukune) aris avtori nawarmoebisa<br />

`xronografia~, romelic aRwers istorias qveynis dasabamidan, 948 wlis<br />

CaTvliT, aqedan 842-948 wlebis ambebi misi originaluri naSromia, danarCeni<br />

ki kompilaciuri saxisaa. arsebobs misi naSromis gagrZeleba da<br />

gadakeTebuli variantebic. adre daudgeneli iyo aRniSnuli naSromis<br />

avtoris zusti vinaoba, ris gamoc mis avtorad xan Teodosi meliteneli da<br />

xan leon gramatikosi miiCneoda. ar mtkicdeba misi identifiacia simon<br />

metafrastTan (ix.: ODB 3 1991: 1982-1983). leon gramatikosi 1013 wlis<br />

xelnaweris gadamweria da ara avtori, rogorc es aris miTiTebuli<br />

georgikaSi (yauxCiSvili 1963: 1-2). miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom<br />

leoni SeiZleba iyos mxolod redaqtori (aRniSnuli wyaros erT-erTi<br />

ukanaskneli gamocema ix.: Wahlgren 2006).<br />

giorgi kedrene (XI-XII ss.) aris avtori Sromisa, romelsac ewodeba<br />

`istoriuli mimoxilva~, oficialuri saTauri SedarebiT vrcelia da ukve<br />

iqidan Cans, rom naSromi kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa _ `istoriuli mimoxilva,<br />

dawyebuli qveynis gaCeniT, vidre isak komnenosis imperatorobamde,<br />

Sedgenili ufal giorgi kedrenes mier sxvadasxva wignebis mixedviT~.<br />

amdenad, kedrenes istoria isak I-is mmarTvelobis dasasruliT mTavrdeba<br />

(1059 weli) (ODB 2 1991: 1118; yauxCiSvili 1963: 7-9).<br />

ioane skilice (XI saukunis II nax.) kurapalati da viglas<br />

drungariosi, gaigivebulia ioane TrakesiosTan. aris avtori naSromisa,<br />

romelsac ewodeba `istoria~, romelic Teofane aRmsareblis gagrZelebas<br />

warmoadgens. matiane faravs 811-1057 wlebis bizantiis istorias (ODB 3 1991:<br />

1914). 1057-1079 wlebis ambebi ekuTvnis ioane skilices ucnob gamgrZelebels,<br />

romlis matianec mixael ataliates TviTnebur gadakeTebas warmoadgens<br />

(ODB 3 1991: 1914).<br />

19

kekavmenosi (XI saukune) bizantieli warCinebuli da samxedro moRvawe<br />

aris avtori sabrZolo saxelmZRvanelosi, romelsac Semoklebulad<br />

`strategikons~ vuwodebT. es aris bizantiis imperiis samxedro saqmis<br />

aRwera, sadac samxedro xelovnebis garda gadmocemulia bizantiis<br />

istoriis mravali movlena basil II didis (976-1025 ww.) imperatorobidan,<br />

vidre romanoz IV diogenes (1068-1071 ww.) mmarTvelobamde (ODB 2 1991: 1118;<br />

yauxCiSvili 1963: 314; Литаврина 1972).<br />

mixael fselosi (1018-1081 w. Semdeg) eriskacobaSi konstantine.<br />

bizantiis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli swavluli da saxelmwifo moRvawe.<br />

aris avtori araerTi werilisa da naSromis. maT Soris istoriuli kuTxiT<br />

yvelaze Rirebulia misi `xronografia~, romelic moicavs 976-1077 wlebis<br />

istorias. fselosi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda bunebas, romelic<br />

misi azriT marTalia RmerTis mier iyo Seqmnili, magram imarTeboda<br />

bunebrivi kanonebiT, riTic is provindencialur Sexedulebebs ganze<br />

ayenebs. misi naSromebi savsea, rogorc panegirikuli xasiaTis pasaJebiT,<br />

aseve movlenebis kritikuri analiziT. mixael pselosis ramdenime naSromi,<br />

ukve XII saukuneSi iTargmna qarTul enaze (ODB 3 1991: 1754-1755; yauxCiSvili<br />

1966: 1-8).<br />

mixeil ataliate (1020/1030-1085 w. Semdeg) proedrosi. rogorc<br />

senatori da mosamarTle, ataliates kariera SesaSuri brwyinvalebiT<br />

gamoirCeoda bizantiis imperiaSi. is aris avtori ramdenime naSromisa,<br />

romelTa Soris aris iuridiuli saxis Txzulebebic. yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovania misi `istoria~, sadac aRwerilia 1034-1079/80 wlebis ambebi.<br />

naSromis Sesabamisi nawili imperator nikifore III botaniates (1078-1081 ww.)<br />

xotbis Sesxmas waroadgens. naSromis bolo nawili nikifores gadayenebis<br />

Semdeg iqna dawerili, sadac ukve avtori faqtebis obieqturi SefasebiT da<br />

racionaluri analiziT gamoirCeva (ODB I 1991: 229; yauxCiSvili 1966: 20-21).<br />

nikifore vrienios umcrosi (1064/1080-1136/7 ww.) iyo cnobili<br />

bizantieli sardali da istorikosi. aris avtori Sromisa `saistorio<br />

masalebi~, sadac aRwerilia XI saukunis 70-iani wlebis ambebi. misi<br />

20

Txzuleba daumTavrebelia, samagierod mas xSirad imowmebs misi meuRle ana<br />

komnena. anam dagvitova nikifore umcrosis detaluri daxasiaTeba (ODB 1<br />

1991: 330-331; yauxCiSvili 1966: 302).<br />

ana komnena (1083-1153/4 ww.) iyo cnobili bizantieli istorikosi,<br />

nikifore vrienos umcrosis meuRle. Tavis droze daniSnuli iyo marTa<br />

bagrationis vaJze konstantine porfirogenetze, Tumca am ukanasknelis<br />

politikuri statusis damcrobis gamo qorwili ar Sedga. ana komnena aris<br />

avtori mamamisis – imperator aleqsi I komnenosis biografiulis xasiaTis<br />

naSromisa, romelsac man uwoda `aleqsiada~. wigni Sedgeba 15 wignisgan da<br />

aRwers aleqsis droindeli bizantiis politikur viTarebas, sadac<br />

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs Tavad mamamisis cxovrebasa da<br />

moRvaweobas (ODB 2 1991: 1142; yauxCiSvili 1966: 33-37).<br />

ioane zonara (XII saukunis meore nax.) bizantieli didmoxele,<br />

romelic mogvianebiT berad aRikveca da dagvitova ramdenime naSromi<br />

rogorc istoriuli, aseve Teologiuri xasiaTis. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovania `msoflio istoria~, sadac aRwerilia bizantia da<br />

gare samyaro dasabamidan 1118 wlis CaTvliT. zonara gansxvavebiT ana<br />

komnenasgan kritikulad afasebs aleqsi I-is dros ganviTarebul movlenebs<br />

da xandaxan akritikebs kidec imperators (ODB 3 1991: 2229; yauxCiSvili 1966:<br />

177-181).<br />

ioane kinamosi (daax. 1143 – 1185 w. Semdeg) iyo imperator manuel I<br />

didis piradi istorikosi. misi naSromi panegirikuli xasiaTisaa da aRwers<br />

ori imperatoris: ioane II kaloioanes (1118-1143 ww.) da manuel I didis (1143-<br />

1180 ww.) mmarTvelobis epoqas (ODB 2 1991: 1130; yauxCiSvili 1966: 140-141).<br />

niketa xoniate (1155/7-1217 ww.) gamoCenili bizantieli istorikosi,<br />

Teologi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. aris ramdenime naSromis avtori, maT<br />

Soris mTavaria `istoria~, romelic aRwers 1118-1206 wlebis ambebs. niketas<br />

`istoria~ Sedgeba 21 wignisgan da gamoirCeva faqtebisa da movlenebis uxvi<br />

aRweriT. (ODB I 1991: 428; yauxCiSvili 1966: 122-123).<br />

21

giorgi akropolite (1217-1282 ww.) iyo bizantieli moxele da<br />

istorikosi. rogorc imperator mixael VIII paleologosis (1261-1282 ww.)<br />

axlo naTesavi, iTvleboda mis erT-erT yvelaze erTgul msaxurad. misi<br />

`qronika~ faqtiurad niketa xoniates naSromis gagrZelebas warmoadgens da<br />

aRwers 1203-1261 wlebis ambebs – konstantinopolis dacemidan mis<br />

dabrunebamde. misi naSromi panegirikuli xasiaTisaa, sadac avtori<br />

ganadidebs mixael VIII paleologoss (ODB 1 1991: 49; yauxCiSvili 1967: 40).<br />

giorgi paximere (1242-1310 ww.) agrZelebs akropolites istorias da<br />

agviRwers ori imperatoris moRvaweobis periods: mixael VIII paleologosis<br />

(1261-1282 ww.) da andronike II paleologosis mmarTvelobis xanas (1282-1328<br />

ww.). giorgi paximere aris sxva mravali, ritorikuli Tu filosofiuri<br />

saxis naSromebis avtori (ODB 3 1991: 1550; yauxCiSvili 1966: 48-49).<br />

nikifore grigorasi (1290/4-1358/60 ww.) XIV saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

gamoCenili bizantieli istorikosi da swavluli. misi mravali Sromebidan<br />

yvelaze gamorCeulia `romauli istoria~, romelic giorgi paximeres<br />

istoriis erTgvari gagrZelebaa, masSi aRwerilia ambebi 1204 wlidan 1359<br />

wlis CaTvliT. misi istoria Sedgeba 37 wignisgan da masSi aRwerilia<br />

mravali mniSvnelovani politikuri, Tu religiuri saxis movlena (ODB 2<br />

1991: 874-875; yauxCiSvili 1967: 119-123).<br />

ioane VI kantakuzene (1295-1383 ww.) iyo bizantiis imperatori da XIV<br />

saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe. taxtidan<br />

gadadgomis Semdeg (1354 w.) aRikveca berad iosebis saxeliT, ris Semdegac<br />

cxovrebis mniSvnelovani dro mwerlobas dauTmo. aris avtori sakuTari<br />

avtobiografiuli saxis nawarmoebisa, romelsac `istoriani~ ewodeba. masSi<br />

aRwerilia 1320-1356 wlebis bizantiis istoria, sadac ioane kantakuzene<br />

gadmogvcems sakuTar Tvalsazris da Sexedulebebs yvela im politikur<br />

procesis Sesaxeb, romelSic Tavad iRebda monawileobas. Txzuleba Sedgena<br />

oTxi nawilisgan da mniSvnelovani wyaroa bizantiis istoriis am<br />

saintereso periodis Sesaswavlad (ODB 2 1991: 1050-1051).<br />

22

miqel panaretosi (daax. 1320-1387 ww.) iyo trapizonis imperiis<br />

protosevastosi da protonotariosi. msaxurobda imperator aleqsi III<br />

komnenosis (1349-1390 ww.) sasaxlis karze. aris avtori nawarmoebisa, romelic<br />

SemoklebiT `trapizonis qronikis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. TxzulebaSi<br />

mokled aris gadmocemuli trapizonis istoria 1204 wlidan 1386 wlis<br />

CaTvliT. gagrZeleba, sadac damatebulia 1390-1426 wlebis ambebis aRwera<br />

ekuTnis mis ucnob gamgrZelebels (ODB 3 1991: 1569-1570; yauxCiSvili 1967: 161-<br />

165 ; TavaZe 2008: 108).<br />

duka (daax. 1400-1462 ww.) mis Sesaxeb cota ram aris cnobili,<br />

samagierod SemorCenilia misi `istoria~, sadac aRwerilia 1341-1462 wlebis<br />

bizantiis istoria. 1341 wlamdeli movlenebi ki Zalzed mokled aris<br />

aRwerili, rac ZiriTadad qronologiis saxiT aris warmodgenili. 1421<br />

wlamde movlenebis aRwerisas misi wyaroa niketa xoniates, nikifore<br />

grigorasis da ioane anagnostes naSromebi. dukas `istoria~ uecrad wydeba<br />

1462 wels, rac imas miuTiTebs, rom avtorma is ver daasrula da<br />

savaraudod amave wels gardaicvala (Magoulias 1975: 57-60; ODB 1 1991: 656-657;<br />

georgika VIII, gv. 21-24).<br />

giorgi sfranZesi (1401-1477/8 ww.) bizantiis imperiis didmoxele<br />

paleologosebis saimperio karze, flobda protovestiaris saxelos.<br />

mniSvnelovania misi `qronika minusi~, romelic eyrdnoba misi dRiuris<br />

Canawerebs, sadac 1413-1478 wlebis bizantiis istoriis movlenebia aRwerili.<br />

rac Seexeba amave nawarmoebis ufro vrcel versias – `qronika maiuss~ is,<br />

rogorc es dRes aRiarebulia, iTvleba monemnasiis metropoliti makarios<br />

melisenosis Sedgenilad XVI saukuneSi (ODB. III, gv. 1937; yauxCiSvili 1970:<br />

36-37, 41).<br />

laonike xalkokondiles (1423/30-1490 ww.) `istoria~ moicavs 1298-1463<br />

wlebis movlenebis aRweras da Sedgeba aTi wignisgan. daiwera XV saukunis<br />

80-ian wlebSi. laonikes ganzraxuli hqonda eCvenebina `didi elinuri<br />

imperiis dacema~, rasac TavisTavad osmanTa Turquli imperiis aRorZineba<br />

mohyva (ODB 1 1991: 407 ; yauxCiSvili 1970: 89-91).<br />

23

kardinali besarioni (1400-1472 ww.) gamoCenili bizantieli swavluli<br />

daibada trapizonSi, xolo ganaTleba miiRo konstantinopolSi. 1437 wels<br />

daamtkices nikeis mitropolitad. iyo uniaturi moZraobis lideri<br />

bizantiaSi, xolo garkveuli warumateblobis Semdeg, datova<br />

konstantinopolis sapatriarqo da gadavida italiaSi, sadac kaTolicizmi<br />

miiRebis Semdeg kardinalad airCies. orjer (1455, 1471 ww.) iyo papobis<br />

kandidati. aris avtori sxvadasxva panegirikuli saxis teqstebisa da<br />

enkomiis, maT Soris erT-erTi eZRvneba mis mSobliur qalaq trapizons (ODB<br />

1 1991: 285).<br />

giorgi trapizoneli (1395-1472/3 ww.) warmoSobiT iyo qalaqi<br />

trapizonidan, xolo daibada kunZul kretaze. 1416 wels datova mSobliuri<br />

mxare da gaemgzavra italiaSi, sadac miiRo kaTolikuri mrwamsi da Cadga<br />

romis papis samsaxurSi. aris avtori uamravi sxvadasxva saxis nawarmoebisa,<br />

maT Soris ritorikuli, filosofiuri, Teologiuri, astonomiuri,<br />

astrologiuri da a.S. werda ZiriTadad laTinur enaze. mniSvnelovania mis<br />

Txzuleba `WeSmariteba qristianuli mrwamsis Sesaxeb~, sadac igi wers, rom<br />

Tu osmanTa sulTani qristianobas miiRebs is gaxdeba msoflios<br />

mbrZanebelio (ODB 2 1991: 839-840).<br />

Teodor spandunesi (1460 w. Semdeg – 1560 wlamde), maTe spandunesisa<br />

da evdokia kantakuzenes vaJiSvili, bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg<br />

laTinur samyaroSi gaqceul bizantiel aristokratTa meore Taobis<br />

warmomadgeneli iyo. mis kalams ekuTvnis laTinur enaze dawerili XVI<br />

saukunis evropaSi sakmaod popularuli Txzuleba `osman imperatorTa<br />

warmoSobis Sesaxeb~, romelic amave saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Seiqmna da<br />

xelnaweris saxiT 1538 wels safrangeTis momaval mefes, anri II valuas<br />

(1547-1559 ww.) gadaeca, xolo nabeWdi saxiT pirvelad 1550 wels gamoqveynda<br />

(Nicol 1997: XVIII). misi naSromi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa post-bizantiuri<br />

epoqis Sesaswavlad.. aRniSnuli naSromi imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom misi<br />

Sesabamisi asaxva ar momxdara qarTul istoriografiaSi da ar<br />

damuSavebula zogadad saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlis kuTxiT. am<br />

24

avtoris mixedviT, trapizonis imperatoris gadarCenilma memkvidrem colad<br />

moiyvana saqarTvelos mefis asuli da ara guriis mTavris, rogorc es<br />

xSirad iyo aRniSnuli qarTul istoriografiaSi da daefuZna<br />

saqarTveloSi. misi memkvidreebi Teodor spandunesis cnobiT XVI saukunis<br />

Sua wlebisTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen (Nicol 1997: 41).<br />

XVI saukunis avtorebidan mniSvnelovania, aseve anonimi avtoris<br />

berZnuli enaze Sesrulebuli qronika, romelic aRwers bizantiisa da<br />

osmaleTis istorias 1373-1513 wlebSi. es naSromi miukuTvneba<br />

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos qronikebis kategorias, sadac Txroba<br />

iwyeba 1391 wlidan da grZeldeba konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg (1453<br />

weli). msgavsad manuel malaxosisa da damaskenosis nawarmoebebisa anonimi<br />

avtoris qronika ZiriTadad 1391 wlis movlenebis moTxrobiT iwyeba, Tumca<br />

garkveuli pasaJebi exeba 1373 wlis Semdgom perodsac. sabolood, ucnobi<br />

avtoris qronika misma gamomcemelma, marios filipidesma Semdegi saTauriT<br />

gamosca: `konstantinopolis imperatorebi, patriarqebi da sulTnebi, 1373-<br />

1513~ (Philippides 1990: 16-20). aq daculi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mwiria,<br />

Tumca ixsenieba konstantinopolis patriarqis ioakimes saqarTveloSi<br />

viziti da sxva (Philippides 1990: 119-120).<br />

yvela zemoxsenebuli avtoris garda arsebobs sxva, bizantieli<br />

mwerlebis nawarmoebebi, romelTa naSromebic garkveulwilad avseben Cvens<br />

codnas bizantiuri saimperio titulaturis Sesaxeb da im samoxeleo wyobis<br />

Sesaxeb, romelic Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi arsebobda.<br />

bizantiis saimperio titulaturis Seswavlis kuTxiT, gamorCeuli<br />

adgili ukavia im mravalferovan `noticiebsa~ Tu `taktikebs~, romlebic<br />

mravlad iwereboda saxelmwifo aparatis efeqturi marTvis kuTxiT. qarTul<br />

politikur realobaSi am terminebis aRsaniSnavad: `garigeba~, `ganweseba~,<br />

`wesi~, gamoiyeneboda. sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTulis~<br />

mixedviT: `wesi uwodian Cveulebasa, ganmtkicebulsa da mdgomaresa~<br />

(abulaZe 1993: 374). `wesis~ sinonimad iqve miTiTebulia – `ganweseba~,<br />

25

omelic imave leqsikonis mixedviT `garigebas~ Seesabameba (abulaZe 1991:<br />

145).<br />

gvian romauli saimperio aparatis Seswavlis kuTxiT mniSvnelovani<br />

wyaroa Notitia Dignitatum, romelic warmoadgens oficialuri samxedro da<br />

samoqalaqo Tanamdebobebis nusxas. masSi naklebad aris warmodgenili<br />

sapatio titulebi. teqsts bolo redaqtireba V saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

gaukeTda da amave saxiT aris Cvenamde moRweuli (ODB 3 1991: 1496;<br />

yauxCiSvili, gamyreliZe 1961: 168-170). sagulisxmoa, aseve Notitia Urbis<br />

Constantinopolitanae, sadac aRwerilia qalaqi konstantinopoli da misi<br />

moxeleebi. es dokumentic Sedgenilia imave – V saukunis dasawyisSi (ODB 3<br />

1991: 1496).<br />

didi raodenobiT aris Semonaxuli saeklesio noticiebi. amaTgan, or<br />

aTeulze meti gamoqveynebulia Jan daruzos mier (Darrouzés 1981).<br />

`taktikebi~ zemoT ganxilul `noticiebTan~ erTad yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenen bizantiuri administraciuli da<br />

biurokratiuli aparatis Sesaswavlad. am kuTxiT, Notitia Dignitatum-is garda<br />

mniSvnelovania IX-X saukuneebis taktikebi, romlebic Sekriba da gamoaqveyna<br />

n. oikonomidisma. gvianbizantiuri samoxeleo wyobis Sesaswavlad Zvirfasi<br />

wyaroa – fsevdo-kodines `traqtati Tanamdebobebisa da titulebis Sesaxeb~<br />

(XIV s. Sua wlebi) (ODB 3 1991: 2007; Verpeaux 1966). calke aRniSvnis Rirsia<br />

starategikonebi – samxedro saqmis saxelmZRvaneloebi, maTi cnobebi<br />

administraciuli sistemis Sesaxeb ufro mokrZalebulia, vinaidan maTSi<br />

aqcenti samxedro saqmis swavlebazea gakeTebuli. yvela am masalas<br />

bizantiuri ierarqiisa da administraciis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovnad avsebs<br />

bizantiuri beWdebi (sfragistikis nimuSebi) da numizmatikuri masalebi.<br />

bizantiuri numizmatikisa da sfragistikis nimuSebi didi raodenobiT<br />

aris daculi sxvadasxva muzeumebsa, Tu kerZo koleqciebSi. numizmatikis<br />

nimuSebze ZiriTadad bizantiis imperatorebis, dedoflebis, Tana-<br />

imperatorebis da iSviaT SemTxvevaSi mTavrebis portretuli<br />

gamosaxulebebi da titulebia aRniSnuli. sfragistikis nimuSebze imperiis<br />

26

TiTqmis yvela kategoriis didmoxelis Tanamdeboba da titulebi<br />

fiqsirdeba. bizantiuri numizmatikis uamravi nimuSebi Seswavlili da<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvT iseT specialistebs, rogorebic arian: f. grirsoni, d.<br />

seari, v. roTi, m. hendi da sxva mkvlevarebi (Grierson 1973; Sear 1996).<br />

bizantiuri beWdebis gamoqveynebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes iseTma<br />

mecnierebma rogorebic arian: g. SlumberJe (Shclumberger 1884), v. loreni<br />

(Lorent... 1-3: 1963-72), j. nesbiTi, n. oikonomidisi (Oikonomides 1985; Catalogue I-VI), v.<br />

zaifti, g. zakosi (Zacos 1972), i. iordanovi (Jordanov I-III), Jan-klod Sene<br />

(Cheynet 2001), d. metkalfi (Metcalf 2004) da sxvebi.<br />

laTinuri wyaroebidan gamorCeuli adgili ukavia langobardiel<br />

istorikosisa da saxelmwifo moRvawe ludprandis (daax. 920-970 ww.),<br />

kremonis episkoposis naSromebs. misi Sromebi gamoqveynebulia paolo<br />

skuatritis mier. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom liudprandma kargad icoda<br />

berZnuli ena da saRvTo romis imperatoris oton I-is (962-973 ww.)<br />

samsaxurSi myofi (manamde italiis mefe berengar II-is davalebiT)<br />

ramdenimejer gaemgzavra konstantinopolSi. yvelaferi amis fonze<br />

mSvenivrad aRwers bizantias da iqaur politikur viTarebas (ODB 2 1991:<br />

1241-1242; Squatriti 2007).<br />

siriuli wyaroebidan bevri mniSvnelovani mematianes dasaxeleba<br />

SeiZleba. maT Soris arian: ieso stilite (VI saukune), zaqaria retori (VI<br />

saukune), ioane efeseli (VI saukune), meSvide da merve saukunis siruli<br />

qronikebi, iakob edeseli (640-708 ww.), mixael sirieli (1126-1199 ww.), 1234<br />

wlis siriuli qronikis anonimi, grigol bar-ebrausi (1226-1286 ww.) da sxva<br />

(Joshua the Stylite 1882; Zachariah of Mitylene 1889; Smith 1999; Harrak 1999; Chabot 1899-1910;<br />

Chabot 1920; Budge 1932).<br />

somxuri wyaroebSi aseve gvxvdeba mravali cnobebi bizantiuri<br />

titulaturis Sesaxeb, isini mdidaria politikuri movlenebis aRweriTac.<br />

maT Soris mniSvnelovania Semdegi avtorebi: lazar farfeci (V saukune),<br />

sebeosi (VII saukune), anonimi somexi geografi, romelsac anania<br />

SirakacisTan aigiveben (VII saukune), Revondi (VIII saukune), movses<br />

27

kalankatuaci (X saukune), ioane drasxanakertci (X saukune), stefanoz<br />

taroneci (XI saukune), aristakes lastiverci (XI saukune), maTe urhaeci (XII<br />

saukune), mxiTar airivaneci (XII saukune), mxiTar goSi (XII-XIII saukuneebis<br />

mijna), grigol akaneci (XIII saukune), vardan arevelci (XIII saukune),<br />

kirakoz ganZakeci (XIII saukune), stefanoz orbeliani (XIII-XIV saukuneebis<br />

mijna), sebastaci (XIV saukune), heTumi (XIV saukune), Tovma mewofeci (XV<br />

saukune) da aS. XIV-XV saukuneebis politikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad<br />

mniSvnelovania somxuri anderZ-minawerebi, igive hiSatakaranebi (ix.: janaSia<br />

1962; Себеос 1862; Гевонд 1862; davlianiZe-tatiSvili 1985; Дарбинян-Меликян 1984;<br />

Bedrosian 1985; Matthew of Edessa 1993; davlianiZe-tatiSvili 1985; Патканов 1871;<br />

kvaWantiraZe, SoSiaSvili 2003; Киракос Гандзакеци 1976; cagareiSvili 1978;<br />

Себастаци 1962; Bedrosian 2004; Тер-Григорян, Баграмян 1957; Bedrosian 1987; kucia 1987;<br />

abdalaZe 1978).<br />

g) istoriografia – saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebi didi xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, araerTi qarTveli da ucxoeli mkvlevaris yuradRebis<br />

centrSi moeqca. mimoxilulia mravali sakiTxi, maT Soris: politikuri<br />

urTierToba, diplomatia, wyaroTmcodneobiTi kvlevebi, ekonomikuri<br />

urTierTobebi, samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi da mravali sxva. bizantiuri<br />

saimperio titulaturis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebas didi yuradReba<br />

eTmoboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRemde ar arsebobs damoukidebeli<br />

naSromi aRniSnuli Temis irgvliv, bizantiuri titulebis saqarTveloSi<br />

gavrcelebas yuradReba miaqcies da Seiswavles iseTma mkvlevarebma<br />

rogorebic arian: ivane javaxiSvili, simon yauxCiSvili, SoTa mesxia, SoTa<br />

badriZe, mariam lorTqifaniZe, roin metreveli, zurab papasqiri, ilia<br />

anTelava, Tedo dundua, jaba samuSia, aseve kiril Tumanovi, valeri<br />

stepanenko, stiven rapi. XI-XII saukuneebis bizantiuri titulebi<br />

safuZvlianad Seiswavla gamoCenilma bizantinologma aleqsandre kaJdanma.<br />

mTeli aRniSnuli Sroma aleqsandre kaJdanma mis originalur monografiaSi<br />

`bizantiis mmarTveli klasis socialuri Semadgenloba XI-XII ss-Si~ moaqcia<br />

28

(Каждан 1974). gamovlinda araerTi qarTuli aristokratuli gvari, romelic<br />

am epoqaSi flobda bizantiur titulebs.<br />

`qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~ Sesaxeb disertacia daicva SoTa<br />

badriZem, romelic mogvianebiT Tsu-s SromebSi gamoica (badriZe 1965) jemal<br />

stefnaZem dabeWda saintereso statia bizantiuri titulebis gavrcelebaze<br />

saqarTveloSi (stefnaZe 1976; anTelava 1988).<br />

miuxedavad didi interesisa yvela zemoT xsenebuli avtori<br />

bizantiuri titulaturis saqarTveloSi damkvidrebis da qronologiis<br />

sakiTxebis SeswavliT Semoifargla. isini nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben<br />

titulebis genezisis, funqciis, raobis da ierarqiuli mdgomareobis<br />

sakiTxebs bizantiis imperiaSi. naklebad aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba,<br />

titulebis mniSvnelobaze, privilegiebze da finansur dotaciebze,<br />

romelsac maTi mflobelebi iRebdnen bizantiis imperatorisgan. kvleva<br />

ZiriTadad saqarTvelos Seexeboda, Sesabamisad bizantiuri titulebi<br />

mxolod am kuTxiT iqna Seswavlili. amdenad, sakiTxi ar aris damuSavebuli<br />

kompleqsurad da am kuTxiT muSaobis gaRrmavebisken gvibiZgebs.<br />

qarTuli istoriografiisgan gansxvavebiT, bizantiis kvlevebSi<br />

titulaturisa da sapatio epiTetebis an zogadad instituciuri sistemis<br />

Sesaxeb vrceli literatura arsebobs. maTi gacnoba qarTuli instituciuri<br />

sakiTxebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT aucilebelia.<br />

am kuTxiT kvleva jer kidev XIX saukuneSi daiwyo. erT-erTi<br />

pirvelia rusi mecnieris nikolai skabalanoviCis monografia: `bizantiis<br />

saxelmwifo da eklesia XI saukuneSi~ (Скабаланович 1884).<br />

yuradRebas imsaxurebs, aseve cnobili frangi istorikosis Sarl<br />

dilis Sromebi bizantiis administraciuli Tu instituciuri mowyobis<br />

Sesaxeb. misi disertacia, romelic 1888 wels gamoqveynda swored am<br />

problemis Seswavlas daeTmo, ufro konkretulad ravenis egzarxatis<br />

adrebizantiis epoqaSi. naSromis sruli saTauria: `narkvevebi bizantiis<br />

administraciis Sesaxeb: ravenis egzarxati (568-751)~ (Diehl 1888). bizantiis<br />

imperiis ZiriTadi istoriis Sesaxeb dawerili naSromebis (Diehl 1919 1 ; Diehl<br />

29

1919 2 ) garda aRsaniSnavia misi statia saTauriT: `bizantiis imperiis<br />

xelisufleba da administracia~, romelic Sesulia kembrijis Sua<br />

saukuneebis meoTxe tomSi (Cambridge Medieval History IV 1923: 726-744).<br />

mniSvnelovania aseve cnobili ingliseli istorikosis jon bagnel<br />

biuris naSromebi bizantiis administraciisa da biurokratiis Sesaxeb.<br />

maTgan, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania `imperiuli administraciis sistema<br />

mecxre saukuneSi~ (Bury 1911).<br />

mniSvnelevania lui breies sami tomisgan Semdgari fundamenturi<br />

naSromi `bizantiuri samyaro~. amaTgan, CvenTvis yvelaze sainteresoa meore<br />

tomi `bizantiis imperiis instituciebi~ (Bréhier 1949).<br />

mniSvnelovania genadi litavrinis `bizantiis sazogadoeba da<br />

saxelmwifo X-XI ss-Si~ (Литаврин 1977). bizantiuri administraciuli<br />

sistemis garda, aRniSnul monografiaSi yuradReba imperiis socialur<br />

Semadgenlobebsac eTmoba. gansxvavebiT skabalanoviCis naSromisgan<br />

ignorirebulia sasuliero fenis roli, samagierod warmoCenilia saero<br />

pirebis moRvaweoba X-XI saukuneebis bizantiis yofa-cxovrebaSi.<br />

gvianromauli da adrebizantiuri xanis instituciebisa da<br />

administraciuli sistemis Sesaxeb safuZvliani samecniero kvleva Caatares<br />

iseTma mecnierebma, rogorebic iyvnen m. T. v. arnhaimi (Arnheim 1972), jon<br />

haldoni (Haldon 1984), h. m. jonsi (Jones I-IV 1964), am ukanasknels ganxiluli<br />

aqvs aRniSnuli epoqis yvela ZiriTadi problematika dawyebuli politikuri<br />

istoriis sakiTxebiT damTavrebuli socialuriT da institucionaluriT.<br />

mniSvnelovania, aseve everil kameronis, daniel slutesisa da sxvaTa<br />

Sromebi (Cameron 1993; Slootjes 2006). bizantiis imperiis Sua xanebis<br />

instituciuri istoriisa Tu politikuri azrovnebis Sesaswavlad mravali<br />

Sroma aris dawerili. maTi nawili ukve davaxiasiaTeT, rodesac CvenTvis<br />

saintereso ZiriTad Sromebs vixilavdiT, xolo sxva avtorebidan SeiZleba<br />

gamovarCioT, Semdegi mkvlevarebi: rodolf giiani (Guilland I-II 1967), n.<br />

oikonomidekisi (Oikonomides 2005), J-k. Sene, speros vrionis umcrosi (Vrionis<br />

1997) da sxva. gvianbizantiuri instituciebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovania: l.<br />

30

maqsimoviCi (Maksimovic 1988), i. a. biliarski (Biljarski 1998). g. x. sulisi (Soulis<br />

1984), d. angelovi (Angelov 2007) da sxva avtorTa Sromebi.<br />

31

Tavi I<br />

bizantiuri saimpero titulatura da Tanamegobrobis qveynebi<br />

bizantiis imperia romis imperiis samarTal memkvidre iyo. swored<br />

romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawils daumkvidrda samecniero sivrceSi<br />

farTod danergili saxelwodeba – bizantia. bizantiis mosaxleobas Tavs<br />

romaelebad miiCnevda. misi eTnikuri Semadgenloba adgilobrivi,<br />

elinizirebul mosaxleobizgan iyo warmodgenili. moiuxedavad berZnuli<br />

enisa da kulturis Zlieri gavlenisa bizantiis imperia rCeboda romauli<br />

tradiciebis Rirseul gamgrZeleblad. amdenad, iqamde sanam usualob<br />

bizantiis imperiis saimperio titulaturis gavrcelebas mivadevnebT Tvals<br />

Tanamegobrobis qveynebSi mniSvnelovania SevexoT im tendenciasac, rac win<br />

uZRoda bizantiuri saimperio titulebis gavrcelebas saqarvelosa da<br />

Tanamegobrobis sxva saxelmwifoebSi.<br />

romis imperiis politika rogorc wesi agresiuli iyp, Tumca imperiis<br />

xanaSi farTod iyenebda `megobari mokavSire~ qveynebis daxmarebasac.<br />

`megobari mokavSire~ qveynebSi Sedioda yvela is saxelmwifo ganurCevlad<br />

religiisa da eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa, romlebic romis xalxisa da<br />

senatis interesebis sasargeblod moqmedebda. am qveynebSi farTod iyo<br />

danergili romis imperiis moqalaqeobis gacemis praqtikac, rac<br />

uzrunvelyofda mmarTveli elitis romis imperiis mmartvel klasebTan<br />

integracias. am kuTxiT mniSvnelovania qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis<br />

ganxilva, rogorc romis imperiis saintegracio zonis wevrebisa, romlebsac<br />

hqondaT miswrafeba aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT romis imperiis TavdacviTi<br />

sistemis efeqtur warmarTvaSi. romi samagierod, maTi uSiSroebis<br />

garantori xdeboda. am kuTxiT mniSvnelovania, aramxolod `megobari<br />

mokavSire~ qveynebis – qarTlis/iberia, egrisis/lazika da sxva politikur<br />

erTeulTa koordinaciis Seswavla romis mmarTvel wevrebTan, romelic<br />

efeqturad xorcieldeboda Zv.w. I – ax.w. II saukunis CaTvliT, aramed ukve III<br />

farTod danergili limesuri sistemis Camoyalibebac, sadac sakuTari<br />

32

adgili ekava kolxeTsac, romelic pontos limesis aRmosavleT nawilad<br />

ganixileboda. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriis integracia pontos<br />

limesSi Cven ukve ganvixileT Sesabamis statiebSi da mas ufro vrclad<br />

aRar SevexebiT, vinaidan maTi gacnoba ukve SesaZlebelia or enaze<br />

qarTulad da inglisurad (ix.: Dundua, <strong>Tavadze</strong> 2009; dundua, TavaZe 2011). rac<br />

Seexeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis problematikas<br />

antikur epoqaSi, igi garkveulwilad SeviswavleT, ukve Cvens damoukidebel<br />

naSromSi, romelic daeTmo saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvris problemebs<br />

ganxilvas da im politikur Tu socialur realobas, romelic iq iyo<br />

gabatonebuli. saerTo daskvnis mixedviT gamodis, rom regionis sazRvrebis<br />

kontrols saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba hqonda (ix.: TavaZe 2010). Tumca<br />

aRmosaveT saqarTveloSi limesis sistemas adgili ar hqonia. amdenad, es<br />

sivrce SedarebiT naklebad iyo integrirebuli romaul politikuri<br />

sistemaSi.<br />

miuxedavad efeqturi muSaobisa, limesebis sistemam, romelic<br />

samxedro tyveobaSi myofi, gadasaxlebuli barbarosebis xeliT sxva<br />

barbaroebis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad ar gaamarTla. romis imperia<br />

politikurma qaosma da ekonomikurma krizisma moicva. amis gamo iyo, rom<br />

hunebis mier ganxorcielebuli mZime dartymebis Semdeg dasavleT romis<br />

imperia barbarosebis msxverpli gaxda. romis memkvidris tvirTi aRmosavleT<br />

romis imperiam ikisra.<br />

bizantia pirveli qristianuli imperia iyo, romelic qristianobis<br />

oficialur religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg mis gavrcelebas msoflios<br />

masStabiT cdilobs. qristianobisa da qristianuli faseulobebis<br />

damkvidrebiT bizantiis imperiis mesveurebi sakuTari politikuri gavlenis<br />

gavrcelebas cdilobdnen.<br />

bizantiis politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi amosavali koncefcia,<br />

qristesmoyvare bizantiis imperatoris ieso qristes monacvleoba iyo<br />

dedamiwaze. qristesmoyvare imperatori uflis moadgiled, rCeulad da<br />

qristianobis damcvelad ganixileboda xilul samyaroSi. bizantiis<br />

imperatori kosmokratorad, anu amqveyniuli samyaros mbrZaneblad iqca,<br />

33

xolo qriste – pantokratorad, anu sruliad xiluli da uxilavi samyaros<br />

meufed. imperatori, qristes vasalad ganixileboda, xolo mosaxleoba mis<br />

monebad.<br />

imperatoris privilegia iyo wodebuliyo `yovlisa drois meufed~<br />

anu xronokratorad. imperatori amqveyniuri drois meufea, romelsac<br />

bizantielTa SegnebiT yoveli sulieris gansja SeeZlo, maTi cxovrebis<br />

yoveli wuTi da saaTi misi keTili nebis gamoxatulebad iTvleboda. amgvari<br />

iyo bizantiuri imperiuli ideologiis erT-erTi amosavali koncefcia,<br />

bizantiis imperatoris adgilis Sesaxeb qristianul samyaroSi.<br />

amgvarad, bizantiis imperatori yoveli marTlmorwmune qristianis<br />

imperatorad iqca, romlis movaleoba qristianebze zrunva, sarwmunoebis<br />

dacva da urwmunoTa WeSmarit mrwamsze moqceva iyo. am kuTxiT<br />

mniSvnelovania imperatoris gaazreba, rogorc qristes saflavis mcvelisa,<br />

im saflavisa, sadac mogvianebiT aRdgomis taZari aigo. iTvleboda, rom<br />

imperatoris meufeba dedamiwaze SeuzRudavi iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, nel-<br />

nela damkvidrda bizantiis imperatoris saimperatoro titulebs Soris<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli – avtokratoris (qarTulad<br />

TviTmpyrobeli) tituli.<br />

imperatoris oficialuri tituli iyo avgustusi anu `RmerTTagan<br />

aRzevebuli~, romelic imperiis oficialur regaliebsa Tu samarTlis<br />

ZeglebSi avtokratoris farTod gavrcelebamde sakmaod xSirad<br />

gamoiyeneboda. berZnulad imperators basilevss uwodebdnen. swored<br />

titulebi avgustusi, avtokratori da basilevsi iyo bizantiis imperatoris<br />

umTavresi oficialuri saimperatoro titulebi. arsebobda imperatoris<br />

sxva, oficialuri Tu sapatio titulebi da epiTetebi, romliTac is<br />

ceremoniebis dros iwodeboda. Tumca, am etapze umjobesia, mxolod<br />

ZiriTadi titulebis aRniSvniT SemovifargloT.<br />

sakariskaco da senatioruli titulebi<br />

saimperatoro sapatio titulebisa da epiTetebis garda, bizantiis<br />

TanamegobrobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava senatorul, igive sakariskaco<br />

34

titulebs. saimpero sakariskaco titulebi aRmosavleT romis imperiis<br />

administraciul mowyobasTan erTad Seiqmna. amas ki safuZveli romis<br />

imperiis xelisuflebis organos, senatis, konstantinopolSi Seqmnam Cauyara.<br />

romSi arsebuli senati, romelic Tavis droze respublikis<br />

mmarTveli organo iyo, princepsebis epoqaSi nelnela dakninda, Tumca<br />

garkveuli inerciiT mainc SeinarCuna garkveuli ufleba-mosileba.<br />

konstantinopolis, axali qalaqis daarsebas axali senatis Seqmna<br />

mohyva Sedegad. amieridan romis imperiaSi ori politikuri centri, romi da<br />

konstantinopoli, Tanaarsebobda ori damoukidebeli senatiT.<br />

konstantinopolis senatma, iseve aRmosavleT romis imperiam, bizantiis<br />

senatis saxeli daimkvidra Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi.<br />

senati laTinuri sityvaa da amave enaSi damkvidrebul sityva<br />

seneqsidan momdinareobs, rac niSnavs uxucess. senati romis respublikis<br />

epoqaSi ganusazRvrel uflebebs flobda da warmoadgenda qveynis<br />

oficialur mmarTvel organos. senati warmoadgenda romis, rogorc<br />

warmomadgenlobiT, aseve aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo struqturas.<br />

imperiis epoqaSi senatis roli mniSvnelovnad daqveiTda da erTgvad<br />

mrCevelTa sabWod gadaiqca, uxeSad gansazRvruli ufleba-movaleobebiTa da<br />

privilegiiT (ODB III 1991: 1868). senats bizantiis imperiaSi berZnulad<br />

`sinkletos~ (σύγκλητος) uwodebdnen.<br />

bizantiis senatSi Tavs iyrida imperiis mmarTveli elita. maT Soris<br />

iyvnen imperiis provinciis mmarTvelebi da sxvadasxva saxis<br />

administraciuli moxeleebi. provinciis ganmgeblebi, rogorc wesi,<br />

mmarTveli fenis zeda eSelonebs warmoadgendnen.<br />

romis imperiis arsebobis dros senatSi, umaRlesi romauli<br />

aristokratiis wevrebi iyvnen warmodgenili. senatoroba ar iyo mxolod<br />

Tanamdeboba, is konkretuli piris socialur statuss gansazRvravda. Zveli<br />

romauli aristokratia erTiandeboda an senatorul wodebaSi, anda<br />

ekvestrul rangSi. ekvestruli (laTinurad niSnavs cxenosanTas) wodeba<br />

samxedro samsaxurSi dawinaurebuli fena iyo. maTi warmoSoba, gansxvavebiT<br />

35

senatorisgan, dabali iyo. romaeli senatorebi patriciebis socialur<br />

jgufs warmoadgendnen, xolo ekvestruli wodebis mflobelebi plebeebis<br />

masidan gamosuli xalxi iyo, romelic samxedro samsaxuris dros<br />

dawinaurda da aRzevda. romaeli senatorebi klarisimusad (laT. clarissimus;<br />

berZ. λαμπρότατος) iwodebodnen, xolo ekvestrebi – perfektisimusad (laT.<br />

perfectissimus; berZ. διασημότατος) da egregiusis (laT. egreius; berZ. κρτιστος) an<br />

eminentisimusis (laT. eminentissimus; berZ. έξοχώτατος) tituls atarebdnen.<br />

ukanaskneliT mxolod pretorianelTa prefeqti iwodeboda (Slootjes 2006: 21-22;<br />

Cambridge Ancient History..., 2000: 262).<br />

mesame saukuneSi imperatorebi samoxeleo Tanamdebobebze<br />

damtkicebisas privilegiebs ekvestrebs ufro aniWebdnen, vidre senatorebs,<br />

rac maT mier saTanado samxedro gamocdilebis qoniT SeiZleba aixsnas.<br />

amdenad, senatorebma dakarges araerTi Tanamdeboba, romelic manamde maTi<br />

privilegia iyo. konstantine I didis (306-337 ww.) Semdeg viTareba Seicvala –<br />

ekvestriuli wodeba nel-nela gaqra, xolo misi adgili senatorebma<br />

daikaves.<br />

konstantinopolSi daarsebul axal senatSi konstantine didma<br />

senatorebi daniSna TiTqmis yvela im Tanamdebobaze, romlebic adre<br />

ekvestrebs eZleodaT. maT Soris, presesis, vikaris, pretorianelTa<br />

prefeqtis da a.S. ekvestruli klasis damcrobam aRzevebuli senatorebi<br />

imperiis erTaderT elitad aqcia. (Slooters 2006: 22; Jones ..., 1964: 528). meoTxe<br />

saukunis bolosTvis provinciis yvela mmarTveli senatorTa wodebis<br />

warmomadgeneli iyo (Slootjes 2006: 22).<br />

romis imperiaSi ierarqias didi adgili ekava, amdenad yvela<br />

senatori ar iyo Tanabari pativis mqone. isini Sesabamisi Tanamdebobebis<br />

mixedviT gansxvavebul rangebad iyofodnen. imperatorebis valentian I (364-<br />

375 ww.) da misi Svilis, gracianes (375-383 ww.), dros senatorebis sam rangi<br />

Camoyalibda: umaRlesi rangis mflobelebi ilustirsebad (laT. illustris; berZ.<br />

ιλλούστρις) iwodebodnen, Semdeg modioda spektabilisi (laT. spectabilis; berZ.<br />

36

πείβλεπτος), xolo yvelaze dabali iyo klarisimusis (laT. clarissimus; berZ.<br />

λαμπρότατος) rangi (Slootjes 2006: 23; Jones ..., 1964: 529; Kuhoff 1982: 271).<br />

senatoroba tradiciulad memkvidreobiTi iyo, Tumca rogorc ki<br />

mamakaci misi wevri gaxdeboda, iRebda yvelaze dabal, klarisimis, rangs.<br />

senatis wodebaSi miReba imperatoris mier specialuri dadgenilebis<br />

safuZvelze unda momxdariyo, rac rangis Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis miRebiT<br />

iyo SesaZlebeli (ix.: Slootjes 2006: 23 sq. 35; Jones ..., 1964: 529).<br />

presidis, korektoris, konsularis Tanamdebobis mflobelebi<br />

erTiandebodnen klarisimis senatorul rangSi. prokonsulisa da vikaris<br />

Tanamdebobebis mqoneblebi spektabilisis rangis mflobelebi iyvnen. yvela<br />

pretorianelTa prefeqti ilustrisad iwodeboda (Slootjes 2006: 23; Jones ..., 1964:<br />

529; Ausbuttel 1988: 115; Talbert 1984: 488-91).<br />

ilustrebis gavlena imperiaSi ufro metad gaizarda. 440 wlisaTvis<br />

maT mieniWaT fiskaluri da sasamarTlo uflebebi, riTic mniSvnelovnad<br />

dawinaurdnen dabali rangis senatorebze. amis Semdeg senatis wamyvan<br />

jgufad swored ilustrisis rangis mqone senatorebi iqcnen (ix.: Slootjes 2006:<br />

23; Jones ..., 1964: 529; Ausbuttel 1988: 115; Talbert 1984: 488-91; ODB II 1991: 986-987).<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom senatoruli titulebis miReba SesaZlebeli<br />

iyo, aramxolod garkveuli Tanamdebobis miRebasTan erTad, rogorc es<br />

xdeboda tradiciulad, aramed sapatio titulis saxiTac, yvelanairi<br />

Tanamdebobis gareSe, imperatoris specialuri gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.<br />

yvela Tanamdebobis gacema SesaZlebeli iyo sapatio titulis saxiT, maT<br />

Soris, pretorianelTa prefeqtisac. (Slootjes 2006: 23).<br />

senatoruli Rirsebis miniWebasTan erTad imperatoris privilegia<br />

iyo, CamoerTva misive gacemuli sapatio tituli an Tanamdeboba. daniel<br />

sluters mohyavs ebraeli patriarqis, gamalielis, magaliTi, romelsac<br />

imperatorma pretorianelTa prefeqtis sapatio tituli uboZa. Tumca mas<br />

mere, rac patriarqma gamalielma borotad daiwyo miRebuli wyalobiT<br />

sargebloba, imperatorma gamaliels tituli CamoarTva. amiT ebraelma<br />

patriarqma xelSeuxebloba, finansuri SeRavaTebi, axali sinagogebis<br />

37

mSeneblobis ufleba da qristianTa da ebraelTa Soris samarTlis<br />

warmoebis ufleba dakarga. gamalielis magaliTi marTlac TvalsaCinoa. is<br />

aCvenebs, rom qristianuli romis imperiis umaRles saero ierarqiaSi,<br />

miuxedavad gansxvavebuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa, nebismieri aRmsareblobis<br />

pirebi daiSvebodnen.<br />

amdenad, senatoruli titulebis miRebiT senatorebi mraval<br />

privilegias euflebian, maT Soris, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani finansuri<br />

SeRavaTebi iyo, aseve gaTavisufleba im samoqalaqo samsaxuris<br />

Sesrulebisgan, romelic evalebodaT imperiis administraciis winaSe.<br />

senatoruli titulebis momravlebam aiZula imperatorebi specialuri<br />

brZaneba gamoecaT da senatorebisTvis kvlav daevaldebulebinaT<br />

saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gadaxda, aseve SeesrulebinaT administraciuli<br />

samsaxuri, romlic senators evala konkretuli administraciuli erTeuli<br />

winaSe (Slootjes 2006: 24).<br />

ilustrebis senatoruli Rirseba sabolood gavrcelda umaRlesi<br />

Tanamdebobis iseT pirebze, romlebic flobdnen pretorianelTa prefeqtis,<br />

qalaqis prefeqtis, samxedro magistris, konsulis, patrikiosisa da sxva<br />

saxeloebsa Tu sapatio titulebs (ODB II 1991: 986-987).<br />

V saukunis Sua wlebidan ilustrisis titulis mflobelebi<br />

magnifikebad (laT. magnifici), xolo odnav mogvianebiT eqselsebad (laT.<br />

excelsi) iwodebian. 450-530 wlebs Soris senatorul pativs kargaven Zveli –<br />

spektabilisis da klarisimusis titulis mflobelebi. amieridan<br />

senatorebad mxolod ilustrisebi iwodebian (ODB I 1991: 468; ODB II 1991:<br />

855).<br />

ilustrisis titulis mflobelebi imdenad gamravldnen, rom ukve VI<br />

saukuneSi maT Soris yvelaze dawinaurebulebi gloriosebad, anu<br />

gloriosisimusad (laT. gloriossimus; berZ. ἐνδοξότατος) iwodenen. msgavsad<br />

ilustrisisa V saukunis CaTvliT gloriosis tituli imperiis umaRles<br />

moxeleebs eZleodaT. amave tituls gascemdnen aseve barbaros mefeebze,<br />

38

maTgan am rangs flobda italiis ostgoTi mefe Teodorix didi. (ODB II<br />

1991: 855).<br />

romis imperiis epoqaSi imperatorebma mniSvnelovnad SezRudes<br />

senatisa da senatorebis Zalaufleba am procesma erTgvar kulminacias<br />

imperator diokletianes (284-305 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros miaRwia<br />

(diokletianes dros senatorebis damcrobis Sesaxeb ix.: Arnheim 1972: 39-48).<br />

diokletianes dros TiTqmis yvela wamyvan Tanamdebobaze romis dabali<br />

warmoSobis moqalaqeebi iniSnebodnen. magaliTisTvis gamodgeba romis<br />

imperiis iseTi mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi, rogoric aris pretorianelTa<br />

prefeqti, vikari, prezidi. diokletianes dros CvenTvis cnobili<br />

pretorianelTa xuTi prefeqtidan sami ubralo warmoSobis iyo, xolo oris<br />

warmomavloba gaurkvevelia. daaxloebiT igive suraTia vikarebis<br />

SemTxvevaSic, eqvsidan oTxi dabali warmoSobis iyo, xolo ori –<br />

gaurkveveli. prezidebis SemTxvevaSi saqme kidev ufro mZimea, 37 prezididan<br />

27 arasenatoruli warmoSobisaa, xolo 10 – gaurkveveli. (Arnheim 1972: 43, 46)<br />

diokletiane Tavadac dabali warmoSobis iliriaSi dabadebuli berZeni iyo,<br />

romelic imperiaSi samxedro samsaxuris wyalobiT dawinaurda. amdenad, mis<br />

mier aristokratiis Zalauflebis SezRudva naklebad gasakviria.<br />

konstantine I didis (306-337 ww.) dros situacia Seicvala. Tavad<br />

aristokratuli warmoSobis konstantinem didi yuradReba miaqcia<br />

tradiciuli romauli titulebis aRdgenas. swored mis dros iqmneba Zveli<br />

patriciebis wodebaze dayrdnobiT axali patrikiosos (laT. patrikius)<br />

sapatio tituli, aseve konsulis sapatio tituli, romelic garkveuli<br />

provinciebis mmarTvelebs daurigdaT (Arnheim 1972: 51). mniSvnelovania<br />

konstantines mier senatis daarseba konstantinopolSi. romis<br />

senatorebisgan gansxvavebiT, imisTvis, rom konstantinopoleli senatorebi<br />

maTgan gamoerCiaT – konstantinopolis senatorebi klarebad (laT. clari)<br />

iwodnen, xolo romaelebi – klarisimebad (clarissimi) (ODB I 1991: 468).<br />

meeqvse saukunidan bizantiis senatSi garkveuli cvlilebebi xdeba.<br />

maTi didi nawili jer kidev imperator konstantine I didis mier iyo<br />

39

inicirebuli, Tumca axali wesebis damkvidrebas garkeuli dro dasWirda.<br />

keisris titulis garda, romelic imperatorma diokletianem SemoiRo da<br />

uboZa mis Tana-mmarTvels (manamde imperatoris sapatio tituli iyo),<br />

imperatorma konstantinem Camoayaliba nobilisimati, romelSic<br />

nobelisimusis titulis mqone pirebi gaerTiandnen. keisrebi da<br />

nobelisimusebi mxolod imperatoris ojaxidan irCeodnen, maT Soris<br />

SeiZleboda yofiliyo rogorc naSvilebi, aseve imperatoris RviZli Svili,<br />

Zma da axlo naTesavi. aRniSnuli titulis mqone pirebis pozicia<br />

pretorianelTa prefeqtze aRmatebuli iyo.<br />

konstantines dros ganaxlda Zveli patriciebis (berZ. patrikiosi)<br />

wodebac, romelic sapatio titulad iqca. imperatorma zenonma (474-491 ww.)<br />

patriciis tituli yvela konsulsa da prefeqts uboZa, xolo iustiniane I<br />

didma (527-565 ww.) ki – yvelas, vinc ilustrisis rangSi iyo ayvanili (Bury<br />

1911: 20).<br />

moqmedi administraciuli Tanamdebobis pirebi, jon bagnel biuris<br />

mixedviT, orad iyofodnen: moqmedi oficiozi (ἔμπρακτοι) da sapatio titulis<br />

mqone pirebi (ἄπρακτοι). es ukanasknelebi aseve or jgufad iyofodnen:<br />

ilustris vakantes (illustres vacantes) da ilustris honorari (illustres honorarii).<br />

amaTgan pirveli sapatio tituls flobda administraciuli Tanamdebobis<br />

gareSe, xolo insigniis saxiT iRebda sartyels (cingulum). meore, anu<br />

ilustris honorari gadamdgar senators ewodeboda. (Bury 1911: 143).<br />

VII-VIII saukuneebSi imperiuli sakariskaco da samoxeleo titulebis<br />

odenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. maTi gacema ukve Sesabamis investiturasa<br />

da insigniasTan erTad xdeboda. imperatoris sasaxlesTan arsebobda, iseTi<br />

samoxeleo Tanamdebobebi, rogoric iyo: silentiari, vistitori, mandatori,<br />

kandidati, stratori, spaTari. yvela es Tanamdebobis mqone pirs garkveuli<br />

ufleba-movaleobebi hqonda dakisrebuli. es titulebi eZleodaT<br />

mniSvnelovan samxedro da samoqalaqo Tanamdebobis mflobel pirebs.<br />

arsebobda am Tanamdebobebis uxucesis titulic, magaliTad, spaTarTa<br />

Soris upirvelesi protospaTariosad iwodeboda. protospaTariosi<br />

40

spaTarze upiratesi tituli iyo da ierarqiaSi patrikiosis Semdeg ikavebda<br />

adgils. spaTariossa da spaTars Soris moqceuli iyo spaTarokandidati.<br />

spaTariosis garda, iyo sxva titulebi, magaliTad, ipatosis, romelic<br />

romauli xanis konsulis Semcvleli iyo da am periodisTvis sapatio<br />

titulad iqca. ipatosze upiratesi iyo disipatosi (laT. bis consule) (Bury 1911:<br />

21).<br />

patrikiosi da ipatosi VII saukunis wamyvan senatorul titulebs<br />

Soris yvelazePmravalricxovani da gavleniani senatoruli titulebi iyo.<br />

maRal wodebebs warmoadgendnen, aseve apoeparxisa (laT. ex praefecti) da<br />

stratilatis titulebi.<br />

momdevno saukuneebSi zemoxsenebuli titulebis ricxvi ufro<br />

gaizarda da gamravalferovnda. maTi didi nawili SedarebiT<br />

privilegirebul da naklebad privilegirebul titulebad daiyo.<br />

patrikiosi or jgufad gaiyo: 1) patrikiosebi, romelTa insignias spilos<br />

Zvlis medalioni warmoadgenda 2) ufro dawinaurebuli patrikiosebi,<br />

romelTa tituls anTipatosis (romauli xanis prokonsuli) Rirseba daemata<br />

da iqca anTipatos patrikiosad. Seiqmna ufro maRali magistrosis titulic<br />

am titulis SemoReba magister-officiorum-is gauqmebas ukavSirdeba. Tavidan<br />

magistrosi mxolod erTi iyo, xolo mogvianebiT Cndeba ramdenime<br />

magistrosi, Tumca is iSviaT SemTxvevebSi gaicemoda imperatoris mier (Bury<br />

1911: 21).<br />

senatoruli da samoxeleo titulebis vrcel siebs warmogvidgenen<br />

bizantiuri saimperio ganawesis dokumentebi – taqtikonebi (taqtika). IX-X<br />

saukuneebis oTxi bizantiuri taqtikonis mixedviT, samoxeleo da<br />

sakariskaco titulebis ierarqia garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis, Tumca es<br />

ar exeba umaRles sakariskaco titulebs. mniSvnelovani titulebis mqone<br />

pirebis ierarqia, am epoqaSi, rogorc wesi, ar icvleba. gvaqvs gamonaklisi<br />

SemTxvevebic. arsebul taqtikonebs Soris yvelaze vrceli filoTeosis<br />

`kletorologionia~, romelic 899 wels Seadgines, xolo uZvelesi e.w.<br />

uspenskis taqtikoni, romelic 842-843 wlebSia Sedgenili. gvaqvs aseve e.w.<br />

41

eneSeviCis taqtikoni 934-944 wlebisa da eskorealis taqtikoni 971-975<br />

wlebis.<br />

filoteosis `kletorologioni~ Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da teqstis<br />

moculobiT, albaT, yvelaze ufro Zvirfasia aRniSnul taqtikonebs Soris.<br />

Tavad teqsti oTx seqciad aris dayofil, rasac mosdevs damateba.<br />

(Oikonomidès. 1972: 66). vinaidan filoTeosis teqstSi dawvrilebiT aris<br />

mocemuli, aramxolod saTanado sakariskaco titulebis sia, aramed maTi<br />

investitura, insignia, Cvenc saorientaciod swored misi teqsti aviReT.<br />

`kletorologionis~ teqstze dayrdnobiT tabulis saxiT warmovadgenT<br />

narativSi mocemuli titulebis rigiTobas, insignias, investiturasa da<br />

wliur sargos TiToeul titulze. originali teqstisgan gansxvavebiT<br />

rigiTobis dacvisas yvelaze mniSvnelovan titulebs siis saTaveSi<br />

movaqcevT, xolo nakleb mniSvnelovani titulebi, Sesabamisad, siis bolos<br />

moeqceva.<br />

filoTeosis teqstis mixedviT, senatoruli titulebis ierarqia<br />

Semdegi saxiT aris warmodgenili:<br />

tituli. insignia. investitura.<br />

1. keisari. gvirgvini jvris gareSe, igive stefanisi. igive samosi rac<br />

novelisimoss.<br />

2. novelisimosi. sartyeli. Zowisferi qitoni orqos ornamentebiT<br />

Semkuli da xlamida.<br />

3. kurapalati. sartyeli. wiTeli xitoni oqros ornamentiT Semkuli<br />

da xlamida.<br />

4. zoste patrikiosi. spilosZvlis medalioni, patrikiosebis<br />

msgavsad.<br />

5. magistrosi - glorisimusi. tyavis wiTeli sartyeli Zvirfasi<br />

qvebiT Semkuli. TeTri xitoni oqrosqsoviliTa Semkuli.<br />

6. anTipatosi. Zowisfrad dawerili kodikelosi (laT. codicillus; berZ.<br />

κωδίκελλος).<br />

42

7. patriciusi – spektabilisi. firfita spilos Zvlis ornamentiT<br />

kodikelosTan erTad dawerili kanonis saxiT.<br />

8. protospaTariosi. yelsabami Zvirfasi qvebiT Semkuli.<br />

9. disipatoni. diplomi.<br />

10. spaTarokandidati. oqros yelsakidi.<br />

11. spaTarios. oqrostariani maxvili.<br />

12. ipatosi. diplomi.<br />

13. stratori. oqros maTraxi margalitiT Semkuli.<br />

14. kandidati. oqros yelsakidi.<br />

15. mandatori. wiTeli arRani<br />

16. vestetori. fiblatorioni.<br />

17. silentiariosi. oqros arRani.<br />

18. apoeparxi. diplomi.<br />

19. stratelati. diplomi.<br />

amaTgan eqvsi tituli senatorulia, xolo nawili ki, rogorc amas<br />

filoTeosis traqtatSi vkiTxulobT, προελευσιμαῖοι an βασιλικοί. (Bury 1911: 22-<br />

23) amdenad, rogorc j. b. biuri aRniSnavs, gamoiyofa ori saxis pativs<br />

(cursus dignitatum), erTi senatoruli da meore samxedro. patrikiosebi da sxva<br />

masze maRali saxis titulebi SeiZleba orive jgufs warmomadgenels<br />

gadascemoda. senatorebad filoTeosTan iwodebian: stratilati, apoeparxi,<br />

silentiariosi, vestitori, ipatosi, disipatosi. samxedro jgufis wodebebs,<br />

anu saimperio karis (βασιλικοί) miakuTvneboda: mandatori, kandidati,<br />

stratori, spaTariosi da spaTarokandidatosi. aseTi dayofa TiTqos Zveli<br />

senatoruli da ekvestruli wodebebis reminisensias gvafiqrebinebs.<br />

gvianromauli epoqisgan gansxvavebiT IX-X saukuneebSi ukve didi xania, rac<br />

aRar arsebobs ekvestruli wodeba. Sesabamisad, senatorTa wodebas<br />

samxedro samsaxuris mqone Cinosnebs bunebrivia, ver gamovaklebT. senatori<br />

Tavisuflad iTavsebs samxedro Tanamdebobas da, Sesabamisad, iRebs kidec<br />

samxedro samsaxurSi monawileobas.<br />

43

jon bagnel biuris mixedviT, senatorebic iRebdnen monawileobas<br />

ceremoniebSi, magram ar monawileobdnen προελεύσεις-Si, anu saimperio<br />

msvlelobaSi. aRniSnuli msvlelobis dros imperatoris amalas<br />

saimperatoro karis moxeleebi (βασιλικοί) Seadgendnen (Bury 1911: 23). aseTi<br />

dayofa vfiqrobT, rom pirobiTia, radgan samxedro titulis mflobelebi<br />

Tavadac iwodebian senatoruli titulebiT (Catalogue ...2001: 13; Bury 1911: 23),<br />

rac, erTis mxriv, imis maCvenebelia, rom bizantiaSi didi xnia, waiSala<br />

gansxvaveba senatorsa da samxedro samsaxurSi myof pirebs Soris.<br />

mogvianebiT es formaluri gansxvavebac waiSala.<br />

mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom Zveli senatoruli gvarebi am<br />

droisTvis TiTqmis ar arsebobda. amdenad, samoxeleo aparatsa da senatSi<br />

met-naklebad yvelas hqonda moxvedris Sansi. es procesi kidev ufro<br />

gaRrmavda XI saukuneSi, rodesac, mixael ataliates SefasebiT, imperiaSi<br />

senatorebis raodenoba `miliardobiT~ iyo, rac, bunebrivia, maTi<br />

raodenobis sagulisxmo gazrdaze miuTiTebs da ara obieqtur realobaze.<br />

* * *<br />

aqve mniSvnelovania βασιλικοί-is analogia qarTul realobasTan. IX-X<br />

saukuneebis instituciuri dayofidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi<br />

Sesatyvisi Sua saukuneebis qarTul socialur sistemaSi `taZreulia~.<br />

swored taZreulebi Seadgendnen mefis msaxureul fenas da samoxeleo<br />

Tanamdebobebis Sesabamisad iyofodnen ramdenime jgufad: mandaturebi,<br />

meWurWleni, msaxurebi, mwignobebi da sxva. analogiuri suraTia<br />

bizantiaSic. iq arsebobs iseTi jgufebi, rogoric ari: mandatori,<br />

kandidati, spaTari, stratori da a.S. am kuTxiT kvleva Zalian sainteresoa,<br />

Tumca amaze sityvas mets aRar SevaCerebT, radgan igi scildeba Cveni<br />

kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts.<br />

bizantiuri samoxeleo wyobis TandaTanobiTi Semosvla qarTul<br />

socialur realobaSi bizantiur sakariskaco titulebis gamoCenasTan<br />

erTad aris savaraudebeli. manamde qarTuli samoxeleo wyoba iranulis<br />

44

analogia ufro iyo, vidre berZnul-romaulis. am yvelafers aqemenidebis-<br />

parTiis-sasanuri iranis mZlavri gavlena emateboda. romaul/bizantiuri<br />

gavlena ufro qristianobis gavrcelebam moitana. samoxeleo sistemaSi<br />

bizantiis administraciuli aparatis damkvidreba erismTavrobis damyarebis<br />

Tanmdevi procesi unda yofiliyo.<br />

qarTlsa da mis mezobel qveynebSi (somxeTi, albaneTi) bizantiuri<br />

sakariskaco titulebi mZlavrad ikidebs fexs. maTi gacema, rogorc<br />

saistorio wyaroebi gviCvenebs, didi raodenobiT xdeboda (davlianiZe-<br />

tatiSvili 1985: 93-94), rac bunebrivia, gamoiwvevda bizantiuri samoxeleo-<br />

sakariskaco titulebis SeTvisebas da maTi analogiiT axlis damkvidrebas.<br />

* * *<br />

XI-XII saukuneebSi bizantiis umaRles samoxeleo Tu senatorul<br />

Tanamdebobebze gaZlierda bizantiis sagvareulo aristokratiis gavlena.<br />

samarTliani iqneba aRiniSnos, rom es tendencia jer kidev IX-X<br />

saukuneebidan unda dawyebuliyo (Каждан 1974: 131, tab. 1). aleqsandre kaJdanis<br />

SefasebiT, aristokratuli ojaxebi ufro myarad damkvidrdnen bizantiis<br />

politikur elitaSi (Каждан 1974: 123), rac ganpirobebuli iyo maT mier<br />

Tanamdebobebisa da titulebis flobis sixSiriT. Tu adre bizantiis elita<br />

garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdida, xolo wamyvani aristokratuli gvaris<br />

wevrebi xSirad kargavdnen adgils umaRles elitaSi XI-XII saukuneebSi maTi<br />

pozicia gamyarda (Каждан 1974: 130-132).<br />

bizantiaSi SenarCunda senatoruli titulebis didi nawili, Tumca<br />

gaCnda ramdenime axali tituli, romelic popularuli iyo XI-XII<br />

saukuneebSi. ufro metic, XI saukuneSi sevastosis titulis gamoCenasTan<br />

erTad saimperio wodebebis garkveuli saxis reformaciac ki ganxorcielda.<br />

amas win uZRvoda imperator konstantine X dukas (1059-1067 ww.) mier<br />

saimperio wodebebis masiuri gacema. XI saukunis bolos am procesis<br />

logikuri gagrZeleba aleqsi I komnenosma senatoruli titulebis<br />

reformaciaSi dainaxa. imperiis umaRlesi sakariskaco pativi sevastosisa da<br />

45

avtorkratoris Serwymis Sedegad Seqmnili sevastokratoris tituli gaxda.<br />

mas mosdevda keisris, panipersevastosis, protosevastosis, sevastosis,<br />

protonovelisimosis, novelisimosisa da sxva titulebi. am dros xmarebidan<br />

amoiRes mravali Zveli tituli, maT Soris, magistrosis, patrikiosis,<br />

disipatosis, ipatosis, anTipatosis, protoanTipatosis, disanTipatosis.<br />

(ODB I 1991: 111; ODB II 1991: 964, 1267; ODB III 1991: 1600). am da sxva titulebis<br />

xmarebidan amoReba erTbaSad ar momxdara. maTma mflobelebma<br />

garkveulwilad, SeinarCunes titulebi cxovrebis bolomde da iRebdnen<br />

kidec Sesabamis sargos wodebis Sesabamisad. bolos ki, vinaidan imperatori<br />

maT arsebobas saWirod aRar Tvlida, am titulebis gacema Sewyda, rasac<br />

Zveli mflobelebis gardacvalebis Semdeg bevri maTganis gadaSeneba mohyva.<br />

magaliTad, tituli magistrosi fsevdo-kidonisis nawarmoebSi pirdapir<br />

aris dasaxelebuli xmarebidan gasul titulad (ODB II 1991: 1267; Verpeaux<br />

1966: 338).<br />

aleqsi I komnenosis (1081-1118 ww.) reformas did mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWeben. misi ganxorcieleba imperatorma mmarTvelobis pirvelive wlebidan<br />

daiwyo. reformas ar hqonia erTjeredi sakanonmdeblo iniciativis saxe da<br />

imperatoris sococxlis bolomde etapobrivad xorcieldeboda raime saxis<br />

radikaluri RonisZiebebis gareSe. reformaciis mTavari mizani komnenosebis<br />

dinastiasTan daaxloebuli yvela ZiriTadi aristokratiuli ojaxis<br />

aRzeveba iyo. aman safuZveli daudo komnenosTa dinastiis klanur<br />

mmarTvelobas, rac saukuneze meti gagrZelda. XII saukune Tamamad SeiZleba<br />

CaiTvalos komnenosTa epoqad bizantiis istoriaSi. angelozTa dinastia,<br />

romelic Tavs komnenosadac moixseniebda bizantiis xelisuflebaSi<br />

mxolod 1185 wels movida. komnenosebis xanaSi klanuri mmarTvelobis<br />

principis gaTvaliswinebiT didi adgili ekava naTesaobis faqtors.<br />

sevastosis titulze dayrdnobiT Seqmnili sxvadasxva saimperio titulebis<br />

gacema ZiriTadad komnenosebisa da dukebis gvaris warmomadgenlebze<br />

xdeboda, aseve maTTan danaTesavebul, sxva, aristokratebze. sevastosis<br />

rangis titulebi gaicemoda aseve ucxoel mefe-mTavrebze da imperiis<br />

46

samsaxurSi myof moqiravneebze, romelsac mWidro kavSiri hqondaT<br />

imperatoris klanTan (Stiernon 1965: 229).<br />

zemoxsenebuli wodebebi komnenosTa epoqaSi wamyvani sapatio<br />

titulebia, amaT garda, arsebobda sxva, SedarebiT dabali rangis<br />

sakariskaco pativi, romelTa raodenoba arc Tu ise mcire iyo. sevastosis<br />

rangis titulebis garda, xSirad gvxvdeba novelisimosis,<br />

protonovelisimosis, protonovelisimoipertatis, kurapalatis,<br />

protokurapalatis, proedrosis, protoproedrosis, sevastoforis,<br />

rektoris da sxva mravali tituli. XII saukuneSi, Tu ar CavTvliT<br />

CamoTvlili titulebis damcrobasa Tu aRzevebas, mniSvnelovani cvlileba<br />

saimperio titulaturis ierarqiaSi ar momxdara. erTaderTi, rasac adgili<br />

hqonda, iyo despotis titulis SemoReba. imperatorma manuel I didma (1143-<br />

1180 ww.), es wodeba Tavis memkvidresa da siZes – ungreTis momaval mefes,<br />

bela arpads, uboZa 1163 wels. aqedan moyolebuli despotis tituli<br />

yvelaze maRal safexurs ikavebs bizantiis senatoruli titulebis<br />

ierarqiaSi. igi Tavidan taxtis memkvidreebs, xolo Semdeg imperatoris<br />

umcros Svilebs an imperiis yvelaze dawinaurebul aristokratebs<br />

eZleodaT, mogvianebiT vrceldeba ucxoel mefe-mTavrebzec.<br />

konstantinopolis dacemisa da laTinTa imperiis daarsebis Semdeg<br />

(1204 weli) bizantiuri titulatura laTinuri romaniis imperiaSic<br />

gavrcelda. bizantiaSi mniSvnelovnad daqveiTda sevastosis tituli, xolo<br />

misi Serwymis Sedegad Seqmnili zogierTi tituli (mag. sevastokratori)<br />

jer kidev inarCunebda Tavis prestiJsa da maRal pozicias.<br />

paleologosTa epoqis bizantiis imperiaSi daiwera, iseTi<br />

mniSvnelovani naSromi, rogoricaa fsevdo-kodines `traqtati<br />

Tanamdebobebisa da titulebis Sesaxeb~, romelic imperator ioane<br />

kantakuzenesa da ioane paleologosis mmarTvelobis perodSi aris<br />

Sedgenili (Verpeaux 1966: 25-31). aRniSnul traqtatSi bizantiis imperiis<br />

ukanaskneli epoqis ierarqia aris asaxuli.<br />

47

fsevdo-kodines traqtatis mixedviT imperiis saTaveSi mdgomi<br />

imperatoris Svilebi, Zmebi da gambrosebi (imperatoris ojaxis wevri<br />

qalebis mamakaci meuRleebi, igive imperatoris siZeebi) iRebdnen despotis<br />

da sevastokratoris titulebs. es ori wodeba kvlav ierarqiis saTaveSi<br />

moCans (Verpeaux 1966: 133). imperatoris ojaxis wevrebi da masTan<br />

daaxloebuli pirebi iRebdnen iseT titulebs, rogoric iyo, keisari,<br />

protovestiariosi, didi duqsi, didi domestikosi, panipersevastosi. sxva<br />

mniSvnelovani titulebi Tu Tanamdebobebi, romelic eZleodaT sxvadasxva<br />

didebulebs met-naklebi ierarqiis principis dacviT, motanili aqvs psevdo-<br />

kodines. igi asaxelebs iseT titulebsa da Tanamdebobebs, rogorebicaa:<br />

protostratori, didi stratopedarxi, didi primikeriosi, didi kontabli,<br />

didi logoTeti, protosevastosi, pinkernisi, kurapalati, beWdis<br />

parakimomenosi, sawolis parakimomenosi, genikonisis logoTeti,<br />

protovestiariosi, sufris logoTeti, epi tes trapezisi (sufris meTauri<br />

anu sufraji), didi papiasi, eparxosi, viglTa didi drungariosi, didi<br />

heteriarxi, didi xartulariosi, dromis logoTeti, protasekretisi, epi tu<br />

stratusi (samxedro banakis mowyobis meTauri) 1 , mistikosi, sxolaTa<br />

domestikosi, flotis didi drungariosi, sasaxlis primikeriosi,<br />

protospaTariosi, didi arxoni, sasaxlis tatasi, didi causiosi, saxalxo<br />

pretori, oikeiakonis logoTeti, didi logariastesi, protokinegosi,<br />

skuteriosi, amiraliosi, epi ton deeseoni (saCivrebis saqmeTa ganxilvis<br />

meTauri), kvestori, didi adnumiastesi, stratiotikonis logoTeti,<br />

protoierakariosi, mrevlis logoTeti, didi interpretori, akoluTosi,<br />

armiis mosamarTle, alagionis arxoni, protalagatori, didi dioiketesi,<br />

orfanotrofosi, protonotariosi da sxva. (Verpeaux 1966: 137-139). am<br />

titulebisa Tu saxeloebis garda, iyo mravali sxva Rirsebac, romelic<br />

ierarqiul sistemSi SedarebiT dabal safuxurs ikavebda.<br />

1 Mark C. Bartusis. The late Byzantine army: arms and society, 1204‐1453. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. gv.<br />

253<br />

48

marTalia, paleologosebis mmarTvelobis dros garkveul<br />

cvlilebebs adgili hqonda, rac xSirad sxvadasxva saimperio titulis<br />

aRmavlobiT an damcrobiT iyo gamoxatuli, Tumca kardinaluri<br />

gadanacvlebebi am epoqaSi ar SeiniSneba.<br />

paleologosebis epoqaSi grZeldeboda bizantiuri titulebis gacema,<br />

balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis qveynebis aristokratebze. ufro metic, mravali<br />

bizantiuri tituli amave regionis iseTma mmarTvelebma aiTvises,<br />

rogorebic iyvnen bulgareTis da serbeTis imperatorebi. gansakuTrebuli<br />

gavrceleba hpova despotis titulma, romelic am qveynebis mraval<br />

ufliswulsa Tu rigiT feodals mieniWa (Ферјанчић 1960; Failler 1982: 171–186).<br />

bizantiuri titulebis gacema saqarTvelosa da saerTod aRmosavleT<br />

qristianul qveynebSi ukve daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mmarTvelobis dros<br />

Sewyda, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda. aRniSnul sakiTxze vrclad qvemoT<br />

visaubrebT, xolo manamde ki mimovixilavT bizantiuri sakariskaco<br />

titulebis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi. ganxiluli iqneba mxolod ZiriTadi<br />

senatoruli titulebi, romliTac qarTuli aristokratiis umaRlesi<br />

eSelonis wevrebi iwodebodnen mefe-mTavrebisa da wamyvani feodalebis<br />

CaTvliT.<br />

zemoT aRniSnuli sakariskaco-senatoruli titulebis gacema<br />

bizantiis imperatoris mier xdeboda. am process VI saukunidan XI saukunis<br />

CaTvliT. sakariskaco-senatoruli titulebis gacema bizantiis imperatoris<br />

mier xdeboda. am process VI saukunidan XI saukunis CaTvliT hqonda<br />

adgili, mxolod XII saukuneSi Sewyda bizantiis imperatoris mier<br />

sakariskaco titulebis gacema. amis Semdeg saqarTveloSi, ukve oficialuri<br />

saimperatoro titulatura mkvidrdeba, rasac damoukidebel TavSi<br />

SeviswavliT. xolo manamde gavecnoT sakariskaco-senatoruli titulebis<br />

gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi. am sakiTxis kvlevas, maT Soris erT-erTi<br />

yvelaze gamorCeuli, kurapalatis titulis gacemiT daviwyebT. sxva<br />

sakiTxia, iyo Tu ara kurapalatis tituli, pirveli bizantiur sakariskaco<br />

titulebs Soris, romelic qarTvel feodalebs gadaecaT? albaT ara!<br />

Tumca, vinaidan igi iyo pirveli, yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakariskaco<br />

49

titulebs Soris, romelsac qarTveli feodalebi iRebdnen bizantiis<br />

imperatorisgan, marTebulad migvaCnia swored kurapalatis titulis<br />

SeswavliT gavxsnaT Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi nawili.<br />

50

Tavi II<br />

kurapalatis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi<br />

bizantiuri saimperatoro titulebs Soris kurapalatis pativi<br />

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa. kurapalatis tituli iyo pirveli<br />

umaRlesi rangis senatoruli titulebidan, romelic ukve VI saukunidan<br />

Cndeba qarTul politikur samyaroSi. saqarTveloSi kurapalatis titulis<br />

ukanaskneli mflobeli XI saukunis meore naxevarSi fiqsirdeba (ix.: badriZe<br />

1965: 217-265; lorTqifaniZe 1963).<br />

kurapalati romaul/bizantiur samyaroSi Cndeba da gvianantikur<br />

periodSi dabali rangis moxeles warmoadgenda. Cura palatii (laT. sasaxlis<br />

mzrunveli) mSeneblobis xelmZRvanelsa da imperatoris sasaxlis<br />

meTvalyuris Tanamdeboba iyo. V saukunis bizantiis senatSi am Tanamdebobis<br />

mflobeli spektabilisis (vir spectabilis) rangSi iyo ayvanili, iSviaTad ki _<br />

ilustrisis (vir illustris). situacia kardinalurad Seicvala iustiniane I<br />

didis (527-565 ww.) imperatorobis dros, rodesac man sakuTar diswuls da<br />

momaval memkvidres, iustines, uboZa kurapalatoba (552 weli). amis Semdeg<br />

kurapalatis tituli xdeba rigiT mesame pativi bizantiis imperiaSi (ODB 1<br />

1991: 1157). vinaidan Tavad iustiniane I didis mmarTvelobis dros ar<br />

fiqsirdeba arc kesarosisa da arc novelisimosis titulebi, unda<br />

vifiqroT, rom is umaRlesi senatoruli pativi iyo mTeli Tanamegobrobis<br />

masStabiT. iustine II (565-578 ww.) imperatorad kurTxevamde 552-565 wlebSi<br />

swored am titulis mflobelia.<br />

mogvianebiT, rogorc istoriografiaSi aris SeniSnuli,<br />

kurapalatoba gadaecemoda an imperatoris ojaxis wevrebs an kidev ucxo<br />

qveynis mmarTvelebs (mag. qarTlis da somxeTis). aRniSnuli tituli<br />

inarCunebs Tavis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas X saukuneSic, rodesac<br />

imperatori nikifore II foka (963-969 ww.) mas gadascems Tavis Zmas, leon<br />

fokas. XI saukuneSi kurapalatebi xdebian, imperatoris ojaxis wevrebis<br />

garda, sxva bizantieli didebulebic, magaliTad, katakalon kekavmeni. (ODB<br />

51

1 1991: 1157). aRniSnuli titulis daknineba XI saukuneSive unda dawyebuliyo,<br />

rodesac mas ufro intensiurad gascemen, vidre manamde. xolo XII saukuneSi<br />

ukve Cndeba protokurapalati, anu kurapalatTa Soris upirvelesi. es faqti<br />

am titulis farTo gavrcelebaze mianiSnebs, ris gamoc maT Soris<br />

konkretuli pirebis gamosarCevad axali titulis Seqmna gaxda saWiro.<br />

miuxedavad dakninebisa, kurapalatis Rirseba bizantiis imperiis dacemamde<br />

SemorCa bizantiuri titulaturis ierarqias.<br />

saqarTveloSi kurapalatis tituli VI saukuneSi Cndeba. Tumca<br />

gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba IX-X saukuneebSi hpova, rodesac am epoqaSi<br />

arsebul qarTvelTa samefoSi (istoriografiaSi cnobilia, aseve tao-<br />

klarjeTis saxelwodebiT) erT-erTi yvelaze wamyvani tituli gaxda. ufro<br />

metic, es tituli imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom am samefos `qarTvelTa<br />

sakurapalatod~ moixsenieben. Tu ramdenad sworia aRniSnuli definicia<br />

qarTvelTa samefos misamarTiT, calke sakiTxia. damoukidebel ganxilvas<br />

moiTxovs isic, Tu ramdenad didi mniSvneloba hqonda kurapalatis tituls<br />

qarTvelTa samefos arsebobis periodSi, aseve erTiani saqarTvelos dros.<br />

guaram-gurgen kurapalati da qarTlis erismTavari<br />

qarTlis pirveli kurapalati, qarTuli wyaroebis (`moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁ~, juanSer juanSeriani, sumbat daviTis Ze) mixedviT, iyo guaram<br />

(gurgen) erisTavi, romelic qarTlis erismTavrad, anu erisTavTa Soris<br />

upirvelesad ganaCines da qveynis gamgebloba Caabares.<br />

yvelaze Zveli aRniSnuli qarTuli wyaroebidan aris `moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁs~ qronika, romlis mixedviTac sparselTa batonobis damxobis<br />

Semdeg qarTlis mmarTvel wreebs Semdegi gadawyvetineba miuRiaT:<br />

`da nelad-re Sekrba qarTli. da ganaCines erisTavad guaram da merme-<br />

kurapalatadca~ (abulaZe 1963: 95).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori ar asaxelebs wamowyebis iniciatorebs<br />

qarTlis `nelad-re~ SemokrebaSi, misi politikuri elitis konsolidacia<br />

unda vigulisxmoT, romelic imave qveyanaSi marzpanis gadagdebis, da<br />

sasanidebis batonobis damxobis paraleluri procesi iyo. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

52

`erisTavad~ ganCineba Tu adgilobrivi didebulebis iniciativa iyo,<br />

kurapalatoba, faqtia, guaram erisTavs bizantiis imperatorisgan unda<br />

mieRo. aRniSnuli dasturdeba juanSer juanSerianis TxzulebaSic,<br />

romelSic pirdapir aris moTxrobili, rogor sTxoves bizantiis keisars<br />

qarTvelebma sparseTis winaaRmdeg dasmareba da qveynis meTauris SerCeva,<br />

romelsac unda emarTa qarTli erisTavebis Seucvlelobis pirobiT.<br />

juanSerTan vkiTxulobT:<br />

`esreT raÁ ucalo iqmnnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes yovelni<br />

erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da quemoni, da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe<br />

berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves, raÁTa uCinos mefe naTesavTagan mefeTa<br />

qarTlisaTa da, raÁTa iyvnen erisTavni igi TÂs-TÂssa saerisTvosa<br />

Seucvalebelad.<br />

maSin keisarman aRasrula TxovaÁ maTi da mosca mefed diswuli<br />

mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZnisa colisaÁ, romelsa erqua guaram, romeli<br />

mTavrobda klarjeTs.<br />

amas guarams misca keisarman kurapalatobaÁ da warmogzavna mcxeTas~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 226).<br />

rogorc juanSerTan varkvevT, ajanyebis mowyoba da qarTlis<br />

mmarTvelis dadgineba bizantiis imperatorTan iyo SeTanxmebuli. imave<br />

bizantiis imperators SeurCevia guaram klarjeTis mTavari qarTlis<br />

xelisuflad. unda vifiqroT, rom arsebobda sxva kandidaturac, magram<br />

guaramis gamorCeva imperatoris erTgulebis, sandoobisa da misTvis<br />

gaweuli samsaxuris sanacvlod unda momxdariyo. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,<br />

rom guarami iyo klarjeTis mTavari, anu didebuli, amasTan erisTavi,<br />

regionisa, romelic zemo qarTlis saerisTavoTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda<br />

sparselTa batonobis miRma iyo da emorCileboda bizantias. guaramis<br />

mdgomareobam ganapiroba kidec misi erismTavrad dadgineba, masve uboZes<br />

kurapalatoba da swored amis Semdeg gamogzavnes mcxeTaSi qveynis<br />

mmarTvelad. juanSeris mixedviT ise Cans, rom keisarma guarami mefed<br />

daamtkica, magram sxva wyaroebis mixedviT (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da sumbat<br />

daviTis Ze) is erisTavad ganuwesebia. sumbatis Txzulebis `cxovrebaÁ da<br />

53

uwyebaÁ bagrationTaÁ~ mixedviT, is swored erisTavad iqna dayenebuli da<br />

ara mefed:<br />

`da guaram ganaCines erisTavad. da mosca amas mefeman berZenTaman<br />

pativad kurapalatobaÁ da warmogzavna mcxeTas. da aman dadva safuZveli<br />

juarisa eklesiaÁsaÁ, romel ars mcxeTas~ (metreveli 2008: 361).<br />

guarams qarTul istoriografiaSi sruliad samarTlianad VI<br />

saukunis bolos moWril qarTul monetebze dafiqsirebul gurgenTan<br />

aigiveben. guaram-gurgeni qarTlis erismTavrad antiiranuli ajanyebis<br />

dasawyisSive unda daemtkicebinaT, rasac, rogorc zemoT moxmobil<br />

wyaroebSi davinaxeT, win uZRoda bizantiis imperatoris mier misi<br />

kurapalatis xarisxSi ayvana da erisTavad gamorCeva. ajanyebis dawyebac da<br />

misi meTauris arCeva bizantiis mmarTvelTan iyo SeTanxmebuli, rac kidev<br />

ufro amyarebs mosazrebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kurapalatis tituli<br />

swored am dros iqna gacemuli.<br />

antiiranuli ajanyeba, guaramis kurapalatad daniSvna da misi<br />

mcxeTas gagzavnis faqti istorikosTa SefasebiT 571 wels unda momxdariyo<br />

(saqarTvelos I 1973: 276). vaxuSti bagrationi imave movlenas 575 wliT<br />

aTariRebda (yauxCiSvili 1973: 118-119). vinaidan vaxuSti batoniSvilis TariRi<br />

ar aris gaziarebuli, logikuria, guaram-gurgenis mier kurapalatis<br />

titulis miReba 571 wliT ganisazRvros.<br />

juanSeris mixedviT, qarTlis mefeTa memkvidreebi guarams<br />

damorCildnen. am ukanasknelis gavlena imdenad didi yofila, rom<br />

bizantiis imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) politikuri da finansuri<br />

daxmarebiT guarami axerxebs da iranis samflobeloebis dasalaSqrad did<br />

jars gzavnis. juanSeri gadmogvcems:<br />

`maSin keisarman warmosca ganZi didZali guaram kurapalatisa Tana<br />

da ubrZana, raÁTa miT ganZiTa gamoiyvannes CrdiloÁs laSqarni da<br />

Segzavnnes sparseTs, xolo guaram yo egre, gamoiyvanna ovsni, durZukni da<br />

didoni da waruZRuanna wina erisTavni qarTlisani, Sevides adarbadagans da<br />

uwyes tyuenvad. da eseviTarni Wirni da ucaloebani moiwines sparsTa zeda~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 226-227).<br />

54

izantiasa da irans Soris urTierTobis mogvareba mxolod xosro II<br />

farvizis (591-628 ww.) gamefebis pirvelive wels moxerxda, rodesac<br />

imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) daxmarebiT is iranSi gaamefes da winaswari<br />

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze qarTlze da somxeTze xeli aaRebines (Cambridge<br />

Medieval History II 1913: 280).<br />

`maSin erCda sparsTa mefe keisarsa da ganTavisufldes qarTvelni. da<br />

ese guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda berZenTasa~ (metreveli 2008:<br />

228).<br />

amis Semdeg mematiane guaram-gurgenis moRvaweobisa da aRmSeneblobis<br />

Sesaxeb gadmogvcems. masve miawers mcxeTis jvris monastrisa da Tbilisis<br />

sionis mSeneblobas. imave juanSeris gadmocemiT, guaramis Semdeg<br />

erismTavrad misi Ze, stefanozi, dajda.<br />

`amanve guaram kurapalatman ganaaxla safuZveli tfilisisa sionisaÁ,<br />

rameTu naTesavni mirian mefisa morwmunisani yovelni eklesiaTa maSenebelni<br />

iyvnes. da mokuda guaram kurapalati. da dajda Ze misi stefanoz, mefobisa<br />

saxeli ver ikadra sparsTa da berZenTa SiSisagan, aramed erisTavTa<br />

mTavrad xadodes~ (metreveli 2008: 208).<br />

sainteresoa istorikosis gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom stefanozma<br />

Tavis mefed gamocxadeba ver ikadrao, rac uCvenebs stefanozisa da<br />

zogadad erismTavrebis miswrafebas, aemaRlebinaT sakuTari politikuri<br />

statusi. stefanozis erismTavrad Sedgoma 589/91 wliT TariRdeba. amdenad,<br />

guaram-gurgen erismTavari kurapalatis pativs 571-589/91 wlebSi flobda.<br />

stefanoz I didi patrikiosi da qarTlis erismTavari<br />

guaram-gurgenis Semdeg erismTavari stefanoz I didi xdeba. `didis~<br />

epiTetiT igi, rogorc es istoriografiaSi aris SeniSnuli, misi<br />

aRmSeneblobiTi da politikuri moRvaweobisTvis unda SeemkoT<br />

(saqarTvelos... II 1973: 273-275; dundua, dundua 2006: 143-148). Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom amgvarad moixseniebdnen maTac, visi<br />

gamorCevac surdaT im epoqaSi moRvawe sexnia-Tanamedrovesgan, ar aris<br />

gamoricxuli, rom stefanozi I misive SviliSvilis, qobul-stefanozisgan<br />

55

gamosarCevad didad iwoda. stefanozis bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb<br />

qarTul saistorio narativSi araferia gadmocemuli, samagierod, misive<br />

mmarTvelobis dros agebul mcxeTis jvris taZris saqtitoro warweraSi es<br />

ukanaskneli patrikiosis tituliT aris moxseniebuli. bizantiuri<br />

titulebiT ixseniebian misi ojaxis sxva wevrebic: Zma _ demetre ipatosi, Ze<br />

_ adarnerse ipatosi da SviliSvili _ qobul-stefanozi (saqarTvelos II<br />

1973: 274). ukanaskneli TiTqos stratilatis tituliT aris moxseniebuli,<br />

rac ar mtkicdeba warweris axali wakiTxvis Sedegad (SoSiaSvili 1980: 165).<br />

iqvea Sesrulebuli qtitorTa portretuli gamosaxulebebi. warwerebi<br />

mogvyavs nodar SoSiaSvilis mier Sedgenili `lapidaruli warwerebis~<br />

pirveli tomis mixedviT:<br />

`[j](uar)o macxovrisa[o stefano]s qarTlisa patrikiosi S(eiwyal)e<br />

…w(mida)o g(ab)r(ie)l mTavarangelo[z]o adar[ne]rses Âpatossa meox eyav …<br />

qobul stefanosi adarnerses Ze … w(mida)o m(i)q(ae)l mTavarangelozo<br />

demetres Âpatossa meox xeyav … w(mida)o s(te)f(an)e qobul-st(efanos)i<br />

S(eiwyal)e~ (SoSiaSvili 1980: 157-165).<br />

yvela zemoxsenebuli warweris mixedviT dgindeba, rom qarTlis<br />

erismTavris ojaxis sami wevri mcxeTis jvris eklesiis agebis periodSi<br />

patrikiosisa da ipatosis titulebs atarebda. rogorc nodar SoSiaSvili<br />

Tvlida, adarnerse, romelic warwerebis mixedviT ipatosis tituliT<br />

ixsenieba, jer ar iyo erismTavari. am moxeleobis winapirobad mas<br />

patrikiosoba miaCnia (SoSiaSvili 1980: 158).<br />

aRniSnul periods ganekuTneba mcxeTis stela-jvris kvarcxlbekis<br />

warwera, romelic imave saxis informaciis Semcvelia, rogoric daculia<br />

zemoganxilul mcxeTis jvris saqtitoro warwerebSi. svetze samive<br />

didebuli, stefanoz erismTavari, adarnerse da demetre, ixsenieba zustad<br />

imave titulebiT, romliTac mcxeTis jvris aRmosavleT fasadze<br />

Sesrulebul warweraSi gansxvaveba teqstis SinaarsSia. stelas ara aqvs<br />

darTuli erismTavarTa saxlis portretuli gamosaxulebebi. warweris<br />

Sinaarsi Semdegia:<br />

56

`ese j(uar)i q(rist)À(s)I aR][xemarTa s(a)l(o)c][vel[ad] stef[a][no]s<br />

patriki[osi]sa, demetr[e Âp]atosisa, a[drn]erse Âpa[tosi]sa. sul[Ta] da<br />

ÃorcT[a m]aTTa meo[xad] da y(ov)lisa [m(o)m(a)v]lisa mcv[ela]d~ (SoSiaSvili<br />

1980: 96).<br />

stefanozis mmarTvelobis dros bizantiuri titulebi farTod<br />

gavrcelebula qarTlis saerismTavroSi, rasac adasturebs demetresa da<br />

adarnerses mier ipatosis titulis miReba, rac, bunebrivia, dasaSvebs xdis<br />

bizantiuri titulebis kidev ufro farTo gavrcelebas qarTlis masStabiT.<br />

analogiad albaneTi SeiZleba davasaxeloT, sadac, rogorc qvemoT<br />

davinaxavT, bizantiis imperators guluxvad daurigebia saimperio-<br />

sakariskaco titulatura.<br />

adarnerse I qarTlis erismTavari<br />

adarnerse, albaneli istorikosis, movses kalankatuacis, mixedviT,<br />

bizantiis imperatorisgan sammagi pativiT iyo dajildovebuli. (davlianiZe-<br />

tatiSvili 1985: 91-92). igi sam samoxeleo da sakariskaco tituls atarebda.<br />

am raodenobis titulebis miReba, erTi mxriv, adarnerses politikuri<br />

mxardaWeriT unda aixsnas, xolo, sxva mxriv imperatoris yovelwliuri<br />

wyalobis, anu rogis gazrdiT, rac TiToeul titulze damatebiT<br />

Semosavals iZleoda misi mflobelisTvis (davlianiZe-tatiSvili 1985: 181).<br />

Tu romeli sami saimperatoro pativis mflobeli iyo adarnerse, CvenTvis<br />

ucnobia. maTgan erTi ipatosis tituli SeiZleba yofiliyo, Tumca<br />

aRniSnuli pativi adarnerses manamde miuRia, vidre is erismTavrad<br />

Sedgeboda, xolo movses kalankatuacis cnoba ki misi erismTavrobis<br />

periods Seexeba. sainteresoa, aseve movsesis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

rodesac bizantiis imperatorma konstans II-m (641-668 ww.), albaneTis mTavars,<br />

juanSers, protopatrikiosoba uboZa, masTan erTad gasca 1200 sxva<br />

saimperio pativi albaneTis didebulebze.<br />

`ZRvenad gaugzavna didebuli saCuqari: vercxlis savarZlebi,<br />

mooqrovili zurgebiT, oqrosqsovilis tansacmeli, margalitebiT mooWvili<br />

xmali, Tavisi sartyeliT. uboZa aseve protonpatrikoba, xolo aTas orasi<br />

57

kacisaTvis gagzavna [sxvadasxva] pativi; patrikobisa da ipatosobisa, aseve<br />

eparqosobisa da stratilatobisa, raTa mas (juanSers – l. T.) visTvisac<br />

undoda, imaTTvis eboZebina~ (davlianiZe-tatiSvili 1985: 93-94).<br />

amdenad, imperators albaneTis mTavari juanSeri protopatrikiosis<br />

rangSi auyvania, xolo sxva saimperio titulebi rogoricaa patrikiosi,<br />

ipatosi, eparxosi da stratilati, miuxedavad imperatoris mier am<br />

titulebis gacemisa, konkretul pirebze maTi darigeba Tavad juanSers<br />

daevala. mematianes cnobiT, 1200 msgavsi pativi iqna gacemuli albanel<br />

didebulebze, rac gazviadebuli gveCveneba.<br />

somexi istorikosis, sebeosis, cnobiT, erT-erTi somexi mTavari, atat<br />

xorxoruni, bizantiis imperatoris mier patrikiosis pativSi yofila<br />

ayvanili, rac misTvis garkveuli valdebulebebis dasaxvis winapiroba iyo.<br />

atatis valdebulebis Sesaxeb sebeosi gadmogvcems:<br />

`is (atate) iyo didi patrikiosi, risTvisac ubrZana mas imperatorma,<br />

gamocxadebuliyo masTan sasaxleSi, sadac igi wavida Cvidmeti kacis<br />

TanxlebiT. [imperatorma] is da masTan erTad myofi didebulebi pativis, da<br />

wyalobis Rirsi gaxada, rogorc wesi moiTxovda. mefem uboZa maT<br />

vercxlisa da oqros saWurWle da mravali Zvirfaseuloba. [imperatorma]<br />

ubrZana mas wasuliyo mis (imperatoris – l. T.) jarTan TrakiaSi~ (Патканьян<br />

1862: Tavi. XX).<br />

amdenad, somxeTis erT-erT mTavars, rogorc patrikioss, evaleboda<br />

imperatoris winaSe audienciiT warmdgariyo, rodesac amas bizantiis<br />

imperatori moiTxovda. ufro metic, patrikiosis movaleoba iyo, ebrZola<br />

imperiis interesebis gamo, rogorc amas moiTxovda RvTaebrivi imperatori.<br />

imperatoris samsaxuri imdenad mZime iyo, rom Trakiisken mimaval atat<br />

xorxoruns gzaSi gadauwyvetia, imperators ajanyeboda da sparseTis Sahis<br />

mxareze gadasuliyo, rac mogvianebiT ganaxorciela kidec (601 weli)<br />

(Патканьян 1862. Tavi. XX).<br />

patrikiosebs, ipatosebsa da sxva bizantiuri saimperio titulis<br />

mqone Tundac ucxo qveynis mmarTvelebs imperatoris morCileba<br />

moeTxovebodaT. es Seexeboda rogorc imperatorTan audiencias, aseve<br />

58

samxedro da sxva saxis samsaxurs. am yvelafris sanacvlod imperatori<br />

titulebsa da masTan dakavSirebul rogas, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki<br />

Sesabamis ZRvens gascemda. amgvari kavSirebi politikur mokavSireobasac<br />

gulisxmobda, sadac imperatori yovelTvis upiratesi statusiT<br />

sargeblobda, samagierod, mis mier qveSevdomad aRqmuli qveynis mmarTveli<br />

garkveuli politikuri saxis sargebels naxulobda xolme. xSiri iyo<br />

SemTxvevebi, rodesac ori Zlieri imperiis (bizantia da irani) arsebobis<br />

pirobebSi qarTlis, somxeTis, albaneTisa Tu sxva qveynebis liderebi<br />

icvlidnen `patrons~ maTive interesebis Sesabamisad. kurapalatis pativis<br />

mqone pirTaTvis imperatorTan damokidebuleba analogiuri xasiaTis unda<br />

yofiliyo, metnaklebi kompromisiT orive mxridan.<br />

adarnerse erismTavaris sammagi tituli, erTi mxriv, misTvis mamis<br />

(stefanozi) msgavsad an patrikiosis titulis tarebas, anda babuis (guaram-<br />

gurgeni) analogiiT kurapalatis titulis flobas unda gulisxmobdes. es<br />

titulebi ierarqiuli, saimperio titulaturis nawilebia, romelTa miRebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi konkretuli piri sakuTar adgils ikavebda bizantiis senatSi.<br />

calke aRebuli patrikiosoba warCinebulTa fenis wevrobas gulisxmobda.<br />

Sesabamisad, adarnerses erT-erTi bizantiuri tituli swored patrikiosis<br />

tituli unda yofiliyo. amrigad, es tituli sxva saimperio titulTan<br />

erTadac gaicemoda xolme. sxva tituli, savaraudod, samoxeleo<br />

Tanamdeboba unda yofiliyo, romelsac konkretuli funqcia gaaCnda.<br />

analogad SegviZlia davasaxeloT varaz-bakur antipatos-patrikiosi,<br />

romelic aRniSnuli saimperio titulis garda, flobda protospaTariosisa<br />

da ofsikionis komesis Tanamdebobebs (goilaZe 2007: 299-309; Toumanoff 1971;<br />

metreveli 2008: 362).<br />

stefanoz II patrikiosi da qarTlis erismTavari<br />

adarnerses Semdeg erismTavari xdeba misi Ze, stefanoz II, yrmobaSi<br />

qobul-stefanozad wodebuli. informacia stefanoz II erismTavrobis<br />

Sesaxeb ar aris vrceli. mcxeTis jvris zemoT motanili warweris, aseve,<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis, sumbat daviTis Zisa da juanSer<br />

59

juanSerianis mixedviT, is adarnerses Zed iwodeba (SoSiaSvili 1980: 162;<br />

abulaZe 1963: 96-97; metreveli 2008: 232, 362). aqedan pirveli saistorio<br />

wyaros mixedvT, misi mama adarnerse, stefanos I didis ojaxis wevrad<br />

mosCans (SoSiaSvili 1980: 35, 157-162, 164-165). `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT<br />

ki, adarnerses warmomavloba Riad aris datovebuli (abulaZe 1963: 96).<br />

sumbat daviTis Ze adarnerses mamad pirdapir stefanoz dids asaxelebs<br />

(metreveli 2008: 362).<br />

stefanoz II-is erismTavrobis wlebi ar aris dadgenili. arc is aris<br />

cnobili, Tu ra urTierToba arsebobda erisTavebs Soris misi<br />

mmarTvelobis dros. ucnobia misi moRvaweobis sxva mniSvnelovani<br />

detalebic. qarTuli wyaroebidan arc bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb<br />

viciT rame. am kuTxiT vakuums arabuli wyaroebi avseben, habib ibn maslamas<br />

sigelSi, romelic stefanozis dros unda yofiliyo Sedgenili, qarTlis<br />

mTavari bizantiuri tituliT, patrikiosad, iwodeba (wyaroSi batrik – l.<br />

T) (silagaZe 1991: 56-62; cqitiSvili 1976: 108-195).<br />

ramdenime met-naklebad mniSvnelovani informacia aris daculia<br />

juanSer juanSerianTan. masSi xasgasmulia stefanozis aRmSeneblobiTi<br />

moRvaweoba. misi TaosnobiT mcxeTis jvris monastris zRude da iqve<br />

arsebuli darbazi augiaT, sadac, istorikosis TqmiT, kaTalikosisa da<br />

episkoposebis monawileobiT paraskeobiT krebebi imarTeboda xolme.<br />

aRniSnuli krebebis iniciatorad mematianes stefanozi miaCnia:<br />

`ese stefanoz iyo umetes yovelTa qarTlisa mefeTa da mTavarTa<br />

morwmune, ganmwmedeli sjulisaÁ da maSenebeli eklesiaTaÁ. da man moadgna<br />

zRudeni eklesiasa juarisa patiosnisasa da aRaSenna darbazni da dauwesa<br />

yovelTa paraskevTa krebaÁ. da mun Sekrbian yovelni episkoposni da<br />

mRdelni mis arisani kaTalikozsa Tana, winaSe patiosnisa juarisa adidian<br />

paraskevi, viTarca didi paraskevi, xolo sakaTalikozosa arian yovelTa<br />

xuTSabaTTa da adidian wmidaÁ sioni, viTarca didsa xuTSabaTsa<br />

saidumlosa Tana ÃorciTa da sisxliTa qristesiTa. xolo mcxeTas<br />

saebiskopososa arn krebaÁ yovelTa samSabaTTa da ÃsenebaÁ pirvelmowamisa<br />

stefanesi da yovelTa mowameTaÁ, da didisa misgan Zlierebisa sparsTaÁsa<br />

60

omel wamebul iyvnes, abibos nekresel episkoposisaÁ, romelman moaqcina<br />

umravlesni mTeulni aragusa aRmosavliTni, xolo patiosani guami misi<br />

dadves mcxeTas, saepiskopososa, samarxavsa episkoposTasa. da dResaswaulsa<br />

ufroÁs yovelTa dResaswaulTasa Sekrbian da adidebdian RmerTsa~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 232).<br />

rogorc aRniSnuli monakveTidan Cans, cnobebi stefanozis<br />

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb mcirea, Tumca garkveuli koniuqturis danaxva mainc<br />

SeiZleba. mis mier mcxeTis jvris taZris Semkoba da misi gafarToeba misive<br />

winamorbedebis saqmianobis gagrZelebaa. erTaderTi mniSvnelovani<br />

informacia, romelic juanSerTan aris daculi, aris cnoba arabebis<br />

Semosevis Sesaxeb, romelsac istorikosi stefanoz II-is mmarTvelobis xaniT<br />

gansazRvravs (metreveli 2008: 233-234). arabebis laSqrobebs stefanozis<br />

mmarTvelobis periodiT aTariRebs `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobi avtoric.<br />

Satberdis versiaSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`da misa (adarnerses – l. T.) Semdgomad erisTvobda stefanoz, ZÀ<br />

misi, da aman ganiSora juarisa eklesiaÁ da dadva krebaÁ juars juarobasa<br />

erT TTue, da tfiliss dajda stefanoz da kaTalikozi iyo samovel da mis<br />

zeve evnon. da hambavi moÃda, viTarmed baRdadi agareanTa daipyreso da<br />

amisTÂs berZenTa qveyanaÁ jorsa ahkides da wariRes saberZneTa~ (abulaZe<br />

1963: 97).<br />

stefanozis mmarTvelobis periods ukavSirdeba qarTlis<br />

mosaxleobis aRwera da iq daculi simdidris bizantiaSi waReba. rogorc<br />

daculi cnobebidan irkveva, sparseTidan ganZi wamouRiaT da qarTlSi<br />

daumaliaT sparsel didebulebsac. juanSeris mixedviT, bizantielebs<br />

sparselebis simdidre sagangebod aRuweriaT da sigel-gujarebis ZaliT<br />

maTi mflobelebisTvis daumtkicebiaT im pirobiT, rom rodesac imperatori<br />

maT sparseTSi daabrunebda, kuTvnil mxareebTan erTad am simdidresac<br />

daubrunebda ukan (metreveli 2008: 233-234). `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ cnoba<br />

ufro mSralia, teqstis mixedviT bizantielebma mas Semdeg, rac didi<br />

zarali ganicades muslimebTan brZolaSi qarTlis simdidre `jorsa<br />

ahkides~ da bizantiaSi gaitanes (moq. qarT. 97). sumbatis cnobiT ki, am<br />

61

yvelafers mosaxleobis aRwera uZRoda win (metreveli 2008: 362). yvela am<br />

cnobas Tu SevajerebT, gamova, rom gaWirvebaSi myof bizantiis imperiis<br />

mesveurebs ukiduresi zomebisTvis miumarTavT. arabebis Semotevebis<br />

SeCerebis mizniT sparseTis didebulebis gadamaluli qoneba wamouRiaT da,<br />

rogorc Cans, qarTlis didebulebTan SeTanxmebiT qarTlis mosaxleobis<br />

aRweris Sedegad qveyanaSi arsebuli qoneba `jorsa ahkides~ da bizantiaSi<br />

waiRes. juanSeris mixedviT ise Cans, rom am process Tavad imperatori<br />

herakle edga saTaveSi, romelic am dros meored Semosula qarTlSi<br />

(metreveli 2008: 234).<br />

qarTli bizantiis imperiasTan vasalur damokidebulebaSi<br />

imyofeboda. bizantiis gavlena gansakuTrebiT herakles 627-628 wlebis<br />

laSqrobebis Semdeg gaizarda. qarTli bizantiis mmarTvelobis qveS moeqca,<br />

xolo mis mmarTvel erismTavars, msgavsad egrisis mmarTvelisa patrikiosis<br />

tituli daumkvidrda. swored am tituliT da ara sakuTari saxeliT<br />

icnobda stefanoz II-s arabuli wyaroebi (silagaZe 1991: 56-62), rac, erTis<br />

mxriv, aRniSnuli titulis mniSvnelobaze, xolo, meore mxirv, ki qarTlis<br />

erismTavris damokidebulebis xarisxze mianiSnebs bizantiis mimarT.<br />

stefanoz II-is erismTavrobis momdevno periodi vidre Zmebis –<br />

arCilis da mihris _ mmarTvelobamde qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT Zalian<br />

bundovania. amrigad, qarTulma wyaroebma ar Semogvinaxa gabmuli saxis<br />

narativi VII saukunis meore naxevridan VIII saukunis dasawyisis CaTvliT.<br />

guaram II kurapalati da qarTlis erismTavari<br />

guaram II kurapalatis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia rogorc `moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi, aseve sumbat daviTis Zis TxzulebaSi `cxovreba da<br />

uwyeba bagratonianTa~ (abulaZe 1963: 97; metreveli 2008: 362). orive<br />

saistorio teqstis mixedviT, guarami qarTlis erismTavaria, xolo sumbatis<br />

cnobiT, misi mama stefanoz II adarnerses Zea. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~<br />

qronikis mixedviT, stefanoz II adarnerses Zea, xolo guarami, romelic<br />

stefanozis Semdeg mTavrobs, warmomavlobis miTiTebis gareSea<br />

dasaxelebuli (abulaZe 1963: 97).<br />

62

sumbat daviTis Zis cnobiT, guarami kurapalatis titulis mflobeli<br />

yofila. misi mmarTvelobis periods arabebis Semosevebi uZRoda win. sxva<br />

detalebi bagrationTa gvaris istorikoss miTiTebuli ara aqvs. sumbati<br />

wers:<br />

`da ambavi moiwia, viTarmed baRdadi daipyres agaris naTesavTao. da<br />

amis stefanozisa Semdgomad erisTavobda Ze misi guaram kurapalati~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 362).<br />

guaram II-is bizantiuri saimperio titulis miRebis Sesaxeb Txrobis<br />

gadmocemis dros msgavs informacias gvawvdis `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~<br />

qronikac, masSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`da misa (stefanozis Semdeg – l. T.) Semdgomad erisTvobda guaram<br />

kurapalati~ (abulaZe 1963: 97).<br />

rogorc orive teqstis Sejerebidan vigebT guarami kurapalatis<br />

saimperio titulis mflobelia, Tumca informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis<br />

miiRo man aRniSnuli pativi an ra damsaxurebis gamo maSin, rodesac misi<br />

uSualo winamorbedebi mxolod patrikiosebad iwodebodnen, wyaroebSi ar<br />

Cans. guarams gakvriT axsenebs juanSer juanSerianic, am avtoris mixedviT,<br />

guarami kurapalatis titulis mflobelia da misi asuli colad arCil<br />

mefes mouyvania. juanSerTan vkiTxulobT:<br />

`amisa Semdgomad movida arCil kaxeTad, da yovelTa taZreulTa<br />

misTa miuboZa kaxeTi, da aznaur yvna igini, aRaSena eklesia saZmors, SeirTo<br />

coli, asuli guaram kurapalatisa, romeli iyo SvilTagan vaxtang mefisaTa,<br />

berZnisa colisa naSobTa~ 2 (yauxCiSvili 1955: 243; metreveli 2008: 243).<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikisa da sumbat daviTis Zis<br />

Txzulebisgan gansxvavebiT juanSeri guaram II kurapalats erismTavrad<br />

2 ix.: yauxCiSvili 1955: 243; metreveli 2008: 243. am SemTxvevaSi, saxeli `guaram~ amoRebulia<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis mier gamocemuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sejerebuli teqstidan. maT<br />

upiratesoba mariamiseul nusxas mianiWes. samagierod simon yauxCiSvilis teqstSi arCilis<br />

coli `asuli guaram kurapalatisa~-d aris dasaxelebuli. aq ufro WalaSviliseuli da<br />

anaseuli nusxebi aris gaTvaliswinebuli. Cvenis mxriv davZenT, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

uZveles (XII s.) somxur TargmanSi arCilis colad `asuli goram kurapalatisa, romelic<br />

vaxtang mefis Camomavali iyo~ aris dasaxelebuli, rac damatebiTi safuZvelia imisa, rom<br />

yauxCiSvilis teqsts mieniWos upiratesoba. ix.: abulaZe 1953: 199.<br />

63

saerTod ar asaxelebs, xolo stefanoz II-is memkvidreebad mihri da arCili<br />

gamohyavs. guaram kurapalatis Sesaxeb ki mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom<br />

is qarTlSi VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mTavrobda da kurapalatis<br />

tituli imperatorisgan arabebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri mxardaWeris<br />

sanacvlod unda mieRo.<br />

guaram III yrmaÁ qarTlis erismTavari<br />

guaram yrmaÁs erismTavroba misive sexniis, guaram kurapalatis<br />

mmarTvelobas mosdevs. misi arsebobis Sesaxeb mxolod erTi saistorio<br />

wyarodan vgebulobT. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis mixedviT, guaram<br />

kurapalatis Semdeg qarTlis rigiT meSvide erismTavari guaram yrmaÁ<br />

yofila.<br />

`da Semdgomad misa erisTvobda guaram kurapalati :e: da guaram<br />

yrmaÁ :z:~ (abulaZe 1963: 97).<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis cnoba guaram yrmaÁs am mokle<br />

pasaJiT Semoifargleba. misi zedsaxelis, `yrmaÁ~ mixedviT varkvevT, rom<br />

erismTavrobis periodSi guarami mcirewlovani unda yofiliyo. aqedan<br />

warmodgeba misi Serqmeuli saxeli. guaram yrmaÁs amgvari moxsenieba, guaram<br />

II kurapalatisgan gamorCevis mizniTac unda momxdariyo. analogiuri<br />

magaliTi imave wyaroSi mefe farsmanis momdevno mmarTvelis, misi<br />

ZmiSvilis, farsman sxuaÁs, saxiT (abulaZe 1963: 94). mas biZis, farsman<br />

mefisgan, gasarCevad, avtori farsman `sxuaÁd~ moixseniebs. guaramis<br />

SemTxvevaSi termini `yrmaÁs~ xmareba misi mcirewlovanebiT unda aixsnas.<br />

guaram yrmaÁsgan gansxvavebiT farsman sxuaÁ zdasruli unda yofiliyo,<br />

Sesabamisad, winamorbedisgan gamosarCevad mas gansxvavebuli epiTeti<br />

mougones.<br />

saistorio wyaroSi ar Cans erismTavar guaram yrmaÁs arc<br />

warmomavloba da arc is, hqonda Tu ara mas bizantiuri sakariskaco<br />

tituli. misi mmarTveloba daaxloebiT VIII saukunis meore naxevriT unda<br />

ganisazRvros. savaraudod, misi mmarTveloba xanmokle iyo, amdenad,<br />

istoriam meti detali ar Semogvinaxa misi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />

64

nerse I didi qarTlis erismTavari<br />

nerses Sesaxeb informacia deficituria. qarTul wyaroebSi masze<br />

araferia naTqvami. Sesabamisad, gviwevs ucxoenovani literaturis gacnoba,<br />

romelic aseve mokled gadmogvcems nerses moRvaweobas. somexi istorikosis<br />

hovanes drasxanakertelis, `somxeTis istoriaSi~ saubaria qarTlis iSxanis<br />

(qarT. mTavari) nerses warmatebul brZolaze arabebis winaaRmdeg. nerses<br />

gaerTianebul qarTul-somxur jars arabi sardali baraba daumarcxebia da<br />

somxeTidan gauZevebia (Дарбинян-Меликян 1984: 94). is ixsenieba aseve `wminda<br />

silvestr romis episkoposis cxovrebis~ somxuri Targmanis anderZSi.<br />

rogorc irkveva, is somxeTis wamyvani feodaluri ojaxis kamsarakanebis<br />

siZe iyo da saTaveSi edga qarTul-somxur ajanyebas arabeTis saxalifos<br />

winaaRmdeg (Дарбинян-Меликян 1984: 94). nerses bizantiuri titulaturis<br />

Sesaxeb monacemebi ar gagvaCnia, Tumca miviCnevT, rom isic msgavsad misi<br />

winamorbedebisa atarebda bizantiur sakariskaco tituls. Tu zustad<br />

romels, amis garkveva Znelia.<br />

arSuSa kurapalati, qarTlis erismTavari<br />

arSuSa kurapalati, imave `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis mixedviT,<br />

erismTavrad guaram yrmaÁs Semdeg gamxdara. arSuSas ar icnobs arc<br />

juanSer juanSeriani da arc sumbat daviTis Ze. juanSeris motivi, rogorc<br />

zemoT davinaxeT, arCilis legitimurobis mtkicebaa. amdenad, stefanoz II-is<br />

Semdegi yvela erismTavari qarTlis xelmwifeTa siidan amoRebulia, xolo<br />

sumbati sakuTar matianeSi aSot I kurapalatis da zogadad bagrationebis<br />

uSualo winaprebis fiqsacias axdens. amdenad, arSuSa kurapalati (aseve<br />

guaram yrmaÁ, mefe arCili da sxva), romelic, rogorc Cans, ar iyo aSot<br />

bagrationis uSualo winapari, ver moxvda qarTlis mmarTvelTa<br />

CamonaTvalSi.<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis informacia arSuSa kurapalatis<br />

Sesaxeb moklea da ori guaramis mmarTvelobas mosdevs. cnobaSi<br />

vkiTxulobT:<br />

65

`da Semdgomad misa erisTvobda guaram kurapalati :e: da guaram<br />

yrmaÁ :z: da merme arSuSa kurapalati :À: da varaz bakur apaÁ patrikiozi~<br />

(abulaZe 1963: 97).<br />

amdenad, arSuSas erismTavroba `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT<br />

guaram yrmaÁs da varaz-bakuris mmarTvelobis SuaSia moqceuli. sxva<br />

istoriuli Janris Txzuleba arSuSas Sesaxeb arafers gadmogvcems.<br />

samagierod, arsebobs epigrafikuli warwera, Sesrulebuli abasTumanSi<br />

mdebare eklesiis jvris kvarcxlbekze, sadac qarTlis erisTavi<br />

(erismTavari) arSuSa aris moxseniebuli. fragmenti daTariRebulia<br />

bizantiis imperator iustiniane II rinotmetosis (685-695, 705-711 ww.) zeobiT.<br />

misi Sinaarsi aseTia:<br />

`† [S(e)w(Àvni)Ta q(rist)ÀsiTa], Áv(s)t(i)n(i)ane m(e)f(i)sa [ze, me] [-------------<br />

--------------- v(i)q(me)n R(mr)T(isaga)n g(a)n]did(ebu)li n(a)T(esa)vT[a y(ovel)Ta<br />

C(emT)a: bZ(a)n(e)b(i)Ta R(mr)T(i)v d(a)c(u)l(is)a m(am)fl(is)a ar(Su)Sa<br />

p(a)t(ri)k(iosi)sa da n(e)b(i)Ta R(mr)T(isaÁ)Ta q(arT)v(el)Ta er(is)T(avis)a,<br />

qr(ise)p(u)l(i)s c(i)x(e)s(a)Ta bo(Ze)b(i)T(a), m(o)w(ue)ul viyav da a(Rv)m(a)rTe<br />

p(a)t(io)s(a)ni j(uar)i, w(midis)a R(mr)T(i)smS(o)b(eli)sa s(a)x(e)l(s)a,<br />

s(a)l(o)c(ve)l(a)d C(e)mda da Zm(a)Ta C(e)mTa, meox(e)b(i)saT(Â)s y(ove)[l](s)a<br />

W(i)rsa, am(a)s s(a)w(u)Tr(o)s [d]a s(au)k(u)n(e)s. da v(i)n aR(moi)k(iT)x(o)s<br />

l(o)cv(as)a m(omi)Ãs(e)n(e)[T]~ (SoSiaSvili 1980: 103).<br />

amgvarad, rogorc aRniSnuli warweridan irkveva, imperator<br />

iustiniane II rinotmetosis (685-695, 705-711 ww.) dros qarTlis erismTavari<br />

arSuSa patrikiosi yofila, romelic imavdroulad mamfalis titulis<br />

matarebelia. sainteresoa, aris Tu ara es arSuSa, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~<br />

arSuSa kurapalati da Tu aris, saidan varkvevT amas?! daviwyoT iqidan, rom<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis mixedviT, arSuSa kurapalatis Semdeg<br />

erismTavari varaz-bakuria, xolo rogorc vaxtang goilaZem gaarkvia,<br />

warweris dazianebul adgilze moxseniebuli pirovneba, romelic flobda<br />

qalaq qrisepuls da gvevlineba warweris SemkveTad, swored varaz-bakur<br />

anTipatos-patrikiosia (goilaZe 2007). varaz-bakuri bizantiuri saistorio<br />

wyaroebis mixedviT, iustiniane II rinotmetosis marjena xeli da misi<br />

66

aqtiuri mxardamWeria (Mango, Scott 1997: 102-103, 112-113), Sesabamisad,<br />

epigrafikul warweraSi imperator iustinianes moxsenieba SemTxveviTi ar<br />

aris.<br />

qrisepulis mflobel varaz-bakurs qarTlSi Camosvlis mowveva Tavad<br />

erismTavar arSuSa patrikiosisgan miuRia da abasTumanTan axlos jvari<br />

aRumarTavs. rogorc lapidaruli warweridan Cans, arSuSa patrikiosis<br />

sapatio titulis mflobelia miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTlSi arSuSa<br />

mTavrobs. unda vivaraudoT, rom varaz-bakuri am droisTvis ukve antipatos-<br />

patrikiosia, rac arSuSaze maRali pativis flobas gulisxmobs bizantiis<br />

senatis wevris rangSi. amas, erTi mxriv, varaz-bakuris mdgomareoba<br />

gvafiqrebinebs bizantiis imperiaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, warweris Sinaarsi,<br />

romelSic varaz-bakuri Tavs qarTvelTa Soris (`naTesavTa yovelTa CemTa~)<br />

yvelaze gandidebulad moixseniebs: `v(i)q(me)n R(mr)T(isaga)n g(a)ndid(ebu)li<br />

n(a)T(esa)vTa y(ovel)Ta C(emT)a~ (SoSiaSvili 1980: 103).<br />

arSuSas kurapalatis tituliT moxsenieba ukve `moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi gvxvdeba, rac ar unda iyos gazviadebuli. unda<br />

vifiqroT, rom arSuSam, romelic Tavisive qveyanaSi varaz-bakurze<br />

upiratesi uflebiT sargeblobda (amas gvimtkicebs Tavad qrisepulis<br />

mflobelis varaz-bakuris warwera), mogvianebiT mis qveSevdomze (Zmaze)<br />

maRali – kurapalatis _ tituli miiRo, romelic sicocxlis bolomde<br />

SeinarCuna. aqedan gamomdinare, saistorio wyaroSi arSuSa mis mier<br />

miRebuli bolo tituliT ixsenieba da ara im tituliT (patrikiosi),<br />

romelic mas mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi hqonda miRebuli. analogia SegviZlia<br />

gavavloT daviT III kurapalatTan, imier taos mflobelTan, romelmac<br />

kurapalatoba 990 wels miiRo da cxovrebis bolomde SeinarCuna, Tumca<br />

saistorio wyaroebis umravlesoba mas kurapalatad moixseniebs misi<br />

moRvaweobis dasawyisidanve. aq damkvidrebuli tendenciis adreul periodze<br />

gadatanasTan gvaqvs saqme. arSuSas SemTxvevaSi igi, mis mier bolos<br />

miRebuli tituliT iqna moxseniebul qarTul saistorio qronikaSi.<br />

67

varaz-bakur anTipatos-patrikiosi, ofsikionis komesi,<br />

protospaTariosi, qarTlis erismTavari<br />

varaz-bakur antipatos-patrikiosi Tavisi drois gamorCeuli<br />

politikuri moRvawea. misi politikuri asparezi ar Semoifargleboda<br />

mxolod saqarTvelos masStabiT, man didi gavlena moipova VII-VIII<br />

saukuneebis mijnis bizantiis imperiaSic. bizantiis imperator iustiniane II<br />

rinotmetosis (685-695, 705-711 ww.) karze vazar-bakurs imperiis yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani provinciis – ofsikionis Temis _ komesis (meTauri)<br />

Tanamdeboba ekava. atarebda aseve protospaTariosis saimperio sakariskaco<br />

tituls, xolo qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, iyo anTipatos-patrikiosis<br />

titulis mflobeli. imave saistorio narativis mixedviT, `gardabanelni<br />

moaqcivna~ marTlmadidebel mrwamsze (Toumanoff 1971: 149; metreveli 2008: 362-<br />

363; goilaZe 2007: 299-300).<br />

qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis informacia varaz-bakuris Sesaxeb<br />

moklea. werilobiTi wyaroebidan mis moxseniebas vxvdebiT `moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi da sumbat daviTis Zis nawarmoebSi. juanSeris<br />

TxzulebaSi varaz-bakuri saerTod ar aris naxsenebi miuxedavad im<br />

mniSvnelovani rolisa, romelsac is asrulebda Tavisi epoqis politikur<br />

cxovrebSi. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁsa~ da sumbatis cnobebi varaz-bakuris<br />

Sesaxeb daaxloebiT identuria. teqstebis aseTi siaxlove imasac<br />

gvafiqrebinebs, am konkretuli pasaJis gadmocemisas xom ar momdinareobs<br />

sumbatis teqsti `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikidan?! Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />

imas, rom sumbati icnobda Tavisi winamorbedis teqsts, ar gamovricxavT,<br />

rom es asec iyos. miuxedavad msgavsebisa, vxvdebiT garkveul<br />

gansxvavebebsac, kerZod, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`da Semdgomad misa erisTvobda … varaz bakur apaÁ patrikiozi,<br />

romelmac garbanelni moaqcina [da qristeanobaÁ aswava unebliaÁT] :T:~<br />

(abulaZe 1963: 97; aleqsiZe 2007: 20).<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi varaz-bakuri, rogorc davinaxeT,<br />

apaÁ patrikiosad aris moxseniebuli. samagierod, sumbat daviTis Ze mas<br />

68

anTipatos-patrikioss uwodebs, rac ufro realuria, vinaidan apaÁ<br />

patrikiosis bizantiuri tituli CvenTvis ucnobia. sumbatTan vkiTxulobT:<br />

`stefanozisa Semdgomad erisTavobda Ze misi guaram kurapalati. da<br />

Semdgomad missa varaz-bakur, Ze misi anTipatos-patrikiosi, romelman<br />

gardabanelni moaqcivna~ (metreveli 2008: 362-363).<br />

titulebis gansxvavebuli Cveneba imaze metyvelebs, rom erT-erTi<br />

teqsti, savaraudod, cdeba. kerZod, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronika<br />

gansxvavebuli formiT gadmogvcems varaz-bakuris bizantiur tituls da<br />

anTipatos-patrikiosis nacvlad iyenebs apaÁ patrikiozs. SeiZleboda<br />

gvefiqra, rom `apaÁ~ `anTipatosis~ Seryvnili forma unda iyoso, Tumca<br />

Znelia imis dajereba, rom teqsti ase Zlier daaamaxinjes. `moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis samive redaqcia mogviano periods ganekuTvneba,<br />

bunebrivia, garkveuli cvlilebebi qronikis teqstSi gadamwerTa mier<br />

iqneboda Setanili. qronikis originali daaxloebiT VII-VIII saukuneebs unda<br />

ganekuTvnebodes, xolo xelnaweTagan uadresi IX-X saukuneebis mijnazea<br />

Sesrulebuli. amaTgan termini `apaÁ~ ixmareba N/Sin-50-sa (X ss. I nax.) da<br />

Satberdis (X s. 70-iani) redaqciebSi, xolo `apa~ WeliSurSi (XIV-XV ss.)<br />

(abulaZe 1963: 97; aleqsiZe 2007: 20). amdenad, apaÁ/apa SesaZloa kninobiTi da<br />

Seryvnili forma iyos anTipatosisa, romelsac zustad gadmogvcems sumbat<br />

daviTis Zis Cvenamde moRweuli redaqciebi. es msjeloba marTebuli Cans, Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswineT imas, rom `apai/apa patrikiosis” tituli bizantiaSi<br />

saerTod ar arsebobda, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom `apaÁ/apa~ teqstSi<br />

aRniSnavdes `apo~-s (ἀπο) anu, titul `apo patrikioss~, rac yofil<br />

patrikioss niSnavs. bizantiaSi arsebobda apo ipatosisa da apo eparxosis<br />

titulebi, rac TavisTavad ar gamoricxavs im faqts, rom arsebuliyo `apo<br />

patrikiosis~ titulic. jon haldonis mixedviT, `apaÁ patrikiosis~ msgavsi<br />

forma dasturdeba VII-VIII saukuneebSi `apo ipaton patrikiosis~ saxiT,<br />

romelic amave periodis bizantiis saimperio titulebis ierarqiul kibeze<br />

erT-erT umaRles safexurs ikavebs (Haldon 1990: 393).<br />

69

izantiuri titulaturis gadmocemis garda, Tu kargad<br />

davakvirdebiT, orive saistorio teqsti odnav gansxvavebuli informaciebis<br />

Semcvelia. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ varaz-bakuris warmomavlobis Sesaxeb<br />

arafers gvamcnobs, mis winamorbedad _ arSuSa kurapalats, xolo<br />

memkvidred nerses asaxelebs; xolo sumbat daviTis Zis `cxovrebaÁ da<br />

uwyebaÁ bagrationTaÁs~ teqstis mixedviT, varaz-bakuri guaram kurapalatis<br />

Zea, xolo mis memkvidred nerse aris dasaxelebuli. nerse orive saistorio<br />

wyaroSi mamis miTiTebis gareSea moxseniebuli. amdenad, Tu ra naTesauri<br />

kavSiri arsebobda varaz-bakursa da nerses Soris, arcerT zemoxsenebul<br />

teqstSi ar Cans.<br />

bizantiuri saistorio wyaroebi varaz-bakuris Sesaxeb friad<br />

saintereso masalebs gvawvdian. Teofane aRmsareblis cnobiT, varaz-bakuri<br />

bizantiis imperatoris, iustiniane II-is, moxele da Tanamzraxvelia,<br />

romelic devnilobis drosac masTan aris xersonsa da xazareTSi (Mango and<br />

Scott 1997: 521). varaz-bakurs imperator iustinianesTan erTad dasjian<br />

sikvdiliT 711 wels (Mango and Scott 1997: 529). Teofane varaz-bakurs<br />

protopatrikiossa da ofsokionis Temis komess, anu meTaurs uwodebs<br />

(laTinurad niSnavs TanaSemwes) (Mango and Scott 1997: 529; Migne 1861: 769).<br />

varaz-bakuris bizantiuri titulaturisa da saxelos Sesaxeb<br />

damatebiT informacias gvaZlevs bizantiuri sfragistikis is numuSebi,<br />

romlebic moipova cnobilma koleqcionerma da antikvaruli nivTebiT<br />

movaWre giorgi zakosma (1911-1989 ww.). xelT gvaqvs ori aseTi egzemplaris<br />

aRweriloba.<br />

pirveli nimuSis aRweriloba mogvyavs nikolas oikonomidisis<br />

naSromis mixedviT. beWdis diametri 33 mm., xolo 1986 wlisTvis zakosis<br />

koleqciaSia daculi, qalaqi bazeli. liTonis beWdis ZiriTadi<br />

maxasiaTeblebi n. ikonomidisis mixedviT Semdegia:<br />

Subli: jvarisebri monograma – Θεοτόκε βοήθει (loreni, V tipi). oTxive<br />

kuTxeSi or xazad Sesrulebuli warwera. monetis kide dagrexilia.<br />

Τω-ΔȣˡΛω-COU-ˡBAΡA-CBAˡΚȣ-ΡΙω<br />

70

zurgi: warwera eqvs xazad. monetis kide dagrexilia.<br />

ϯΠΑΤΡΙˡḲΙωSKOMˡ...ΙΤȣΘεOˡ.VΛΑKΤȣΒ.CΙΛΙΚȣOˡΨΙΚΙȣ<br />

warwera amgvarad aris aRdgenili:<br />

`Θεοτόκε βοήθει τῷ δούλῳ σου βαρασβακουρίῳ πατρικίῳ (καὶ) κομ[ετ]ί τοῦ<br />

θεο[φ]υλάκτου β[α]σιλικοῦ Ὀψσικίου~ (Oikonomidès 1986: 40-41).<br />

`RvTismSobelo Seewie Sens monas varaz-bakurs patrikiossa (da)<br />

RmrTivdaculi saimperio ofsikionis komets.~<br />

varaz-bakuri ixsenieba aseve konstantinopolis patriarq nikefores<br />

`mokle istoriaSi~, romlis mixedviT igi imperator iustiniane II-s erT-<br />

erTi yvelaze aqtiuri mxardamWeria. is iustinianes aqtiurad exmareba<br />

taxtis dauflebaSi ZmasTan erTad, romelsac saliva rqmevia - Βαρασβακούριον<br />

καὶ τον τούτου ἀδελφὸν τόν τε Σαλιβᾶν `varaz-bakuris da misi Zmis salivas~ (Mango<br />

1990: 102-103). berZnuli Σαλιβᾶ/saliva am SemTxvevaSi qarTul `Salvas~ unda<br />

Seesatyvisebodes. amdenad, varaz-bakuris Zmas Salva erqva. Salva Zmebs<br />

Soris umcrosi unda yofiliyo. ufross, rogorc zemoT vixileT, arSuSa<br />

erqva.<br />

imave istorikosis mixedviT, iustinianes damxobisa da yelis<br />

gamoWris Semdeg imperatoris momxre sxva arxontebTan erTad Seipyres da<br />

sikvdiliT dasajes varaz-bakuric. niSandoblivia isic, rom sikvdiliT<br />

dasjil arxontens Soris patriarqi nikefore saxeliT mxolod varaz-<br />

bakurs isxeniebs (Mango 1990: 102-103). es misi upiratesi mdgomareobis<br />

xazgasmaa. ucnobia Salvas bedi. is ZmasTan monawileobs iustiniane II-is<br />

gamefebaSi 705 wels, xolo Semdeg qreba bizantiuri saistorio wyaroebidan.<br />

Salva an bizantiaSi darCa da Zmis xvedri gaiziara, anda samSobloSi<br />

gaagrZela moRvaweoba, yovelSemTxvevaSi misi Semdgomi bedi masalebSi ar<br />

Cans. safiqrebelia, rom is 711 wels ZmasTan erTad unda daRupuliyo,<br />

radgan qarTlis erismTavrad varaz-bakuris Semdeg nerses Ze stefanozi<br />

xdeba da ara sxva vinme.<br />

amdenad, rogorc wyaroebidan varkvevT, varaz-bakuri ofsikoinis<br />

Temis komesis saxelos garda, flobda protospaTariosis tituls da<br />

71

iwodeboda patrikiosad. Tumca mogvianebiT xdeba misi mniSvnelovani<br />

dawinaureba da iustiniane II-is mmarTvelobis meore periodSi (705-711 ww.),<br />

rodesac varaz-bakuri eufleba iseT sapatio titulebs, rogoric aris<br />

protopatrikiosi da anTipatosi. sxvadasxva Temebis meTaurebi<br />

patrikiosebad iwodebodnen. ofsikionis Temis meTauri maT Soris<br />

upirvelesad, anu protopatrikiosad iwodeboda, aRniSnuli senatoruli<br />

tituli varaz-bakurs 711 wlisTvis ukve miRebuli hqonda (Mango, Scott 1997:<br />

529). amas Tu SevujerebT qarTul wyaroebs, mivalT im daskvnamde, rom<br />

varaz-bakurs sapatio titulad anTipatosis titulic miuRia da wodebula<br />

rogorc `varaz-bakur anTipatos-patrikiosi~. rogorc bizantinologiaSi<br />

iTvleba, anTipatosi sapatio titulad mxolod IX saukunidan iqca (ODB 1<br />

1991: 111). Tumca varaz-bakuris magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom aRniSnuli pativi<br />

sapatio titulad jer kidev VII saukunis dasawyisSi qceula. mxolod<br />

amgvari koniuqturiT SeiZleba aixsnas bizantiur taqtikebSi moxseniebuli<br />

anTipatosis tituli, romelic X saukunemde magistrosis Semdeg yvelaze<br />

sapatio tituli iyo bizantiur saimperio titulaturaSi (Oikonomides 1972:<br />

94-95). paralelurad, imave X saukuneSi, bizantiis yvela Temis strategosi<br />

sapatio titulad anTipatosis tituls atarebda (Oikonomides 1972: 136-141)<br />

maSin, rodesac SedarebiT Zveli koniuqturiT isini mxolod patrikiosebad<br />

iwodebodnen (Oikonomides 1972: 46-49). es yvelaferi imis maniSnebelia, rom<br />

anTipatos-patrikiosamde Temis meTaurebi mxolod patrikiosebad<br />

iwodebodnen. xolo mogvianebiT, garkveuli precedentis Seqmnis Semdeg,<br />

maTi pativi amaRlda anTipatos-patrikiosis titulamde. aseTi precedenti<br />

unda yofiliyo ofsikionis Temis komesis, varaz-bakuris, dawinaureba<br />

anTipatos-patrikiosad, ramac ganapiroba misi protopatrikiosoba, anu<br />

patrikiosTa Soris upirvelesis titulis miReba. Cven ar gamovricxavT<br />

imasac, rom TeofanesTan moxseniebuli protopatrikiosoba gulisxmobdes<br />

anTipatos-patrikiosis tituls; vgulisxmobT imas, rom protopatrikiosad<br />

varaz-bakuris dasaxelebiT istorikosi xazs usvams mis dawinaurebas sxva<br />

patrikiosebs Soris. xolo qarTuli wyaro gviCvenebs mis oficialur<br />

72

tituls – anTipatos-patrikioss. amis naTeli ilustraciaa is, rom<br />

protopatrikiosis tituli ar gvxvdeba sxva bizantiur wyaroebSi, xolo<br />

anTipatos-patrikiosi ki mravaljer dasturdeba imave periodis masalebSi.<br />

es yvelaferi TavisTavad ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom<br />

protopatrikiosobas realuri Sinaarsi hqonoda. aRniSnuli miuTiTebs ara<br />

imdenad realur titulze, aramed mdgomareobaze, romelic varaz-bakurs<br />

ekava bizantiaSi. swored amis gamo iyo, rom Teofane aRmsareblis inglisur<br />

enaze mTargmnelma, hari TarTledoum, tituli Targmna ara rogorc<br />

protopatrikiosi, aramed rogorc patrikiosTa Soris upirvelesi –<br />

Βασβακούριος δ πρωτοπατρίκιος καὶ κόμης τού Όψικίου (Mango and Scott 1997: 529; Migne 1861:<br />

769). amiT xazi gausva imas, rom protopatrikiosisMmsgavsi sapatio tituli<br />

ar arsebobda. Tumca, amasTan, amave pasaJis mixedviT, varaz-bakuri yvelaze<br />

dawinaurebuli iyo sxva patrikiosebs Soris. mis realur titulze<br />

informacias sumbat daviTis Ze gvawvdis, rodesac mas anTipatos-patrikioss<br />

uwodebs (metreveli 2008: 362-363).<br />

ra mdgomareoba unda hqonda aRniSnul tituls bizantiaSi VII<br />

saukunis dasawyisisTvis? filoTeosis `kletorologionis~ mixedviT,<br />

tituli anTipatosi spektabilisze da protospaTariosze maRalia da<br />

adgils magistrosis Semdeg ikavebs. aseTi mdgomareoba gvaqvs 899 wlisTvis.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom iseTi titulebi, rogoric aris magistrosi da zoste<br />

patrikia, iSviaTad gaicemoda. zoste patrikiad iwodebodnen mxolod<br />

saimperatoro ojaxis wevri qalebi da imperatoris ojaxTan daaxloebuli<br />

qalebi. magistrosis tituli, rogorc filoTeosis taqtikonSia aRniSnuli,<br />

899 wlisTvis sapatio titulia (Oikonomides 1972: 94-95). mogviano periodis<br />

taqtikonebSi igi SedarebiT damcrobilia da meore rigis titulebSi aris<br />

gaerTianebuli (Oikonomides 1972: 244-245, 262-263). SedarebiT Zvel e.w. uspenskis<br />

taqtikonSi, rogorc j. b. biuri aRniSnavs, magistrosis sapatio tituls ver<br />

vxvdebiT, xolo n. oikonomidisi am faqts gadamweris Secdomas miawers da<br />

aRadgens mas Sesabamis adgilas (Bury 1911: 46-47; ODB II 1991: 1267). VII<br />

saukunidan ramdenime magistrosi gamodis politikur asparezze (Oikonomides<br />

73

1972: 294). maT Soris erT-erTi pirvelia nikita qsilinitesi, romelic<br />

magistrosobas imperator anastasius II artemiosis (713-715 ww.) dros<br />

eufleba. xolo leon III isavrielis (717-741 ww.) dros nikita yofil<br />

imperators exmareba taxtisTvis brZolaSi, Tumca warumateblobas ganicdis<br />

da anastasius-artemiosTan erTad sikvdiliT dasjian 719 wels. xolo im<br />

didZal qonenas, rac Tanamdebobze yofnis dros daagrova, konfiskacias<br />

gaukeTeben (Bury 1911: 29; Mango and Scott 1997: 92). Znelia zustad imis<br />

gansazRvra, iyo Tu ara magistrosis, titulis mflobeli romelime<br />

konkretuli aristokrati iustiniane II-is (685-695, 705-711 ww.) mmarTvelobis<br />

dros, an Tu iyo, ramdenad maRalia misi mdgomareoba bizantiis imperatoris<br />

sakariskaco ierarqiaSi. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom kesarosisa da<br />

novelisimosis titulebis mflobelebs am dros ver vxvdebiT sakuTriv<br />

bizantiis imperiis farglebSi, xolo kurapalati, savaraudod, aseve<br />

imperiis farglebs gareT aris saZiebeli.<br />

amdenad, varaz-bakuris mdgomareoba bizantiaSi Tu ara yvelaze<br />

maRali, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mainc unda yofiliyo. xolo misi<br />

moxsenieba imperator iustinianes mxardamWerTa Soris, rodesac imperatori<br />

devnilobaSi imyofeboda, da maSinac, rodesac mis meore mmarTvelobas<br />

safrTxe Seeqmna, miuTiTebs mis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaze imperator<br />

iustiniane II-s saimperatoro karze. swored, iustinianes dros iqna<br />

Sesrulebuli varaz-bakuris warwera, sadac misi saxeli samarTlianad<br />

aRadgina vaxtang goilaZem. warweris mixedviT, varaz-bakuri qarTvelTa<br />

Soris yvelaze ufro gandidebulad moixseniebs sakuTar Tavs: `†<br />

[S(e)w(Àvni)Ta q(rist)ÀsiTa], Áv(s)t(i)n(i)ane m(e)f(i)sa [ze, me]----(varaz-bakuri –<br />

l. T.)----v(i)q(me)n R(mr)T(isaga)n g(a)n]did(ebu)li n(a)T(esa)vT[a y(ovel)Ta<br />

C(emT)a~. (SoSiaSvili 1980: 103)<br />

stefanoz III (IV) qarTlis erismTavari<br />

varaz-bakuris tragikuli sikvdilis Semdeg, rasac adgili 711 wlis<br />

11 dekembris axlo xanebSi hqonda, qarTlis erismTavari stefanoz III (IV)<br />

74

nerses Ze xdeba. stefanozi Tavisi freskuli warweris mixedviT 739 wels, 14<br />

oqtombers, oTxSabaT dRes gardaicvala (abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 34-35,<br />

89-90). amave warweris mixedviT, stefanozi Tavisi mTavrobis 29-e wels<br />

gardacvlila, rac misi erismTavrobis dasawyisad 711 wels miuTiTebs<br />

(abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 34-35, 89-90).<br />

guram abramiSvilma gaarkvia, rom stefanozi erismTavr nerses Zea<br />

(abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 37; abramiSvili 1977: 64; abramiSvili 1984: 165-166).<br />

nerse erismTavari, rogor asoRikis cnobiT zemoT vixileT, qarTlis<br />

erismTavari yofila.<br />

stefanozis Sesaxeb informacias atenis sionis taZarSi aRmoCenili<br />

grafitebi gvawvdian. atenis sionis aRniSnuli epigrafikuli warwerebis<br />

mixedviT, stefanozs erismTavroba bizantiis imperator vardan<br />

filipikosisgan (711-713 ww.) miuRia (abramiSvili 1984: 162-164). erT-erT<br />

grafitSi stefanozi nerses Zed aris dasaxelebuli, rac imis maniSnebelia,<br />

rom is nerse I didis vaJiSvili yofila (abramiSvili 1984: 163; giolaZe 2008:<br />

52).<br />

stefanozis Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani informaciis<br />

Semcvelia atenis sionis dasavleT fasadis freskuli warwera, romelic<br />

misive Sinaarsis mixedviT stefanoz mamfals ekuTvnis. stefanoz mamafali<br />

qarTvelTa da megrelTa erisTavT-erisTavTa uflad aris dasaxelebuli.<br />

warweris abramiSviliseuli varianti Semdegia:<br />

`[q: zeobas]a ka (= 21) R(mr)T(i)gÂirgÂn[osanisa]<br />

[arCilisi 3 , ke]T(i)Tladmsaxu[rebasa S(in)a]<br />

m[e]f[isa] Cuenisasa, Ãelmwifobasa<br />

[sa]rkinozTasa r k a (= 121), aResrula<br />

ku[r]Txeuli m(am)f(a)li stefanoz,<br />

R(mr)T(i)sa m[ier] q(ar)T(ue)lTa da m(e)gr(e)lTa<br />

erisTave[risTa]vsTa uf(a)li T(ues)a okdombersa<br />

3 sxva gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT aq unda vigulixmoT bizantiis imperatori leon III<br />

sirieli/isavrieli (717-741 ww.), romlis imperatorobis 21-e weli swored 738/739 welze<br />

modis, iseve rogorc hijriT 121-e weli.<br />

75

[id] (= 14), dResa oTxSabaTsa, Jamsa<br />

a (= 1) Ra[misas]a a, amas z(ed)a welsa dRisa<br />

mT[avrobisa mo]xrdili kT (= 29)~ (abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 89-90;<br />

abramiSvili 1977: 35-36).<br />

warweras guram abramiSvili 739 wliT aTariRebs (abramiSvili 1977:<br />

14-15; abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 89-90). miRebuli TariRi Seesabameba rogorc<br />

varaz-bakuris gardacvalebidan (711 weli) ocdamecxre wels, aseve hijriT<br />

121 welsac, romelic Tanamedrove kalendarze daangariSebiT 738 wlis<br />

dekembers iwyeba da 739 wlis dekemberSi mTavrdeba. aRniSnuli warweridan<br />

ar Cans, rom stefanozi flobda raime bizantiur saimperio tituls, Tumca<br />

imperatori vardanis mier stefanozisTvis qarTlis mmarTvelobis<br />

damtkiceba mis axlo urTierTobaze unda miuTiTebdes bizantiis<br />

imperiasTan, misi mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi mainc. atenis sionis erT-erT<br />

grafitSi aRniSnulia:<br />

`q. ese me d(a)vwere ioaneman. vardan kaisar misca [gvirgvini ? da<br />

stefanoz] ne(r)sesa Ze, dari R(mr)TisaÁ Ser(ac)xes da varaz m------[stefan]oz<br />

mamfalsa da waRmarT(ca) cnes d(a)m[yareba misi. vinc waikiTxos] locvas(a)<br />

momi[Ã]s[ene], amen~ (abramiSvili 1984: 164).<br />

am warweris Sinaarsi, guram abramiSvilis mixedviT, is aris, rom<br />

bizantiis keisari, vardan filipikosi, erT-erT qarTvel didebuls<br />

gvirgvins gadascems. gvirgvinis gadacemis motivi Tavad avtoris mier aris<br />

aRdgenili, rac. bunebrivia, ver iqneba dazRveuli garkveuli koreqturisgan.<br />

warweris mixedviT, stefanozi, rogorc `dari RmrTisaÁ Ser(ac)xes~<br />

erismTavrad. is, rom warweraSi moxseniebuli pirovneba romlis saxelis<br />

bolo ori asobgera `oz” `stefan-oz~-is aRmniSvnelia, mtkicdeba atenis<br />

sionis zemoxsenebuli freskuli warweriT.<br />

stefanozis gardacvalebis dros gakeTebul warweraSi (739 weli)<br />

misi bizantiuri titulaturis gareSe moxsenieba miuTiTebs, rom stefanozi<br />

mmarTvelobis bolos arcerT maTgans ar flobda.<br />

76

adarnerse II qarTlis erismTavari<br />

adarnerse qarTlis erismTavris Sesaxeb cnobebi uaRresad mwiria,<br />

viciT mxolod is, rom is atarebda kurapalatis tituls da iyo nerse II-is<br />

mama. am informacias vigebT ioane sabanis Zis `abo tfilelis wamebis~<br />

teqstidan, sadac naTqvamia:<br />

`nerseÁ Ze adarnerse kurapalatisa da eris mTavrisaÁ~. (qarTuli<br />

proza..., I 1982 :125; javaxiSvili 1965: 81)<br />

informacia moklea da misi mixedviT imis garkveva, Tu rodis da ra<br />

viTarebaSi miiRo man kurapalatoba, advili ar aris. erTi ram faqtia, rom<br />

qarTlis saerismTavroSi erTaderTi kurapalati misive erismTavrobis<br />

periodSi Tavad adarnerse unda yofiliyo. sxva qarTuli saistorio<br />

teqstebi mis Sesaxeb informacias ar iZlevian. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ da<br />

sumbat daviTis Zis teqstebSi adarnerse kurapalatis Sesaxeb cnobebi<br />

daculi ar aris. isini asaxeleben mis Zes nerses, magram ar weren arafers<br />

misi mamis Sesaxeb.<br />

`varaz-bakur apaÁ patrikiozi, romelman garbanelni moaqcina T, da<br />

merme nerse [i], da Zeni misni: filipe ia, stefanoz ib, adrnese ig, guaram id,<br />

da bakureani ZeEbaldadisi ie; da Zeni adrnesesni: stefanoz iv, da aSot<br />

kurapalati iz, da guaram [iÀ]. didni erisTavni esTen iyvnes~ abulaZe 1963:<br />

97).<br />

nerse II qarTlis erismTavari<br />

adarnase kurapalatis Semdeg qarTlis erismTavari nerse II xdeba.<br />

nerse VIII saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi erismTavrobda. is iyo grigol<br />

xanZTelis aRmzdeli da misi axlo naTesavi. ioane sabanis Zis gadmocemiT<br />

nerses meuRle grigolis mamidaa. grigolis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT:<br />

`ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa didebulTa da marTlmorwmuneTa mama-<br />

dedaTaÁ da saxlsa Sina sameufosa didisa nerse erisTavisasa aRzrdil iyo<br />

xeliTa keTilad msaxurisa dedoflisa _ nerses colisaÁTa, romelsaca<br />

eSvila, rameTu iyoca Zmiswuli misi~ (abulaZe 1963: 249).<br />

77

nerses Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia, aseve moqcevai qarTlisaiSi da<br />

sumbat daviTis ZesTanac, Tumca arcerTi maTgani ar gvawvdis cnobebs misi<br />

bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb (aleqsiZe 2007: 20; metreveli 2008: 362).<br />

nerses Semdeg mTavrobdnen adarnarse, filipe da stefanozi<br />

(aleqsiZe 2001: 311-315), Tumca arcerTi maTganis bizantiuri titulaturis<br />

Sesaxeb ar vxvdebiT raime xelSesaxeb informacias. ar aris gamoricxuli,<br />

rom arabebis gavlenis Sedegad qarTlis erismTavarTa saxls Seewyvita<br />

bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis miReba.<br />

kurapalatis tituli qarTvelTa samefoSi<br />

qarTvelTa samefos Camoyalibeba bagrationTa gvaris saxelmwifo<br />

moRvawis, aSot I didi kurapalatis (786-826 ww.), saxels ukavSirdeba. aSoti<br />

jer qarTlis erismTavari yofila. mas Tbilisi da bardavi hqonda<br />

Cabarebuli (yauxCiSvili 1955: 376; metreveli 2008: 363). bunebrivia, aSoti<br />

qarTlisa da aranis teritoriis did nawils marTavda, rac arabebis mier<br />

unda yofiliyo sanqcirebuli. mogvianebiT arabebis damarcxebasTan erTad<br />

bizantiasTan omSi da saxalifos dasustebis pirobebSi aSoti arabebs<br />

aujanyda. arabebis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba bizantiis mokavSireobis gareSe<br />

warmoudgeneli iyo. ukve aSotis mamas, adarnases bagrations,<br />

samflobeloebi bizantiis imperiis Crdolo-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan hqonda.<br />

es ki, bunebrivia, bizantiis mesveurTa Tanxmobasac gulisxmobda aRniSnuli<br />

teritoriis kontrolis saqmeSi. aSots mamis mier konsolidirebulma<br />

saerisTavom mniSvnelovani safuZveli Seuqmna damoukidebeli saxelmwifos<br />

Camoyalibebas. saerTod VII-VIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ramdenime<br />

saerisTavo iyo Seqmnili, romlebic, faqtobrivad, damoukidebel politikas<br />

awarmoebdnen. saqarTveloSi ki am dros sami superZala ibrZoda gavlenis<br />

mopovebisTvis, maT Soris iyvnen: bizantiis imperia, arabTa saxalifo,<br />

xazarTa xakanati. yvela am zesaxelmwifos politika eqspansionistur<br />

xasiaTs atarebda da regionis masStabiT hegemonobis damyarebas isaxavda<br />

miznad. aRniSnuli imperiebis interesebi, yvelaze mZafrad saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze ikveTeboda.<br />

78

sam zesaxelmwifos Soris yvelaze gavleniani arabTa saxalifo iyo.<br />

Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri erTeulebis didi nawili<br />

xalifas uzenaesobas scnobda. aSotis da sxva adgilobrivi kavkasieli<br />

mmarTvelebis mizani arabeTis batonobis damxoba iyo. arabeTSi mimdinare<br />

socialurma dapirispirebam da babeqis ajanyebam aSots xeli gauxsna<br />

ajanyebis dasawyebad. wamowyebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili bizantiis<br />

politikur da moralur mxardaWeras hqonda. miuxedavad garkveuli<br />

warmatebisa da bizantiis mxardaWerisa, aSotis kampania warumatebeli<br />

aRmoCnda. Tumca, is bolomde ibrZvis qarTlisTvis, xolo politikur<br />

centrad gareSe mtrebisgan SedarebiT ufro dacul adarnase bagrationis<br />

samflobeloebs irCevs. adarnases samflobeloebi `matiane qarTlisaÁs~<br />

mixedviT Semdegia:<br />

`sicocxlesave juanSerissa icvala adarnase bagratonianman nasamali<br />

klarjeTisa, SavSeTisa, aWarisa, nigalisa, asisforisa, artanisa da quemoÁsa<br />

taoÁsaÁ, da cixeTaganca, romelni hqondes SvilisSvilTa vaxtang mefisaTa.<br />

da warvida adarnase klarjeTad da mun mokuda~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 252;<br />

metreveli 2008: 255).<br />

amdenad, jer kidev aSotis mamis, adarnases, dros klarjeTi<br />

bagrationebis politikur centrad iqca saqarTveloSi. qarTuli wyaroebis<br />

CvenebiT, swored arabTa batonobis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisTvis iRebs aSoti<br />

bizantiis imperatorisgan kurapalatis tituls. `matiane qarTlisaÁSi~<br />

vkiTxulobT:<br />

`xolo eufla qarTls da sazRvarTa misTa. rameTu maTve JamTa<br />

Sesrul iyo maslama saberZneTad, da Seiqca mouZlurebuli da<br />

ganwbilebuli. maSin berZenTa mefeman mouboZa kurapalatobaÁ aSots. da<br />

mouZlurebul iyvnes sarkinozni. da gandidna aSot kurapalati~<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1955: 252; metreveli 2008: 255).<br />

rogorc saitorio wyarodan Cans, aSots kurapalatoba arabebis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolis gamo miuRia. sxva qronologiuri miTiTebebi, ris<br />

danaxvasac cdilobdnen sxva mkvlevarebi, iq ar Cans. kurapalatis tituliT<br />

ixseniebs mas sumbat daviTis Zec, Tumca ar aRwers imas, Tu ra viTarebaSi<br />

79

da ra mizeziT daeufla aSoti kurapalatobas. samagierod, sumbati<br />

xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom xelmwifeba aSot I kurapalatma swored bizantiis<br />

imperatoris nebiT daimkvidra:<br />

`da ganamravla soflebi aSot kurapalatman queyanaTa maT Sina. da<br />

misca RmerTman da ganamtkica ÃelmwifebaÁ misi nebiTa berZenTa mefisaÁTa~<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1955: 376; metreveli 2008: 363).<br />

amgvarad, qarTuli wyaroebis calsaxa CvenebiT kurapalatoba da<br />

xelmwifeba, anu damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis ufleba aSots bizantiis<br />

imperatorisgan miuRia. aSot I kurapalatis saxels ukavSirdeba qalaqi<br />

artanujis daarseba da misi gadedaqalaqeba. es yvelaferi iZleva imis<br />

safuZvels, rom swored igi miviCnioT axali qveynis – qarTvelTa samefos<br />

damaarseblad. rogorc qarTul istoriografiaSi aris garkveuli,<br />

kurapalatis tituli aSotma 813 wels miiRo imperator leon III armenielis<br />

gankargulebiT.<br />

aSotis mier kurapalatis titulis miReba rom vasalur<br />

damokidebulebas gulisxmobda, es mosazreba ar aris axali (badriZe 1965:<br />

221). am mosazrebasTan erTad SoTa badriZe Tvlida, rom kurapalatobis<br />

miRebiT aSoti Tavis Zvel tituls – erisTavs _ axliT anacvlebs, rac<br />

gulisxmobda ara erisTavis an misi saxecvlili formis erismTavris<br />

gamoyenebas umaRlesi politikuri uflebis aRmniSvnel terminad, aramed<br />

kurapalatis. badriZe wers:<br />

`wyaroebi, romelTa gaazreba sworedaa SesaZlebeli mmarTvelobis<br />

meore periodidan mxolod kurapalatis pativiT icnoben aSot dids.<br />

amitomac bunebrivia, wamoiWras varaudi, rom bizantiasTan vasalur<br />

pirobaze moqcevis droidan kurapalatobam STanTqa erisTavis saxelo.<br />

pirvelma mTlianad Sescvala meore~ (badriZe 1965: 221).<br />

SoTa badriZe ar jerdeba imis aRniSvnas, rom kurapalatma erisTavis<br />

funqcia gadafara da iqve aRniSnavs, rom kurapalatsac unda Seecvala<br />

Tavisi Sinaarsio (badriZe 1965: 221). amaSi mkvlevari imas gulisxmobs, rom<br />

kurapalatoba ukve, rogorc umaRlesi politikuri uflebis aRmniSvneli<br />

saxeli, memkvidreobiT gadadioda mamidan Svilze. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis<br />

80

gasamyareblad SoTa badriZes sumbat daviTis Zis Semdegi pasaJi aqvs<br />

moSveliebuli:<br />

`bagrat kurapalati, Ze aSot kurapalatisaÁ, gardaicvala qronikonsa<br />

Jˆv, da dautevna Zeni: daviT, romeli Semdgomad missa kurapalat yves~<br />

(badriZe 1965: 222; yauxCiSvili 1955: 378; metreveli: 366).<br />

motanil wyaroSi arsad Cans, Tu vin daamtkica daviT I (876-881 ww.)<br />

bagratis Ze kurapalatad. xolo imisTvis, rom msgavsi varaudi<br />

safuZvlianad CaiTvalos, mkvlevars esaWiroeba sul mcire erTi paralelis<br />

moyvana mainc, rodesac kurapalatis tituls aniWeben saqarTveloSi<br />

bizantiis yvelanairi Carevis gareSe. msgavsi paraleli ki, ramdenadac<br />

CvenTvis cnobilia, saerTod ar arsebobs. ufro metic, Tu gadavxedavT<br />

qarTuli wyaroebis monacemebs, magaliTad, daviT III kurapalatis Sesaxeb,<br />

ver SevxvdebiT cnobas, Tu vin da rodis gadasca mas bizantiuri tituli<br />

(kurapalati). maSin, rodesac bizantiur saistorio wyaroSi pirdapir aris<br />

miTiTebuli, rom barda fokas ajanyebis Semdeg bizantiis imperatorma<br />

basil II didma daviTis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da aiZula, damorCileboda,<br />

xolo misi samflobeloebi samemkvidreod daemtkicebina imperatorisTvis.<br />

imperatorma wyalobis niSnad daviTs kurapalatis tituli uboZa. aRniSnul<br />

movlenas, iahia antioqielis mixedviT, adgili 989 wels hqonda da ara<br />

daviTis dabadebisTanave (Степаненко 1982: 72-77), rogorc es SeiZleba<br />

mkiTxvels moeCvenos qarTuli wyaroebidan. aSotis kurapalatobaze<br />

analogiuri cnoba mogvepoveba, oRond ukve qarTul wyaroSi, sadac<br />

garkveviT aris miTiTebuli, rom man kurapalatoba bizantiis<br />

imperatorisgan (berZenTa mefe) miiRo. (yauxCiSvili 1955: 252; metreveli: 255).<br />

aSotis mier (813 weli) da daviTis mier (989 weli) kurapalatis titulis<br />

miReba imperatoris specialuri gankargulebis mixedviT, adasturebs im<br />

faqts, rom qarTvelTa samefoSi mTeli IX-X saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

kurapalatis titulis gacema mxolod bizantiis imperatoris privilegia<br />

iyo da is memkvidreobiT arasdros gadaicemoda. msgavsi viTarebaa Tundac<br />

manamde da mis Semdegac, vidre bizantiuri sakariskaco titulatura<br />

arsebobs saqarTveloSi XI saukunis CaTvliT.<br />

81

es rac Seexeba kurapalatis funqciis Secvlas, ris Sesaxebac<br />

bunebrivia, ar viziarebT SoTa badriZis mosazrebas. ufro metic, ver<br />

gaviziarebT mis mosazrebas, TiTqos aSotis dros kurapalatis titulma<br />

erisTavis saxelo Caanacvla. Cveni azriT, kurapalatma ki ar Caanacvla<br />

erisTavis saxelo, aramed isini arsebobdnen erTmaneTis paralelurad.<br />

erisTavi SesaZloa yofiliyo kurapalati Tu Sesabamis tituls gascemda<br />

imperatori konkretul feodalze, romelsac erisTavis saxelo hqonda<br />

miRebuli.<br />

rac Seexeba didi erisTavobis anu erismTavrobis damcrobas, es<br />

faqti Zveli, umaRlesi politikuri uflebis aRmniSvneli terminis, `mefis~<br />

aRdgenasTan unda iyos kavSirSi. am movlenas aSot I kurapalatis<br />

mmarTvelobis dros hqonda adgili. aSoti iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc<br />

mefed iwoda erismTavarTa (e.i. erisTavTa) Soris, 4 xolo xelmwifebis, anu<br />

damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis legitimacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, bizantiis<br />

imperatorisgan miiRo. sumbatTan miTiTebuli TariRis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

tituli `qarTvelTa mefe~ 888 wels SemoiRes. es, bunebrivia, ar niSnavs imas,<br />

rom qarTvelTa mefis tituli haeridan iqna motanili an yvelanairi<br />

winaswari niadagis Seqmnis gareSe moxda am titulis damkvidreba. adarnases<br />

qarTvelTa mefed kurTxevas ukve hqonda Semzadebuli niadagi aSotis mier<br />

mefis titulis miRebiT, ubralod wyaroSi ar Cans, Tu ra konkretuli<br />

teritoriis mefed moiazrebda Tavs aSot I kurapalati, magram is, rom aSot<br />

kurapalati mefed iwodeba amas rigi qarTuli wyaroebi udavod adastureben<br />

(metreveli 2008: 255). realurad aSoti mesxeTsa da Sida qarTlSi mefobs,<br />

xolo oficialurad ki misi `mefoba~ qarTlis mefobas unda gulisxmobdes.<br />

savaraudod, aSoti Tavs juanSeris legitimur memkvidred Tvlida, rasac<br />

miuTiTebs vaxuSti bagrationis mowmoba imis Sesaxeb, rom juanSer arCilis<br />

Zis sikvdilis Semdeg (787 wels) mis adgilze aSoti gaxda erismTavario<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1973: 127-128). es yvelaferi garkveuli saxecvlili formiT<br />

4 sxva im epoqidan unda yofiliyo leon II, romelic quTaisSi mefed kurTxevamde afxazeTis<br />

erisTavia, xolo egrisSi ioane arCilis Zis gardacvalebis Semdeg mefed iqna<br />

gamocxadebuli, rogorc arCilis saxlis erTaderTi legitimuri memkvidre.<br />

82

gaformda 888 wels rodesac adarnase oficialurad iwoda `qarTvelTa<br />

mefed~ (metreveli 2008: 366). nawili istorikosebisa Tvlis, rom am aqts<br />

adgili unda hqonoda 895, 897 an 899 wels (badriZe 1965: 223-224), Tumca amaze<br />

amjerad ar SevCerdebiT.<br />

rogorc istoriografiaSi aris gaziarebuli, kurapalatis titulis<br />

mflobelebi bizantiis imperatoris simpatiiTa da aRiarebiT sargeblobdnen<br />

qarTvelTa samefoSi. swored kurapalatis titulis mflobels Tvlida<br />

bizantiis imperatori `qarTvelTa samefoSi~ yvelaze upiratesad sxva<br />

mmarTvelebisgan gansxvavebiT. iTvleba, rom kurapalatis titulis gacemiT<br />

imperatorebi upirispirdebian adgilobriv ierarqiul sistemas, romlis<br />

saTaveSic `qarTvelTa mefe~ moiazreba. am kuTxiT mniSvnelovania bizantiis<br />

imperatoris, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobebi, romelSic igi<br />

qarTvelebs `kurapalatis iberebad~ (οί Ἴβηρες ἤγουν οί τοῦ κουραπαλάτου)<br />

moixseniebs (yauxCiSvili 1952: 255). aRniSnuli kargad exmaureba bizantiis<br />

politikas qarTvelTa samefos misamarTiT, sadac yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />

figurad bizantiis imperators misive xeldasmuli kurapalati miaCnia.<br />

tituli `kurapalati~ bizantiis mesveurTaTvis gaxda erTgvari saSualeba,<br />

aramxolod gamoekveTaT sakuTari favoriti qarTveli xelmwifeebis<br />

rigidan, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi gaeZlierebinaT, aRezevebinaT sakuTari<br />

momxreebi da amiT garkveuli dapirispireba SeetanaT qarTvelTa samefos<br />

mmarTvel wreSi. es tendencia SeamCnies qarTuli matianeebis avtorebmac.<br />

maSasadame bizantiis es politikuri xrikebi kargad iyo cnobili<br />

saqarTveloSi, rasac, bunebrivia, xSir SemTxvevaSi Ria da SeuniRbavi<br />

xasiaTi hqonda. sumbat daviTis Ze wers:<br />

`da mosca maT basili mefeman pativi – gurgens magistrosobaÁ da<br />

bagrats kurapalatobaÁ, raÁTamca viTar mter yvna erTmanerTisa mimarT mama-<br />

Zeni ese, da amiT RoniTa iZmacua. xolo gurgen WeSmariti da marTali iyo<br />

da vera aRZra guli misi zakÂTa amiT mizeziTa da vera uZlo RonisZiebiTa~<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1955: 382; metreveli 2008: 370).<br />

83

amrigad, daviT III kurapalatis gardacvalebis (1000 weli) Semdeg<br />

momxdari bizantia-saqarTvelos konfliqtis dros imperatori, basil II<br />

didi, aSkarad cdilobda uTanxmoeba Camoegdo mama-Svils Soris. misma<br />

mcdelobam am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ar gaamarTla. gurgeni, istorikosis<br />

SefasebiT `marTali~, anu samarTliani kaci iyo da usamarTloba Svilis<br />

mimarT ar Caudenia. es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom kurapalatis titulis<br />

gamoyeneba garkveuli politikuri uTanxmoebis Camogdebis mizniT 1000<br />

wlamdec unda momxdariyo, rasac gurgenis da bagratis SemTxvevisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT bizantiisTvis sasurveli Sedegi unda moetana. gurgenis<br />

gadawyvetileba, ar gaesaCivrebina imperatoris brZaneba, Svilis<br />

pativiscemiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rasac, bunebrivia, naklebad gauwevda<br />

angariSs gurgenis adgilze myofi sxva pirovneba. is, rom istorikosis<br />

aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia basilis gadawyvetilebam, adasturebs im faqts, rom<br />

rangiT ufro maRali bizantiuri sakariskaco tituli eZleoda asakiT<br />

ufrosebs da ara meti gavlenisa Tu titulis mqoneblebs. 1000 wlisTvis<br />

bagrati `afxazTa mefis~, xolo gurgeni `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituls<br />

atarebdnen. amdenad, maTi statusi Tanasworia. magram gurgeni mamaa da<br />

asakiT ufrosi. Sesabamisad, uxucesobis principiT gvarSi is aris meTauri<br />

da iwodeba kidec `mefeT mefed~. swored am faqtis gamo mematiane Tvlis,<br />

rom basili imperatorma `iZmacua~ da kurapalatoba uxucesobis<br />

ugulvebelyofiT gadasca bagrats.<br />

imisvis, rom ufro naTeli gaxdes kurapalatis titulis mniSvneloba,<br />

funqcia da politikuri datvirTva, rac mas eZleoda, umjobesia, Tvali<br />

gadavavloT misi gacemis intensivobas saqarTveloSi.<br />

aSot I didis gardacvalebis Semdeg pirveli, vinc es tituli miiRo,<br />

iyo misi SuaTana Ze _ bagrati. is kurapalati mamis gardacvalebisTanave,<br />

826 wels, gamxdara. giorgi merCule Tavis `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~<br />

Semdegnairad aRwers aRniSnul situacias:<br />

`mas Jamsa bagrat kurapalatman, nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa da nebiTa ZmaTa<br />

TÂsTaÁTa da brZanebiTa berZenTa mefisaÁTa moiRo kurapalatobaÁ nacvalad<br />

aSot kurapalatisa, mamisa TÂsisa, rameTu mieca mas flobaÁ ÃelmwifebisaÁ<br />

84

zegardamo. da Zmani misni, yovelni keTilni da didebulni Ãelmwifeni, -<br />

adarnerse uxucesi, da gvaram mrwemi, - mSuvalesa mas Zmasa morCil eqmnes<br />

saRmrToÁsa Zmobisa siyvaruliTa, rameTu erTzraxva, erTsul da erTneba<br />

iyvnes igini~ (abulaZe 1963: 272).<br />

giorgi merCules mixedviT, bagratis kurapalatad damtkiceba da<br />

misTvis qarTvelTa samefos marTvis Cabareba Zmebis nebasTan da bizantiis<br />

imperatoris brZanebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. rogorc wyarodan Cans,<br />

Zmebis iniciativiT imperators tituli bagratisTvis gadaucia. qarTuli<br />

istoriografia am gadawyvetilebas bizantiis imperatoris simpatias<br />

ukavSirebs. Tavad giorgi merCule odnav qvemoT sakuTar axsnas gvTavazobs<br />

bagratis dawinaurebasTan dakavSirebiT. igi wers:<br />

`xolo bagrat umTavres maTsa iyo sibrZniTa, saxiTa, da siqveliTa<br />

da yovliTa RmrTis-msaxurebisa sixaruliTa~ (abulaZe 1963: 272).<br />

amdenad, bagratis gamefeba da kurapalatis titulis gadacema misive<br />

pirovnuli RirsebebiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. am arCevanSi<br />

bizantiis imperatoris rolis ugulvebelyofac ar iqneba samarTliani,<br />

vinaidan bagratma swored `brZanebiTa berZenTa mefisaÁTa (bizantiis<br />

imperatori – l. T.) moiRo kurapalatobaÁ nacvalad aSot kurapalatisa~.<br />

aRniSnuli garkveulwilad bizantiis pirveli seriozuli Zalis<br />

demonstrirebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rodesac uxucesobis principis<br />

ugulebelyofiT, magram adgilobrivi feodalebis interesebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, upiratesoba SuaTana Zmas mieniWa da ara ufross. bagrati<br />

kurapalatad bizantiis imperator mixael II amoriels (820-829 ww.) unda<br />

daemtkicebina. Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi aSotis mkvlelobis meore TariRs,<br />

romelic sumbat daviTis Zis daTariRebis alternativaa, es movlena<br />

imperator Teofiles (829-842 ww.) unda davukavSiroT.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad Zmebi iZulebulebi arian<br />

arabebs xarki uxadon (metreveli 2008: 365), maTi probizantiuri politikuri<br />

kursi eWvs ar iwvevs. qarTvelTa samefo bizantiis mokavSirea, Tumca,<br />

savaraudod, imave bizantiasTan SeTanxmebiT xarks arabebs uxdis, raTa<br />

uzrunvelyos stabiluroba axlad Camoyalibebul politikur erTeulSi.<br />

85

gadasaxadebi, unda vivaraudod, rom Tavad qarTvelebis mier ikrifeboda.<br />

bagratis (826-876 ww.) mmarTvelobis bolos qarTvelebi arabebs arc xarks<br />

uxdian da arc sxva rameSi emorCilebian, rac udavod bagratis politikis<br />

damsaxurebaa. igi naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebda balanss<br />

bizantiasa da arabeTis saxalifos Soris. man sabolood SeZlo<br />

axladSeqmnili qveyna daemkvidrebina politikur arenaze da sagareo<br />

politikas garkveulwilad damoukideblad awarmoebda. bagrati<br />

kurapalatis tituls sikvdlamde inarCunebs (metreveli 2008: 365-6), Tumca<br />

misive mmarTvelobis dros Cndeba axali bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebi,<br />

romliTac iwodebian sxva bagrationi xelmwifeebi. bagratis dros aseTi<br />

tituli imperatorisgan miiRo adarnases vaJma, sumbat artanujelma,<br />

romelic anTipatos-patrikiosad iwoda (metreveli 2008: 365). gamoricxuli<br />

ar aris, rom bizantiis imperatorisgan bagrationTa gvaris sxva wevrebsac<br />

mieRo garkveuli senatoruli pativi, Tumca wyaroebi ar gvawvdian detalur<br />

informacias maT Sesaxeb. bagrat I sikvdilamde (876 weli) inarCunebs<br />

qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris umaRles kurapalatis tituls.<br />

qarTvelTa samefos Semdegi monarqi daviT I (876-881 ww.), imave sumbat<br />

daviTis Zis cnobiT, mamis gardacvalebisTanave xdeba kurapalati, mematiane<br />

wers:<br />

`bagrat kurapalati, Ze aSot kurapalatisaÁ, gardaicvala qronikonsa<br />

Jˆv, da dautevna Zeni: daviT, romeli Semdgomad missa kurapalat yves~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 366).<br />

marTalia, daviTs sumbat daviTis Ze `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituliT ar<br />

moixseniebs, magram misi mefoba eWvs ar iwvevs iseve, rogorc kurapalatobis<br />

miReba 876 wels, rodesac mamamisi bagrat I gardaicvala. kurapalatis<br />

tituli makedonelTa dinastiis pirvel imperators, basil I-s (867-886 ww.),<br />

unda gadaeca qarTveli mefisTvis. daviTi tituls cxovrebis bolomde<br />

inarCunebs. is 881 wels misma biZaSvilma, nasr guaramis Zem, mokla. nasras<br />

mizans mefobis da kurapalatobis xelSi Cagdeba warmoadgenda, rac man ver<br />

moaxerxa (metreveli 2008: 366).<br />

86

daviTis mkvlelobis (881 weli) Semdeg xdeba kidev erTi saintereso<br />

movlena. kurapalatis tituli miiRo ara daviTis Svilma adarnasem, aramed<br />

daviTis sxva ZmiSvilma gurgen adarnases Zem. gurgens kurapalatoba imave<br />

bizantiis imperatoris basil I-is brZanebiT gadasces. aRsaniSnavia isic,<br />

rom kurapalatobas gurgeni mxolod nasras damarcxebis Semdeg iRebs. es<br />

ukanaskneli devnilis saxiT konstantinopols afarebs Tavs. sumbati wers:<br />

`daviT, romeli Semdgomad missa kurapalat yves; da moikla igi<br />

ÃeliTa mamis Zmiswulisa TÂsisa, nasra guaramis ZisiTa, sicocxlesave Sina<br />

guaramissa, qronikonsa rˆa, sufevasa Sina guaramissa. xolo guaram mamfali,<br />

mamis ZmaÁ misi, mamaÁ nasresi, ubralo iyo sisxlisagan daviT<br />

kurapalatisaÁTa; da dauteva aman daviT moklulman Ze mcire adarnase,<br />

mouwifebeli hasakiTa, xolo nasr mklveli ivltoda samefosa<br />

kostantinepoles da iyo mun mraval wel. da amissa Semdgomad dasues<br />

gurgen, Ze adarnasesi, kurapalatad, didisa aSot kurapalatis ZisaÁ~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 366).<br />

sainteresoa bizantiis xelisuflebis motivi, Tu ratom gadasca<br />

kurapalatoba gurgen adrnases Zes da ara nasr guaramis Zes, an kidev<br />

adarnase daviTis Zes?! adarnase, rogorc mematiane gvamcnobs `moumwifebel<br />

hasakiTa~ iyo (metreveli 2008: 366), xolo nasra, miuxedavad daviTis<br />

mkvlelobisa, aSkarad damarcxda da gaiqca. nasras damarcxebasa da mis<br />

winaaRmdeg Seqmnil koalicias, bunebrivia, gurgeni edga saTaveSi, ramac<br />

ganapiroba, bizantiis imperatoris arCevani. aSkaraa, rom gurgeni im<br />

droisTvis yvelaze gavleniani feodali iyo bagrationTa saxlSi.<br />

nasra, rogorc aRvniSneT bizantiaSi garbis, kerZod dedaqalaq<br />

konstantinopolSi. nasras cxovreba `sameufeo qalaqSi~, rom didi xani<br />

gagrZelda, amas mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, sumbati wers:<br />

`xolo nasr mklveli ivltoda samefosa kostantinepoles da iyo mun<br />

mraval wel~ (metreveli 2008: 366).<br />

nasras viziti da konstantinopolSi yofna bizantiis<br />

xelisuflebasTan iyo SeTanxmebuli. bizantiis imperatori gavleniani<br />

qarTveli feodalebisTvis TavSesafris micemiT cdilobda garkveuli<br />

87

gavlena moexdina qarTvelTa samefoze, xolo misi mesveurebis urCobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi axerxebda aseTi feodalebis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebas. ar<br />

aris cnobili, miiRo Tu ara nasrma raime sakariskaco tituli<br />

imperatorisgan. nasra, rogorc cnobilia, wamovida bizantiidan da afxazTa<br />

mefis daxmarebiT scada, daufleboda taxts, magram damarcxda da mokles.<br />

es moxda 888 wels aspinZasTan brZolaSi. gamarjveba adarnase daviTis Zesa<br />

da misi babuis ZmiSvils, gurgen adarnases Ze kurapalats, darCaT<br />

(metreveli 2008: 366).<br />

adarnase `qarTvelTa mefed~ ekurTxa. aRniSuli swored nasr<br />

guaramis Zis daRupvisa da 888 wels momxdari aspinZis brZolis Semdeg<br />

xdeba. amas, rogorc marTebuli Sefaseba mieca qarTul istoriografiaSi,<br />

antibizantiuri RonisZiebis saxe unda hqonoda (badriZe 1965). qarTvelebis<br />

gadawyvetilebiT gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT gvarSi da<br />

saxelmwifoSi pirveli `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis matarebeli unda<br />

yofiliyo. adarnases mefed xeldasma, erTis mxriv, somxeTSi momxdarma<br />

aSot I-is mefed kurTxevam ganapiroba (885 weli), xolo, meore mxriv, ki ukve<br />

arsebulma tradiciam, rom adarnases mama (daviT I) da babua (bagrat I)<br />

gvaris meTaurebi da titul `mefis~ mflobelebi iyvnen.<br />

nasras samflobeloebis gadanawilebas da gvarSi pirvelobisTvis<br />

brZolas unda gamoewvia axali konfliqti bagrationebs Soris. amjerad<br />

erTmaneTs adarnase qarTvelTa mefe da gurgen kurapalati daupirispirdnen.<br />

brZola 891 wels sofel mglinavTan moxda. adarnasem gaimarjva, xolo<br />

tyved Cavardnili gurgeni brZolaSi miyenebuli Wrilobebisgan<br />

gardaicvala (yauxCiSvili 1955: 379; metreveli 2008: 367). rogorc Cans,<br />

gurgeni kurapalati 881-891 wlebSi yofila.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac gurgeni mokles, sumbat daviTis ZesTan TiTqos ar<br />

Cans, vin miiRo kurapalatoba. sumbati saerTod ar saubrobs adarnase<br />

qarTvelTa mefis mier kurapalatobis miRebaze. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom<br />

mas arc miuRia aranairi bizantiuri sakariskaco tituli maSin, rodesac es<br />

tituli regularulad gaicemoda 813 wlidan moyolebuli bagrationTa<br />

gvarSi. Tumca rogorc bizantiur wyaroSi Cans, adarnases hqonda miRebuli<br />

88

kurapalatoba, romelic misTvis bizantiis imperator leon VI brZens (886-<br />

912 ww.) gadaucia. konstantine porfirogeneti mamis am gadawyvetilebis<br />

Sesaxeb aRniSnavs:<br />

`xsenebulma daviTma, spandiatis Zmam, Sva bagrati, bagratma Sva Ze<br />

aSoti, aSotma Sva adarnase, romelsac kurapalatoba eboZa romaelTa<br />

qristesmoyvare basilevs leonisgan~ (yauxCiSvili 1952: 259).<br />

zustad rodis miiRo adarnasem kurapalatoba kostantine<br />

porfirogenetTan ar Cans. samagierod, aRniSnulis ukeTesad danaxva<br />

SeiZleba adiSis oTxTavis 897 wels Sesrulebuli anderZidan. anderZis<br />

mixedviT, adarnase 897 wels ukve kurapalatad iwodeba, anderZSi<br />

vkiTxulobT:<br />

`Rirs viqmen me, glaxaki sofron, aRsrulebad wmidasa amas wignisa<br />

saxrebasa oTxTavsa moRuawebiTa sulierTa ZmaTa CemTaÁTa, salocvelad<br />

yovlisa amas krebulisaTis da yovelTa naTesavTa CuenTa Ãorcielad<br />

salocvelad mefeTa CuenTa: RTivdidebulisa adrnese kurapalatisa da<br />

RmrTiv boZTa (!) naSobTa maTTa daviT erisTavisa da meuRleTa da naSobTa<br />

maTTaTÂs. da salocvelad sulTa gardacvalebulTaTÂs~ (badriZe 1965: 223;<br />

SaniZe 1945: 014-015; sarjvelaZe 2003: 7).<br />

anderZis mixedviT, adarnase 897 wels ukve kurapalatia, rac imas<br />

adasturebs, rom aRniSnuli tituli odnav adre bizantiis imperatorma,<br />

leon VI brZenma, swored mas uboZa, amiT misi uzenaesoba qarTvelTa<br />

samefoSi oficialurad aRiara. es faqti 891 wels unda momxdariyo.<br />

bizantiis imperia aRniSnuli titulis gacemas, rogorc wesi ar ayovnebda,<br />

Sesabamisad, adarnarse kurapalatad gurgenis sikvdilis wels – 891 wels _<br />

unda gamxdariyo. adarnase gardacvalebamde inarCunebs kurapalatobas. is<br />

Teofane JamTaaRmwerelis gamgrZeleblis qronikaSi 922 wels<br />

konstantinopolSi vizitisas swored am tituliT ixsenieba.<br />

`Tebervlis Tvis ocSi, meaTe indiqtionSi, gardaicvala romanozis<br />

(romanoz I lekapenosi – l. T.) meuRle Teodora da neSTi gadasvenebul<br />

iqna TviT romanoz basilevsis saxlSi, romelic mis mier monastrad iqna<br />

gadakeTebuli. imave TveSi gvirgvini daidga sofiom basilevs qristefores<br />

89

meuRlem. im xanebSi qalaqSi (e.i. konstantinopolSi) iyo iberieli<br />

kurapalati, da man rom gaiara Sua moedanze, brwyinvaled morTulze, didis<br />

pativiT da didebiT Sexvdnen mas; igi wm. sofias taZarSic Seiyvanes, rom<br />

exila Tavisi TvaliT misi silamaze, sidiade da Zvirfasi morTuloba. es<br />

taZari brwyinvaled morTes, oqrosqsovili farCebiT da yovelgvari<br />

morTulobiT mofines da ise Seiyvanes Sig kurapalati. aman ki, taZris<br />

sakvirveli sanaxaobiT da misi sidiadiT gancvrifebulma da misi Zvirfasi<br />

morTulobiT zomaze metad gakvirvebulma Tqva – WeSmaritad RvTis bina<br />

yofila es wminda adgilio, da kvlav Tavis qveyanaSi gaemgzavra~<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1952: 329-333).<br />

adarnase erTi wlis Semdeg, 923 wels, gardaicvala, samSobloSi<br />

dabrunebidan axlo periodSi. man oTxi vaJi datova: daviTi, aSoti, bagrati<br />

da sumbati. istorikosi sumbat daviTis Ze maT saimperio titulaturas<br />

sainteresod gadmogvcems:<br />

`gardaicvala adarnase, qarTvelTa mefe, Ze daviT moklulisaÁ,<br />

qronikonsa rˆmˆg, da dautevna Zeni oTxni: daviT, romeli Semdgomad mamisa<br />

TÂsisa qarTvelTa mefe iqmna, aSot kurapalati, da bagrat magistrosi da<br />

sumbat, romeli ZmaTa Semdgomad kurapalatad dasues~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 380;<br />

metreveli 2008: 368).<br />

sumbat daviTis Zis cnobaSi is Cans, rom adarnases Semdeg<br />

kurapalatoba miiRo ara ufrosma Zmam – daviT qarTvelTa mefem, aramed<br />

meorem Zmam – aSotma. faqtia, adarnases gardacvalebis Semdeg situacia<br />

bolomde stabiliuri ar aris. mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb da<br />

kurapalatobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Zvirfasi cnobebis Semcvelia<br />

konstantine porfirogeneTis nawarmoebi `imperiis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~.<br />

masSi naTlad isaxeba bagrationTa saxlis wevrebs Soris arsebuli<br />

dapirispireba. konstantine wers:<br />

`netarxsenebulma basilevsma, ufalma romanozma gagzavna konstanti,<br />

patrikiosi da naosnobis drungari, romelic maSin protospaTari da<br />

manklaviti iyo, da misca mas magistrosis samosi, raTa mas gurgen iberi<br />

(saubaria gurgen erisTavT erisTavze – l. T.) magistrosad aRezevebina,<br />

90

oca konstantim, patrikiosma da naosnobis drungarma, nikomediamde<br />

miaRwia, movida monazoni agapi kimeneli, romelic im dros wminda qalaqSi<br />

(ierusalimSi – l. T.) yofila salocavad; mas iberiaze gamouvlia da<br />

adranujis (artanuji – l. T.) cixeSi misula. aSot patrikioss ki<br />

romelsac kiskasic ewodeboda, mtruli urTierToba hqonda Tavis siZesTan,<br />

gurgenTan, da uTqvams agapi monazonisTvis: «gaficeb RmerTsa da patiosani<br />

da cxovlismyofeli jvris Zalas mixvide qalaqSi (konstantinopolSi – l.<br />

T.) da uTxra basilevss (romanoz I lekapenosi – l. T.), gamogzavnos vinme<br />

da Caibaros Cemi cixe da hqondes is Tavis ZalauflebaSi»~ (yauxCiSvili<br />

1952: 280-281).<br />

aSot kiskasis Txovnas bizantiis imperatori maleve gamoexmaura. is<br />

avalebs konstanti patrikiossa da drungarios, wavides da xaldiis Temebis<br />

armiis gamoyenebiT daikavos artanuji. kostantim brZaneba Seasrula, magram<br />

is Tavisive meomrebTan erTad daviT qarTvelTa mefem daatyveva. konstantim<br />

moaxerxa qarTvelebis motyueba, rom viTom mxolod gurgenisTvis<br />

magistrosobis gadasacemad midioda da sxva araferi. sabolood, mivida da<br />

gadasca gurgens magistrosoba. am ukanasknels, rogorc aRmoCnda, didi<br />

saCuqrebi gaugzavnia imperatorisTvis, rom kurapalatis an magistrosis<br />

tituli mieRo. aqve konstantine imasac wers, rom Turme adarnases oTxive<br />

vaJs didi SiSi hqonda, gurgens kurapalatoba ar mieRo, rasac isini didad<br />

ewinaaRmdegebodnen (yauxCiSvili 1952: 281-283). konstantine porfirogeneti<br />

wers:<br />

`gurgenma pirveli (karis) kaci gagzavna basilevsTan didZali<br />

saCuqrebiT da sTxovda mas kurapalatobas an magistrosobas, oTxive Zmam,<br />

ese igi adarnase kurapalatis Svilebma eWvi aiRes, rom konstanti iq<br />

imisTvis midis, rom gurgeni gaakurapalatoso~ (yauxCiSvili 1952: 283).<br />

safiqrebelia, rom gurgeni swored kurapalatobas Txoulobda da<br />

ara magistrosobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Zmebis SiSi usafuZvlo unda<br />

yofiliyo. imperatorma romanozma gurgens mxolod magistrosoba akmara,<br />

xolo mas Semdeg, rac misma xalxma artanujis cixe miiRo aSot kiskasisgan,<br />

is, rogorc Cans, mzad iyo aSotisTvis mfarveloba gaewia. es ukanaskneli<br />

91

dapirispirebuli yofila ara mxolod mis siZesTan, gurgen erisTavT-<br />

erisTavTan da magistrosTan, aramed adarnases SvilebTanac. amdenad, aSot<br />

kiskass, rogorc susti poziciebis mqonebels, bizantiis jari sWirdeboda<br />

Tavisi gavlenis gasamyareblad. sabolood, gurgen magistrosi da daviT<br />

qarTvelTa mefe gaerTiandnen. werilis meSveobiT SeuTvales imperators,<br />

rom Tu igi artanujis cixes ar daTmobda, isini arabebis mxareze<br />

gadavidodnen da am gziT aiZules imperatori, jari gamoeyvana cixidan<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1952: 283-286). amis Semdeg xdeba saintereso faqti. imperatori<br />

gascems brZanebas, aramxolod gamoiyvanon jarebi artanujis cixidan,<br />

aramed wamoiyvanon daviT qarTvelTa mefis Zma, aSoti, konstantinopolSi,<br />

raTa moxdes misi kurapalatis xarisxSi aRzeveba. konstantine<br />

porfirogeneti wers:<br />

`konstanti protospaTarma da manklavitmac miiRo brZaneba<br />

(imperator romanozisgan – l. T.), lanZRa-ginebisa da muqaris Semcveli: «vin<br />

gibrZana Sen magis Cadena? axlave gamodi cixidan; wamoiyvane aSoti,<br />

gardacvlili adarnase kurapalatis Ze, da moiyvane aq, raTa Cven mas misi<br />

mamis pativi, kurapalatoba vuboZoTo» ... wamoiyvana aSoti, Ze adarnase<br />

kurapalatisa, da moiyvana is qalaqSi; da mas basilevsisgan eboZa<br />

kurapalatoba~ (yauxCiSvili 1952: 287).<br />

amdenad, rogorc wyaroSi Cans, swored aRniSnuli konfliqtis<br />

bolos gadawyvita imperatorma kurapalatoba mieca ara daviT qarTvelTa<br />

mefisTvis, romelsac TviT imperatori konstantine did daviTs uwodebs<br />

misi upiratesobis aRsaniSnavad, aramed aSotisTvis, romelic ufrosi<br />

Zmisgan gansxvavebiT naklebad aqtiuria bizantiis winaaRmdeg. aSkaraa, rom<br />

am RonisZiebiT imperators Zmebs Soris SuRlis Camodgeba hqonda<br />

ganzraxuli, radgan maT saerTo koordinacias mTeli am daZabulobis<br />

manZilze kargad amCnevda. daviT qarTvelTa mefe, rogorc konstantine<br />

porfirogenetTan Cans, magistrosis tituls flobs, romelsac is an<br />

adarnases gardacvalebamde flobda da anda imave 923 wlis axlo xanebSi<br />

unda mieRo imperatorisgan. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad mniSvnelovani isaa,<br />

rom kurapalatis tituls, romelsac aSkarad mniSvnelovani wona aqvs<br />

92

qarTvelTa samefos ierarqiaSi da bizantiis favoritis maCvenebelia, iRebs<br />

is pirovneba, romelzedac imperatori yvelaze met imeds amyarebs<br />

samomavlod. Znelia zustad imis Tqma, ramdenad moaxerxa imperatorma Zmebs<br />

Soris undoblobis Camogdeba. wyaroebSi es naTlad ar Cans, unda vifiqroT,<br />

rom es mainc moxerxda, radgan daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelsac<br />

kurapalatoba ar aRirses, qarTvelTa mefis titulis mflobeli kargavs<br />

gvarSi meTaurobas. bundovania am titulis mflobelis dafiqsitebac.<br />

qarvelTa samefos meTaurad ki swored aSot II kurapalati mosCans,<br />

romelic kurapalatis pativs 923-954 wlebSi atarebda.<br />

daviT II qarvelTa mefe da magistrosi (923-937 ww.) miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom qarTvelTa samefoSi umaRlesi xelisufalia, iZulebulia, Seeguos<br />

asakiT umcrosi Zmis aSotis SedarebiT maRal pativs – kurapalatobas.<br />

daviTi, 923 wlidanve iyofs magistrosis tituls gurgen erisTavT-<br />

erisTavTan, romelic, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, aseve iRebs magistrosobas<br />

romanoz imperatorisgan. daviTis Semdeg, ukve misi mesame Zmis, bagrat<br />

magistrosis moxsenieba qarvelTa mefed iSxanis erT-erT freskul<br />

warweraSi, aCens safuZvlian eWvs imis Taobaze, rom daviTma memkvidreoba<br />

dautova, ara mis meore Zmas – aSots, aramed, mesames _ bagrats. Tu Cveni<br />

msjeloba marTebulia, gamodis, rom dapirispirebas daviTsa da aSots<br />

Soris 937 wlamde unda hqonoda adgili.<br />

Zmebis dapirispirebis kuTxiT sainteresod gveCveneba 934 wliT<br />

daTariRebuli warwera (qoronikoniT r m i d, rac nodar SoSiaSvilis<br />

gamoTvliT udris: r [100], m [40], i [10], d [4] – am ricxvebis jamis, anu<br />

154+780=934). warweris avtori ucnobi `kurapalatis~ uzenaes mefobas usmevs<br />

xazs da vinme bagratis `uflobaze~ saubrobs. oqrobageTis eklesiis<br />

(istoriuli SavSeTi, Tanamdrove TurqeTis respublika) qvajvris warwera<br />

Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:<br />

`q. s(a)x(e)liTa R(mrTisaÁT)a aRv(a)S(e)neT w(mind)a ek(le)s(i)a C(ue)n,<br />

mamal(aÁ)sa Z(e)T q(roni)ko(n)sa /rmid/, m(e)f(o)b(a)sa k(ura)p(ala)t(i)s(a)sa,<br />

ufl(e)b(a)sa (unda iyos `ufl(o)b(a)sa~ – l. T.) b(a)gr(a)t(i)sa,<br />

m(a)m(a)s(axlis)ob(a)sa mark(o)z(i)saÁ Zm(i)sa mak(a)r(i)sa.<br />

93

mw(era)l(i) da mk(i)T«i»xv(el)i da mw(irve)li R(merTma)n S(e)iwy(ale)n~<br />

(SoSiaSvili 1984: 307-308).<br />

epigrafikuli warweris mixedviT, qveyanaSi umaRlesi xelisufali is<br />

piria, romelic kurapalatis tituls atarebs, xolo konkretuli<br />

samflobelo, sadac warwera Sesrulda _ bagratis. misi mflobelobis<br />

aRmniSvnelad termini `ufalia~ naxmari. bagratis warmomadgeneli da<br />

administraciuli moxele, vinme makaris Zma mamasaxlisis saxelos mflobeli<br />

markozia. Tu nodar SoSiaSvilis mier SemoTavazebul TariRs<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT (934 weli), gamodis, rom warwera Sesrulda aSot II<br />

kurapalatobis (923-954 ww.) dros, xolo ufali bagrati am SemTxvevaSi misi<br />

Zma unda iyos, adarnase kurapalatisa da qarTvelTa mefis mesame Svili.<br />

bagrati, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, mxolod 937 wels iRebs magistrosobas<br />

da imave wels qarTvelTa mefobas. amdenad, bagratis 934 wels titulis<br />

gareSe moxsenieba sruliad logikuria. aqve davZenT imasac, rom sxva<br />

bagrati 934 wlisTvis tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa gvarSi ar gveguleba.<br />

amgvarad, warweris mixedviT, misi avtori `qarTvelTa samefos~<br />

umaRles mmarTvelad, `kurapalats~ asaxelebs, romelic miTiTebuli<br />

TariRis gaTvaliswinebiT aSot II kurapalatia. es ki imas miuTiTebs, rom<br />

daviT II qarTvelTa mefe Tavis cxovrebaSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT ar<br />

yofila aRiarebuli uzenaes mmarTvelad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mas aSoti<br />

ecileboda, savaraudod kurapalatis titulis flobis sababiT.<br />

daviTisa da aSotis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatis titulebis sxvadasxva pirovnebis xelSi<br />

gadasvlam garkveuli disonansi gamoiwvia qarTvelTa samefos ierarqiul<br />

wyobaSi. manamde, es ori tituli mxolod erTi pirovnebis xelSi iyo<br />

moqceuli, rac uTanxmoebis albaTobas mniSvnelovnad amcirebda.<br />

daviT qarTvelTa mefe da magistrosi uSvilZirod gardaicvala 937<br />

wels, xolo misi kuTvnili bizantiuri tituli imperatorma romanozma<br />

bagrats gadasca. marTalia, wyaroSi pirdapiri miTiTeba ar gvaqvs imis<br />

Sesaxeb, Tu rodis moxda bagratisTvis magistrosis pativis miniWeba,<br />

samagierod, kostantine porfirogenetTan Cans, rom mas daviTi flobda,<br />

94

xolo sumbat daviTis ZesTan ki ukve ara daviTi, aramed bagratia<br />

dasaxelebuli magistrosis pativiT (yauxCiSvili 1952: 285-286; metreveli<br />

2008: 368). es yvelaferi ki imas miuTiTebs, rom daviT II-is memkvidreoba misi<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg bagrats darCa magistrosisa da qarTvelTa mefis<br />

titulebis CaTvliT.<br />

amrigad, daviT II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg mis memkvidreobas mesame<br />

Zma, bagrati eufleba da ara aSoti. bagrati unda gamxdariyo qarTvelTa<br />

mefec. misi pretenziebi gvarSi pirvelobaze aSkaraa da SesaZloa,<br />

realuradac miviCnioT. Tumca aRniSnuls ewinaaRmdegeba giorgi merCules<br />

cnoba, romlis mixedviT, 951 wels, rodesac man daamTavra Tavisi naSromis –<br />

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ _ wera, saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebs Soris<br />

upiratesad aSots ixseniebs. giorgi merCule wers:<br />

`xolo iyo gardacvalebaÁ netarisa mamisa Cuenisa grigolisi<br />

ricxusa weliwadTa misTasa as da meoresa welsa, qronikonsa oTxmeoc da<br />

erTsa. aramed gardacvalebiTgan misiT daiwera cxorebaÁ ese misi Semdgomad<br />

oTxmeoc da aTisa wlisa, dasabamiTgan gardasrulTa welTa equs aTas<br />

xuTas ormeoc da meaToTxmetesa welsa, ierusalÀms patriaqobasa<br />

agaTonissa, mcxeTas kaTalikozobasa miqelissa, qarTvelTa zeda mTavrobasa<br />

aSot kurapalatisasa, Zisa adarnerse qarTvelTa mefisasa, afxazTa zeda<br />

mefobasa giorgissa, Zisa kostanti mefisasa, erisTavTa-erisTvobasa<br />

sumbatissa, Zisa adarnerse mefisasa, magistrosobasa adarnersessa, Zisa<br />

bagrat magistrosisasa, erisTvobasa sumbatissa, Zisa daviT mamflisasa.<br />

qristeman didebaÁ uoxWnoÁ maT yovelTa mianiWen!~ (abulaZe 1963: 316).<br />

amgvarad, giorgi merCules mixedviT, qarTvelTa Soris upirvelesi<br />

aSot II kurapalati, adarnase II qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatis Zea.<br />

xolo sxva mTavrebi uxucesobis principis mixedviT arian dasaxelebuli.<br />

bagrati am droisTvis gardacvlilia (gard. 945 wels), xolo misi Svili<br />

adarnase magistrosi (Semdgom kurapalati), biZebis aSot kurapalatis da<br />

sumbat erisTavT erisTavis (mogvianebiT kurapalati) Semdeg aris<br />

dasaxelebuli uxucesobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

95

agrat magistrosi gansxvavebiT misi mamis, adarnase qarTvelTa<br />

mefisgan, am ukanasknelis tituliT ar aris moxseniebuli. xom niSnavs es<br />

imas, rom bagrati arasdros yofila qarTvelTa mefe?! am faqts kidev ufro<br />

amyarebs is garemoeba, rom bagratis Ze adarnase arasdros wodebula<br />

qarTvelTa mefed, rasac ver vityviT adarnases umcrosi biZis, sumbatis<br />

Svilze – bagrat II reguenze. rogorc ar unda iyos eWvis Setana imaSi, rom<br />

aSoti gvarSi uxucesia, Tundac qarTvelTa mefis titulis gareSe<br />

miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom es tituli an saerTod ar moqmedebs 937-954<br />

wlebSi, andac misi mflobeli imdenad sustia, rom aSot kurapalats<br />

emorCileba.<br />

amdenad, aSot II kurapalati qarTvelTa samefos ganagebs, Tumca es<br />

mxolod formaluri mxarea. realurad samefo kolegiuri marTvis sistemis<br />

safuZvelze ramdenime bagrationis mier imarTeboda, xolo saTaveSi erTi<br />

pirovneba, gvaris meTauri idga. aSot kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

misi tituli umcrosma Zmam, sumbatma, miiRo 954 wels. sumbati qarTvelTa<br />

samefos meTauri gaxda, magram ar Cans hqonda Tu ara qarTvelTa mefis<br />

tituli. es ukanaskneli misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mis vaJs, bagrat II<br />

reguens mianiWes. sumbat daviTis ZesTan vkiTxulobT:<br />

`da Semdgomad aSot kurapalatisa ZmaÁ misi dasues kurapalatad,<br />

sumbat da ese sumbat kurapalati, Ze adarnase qarTvelTa mefisaÁ,<br />

gardaicvala qronikonsa rˆoˆÀ, da dautevna Zeni orni: bagrat<br />

erisTavTerisTavi, romeli qarTvelTa mefed dasues, regueni, da adarnase<br />

kurapalati~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 381; metreveli 2008: 368-369).<br />

sumbati kurapalatad bizantiis imperator konstantine VII<br />

porfirogenets (913-919, 944-959 ww.) unda daedgina. imperatori Tavis<br />

naSromSi sumbat kurapalats gakvriT ixseniebs kidec, rodesac daviT II<br />

qarTvelTa mefis mier konstans patrikiosis Sepyrobaze saubrobs.<br />

imperator konstantine porfirogenetTan vkiTxulobT:<br />

`igi (konstansi – l. T.) Seipyro netarxsenebulma daviTma (daviT II<br />

qarTvelTa mefe – l. T.), axlandeli kurapalatis (igulisxmeba sumbat<br />

kurapalati – l. T.) Zmam da aSotis Zmam~ (yauxCiSvili 1952: 282).<br />

96

amdenad, rogorc konstantinesTan Cans, daviTi Zmaa aSotisa da kidev<br />

erTi usaxelo kurapalatis, romelic imperatoris cnobiT kurapalati iyo<br />

im dros, rodesac is sakuTar naSroms werda. bunebrivia, daviTisa da<br />

aSotis kidev erTi Zma da isic kurapalatis titulis mqone, mxolod<br />

sumbati SeiZleba iyos.<br />

sumbati, romelic aSotis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 954 wels iRebs<br />

kurapalatis tituls, amave tituliT iwodeba gardacvalebis drosac – 958<br />

wels. amdenad, mas aRniSnuli tituli 954-958 wlebSi utarebia. amave<br />

periodSi sumbat kurapalati unda yofiliyo bagrationTa saxlis meTauric.<br />

958 wels qarTvelTa samefos saTaveSi bagrat II regueni Caudga,<br />

romelic rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mefed, mamis (sumbat kurapalati)<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg daadgines – `bagrat erisTavTerisTavi, romeli<br />

qarTvelTa mefed dasues, regueni~. rogorc saistorio wyaroSi vxedavT,<br />

manamde bagrats erisTavT-erisTavis tituli utarebia, Tumca Tu ra tituli<br />

mianiWa mas bizantiis imperatorma, ar Cans. samagierod, kurapalatoba,<br />

savaraudod, uxucesobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT mis biZaSvils, adarnase<br />

bagratis Zes, gadaeca. sumbat daviTis Ze gadmogvcems:<br />

`gardaicvala bagrat magistrosi, Ze adarnase qarTvelTa mefisaÁ,<br />

qronikonsa rˆÁˆe, Tuesa martsa, da dauteva Ze TÂsi adarnase, romeli<br />

Semdgomad mamisa TÂsisa magistrosi iqmna da Semdgomad mamis ZmaTa<br />

kurapalati iqmna~ (metreveli 2008: 368).<br />

istorikosTan kargad Cans, rom adarnase mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

(945 weli) magistrosis tituliT, xolo biZebis gardacvalebis mere ki<br />

kurapalatis tituliT iwodeba. adarnases biZa – sumbat kurapalati _ 958<br />

wels mokvda, amdenad adarnase bagratis Zes kurapalatoba amave wels<br />

mieniWa. orive SemTxvevaSi donatori imperatori konstantine VII<br />

porfirogeneti unda yofiliyo. adarnase kurapalati am tituliT iwodeba<br />

oSkis taZris warwerebSic. mematianes, sumbat daviTis Zis, cnobiT, is 961<br />

wels gardaicvala mas mere, rac Svilebis gadawyvetilebiT monazvnad<br />

aRkveces:<br />

97

`gardaicvala [adarnase kurapalati], Ze bagrat magistrosisaÁ,<br />

qronikonsa rˆpˆa, romeli-ese ZeTa Seipyres da monazon qmnes. mokuda<br />

uneblieT fiCÂTa~ (metreveli 2008: 369).<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, adarnase am tituliT 958-961 wlebSi iwodeba.<br />

adarnarses kurapalatis pativi konstantine VII porfirogenetma gadasca.<br />

imperatoris motivi, erTi mxriv, rogorc vTqviT, uxucesobis principis<br />

gaTvaliswinebaa: adarnases mama – bagrati, xom bagrat reguenis mama –<br />

sumbatze, ufrosia asakiT; meore mxriv, qarTvelTa samefos bagrationebis<br />

gayofil Stoebis imier da amier taos bagrationebs Soris ganxeTqilebis<br />

Setana unda yofiliyo.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom imiertaos Sto, romlis fuZemdebelic bagrat<br />

adarnase qarTvelTa mefis Zea, SedarebiT ufro koordinirebulad<br />

moqmedebda bizantiis imperiasTan da met samxedro daxmarebas gzavnida<br />

imperatoris aRmosavlur kampaniebSi. adarnase kurapalatis dros rom<br />

politikuri situacia uaRresad daiZaba, amas isic adasturebs, rom misma<br />

Svilebma, bagrat erisTavT-erisTavma da daviTma (SemdegSi kurapalati da<br />

mefeT mefe) mama aiZules berad Semdgariyo, xolo imiertaos mmarTveloba<br />

Zmebis xelSi aRmoCnda. bizantiis xelisuflebam Svilebis am Zaladobriv<br />

aqts imiT upasuxa, rom kurapalatis tituli bagrat II reguenis, qarTvelTa<br />

mefis, umcros Zmas, adarnase sumbat kurapalatis Zes, gadasca.<br />

adarnase kurapalatis tituls gardacvalebamde, anu 983 wlamde<br />

flobs. kurapalatoba am dros amirtaos bagrationebis xelSia, Tumca mis<br />

mflobeli ara saxlis ufrosi bagrati, aramed misi umcrosi Zma, adarnase<br />

iyo. qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatis titulebis erT saxlSi arseboba<br />

bagrationTa amiertaos Stos dawinaurebas gulisxmobda.<br />

imiertaos StoSi bagrat erisTavT erisTavis gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

(966 weli) (metreveli 2008: 369) Zalaufleba xelSi mTlianad daviT<br />

adarnases Zem aiRo, romelic imperiisgan Tavdapirvelad magistrosis<br />

saimperi tituls flobs, xolo mogvianebiT kurapalatobas iRebs. daviTis<br />

aqtiurma sagareo politikam imiertaos bagrationebi aramxolod<br />

saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli kavkasiis reginis masStabiT wamyvan Zalad<br />

98

aqcia, romelic yvelaze aqtiurad ibrZoda muslimebis winaaRmdeg qristes<br />

sarwmunoebis dasacavad. rogorc oSkis taZris epigrafikuli warwerebidan<br />

irkveva daviTs magistrosis tituli 966-973 wlebs Soris miuRia (silogava<br />

2006: oSki, gv. 88-99). magistrosobas is nikifore fokas (963-969 ww.) an ioane<br />

cimisxis (969-976 ww.) imperatorobis periodSi iRebs, xolo iahia<br />

antioqielis cnobis mixedviT ki 989 wels mas basil II didi kurapalatis<br />

tituls gadascems (Степаненко 1982: 72-77). es movlena bunebrivia, imaze<br />

miuTiTebs, rom amiertaos Stom kurapalatoba dakarga imiertaos<br />

bagrationTa Stos sasargeblod.<br />

adarnase sumbatis Zis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelic kurapalatia<br />

961-983 wlebSi, kurapalatis tituli, faqtobrivad, vakanturi Cans. Tu vin<br />

flobda mas 983-989 wlebSi Cven ar viciT. naratiuli wyaroebis pirdapiri<br />

CvenebiT qarTvelTa samefoSi daviTi aRniSnul tituls 989 wels iRebs.<br />

Tumca sxva wyaroebis monacemebiT, ukve X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi is TiTqos<br />

kurapalatis titulis mqonea. varaudoben, rom mas kurapalatoba 979 wels<br />

barda sklerosis winaaRmdeg gaweuli daxmarebisTvis unda mieRo bizantiis<br />

imperatorisgan, xolo Semdeg unda daekarga da xelaxla mieRo 989 wels.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom daviTi kurapalatad iwodeba 989 wlamdeli ambebis<br />

msvlelobisas, arsad, arcerT wyaroSi ar aris pirdapiri miTiTeba imis<br />

Sesaxeb, rom man imperatorisgan tituli 989 wlamde miiRo. ar gvaqvs cnoba<br />

titulis CamorTmevis Sesaxebac. daviTis 989 wlamde momxdar movlenebSi<br />

kurapalatad moxsenieba ki ufro imis maniSnebelia, rom gviandeli (989-1000<br />

ww.) viTareba, rodesac daviTi kurapalati iyo, saistorio wyaroebs<br />

avtomaturad gadaaqvT Zvel periodze.<br />

X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi Cndeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani tituli –<br />

`mefeT mefe~. pirveli qarTul politikur realobaSi am tituliT swored<br />

daviTi iwdeba. mefeT mefis tituli jer kidev somxeTSi gaCnda, rodesac<br />

aSot I-ma 885 wels arabeTis xalifas mxardaWeriT Sahan Sahad gamoacxada<br />

Tavi. somxeTi iswrafoba regionSi pirveloba moepovebina, rac aSkarad<br />

gamoCnda aSotis Zis sumbat tierzikalis, sagareo politikaSi.<br />

99

swored somxeTis wamyvani poziciis Canacvlebas isaxavda miznad<br />

daviTis mier axali titulis miReba. xolo kurapalatad misi aRiareba imis<br />

xazgasma iyo, rom bizantiis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qristianul samyaroSi<br />

swored is unda yofiliyo wamyvani politikuri moTamaSe. amis saukeTeso<br />

dasturia daviTis kidev erTi axali tituli `kurapalati yovlisa<br />

aRmosavleTisa~.<br />

yvelaferi es kargad udgeba axali titulis `mefeT mefis~ SemoRebas.<br />

bizantiis politikur aRiarebad 979 wels basil II-is mier gadacemuli<br />

`zemoni qveyanani~ aris miCneuli. garkveuli teritoriebis sicocxleSi<br />

marTvis uflebiT gadacema daviTs did gasaqans aZlevda, farTod emoqmeda<br />

bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi.<br />

daviT III kurapalati SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvelTa samefos<br />

ukanaskneli mmarTveli iyo, romelic kurapalatis pativSi asrulebs<br />

moRvaweobas. swored daviTi xdeba pirveli, vinc qarTvelTa Soris<br />

pretenzias acxadebs bizantiis aRmosavleTiT arsebul qristianul<br />

samyaroSi pirvelobaze. aman yvelaferma gamoxatuleba mis titulSi<br />

`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatSi~ hpova. daviTis es, marTlac rom,<br />

originaluri tituli dafiqsirebulia ioane oqropiris da efrem sirinis<br />

`qadagebanis~ qarTuli Targmanis anderZ-minawerebSi. Tavad Targmani 977<br />

wels aris Sesrulebuli, sadac daviTi mefed da magistrosad ixsenieba:<br />

`ieso qriste, yovelTa sufevaTa mflobelo, adide Sen mier<br />

didebuli mefe Cveni daviT magistrosi~. (Jordania 2004: 107-8).<br />

imave xelnaweris sxva anderZSi, romelic, bunebrivia, mogvianebiT<br />

aris Sesrulebuli daviTi ukve `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ aris<br />

wodebuli:<br />

`salocvelad da sadideblad pirvelad Zlierisa da RvTis msaxurisa<br />

mefisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatisa daviTisaTvis ... rameTu<br />

marTl-madideblobisa Tvali ars da msgavsad Semoqmedisa Tvisisa<br />

simdablisa wessa Sina daukleblad iqcevis~ (Jordania 2004: 108).<br />

cnobaSi mravali sagulisxmo faqti fiqsirdeba, maT Soris iseTi<br />

epiTetebi, romlebic pirvelad swored daviT kurapalatis dros unda<br />

100

gaCeniliyo qarTul politikur sivrceSi. aseTebia: `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa<br />

kurapalati~, `Zlieri~, `marTlmadideblobisa Tvali~. mogvianebiT yvela es<br />

sapatio epiTeti Tu titulebi, mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs qarTvel mefeTa<br />

sapatio titulaturaSi. daviT III kurapalati iyo ukanaskneli qarTvelTa<br />

samefos mmarTvlebs Soris, romelic kurapalatis tituls daeufla. is<br />

gardaicvala 1000 wels, xolo misi sikvdilis mizezebi dRemde burusiT<br />

aris moculi.<br />

daviTis sikvdilis Semdeg bizantiis imperatorma Tavisi kuTvnili<br />

samflobeloebi iZulebiT dadebuli anderZis Tanaxmad Tavad miitaca,<br />

xolo qarTvelTa mefe gurgensa da mis Svils bagrat afxazTa mefes<br />

magistrosisa da kurapalatis titulebi uboZa.<br />

kurapalatis tituli erTiani saqarTvelos samefoSi<br />

daviT III kurapalatis sikvdilis Semdeg situacia mniSvnelovnad<br />

Seicvala. bizantiis xelisuflebam bagrationTa kuTvnili imiertaos<br />

SemoerTebiT saqarTvelos bagration mesveurebTan mravalwlian konfliqts<br />

daudo safuZveli. konfliqturi situacia TiTqmis mTeli XI saukunis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda da mniSvnelovani ziani moutana tao-klarjeTis<br />

mdidar mxares.<br />

bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi Seiqmna iberiis Temi, romlis saTaveSi<br />

bizantieli strategosebi da katepanebi Caayenes. mogvianebiT iberiis Temis<br />

teritoriebi gaizarda da daviT III kurapalatis samflobeloebs gascda. mas<br />

sxva qarTuli teritoriac SemouerTda, Semdeg daemata somxuri samefo-<br />

samTavroebis SemoerTebuli mxareebi. ukve XI saukunis Sua wlebisTvis<br />

ramdenime Temis erTobiT Seiqmna erTiani TavdacviTi sistema iberiis Temis<br />

irgvliv, romelic bizantiis armias 50 000 meomriT avsebda.<br />

bunebrivia, iberiis didi Temi ar Sedgeboda mxolod qarTvelebisgan.<br />

masSi qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis garda, warmodgenili iyo somxebi, aseve<br />

berZnebi, romlebic stratilatebis saxiT iberiis Temis teritoriaze iyvnen<br />

Casaxlebulni. aRmosavleTis Temebs Soris iberiis Temma adreve daikava<br />

101

wamyvani pozicia, rac, erTi mxriv misi Zlieri samxedro potencialiT,<br />

xolo, meore mxriv ki strategiuli mdebareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />

iberiis Temis damcroba bizantiis imperatoris, konstantine IX<br />

monomaxis (1042-1055 ww.), saxels ukavSirdeba, romelmac saxlmwifo biujetis<br />

Sevsebis mizniT iberiis Temebis armia daSala da samxedroebis didi nawili<br />

Tavisufali meTemeebidan gadasaxadis gadamxdel moqalaqeebad aqcia. maTve<br />

SeuwydaT saimperio dotaciebis gacemac. am RonisZiebam mniSvnelovnad<br />

Searyia bizantiis imperiis Zlevamosileba aRmosavleTis sazRvarze.<br />

iberiis Temebis SesustebiT gaCnda axali TavdacviTi armiis Seqmnis<br />

aucilebloba, aseve axali aliansebis saWiroeba. am kuTxiT erTiani<br />

saqarTvelos samefos bizantiasTan daaxloeba imperiis sagareo politikis<br />

prioritetad iqca. Zveli kurapalatis tituli ukve aRar pasuxobda<br />

saqarTvelos mefeTa gazrdil politikur ambiciebs. amdenad, maT<br />

imperatoris ojaxis wevrebis kuTvnili novelisimosis, sevastosisa da<br />

kesarosis titulebi urigdebodaT. xolo kurapalatis tituli<br />

saqarTveloSic da mis farglebs gareTac aRmosavleTis mraval wamyvan<br />

politikur figuras mieniWa.<br />

iberiis Temis daSla da bizantiis samxedro dasusteba erTbaSad ar<br />

momxdara, XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi imperatorebi qarTvel mefeebs<br />

maqsimum kurapalatis tituls aniWebdnen. titulaturis mixedviT<br />

iTvleboda, rom swored isini iyvnen `yoveli aRmosavleTis kurapalatebi~.<br />

amdenad, bizantiis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qristianul samefo-samTavroebis<br />

mmarTvelebs Soris imperatorTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi piri saqarTvelos<br />

monarqi iyo.<br />

bagrat III afxazTa mefisTvis kurapalatis pativis gadacema, erTi<br />

mxriv misi politikuri aRiarebaa, xolo, meore mxriv, misi da mamamisis,<br />

gurgen mefeTa mefis, dapirispirebis mcdeloba iyo. gurgeni, sumbat daviTis<br />

Zis gancxadebiT, ar motyuvda da Svilis mimarT aranairi pretenzia ar<br />

gamoucxadebia.<br />

gurgeni, romelic mefeT mefis titulis miRebiT ierarqiaSi bagratze<br />

maRla idga, ufro gabedul moqmedebas iwyebs da imiertaos SemoerTebis<br />

102

mizniT qmediT nabijebs dgams. aman bizantiis imperatori aiZula, garkveuli<br />

teritoriebi gadaeca misTvis. gurgenis gardacvalebis (1008 weli) Semdeg<br />

bagrati oficialurad iwoda `afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefed da<br />

kurapalatad~, xolo gurgenis sikvdilamde is Tavs `afzaxTa mefed da<br />

qarTvelTa kurapalatad~ Tvlida. amiT xazi esmeoda imas, rom `qarTvelTa<br />

mefe~ swored gurgeni iyo, rogorc ierarqiaSi maRal safexurze myofi<br />

politikuri figura. miuxedavad imisa, rom bagrati `afxazTa da qarTvelTa~<br />

mefe 1008 wels xdeba SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve 1000 wels, rodesac<br />

gardaicvala daviT III kurapalati, xolo gurgeni da bagrati TavianT<br />

kuTvnil titulebs iReben, saqarTvelo de facto gaerTianebulia, xolo de jure<br />

gaerTianeba odnav mogvianebiT xdeba, gurgenis gardacvalebis Semdeg.<br />

ori politikuri organizmis – afxazTa samefos (dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelo) da qarTvelTa samefos (samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelo)<br />

erTobam safuZveli Cauyara erTian qarTul samefos, sadac TandaTanobiT<br />

sxva qarTuli politikuri erTeulebic Sevida. hereTisa da kaxeTis<br />

SemoerTebiT saqarTvelos mefis titulaturas `afxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~<br />

mefis titulebTan erTad – `ranTa~ da `kaxTa~ daemata.<br />

bagratis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1014 weli) kurapalati misi Svili,<br />

giorgi I, xdeba (berZeniSvili 1964: 28; kopaliani 1972: 171-176). manglisis<br />

eklesiis warwera, romelic dReisTvis dakargulad iTvleba Semdegi<br />

Sinaarsisaa:<br />

`m(e)f(o)b(a)sa R(mr)T(i)vd(a)my(arebul)isa g(iorg)i y(ov)lisa<br />

a/R/mosa/vleTisa kurapalatisa da TÂTmpyroblisa (?)~ (berZeniSvili 1964: 28).<br />

warweraSi aRwerili politikuri koniuqtura absoluturad<br />

Seesabameba giorgi I-is drois viTarebas, zedmetia mxolod TÂTmpyroblis<br />

titulis dafiqsireba, romlis wakiTxva isedac saTuo iyo da amis gamo niko<br />

berZeniSvils kiTxvis niSniT aRuniSnavs. vinaidan warwera dakargulia<br />

Znelia imis varaudi Tu ra termini fiqsirdeba teqstis boloSi. termini<br />

`TÂTmpyrobli~ vfiqrobT, rom jer ar unda gamoCeniliyo qarTvel mefeTa<br />

politikur terminologiaSi. aRniSnuli tituli qarTuli samefo sigelebis<br />

103

mixedviT ar fiqsirdeba daviT aRmaSeneblamde da rogorc qvemoT vixilavT,<br />

oficialurad pirvelad daviTis dros gamoCnda.<br />

sainteresoa, rodis miiRo giorgi I-ma `yoveli aRmosavleTis<br />

kurapalatoba~. es momenti naratiul wyaroebSi ar Cans. erTi mxriv, rac<br />

udavoa, aris is, rom ukve gamefebisas (1014 weli) giorgis daZabuli<br />

urTierToba aqvs basili imperatorTan, romelic mas bagrat III-is mier<br />

miRebul teritoriebs sTxovs daviT III kurapalatis samflobeloebidan.<br />

giorgi uars ambobs da iwyeba samxedro konfliqti, romelic 1014-1016<br />

wlebSi xdeba. 1014 wels Tavidan qarTvelebma bizantiis mier gamogzavnili<br />

jari daamarcxes (Bedrosian 1985: 7; C. Holmes: 482); mogvianebiT daaxloebiT 1015<br />

wels ki bizantiis kuTvnili teritoria daikaves maniskertis CaTvliT<br />

(buaCiZe 1997: 40-44); 1016 wels bizantia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg flots<br />

gzavnis, romelic, sabolood, xersonsSi momxdari ajanyebis CasaxCobad<br />

gamoiyenes. es yvelaferi xdeba maSin, rodesac basili bulgarelebTan omiT<br />

aris dakavebuli. bulgarelebTan brZolaSi gardatexa 1023 wels xdeba, ris<br />

Semdegac imperatorma saqarTvelosTvisac moicala. 1020-1023 wlebSi<br />

ganaxlebuli brZola saqarTvelos marcxiT damTavrda. giorgi iZulebuli<br />

gaxda, marcxi eRiarebina da daTmobaze wasuliyo.<br />

am yvelaferis fonze gadaWriT imis Tqma, iyo Tu rodis SeeZlo<br />

giorgis raime bizantiuri titulis miReba SeuZlebelia. akaki SaniZisa da<br />

niko berZeniSvilis mier gamoqveynebuli, zemoxsenebuli epigrafikuli<br />

warweris mixedviT is kurapalatad 1023 wels Cans. Tumca dRes es warwera<br />

warxocilia da misi gadamowmeba ar xerxdeba, magram Tu 1023 wels<br />

vivaraudebT warweris Seqmnis TariRad gamodis, rom giorgi am wlisTvis<br />

kurapalatia da Tu man es pativi ar miiRo 1023 wlis zaviT Tanaxmad gvrCeba<br />

is, rom gamovTqvaT varaudi kurapalatis titulis gamefebis dros miRebis<br />

Sesaxeb. amdenad, zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad giorgi iZulebulia scnos Tavi<br />

damarcxebulad, daubrunos bizantiis dakavebuli teritoriebi da mZevlad<br />

gaugzavnos mcorewlovani Svili bagrati, romelsac magistrosis tituli<br />

uboZes (yauxCiSvili 1963: 48). Tavad giorgi, rogorc vxedavT, kurapalatobas<br />

iRebs gamefebis dros, 1014 wels.<br />

104

agrat IV-is (1027-1072 ww.) SemTxvevaSi ki is 1029/30 wlamde<br />

magistrosis tituls atarebs, xolo bizantiasTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg<br />

1029/30 wels ki _ kurapalatis xarisxs. beneficiari bizantiis imperatori<br />

romanoz III argirosia (1028-1034 ww.).<br />

bagratis kurapalatis xarisxSi aRzeveba, misi dedis – mariam<br />

arwrunis _ diplomatiurma voiaJma ganapiroba konstantinopolSi. Sedegad<br />

daido zavi, xolo zavis erT-erT pirobad kurapalatis titulis gadacema<br />

da mefe bagratisa da imperatoris ZmiSvilis, elene argirosis, qorwilis<br />

pirobebis SeTanxmeba iyo. kurapalatis tituli rCeba warmyvan titulad,<br />

romelsac bizantiis imperatorebi imetebdnen saqarTvelos mbrZanebelTa<br />

sasargeblod. situacia maleve Seicvala, rac aRmosavleTSi Turq-<br />

selCukebis momZlavrebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.<br />

Turqebis safrTxem aiZula bizantiis imperatori, konstantine IX<br />

monomaxi (1042-1055 ww.), ufro mowyale TvaliT Seexeda saqarTvelos mefis<br />

statusisaTvis da ukve 1048 wels, rodesac liparit baRvaSi daatyveves<br />

Turq-selCukebma, bagrats novlisimosoba gadaeca. amas sul male mohyva<br />

sevastosobac. es orive tituli imperatoris ojaxis wevrebis sapatio<br />

titulebs warmoadgenda, rac qarTvelTa mefis mniSvnelovani dafaseba iyo<br />

bizantiis mbrZaneblisgan. novelisimosis titulis paralelurad<br />

daaxloebiT 1048 wels kurapalatoba uboZes bagrat IV-is vaJsa da taxtis<br />

memkvidres – giorgis. aRniSnuli faqti cnobili avlaris eklesiis<br />

warweridan xdeba, romelic 1050 wliT TariRdeba. es faqti imaze miuTiTebs,<br />

rom tituli giorgis manamde unda mieRo. liparitis datyvevebis Semdeg,<br />

rodesac bizantiis imperatorma misi saxiT Zlieri mokavSire dakarga, igi<br />

urTierTobis urTierTobis gadasinjva moaxdinos saqarTvelos mefesTan,<br />

warwera ase ikiTxeba:<br />

`sa[dideb]l(a)d m(e)f(e)T(a) C(ue)nTa b(a)gr(a)t n(oveli)sim(osi)sa da<br />

Zisa m(a)Tisa g(iorg)i k(u)r(apalati)sa~ (gagoSiZe 2004: 50).<br />

giorgi kurapalatad mamis, bagratis, gardacvalebamde iwodeboda.<br />

1052 wels giorgis mefed akurTxeben liparit baRvaSis iniciativiT,<br />

romelic manamde magistrosis tituls atarebda, `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

105

somxuri Targmanis mixedviT (XII s. Sua ww.) ki, kurapalatis tituliT aris<br />

moxseniebuli. aRniSnuli imas niSnavs, rom bizantiis imperatorma<br />

liparitis statusi moqmedi mefis politikur statuss gauTanabra. es<br />

uprecedento movlena iyo bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi. `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ somxur TargmanSi moxseniebuli liparit baRvaSis kurapalatoba<br />

sruliad realurad gveCveneba. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia, bagratis 1051/2 wels<br />

konstantinopolSi gaqceva ris Semdegac lipariti, faqtobrivad,<br />

saqarTvelos baton-patroni gaxda. igive lipariti meurveobs mefed<br />

dadgenil giorgis, bagratis Zes, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs qveyana<br />

sakuTari neba-surviliT marTos.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria, rom bizantiis mmarTvelebi<br />

gaiTvaliswinebdnen Seqmnil politikur situacias da liparits<br />

kurapalatobas gadascemdnen. safiqrebelia, rom es imave 1051/2 wels unda<br />

momxdariyo. amiT, imperatorma, is saqarTveloSi moqmed politikur<br />

figurebs Soris yvelaze aRzevebul adamianad gamoacxada (bagrat IV<br />

novelisimosi am dros konstantinopolSi imyofeboda). igive titulis<br />

mflobeli da saqarTvelos formaluri mefe giorgi iyo, romelze<br />

mzrunveloba liparits da mis mamidas, guranduxts, hqondaT aRebuli.<br />

situacia Seicvala mxolod mas Semdeg, rac liparitis batonoba 1055 wels<br />

daamxes mefe bagratis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg mesxma feodalebma<br />

sula kalmaxelis meTaurobiT (metreveli 2008: 287).<br />

liparitis titulebidan mniSvnelovania misi `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa<br />

winamZRvrad~ moxsenieba, iqve aris damowmebuli kidev erTi tituli<br />

`protatosi~ (silogava 2000: 243). aRniSnuli warwera TariRdeba 1052 wliT.<br />

misi `yovlisa aRmosavleTis winamZRvrad~ moxsenieba ar aris uCveuli,<br />

vinaidan bizantiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi moRvawe mravali moxele<br />

iwodeboda amave tituliT. sxva saqmea Tu ra mimarTebaSia saqarTvelosa da<br />

bizantiaSi gavrcelebuli `yovlisa AaRmosavleTis~ titulis mflobelis<br />

politikuri statusi. amjerad am sakiTxs ar SevexebiT.<br />

rac Seexeba `protatis~ tituls, vfiqrob, rom garkveul koreqturas<br />

saWiroebs misi wakiTxva. unda iyos prot(ostr)atis tituli daqaragmebuli<br />

106

da ara `protati~. vinaidan tituli `protati~, rogorc aseTi oficialuri<br />

tituli an Tanamdeboba bizantiis imperiaSi ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia<br />

ar fiqsirdeba. wyaroSi ki aSkarad bizantiuri tituli Cans. analogiad<br />

gamodgeba sxva qarTveli didebulis moxsenieba protostraporad – es iyo<br />

erisTavi ivane vardanis Ze, saqarTvelos meWurtleTuxucesi (axalaSvili<br />

1987: 32), romelic XII saukunis epigrafikul ZeglSi ixsenieba aRniSnuli<br />

tituliT. vinaidan es orive sakiTxi scildeba mocemul TavSi dasmul<br />

problematikas maT meti dawvrilebiT aRar ganvixilavT.<br />

lipariti kurapalatis tituls mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi atarebda.<br />

xolo giorgi, imave titulis mflobelia, 1048-1072 wlebSi, sanam mamis,<br />

bagratis, gardacvalebis Semdeg saqarTvelos erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba<br />

ar Caigdo xelSi da Tavisive siZisgan, imperator mixael VII dukasgan (1071-<br />

1078 ww.) novelisimosis tituli ar miiRo axali sakariskaco pativis saxiT.<br />

kurapalatis tituli dabadebisTanave mianiWes mefe giorgi II-is vaJs,<br />

daviTs, romelic am tituliT 1073 wels iwodeba mamis erT-erT sigelSi.<br />

sigelis CvenTvis saintereso monakveTi teqsti Semdegia:<br />

`q. me, giorgi bagratunianman, nebiTa RmrTisaiTa afxazTa da<br />

qarTvelTa mefeman, Zeman sulkurTxeulisa mefisa bagratisman ... guls-<br />

guidgina RmerTman, samlocvelod mefobisa Cemisa da Zisa Cemisa daviT<br />

kurapalatisa da mosaxsenieblad sulTa pirvelTa mefeTa mamaTa CemTasa,<br />

gaguiaxlebian sigelni mamisa da papTa CemTani~ (enuqiZem, silogavam,<br />

SoSiaSvili 1984: 46).<br />

giorgi II-is gacemul samefo sigelSi daviTi kurapalatad ixsenieba.<br />

igi mamasTan erTad sabuTis ganaxlebis Tanamonawilea. sigeli 1073 wels<br />

aris Sedgenili, anu im wels rodesac daviTi daibada (enuqiZem, silogavam,<br />

SoSiaSvili 1984: 46; javaxiSvili 1965: 193). mcirewlovani ufliswuli taxtis<br />

memkvidris dabadebis aRsaniSnavad kurapalatis titulSi aRazeves.<br />

iniciativa, rogorc Cans imperator mixael VII dukasa da misi meuRlis<br />

marTa-mariam bagrationisgan modioda, romelic Cvili ufliswulis mamida<br />

iyo. mogvianebiT daviTi sevastosi xdeba, rasac adgili hqonda 1083 wels<br />

misi Tanamosaydred kurTxevis Semdeg.<br />

107

amgvarad, daviTi iyo saqarTvelos samefo ojaxis bolo wevri,<br />

romelic am tituls daeufla. es iyo tituli, romelic qarTul politikur<br />

realobaSi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebda VI saukuinis meore naxevridan<br />

XI saukunis bolomde.<br />

XI saukuneSi erTiani saqarTvelos samefos garda, kurapalatis<br />

tituls atarebdnen kaxeT-hereTis mefeebic aseTebi iyvnen XI saukunis<br />

pirvel naxevarSi kvirike III didi (1014-1037 ww.) da odnav mogvianebiT<br />

aRsarTan I (1058-1084 ww.). kurapalatad iwodeba taSir-Zorakertis mefe<br />

kvirike II (1048-1089 ww.), romeluc am tituls XI saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />

atarebs (vrcalad ix.: quTaTelaZe 2001: 127-128).<br />

108

Tavi III<br />

novelisimosis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi<br />

bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis Seswavla qarTul politikur<br />

sivrceSi Cven arcTu didi xnis win damoukidebel naSromSi vcadeT,<br />

romelic sevastosis tituls Seexeboda (TavaZe 2011: 154-187). sevastosis<br />

tituli mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac igi. erTis mxriv. saimperatoro<br />

titulaturas warmoadgenda, xolo, meores mxriv, rogorc mogvianebiT<br />

moxda, erT-erT rigiT senatorul titulad daemcro. daaxloebiT<br />

analogiur viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme novelisimosis titulis SemTxvevaSic.<br />

statiac, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli titulis qarTul politikur sivrceSi<br />

gamoCenas da damkvidrebas, aseve mis genezissa da trasformacias Seexeba<br />

romisa da bizantiis politikur cxovrebaSi. imisTvis, rom ufro naTeli<br />

gaxdes aRniSnuli pativis Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba, Txrobas swored titu-<br />

lis genezisiT daviwyebT romaul/bizantiur politikur realobaSi.<br />

novelisimosis genezisi da oficialur titulad Camoyalibeba<br />

berZnuli novelisimosis (Νωβελίσσιμος) laTinuri eqvivalentia<br />

`Nobilissimus“. is ukve mesame saukunidan Cans, rogorc saimperatoro tituli<br />

(ODB 3 1991: 1489). aRniSnuli laTinuri termini (Nobilissimus) ki, romelmac<br />

berZnul novelisimoss daudo safuZveli, niSnavs udidebuless da<br />

ixmareboda rogorc romis imperatorisa da misi oficialuri memkvidris,<br />

keisris, oficialur titulad.<br />

Nobilissimus Caesar‐is tituliT, pirvelad Seimko romis imperatoris, -<br />

septimus severusis (193-211 ww.), umcrosi vaJi publius septimus geta 198<br />

wels. mogvianebiT geta Tanaimperatoris rangSi aRevda da oficialurad<br />

iwodeba imperator-avgustusad (Imperator-Augustus) (Mitthof 1993: 98).<br />

berZnulenovan teqstebSi, sanam laTinuri `Nobilissimus“-is translite-<br />

racia moxdeboda, novelisimosis aRsaniSnavad sxvadasxva berZnuli Sesatyv-<br />

isi gamoiyeneboda. imperatoris memkvidreebi mTel rig laTinur warwerebSi<br />

109

Nobilissimus Caesar‐is epiTetiT moixsenebian, xolo berZnul teqstebSi ἱερώτατος<br />

Καῖσαρ an ἐπιφανέστατος Καῖσαρ aris naxmari (Mitthof 1993: 98-102).<br />

bizantieli mematiane zosimes mixedviT, imperatorma konstantine I<br />

didma (306-337 ww.) novelisimosis epiTeti oficialuri titulis rangSi aiyv-<br />

ana da Tavisi ojaxis wevrebs uboZa (ODB 3 1991: 1489-1490). meti sicxadisTvis<br />

movixmoT nawyveti zosimes teqstidan:<br />

`iyvnen sxvebic maT msgavsad, romlebmac miiRes wili xelisuflebaSi;<br />

[maT Soris] dalmatiusi, vinc konstantinem (romis imperatori – l. T.) ga-<br />

xada keisari, konstanciusi misi Zma da hanibalianusi. yvela maTgani<br />

atarebda oqroTi morTul Zowisfer mosasxams da iyvnen ayvanilni -<br />

nobelisimatis rangSi konstantines mier imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iyvnen<br />

misi ojaxis wevrebi... konstantinem marTlac pirvelad SemoiRo es wesi da<br />

gamosca kanoni, rom yvela nobelisimats unda hqonoda upiratesoba<br />

saxelmwifos prefeqtebze“ (Ridley 1982: II, 39, 2).<br />

amdenad, novelisimosi imperator konstantine dididan moyolebuli<br />

sapatio epiTetidan oficialur titulad gadaiqca. igi keisris Semdeg yvel-<br />

aze sapatio titulad iTvleboda mTels imperiaSi. amave tituls atarebda<br />

momavali imperatori, iustiniane didi, misi biZis, iustine I-is (518-527 ww.)<br />

mmarTvelobis dros. iustiniane I didis (527-565 ww.) xanaSi is aRar iyo -<br />

xmarebaSi, Tumca ar gauqmebula da mogvianebiT imperator herakles (610-641<br />

ww.) vaJi, martinosi, da konstantine V-is (741-775 ww.) Ze, nikita, euflebian -<br />

aRniSnul pativs (ODB 3 1991: 1490).<br />

IX-X saukuneebis ramdenime bizantiur taqtikonSi daculia cnobebi<br />

bizantiuri senatoruli Tu administraciuli titulebis da saxeloebis -<br />

Sesaxeb. maT Soris novelisimoss, rogorc wesi, wamyvani adgili ukavia.<br />

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti _ filoTeosis<br />

`kletorologionia~ (darbazoba an darbazobis wesi) _ Sedgenilia 899 wels<br />

imperator leon VI brZenis (886-912 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros. aRniSnuli dok-<br />

umentis mixedviT, noveslisimosis titulis mqone piri darbazobis dros ko-<br />

110

nstantinopolis patriarqisa da keisris Semdeg yvelaze axlos ikavebs adg-<br />

ils imperatorTan (Oikonomides 1972: 134-137).<br />

filoTeosis naSromis garda, analogiuri viTareba aris aRwerili<br />

sxva taqtikonebSic. saerTo jamSi, am epoqis oTxi taqtikonis mixedviT<br />

(filoTeosis `kletorologionis~ CaTvliT), romlebic gamoqveynebuli aqvs<br />

nikolas oikonomidiss. novelisimosis mdgomareoba 842/3-971/975 wlebSi<br />

ucvlelia (Oikonomides 1972: 46-47, 134-137, 244-245, 262-263).<br />

imave epoqis teqstebi aRweren, Tu rogor xdeboda konkretuli<br />

saimperatoro ojaxis wevris novelisimosis xarisxSi ayvana. Teofane JamTa-<br />

aRmwerelis Tanaxmad, novelisimosad kurTxevis ceremoniali keisrebis msga-<br />

vsi iyo. jon bagnel biuris azriT, mematiane arasworia, rodesac msgavsebas<br />

xedavs aRniSnuli titulebis gadacemis ceremonialSi. Teofanes mixedviT<br />

novelisimosad kurTxevisas titulis mflobels stefanoss (στέφανος)<br />

adgamdnen Tavze, xolo tanze xlamidas (χλαμύς) acvamdnen. konstantine<br />

porfirogenetis `De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae“‐Si ki Zowisferi xlamidis<br />

nacvlad, rac keisris atributi iyo, novelisimoss mosavdnen alisferi -<br />

(κόκκινος) mosasxamiT. filoTeosis `kletorologionis~ mixedviT novelisim-<br />

osis insignias Seadgenda: qitoni, romelsac uwodebdnen xrisoTetoss<br />

(χρυσόθετος) da xlamida (χλαμύς), aseve sartyeli (ζώνη) (Bury 1911: 35). yvela am -<br />

Zalauflebis niSans novelisimosi Tavad imperatorisgan iRebda.<br />

novelisimosis tituli XI saukunis Sua wlebamde mxolod<br />

imperatoris ojaxis wevrebs eniWebodaT (ODB 3 1991: 1490). erT-erTi<br />

ukanaskneli, romelmac es tituli miiRo, iyo mixael V kalafatis (1041-1042<br />

ww.) biZa konstantine. is aRniSnul tituls, ZmiSvilis imperatorad -<br />

SedgomisTanave – 1041 wels –daeufla (Sewter 1966: V, 8-10). 5<br />

ukve XI saukunis bolosTvis novelisimosis tituli eZleodaT bizan-<br />

tiis imperiis mTavarsardlebs. imperatoris ojaxis wevrebis gamoklebiT,<br />

erT-erTi pirveli, visac novelisimosis tituli uboZes iyo aleqsi<br />

5<br />

Michael Psellus. Chronographia. Trans E.R.A Sewter. Yale University Press. 1953, V, 8‐10 (mixael fselosis teqstis<br />

SemTxvevaSi vuTiTebT Tavsa da paragrafs).<br />

111

komnenosi (momavali imperatori). 1074 wels novelisimosoba mianiWes robert<br />

giskards. xolo XII saukunisTvis mis safuZvelze Seiqmna iseTi titulebi, -<br />

rogoricaa protonovelisimosi da protonovelisimosipertatosi (ODB 3<br />

1991: 1490).<br />

1118 wlis Semdeg novelisimosis tituli imdenad daemcro, rom<br />

umaRlesi kategoriis titulebSi ukve aRar erTiandeba. (Каждан 1974: 109).<br />

franc dolgeris varaudiT, novelisimosis tituli arsebobda paleolog-<br />

osebis epoqamde, ris merec gaqra bizantiis politikuri realobidan (ODB 3<br />

1991: 1490).<br />

bagrat IV<br />

qarTul politikur sivrceSi pirveli, romelmac novelisimosis<br />

tituli miiRo, iyo bagrat IV (1027-1072 ww.). rogorc cnobilia, bagrati<br />

novelisimosis titulis miRebamde atarebda magistrosisa da kurapalatis<br />

titulebs (stefnaZe 1976: 159), xolo novelisimosoba bizantiis<br />

imperatorisgan misi mmarTvelobis Sua xanebSi miiRo. bolos igi sevastosis<br />

tituls eufleba (TavaZe 2011: 168-172, 178-180). `matiane qarTlisais~ ucnobi<br />

avtoris cnobiT, bagrati misi mefobis periodSi Semdeg titulebs daeufla:<br />

`ese bagrat pirvel iyo kurapalati, da Semdgomad novelisimosi, da<br />

merme iqmna sevastos~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 316; metreveli 2008: 297).<br />

yvela am titulis garda, is flobda magistrosis Rirsebasac,<br />

romelic mas gamefebamde mianiWes. mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom memati-<br />

ane bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis miRebas sagangebod gamoyofs bagrat<br />

IV-is pirovnebis da misi mefobis Sefasebisas. aqedan gamomdinare, kargad<br />

Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo XI saukunis miwurulis saqarTvelos<br />

politikur cxovrebaSi aRniSnuli titulatura.<br />

bagrats novelisimosis tituli bizantiis imperatorma konstantine<br />

IX monomaxma (1042-1055 ww.) uboZa. im droisTvis konstantine monomaxis wina-<br />

morbedi imperatoris, mixael V kalafatis (1041-1042 ww.) dros, rogorc<br />

zemoT mivuTiTeT, novelisimosad imperatoris biZa, konstantine, iwodeboda,<br />

112

xolo Tavad monomaxis mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi aRniSnuli Tanamdeboba -<br />

vakanturia. ufro metic, imave periodis arcerT wyaroSi ar fiqsirdeba<br />

keisris titulis mqone pirovnebac ki. konstantine monomaxis droisTvis<br />

ukanaskneli keisari Tavad imperatori mixael V kalafati iyo. mixael -<br />

kalafats keisroba mianiWes imperator mixael IVBpaflagonielis (1034-1041 -<br />

ww.) mmarTvelobis dros, rodesac igi am aqtiT imperiis taxtis memkvidred -<br />

gamoacxades (Sewter 1966: IV 22-23).<br />

amdenad, konstantine IX monomaxis zeobis dasawyisisTvis umaRlesi<br />

rangis titulebi, keisari da novelisimosi vakanturi rCeba. sevastosi jer<br />

isev imperatoris sapatio epiTetia (Oikonomides 1980/1).<br />

bagrat IV-is novelisimosad moixsenieba sxvadasxva saxis ramdenime<br />

wyaroSi gvxvdeba, maT Sorisaa: saistorio Txzuleba, anderZ-minawereebi, epi-<br />

grafikuli Zeglebi da numizmatikis nimuSebi. Tavisi mniSvnelobiT yvelas<br />

aRemateba axlad mikvleuli e.w. avlaris nasoflaris eklesiis<br />

epigrafikuli warwera TrialeTidan (gagoSiZe 2004: 48-53). warwera yvelaze<br />

adreuli TariRiani Zeglia, romelSic bagrati novelisimosad aris<br />

wodebuli. epigrafikis CvenTvis saintereso teqsti ase ikiTxeba:<br />

`s[adideb]l(a)d m(e)f(e)T(a) C(ue)nTa b(a)gr(a)t n(oveli)sim(osi)sa da<br />

Zisa m(a)Tisa g(iorg)i k(u)r(apalati)sa da salxine(be)l(a)d s(u)l(i)s(a) g(?)..a<br />

da mS(o)b(e)lTa C(e)mTaT(Â)s ma..saTas.. lpteTnm(?)bsxTld.. R(merTma)n<br />

wyal(o)ba yv(e)n m(a)TT(Â)sca e.. y(ove)lTa l(o)cva yy(a)v(i)T q(oro)n(i)k(o)ni<br />

iyo: so (1050 weli – l. T.)“ (gagoSiZe 2004: 50).<br />

amgvarad, 1050 wlisTvis bagrati ukve novelisimosia. es tituli, rog-<br />

orc amas warweris gamomcemeli giorgi gagoSiZe arkvevs, bagrats IV-s 1046-<br />

1050 wlebs Soris unda mieRo. igive avtori iqve kidev ufro viwro TariRs<br />

gvTavazobs (1048-1050 ww.) da bagratis mier novelisimosobis miRebas Turq-<br />

selCukebis mier liparit IV baRvaSis datyvevebas ukavSirebs, rodesac<br />

`bizantiis imperatoris mokavSire Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi<br />

Zalauneburad bagrat IV gaxda“ (gagoSiZe 2004: 50-52). CvenTvis sruliad<br />

misaRebia giorgi gagoSiZis mosazreba – konstantine monomaxma novelis-<br />

113

imosis titulis gacemiT aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris SenarCuneba scada, maSin<br />

rodesac liparit baRvaSis saxiT mTavari mokavSire ukve dakarguli hyavda.<br />

amdenad, daaxloebiT 1048 wels bagrati kurapalatis Semdeg novelisimosis<br />

pativSi aRzevda, xolo misi taxtis memkvidre giorgi ki kurapalatis<br />

tituls eufleba.<br />

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, novelisimosoba 1048 wlisTvis<br />

mniSvnelovani titulia. bagratis mier misi miReba imis dadasturebaa, rom<br />

bizantiis imperatori qarTvel monarqs imperatoris uaxloes garemocvaSi -<br />

moiazrebda da sxva imperiebSi mosaxle didebulebs Soris mas upirates -<br />

mdgomareobas aniWebda.<br />

liparit baRvaSis tyveobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg politikuri<br />

viTareba Seicvala, Tumca ar Secvlila bagratis politikuri statusi.<br />

liparitisgan Seviwrovebuli mefe iZulebuli gaxda SemweobisTvis<br />

bizantiis imperatorisaTvis miemarTa da konstantinopolSi<br />

gamgzavrebuliyo, sadac sami weli dahyo. bagrats, rogorc senatis<br />

umaRlesi rangis wevrs, darbazobis dros imperatoris ojaxis Semdeg -<br />

yvelaze sapatio adgili unda sWeroda. is imperatorTan daaxloebul pirad<br />

moiazreboda. misi axlo urTierToba konstantine IX monomaxTan kargad Cans<br />

giorgi mcires `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi“. aRniSnuli teqstis<br />

mixedviT, bagrati daxmarebas uwevs aTonis mTaze mcxovreb qarTvel mamebs,<br />

miiRon SeRavaTebi bizantiis imperatorisgan. es Seexeba rogorc rogis -<br />

miRebas, aseve saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis Semcirebas. imave bagratis wyal-<br />

obiT giorgi mTawmidelis moRvaweoba cnobili xdeba imperator konstan-<br />

tine monomaxisTvisac. (qarTuli proza... 1: 453). bizantiis umaRles<br />

xelisufalTan urTierToba iq moRvawe qarTveli saero Tu sasuliero<br />

pirebisTvis mniSvnelovani warmateba iyo, xolo bagratis konstantinopolSi<br />

yofna politikuri mxardaWeris kuTxiT sasargeblo aRmoCnda (kldiaSvili<br />

2009; samuSia 2011: 125-153).<br />

bagrat IV-is saimperio tituli, novelisimosi dasturdeba 1057/8 wlis<br />

mRvimis lavrisadmi daweril sigelSi. sabuTi Tavad bagratis mier iqna<br />

gacemuli, sadac mefe lavras aTavisuflebs `y(ov)lisa Sesavlisa da<br />

114

gamosa[va]lisagan~ (enuqiZe, silogava, SoSiaSvili 1984: 35-38). aRniSnul<br />

sigelSi bagrat mefe yoveli aRmosavleTis novelisimosad aris<br />

moxseniebuli:<br />

`q. k(i)r(ieleiso)n! ese viTa, adiden R(merTma)n, Zliersa bagrat<br />

afxazTa mefesa da y(ov)lisa aRmosavleTisa novelisimossa dauweria da<br />

borcuisjuari salocvelad mefobisa maTisa da SvilTa maTTaT(Â)s<br />

mR(uim)isa monastrisada Seuwiravs“ (enuqiZe, silogava, SoSiaSvili 1984: 37).<br />

amrigad, bagrat mefis mier novelisimosis titulis floba<br />

daaxloebiT 1048-1058 wlebSi dadasturebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. avlaris<br />

nasoflaris eklesiis warwera da mRvimis lavrisadmi gacemuli sabuTi amis<br />

kargi ilustraciaa, miTumetes, rom orive maTgans darTuli aqvs Sesabamisi<br />

TariRi, amitom bagratis mier novelisimosis pativis flobis<br />

qronologiuri CarCos gansazRvra mniSvnelovnad advildeba.<br />

zemoT moxmobili wyaroebis garda, bagrat IV novelisimosia<br />

numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviTac. misive moWril vercxlis fulze is<br />

novelisimosis pativiTaa saxeldebuli. monetis aRweriloba Semdegi saxisaa:<br />

Subli – ormagi wertilovani rkaliT garSemovlebuli vlaqernis<br />

wminda RvTismSoblis welzeviTi gamosaxuleba, romelsac Tavze Saravandi<br />

adgia. Tavs irgvliv ganlagebulia berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia Teotikos<br />

– wminda RvTismSobeli.<br />

zurgi – monetis kideebze, wertilovani rkalis SigniT,<br />

ganlagebulia qarTuli asomTavruli zedwerili: `qriste, adide bagrat<br />

afxazTa mefe”. centrSi, aseve wertilovani rkaliT garSemovlebuli<br />

samstriqoniani warwera: `da novelisimosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 190-191).<br />

aRniSnuli monetebi, bagrat IV-is mier novelisimosis titulis<br />

flobis qronologiuri CarCodan gamomdinare XI saukunis 50-iani wlebiT<br />

TariRdeba, ufro konkretulad ki 1055/6-1060 wlebiT (dundua, dundua 2006:<br />

191).<br />

mniSvnelovania aseve alaverdis saxarebis minawerebi, romelic XI<br />

saukuniT TariRdeba. misi erT-erTi gamomcemeli, Tedo Jordania, mas<br />

115

daaxloebiT 1051 wliT aTariRebs. erT-erT minawerSi bagrati<br />

novelisimosad aris wodebuli. anderZ-minaweri ase ikiTxeba:<br />

`daiwera kalipposs, lavrasa w@isa R@Tis mSoblisasa, mefobasa kon-<br />

stanti monomaxisasa, antioqias patriarqobasa petressa da bagratis afxazTa<br />

mefis novelisimosisa samefos yofasa. locva yavT miqel da giorgisTÂs...<br />

qoronikoni iyo~(?) (Jordnia 2004: 203).<br />

rogorc warweridan Cans, alaverdis saxareba dawerili yofila<br />

kalipos RvTismSoblis lavraSi maSin, rodesac mefe bagrati bizantiaSi<br />

imyofeboda (samefos yofasa), xolo antioqiis patriarqi im dros petre III<br />

(1052 wlis ivnisi – 1056 wlis agvisto) yofila; (Православная II 2001: 529)<br />

bizantiis imperatori ki _ konstantine IX monomaxi (12 ivnisi, 1042 – 11<br />

ianvari, 1055) (Sear 1996: 355). amgvarad, bagrati daaxloebiT 1052 wlis ivniss<br />

da 1055 wlis ianvars Soris konstantinopolSi imyofeboda, rac emTxveva<br />

kidec qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas bagratis 1051-1054 an<br />

1052-1055 wlebSi bizantiaSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb (berZniSvili 1978: 46-47;<br />

Jordania 2004: 198-199; samuSia 2011: 125-153). mogvianebiT alaverdis oTxTavis<br />

gadaweris qronologia ufro dazustda. gamovlinda misi gadaweris zusti<br />

TariRi 1054 weli, rac kargad udgeba konstantine IX monomaxisa da petre<br />

III-is eroblivi moRvaweobis xanas. (TvalTvaZe 2009: 132).<br />

novelisimosis tituls bagrati 1060 wlamde inarCunebs. bizantiis<br />

imperatorebis, konstantine IX monomaxis (1042-1055 ww.), Teodoras (1055-1056<br />

ww.), mixael VI stavraciusis (1056-1057 ww.) da isak I komnenosis (1057-1059 ww.)<br />

mmarTvelobis dros am tituls bagrati ucvlelad inarCunebs. konstantine<br />

X duka imperatori 1059 wlis 25 dekembers gaxda. swored misi<br />

imperatorobis pirvel wels icvleba bagratis politikuri statusi, rac<br />

misTvis axali rangis, sevastosis titulis, miniWebiT gamoixata.<br />

bagrat IV-is ori saimperatoro tituliT aRzeveba, romlebic manamde<br />

mxolod bizantiis imperatoris ojaxis wevrebs hqondaT, misi rolisa da<br />

mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia bizantiis Tanamegobrobis masStabiT. msgavsi<br />

pativisa da Rirsebis mqone monarqi amave TanamegobrobaSi qarTul<br />

116

politikur elitas manamde ar hyolia. bagratis msgavsad novelisimosis<br />

tituli mianiWes mis ufros Zes, giorgi II-sac.<br />

giorgi II<br />

bagrat IV gardaicvala 1072 wlis 24 noembers. saqarTvelos samefos<br />

taxti misma Zem, giorgi II bagrationma, daikava. mefobis erTpirovnulad<br />

miRebis Semdeg milocvis niSnad bizantiis imperatori mas novelisimosis<br />

tituls aniWebs. giorgi novelisimosad numizmatikur masalebSi iwodeba.<br />

rogorc evgeni paxomovi aRniSnavs, mis mier novelisimosisa da sevastosis<br />

titulebis miReba arcerT wyaroSi ar iyo miTiTebuli. Tumca is, rom<br />

giorgi am titulebs atarebda, dasturdeba misive monetebis aRwerilobis<br />

mixedviTo (Пахомов 1970: 61). dadasturebulia giorgi II-is 100-ze meti moneta.<br />

qarTuli warwerebis mixedviT es monetebi sam damoukidebel jgufs qmnis.<br />

amaTgan pirvels, ganekuTvneba CvenTvis saintereso monetebi novelisimosis<br />

titulis moxseniebiT. aqve viZleviT am tipis monetebis aRwerilobas giorgi<br />

dunduasa da Tedo dunduas naSromis mixedviT:<br />

`Subli – wertilovan rkalSi Casmuli vlaqernis wminda RvTismSoblis<br />

welzeviTi gamosaxuleba, Tavze SaravandiT. Saravandis SigniT oTxi<br />

wertilisgan Semdgari sami vardulia Casmuli. gamosaxulebis gverdebze<br />

ormwkrivad Zlier damaxinjebuli berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia Teotikos,<br />

`wminda RvTismSobeli~.<br />

zurgi – Serwymul wertilovan rkalis SigniT asomTavruliT<br />

Sesrulebulia zedwerili – `qriste, adide giorgi afxazTa da qarTvelTa<br />

mefe~. centrSi, samstriqonad: `da novelisimosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 193).<br />

mamis, bagratis, msgavsad giorgi II cxovrebis periodSi ramdenime<br />

bizantiur saimperio titulis mflobeli gaxda. pirveli am titulebs<br />

Soris kurapalatis sakariskaco tituli iyo, xolo momdevno, rogorc<br />

aRiniSna, novelisimosis maRali saimperio Rirseba. sxva titulebidan,<br />

bagratis msgavsad, giorgisac hqonda miRebuli sevastosis tituli. keisris<br />

tituls ki mama-Svils Soris mxolod giorgi flobda.<br />

117

ogorc ukve davinaxeT, novelisimosis titulis daTmobiT man<br />

kompensaciis saxiT imTaviTve miiRo sevastosis tituli, xolo cota xnis<br />

Semdeg swrafad daeufla kidev erT saimperio pativs, keisris tituls,<br />

romelic im dros yvelaze maRal saimperio titulad iTvleboda bizantiis<br />

imperiaSi. es xdeba iqamde, vidre aleqsi I komnenosma 1081 wels ar SemoiRo<br />

axali, sevastokratoris, tituli (amis Sesaxeb, ix.: momdevno Tavi). rogorc<br />

zemoT davinaxeT, daaxloebiT oTx weliwadSi giorgim sami umaRlesi<br />

saimperio tituli gamoicvala, romlebic sxvadasxva dros TviT<br />

imperatoris an misi ojaxis wevrebis oficialuri titulebs Seadgendnen.<br />

ras SeiZleba davukavSiroT giorgi II-s mier aseTi swrafi cvla bizantiuri<br />

saimperio titulebisa? es yvelaferi bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis<br />

cvlilebas ukavSirdeba, rac sagareo da saSinao faqtorebiT iyo<br />

nakarnaxevi.<br />

sagareo da saSinao faqtorebis gavlena<br />

bizantiis aRmosavlur politikaze<br />

bizantiis imperiis politikuri kursis cvlileba misi garTulebuli<br />

sagareo da saSinao politikis Sedegi iyo. Turq-selCukebis momZlavrebam<br />

bizantiis aRmosavlur politikaSi seriozuli Zvrebi gamoiwvia. 1071 wlis<br />

26 agvistos maniskertis (mancikerti) brZolaSi imperator romanoz IV<br />

diogenes marcxma sulTan alf-arslanTan brZolaSi bizantias<br />

mniSvnelovani ziani miayena (Treadgold 1997, 603‐611; Ostrogorsky 1957: 304‐305; ).<br />

maniskertis brZola iyo ara imdenad samxedro katastrofa,<br />

ramdenadac didi politikuri krizisis dasawyisi, risi niSnebic imperiaSi<br />

didi xania, rac gamokveTili iyo. (Vryonis 1971: 70‐80) krizisis gamwvavebas<br />

alf-arslanis Wkvianurma politikamac Seuwyo xeli. man tyveobidan<br />

gaaTavisufla datyvevebuli imperatori romanoz diogene da amiT imperiis<br />

SigniT areulobis inspirireba moaxdina. stepanenkos samarTliani SeniSvniT,<br />

manickertis brZola bizantiis imperiisTvis ar yofila imdenad didi<br />

katastrofa, ramdenadac 1071-1072 wlebSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omi,<br />

118

omelmac xeli Seuwyo sxva konfliqtebis warmoSobas (Степаненко 1988: 29)<br />

samoqalaqo omma da dapirispirebam bizantiis aristokratiis SigniT Sva<br />

axali konfliqtebi da gamowvevebi (Angold 1997: 116-117). amaTgan erT-erTi<br />

yvelaze mZime iyo rosel de balionis gamosvla, romelmac didi ziani<br />

miayena kabadokiis provinciebs. amas daerTo imperatoris winaaRmdeg<br />

gamosvlebi, paWanikebis Tavdasxmebi, bulgarelebis ajanyeba, aRmosavleTSi<br />

aRzevebuli didebulebis TviTnebobebi, sadac mTlianad daikarga centris<br />

kontroli (mag.: kretaSi, kviprosze, xaldiaSi, antioqiaSi, kilikiaSi da<br />

sxva) (Vryonis 1971: 106-108; Angold 1997: 307‐310). yvelafer amas Tu davumatebT<br />

Turq-selCukTa gauTavebel Tavdasxmebs (Vryonis 1971: 103‐113) naTeli gaxdeba,<br />

rom imperia krizisis mwvave fazaSi Sevida. 1071 wlisTvis bizantia jer<br />

kidev akontrolebda daaxloebiT im teritorias, romelic basil II didis<br />

dros memkvidreobiT ergo. ufro metic, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT misi<br />

sazRvrebi gazdilic iyo, samagierod samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _<br />

Semcirebulia, rac suraTs mniSvnelovnad ar cvlis. aTi wlis Semdeg, 1081<br />

wels, centralur xelisuflebas imdenad aqvs dakarguli kontroli mis<br />

aRmosavlur samflobeloebze, rom centris gavlenis miRma iyo darCenili<br />

TiTqmis yvelaferi, rac bizantiis imperias ekuTnoda aTi wlis win. Turqebi<br />

gasulebi arian rogorc xmelTaSua, aseve Sav zRvaze da egeosis zRvaze.<br />

aleqsi komnenosis imperatorad kurTxevisas bizantiis xelisufleba<br />

mxolod marmarilos zRvis sanapiro zols akontrolebda. is, rac Zveli<br />

bizantieli didebulebis mmarTvelobis qveS darCa, centraluri<br />

xelisuflebis kontrols miRma iyo darCenili, mas damoukidebeli Tu<br />

naxevrad damoukidebeli toparxebi marTavdnen (Vryonis 1971: 114; bagauri 2011:<br />

198‐214).<br />

swored saSinao da sagareo faqtorebi xdeba sababi imisa, rom meti<br />

avansi gaecaT aRmosavleTis mokavSire qveynebze. am kuTxiT gamorCeuli<br />

adgili saqarTvelos samefos ekava, romelic bizantiis mTavar mokavSired<br />

ganixileboda Turq-selCukebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. farcxisis brZolaSi<br />

119

(1075 weli) Turq-selCukTa armiis damarcxebam es azri ufro gaamyara<br />

(metreveli, samuSia 2003: 72-82).<br />

grigol bakurianis Zis saqarTveloSi Camosvlis dros, 1076 wels,<br />

qalaq banaSi grigolsa da mefe giorgis Soris daido zavi. am zavis ZaliT<br />

daviT III-is samflobeloebi giorgi II-s daumtkices, masve gadaeca bizantiis<br />

mier 1064 wels SemoerTebuli qalaqi kari, mTeli vanandis samefos CaTvliT.<br />

rogorc samarTlianad fiqroben, imave movlenasTan dakavSirebiT giorgis<br />

daumtkices keisrobac (metreveli, samuSia 2003: 83-96; dundua, dundua 2006:<br />

266).<br />

am zavis Semdeg mogvarda is teritoriuli davac, rac saqarTvelos<br />

da bizantias Soris TiTqmis mTeli XI saukunis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, bizantiis imperiis xelisufleba iZulebuli xdeba<br />

meti privilegiebi uboZos saqarTvelos mmarTvel elitas, dauTmos sadavo<br />

teritoriebi da, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyos<br />

mis Sidapolitikur stabilurobas imisTvis, rom aRmosavleTSi Rirseuli<br />

mokavSire hyavdes Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. Tumca 1080 wels<br />

saqarTveloSi e.w. `didi Turqoba~ daiwyo, rasac qveyanam Rirseuli<br />

winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. mefe iZulebuli gaxda sami wlis usargeblo<br />

brZolis Semdeg Tavi damarcxebulad ecno da xarkis gadaxda ekisra<br />

(metreveli, samuSia 2003: 97-117).<br />

niania erisTavT-erisTavi<br />

bizantiis imperatorTa ojaxis wevrebis kvaldakval saqarTvelos<br />

samefo ojaxi ar yofila erTaderTi, romlis warmomadgenlebzec gaica<br />

novelisimosis pativi. is, rogorc qvemoT vixilavT, saqarTvelos<br />

didebulze iqna gacemuli. am faqtTan garkveul kavSirSi unda iyos mefe<br />

giorgis mier novelisimosis titulis daTmoba ufro maRali, sevastosis,<br />

pativis sasargeblod. sevastosis pativis miReba logikurad 1073-1076 wlebs<br />

Soris unda ganisazRvros, magram zustad rodis?! swored am da sxva<br />

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis garkvevaSi gvexmareba niania erisTavT erisTavis<br />

120

warwera, Sesrulebuli nikorwmindis taZris CrdiloeT mklavis iatakis qvis<br />

filaze. epigrafikuli warwera Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:<br />

`[w(minda)o n(i)k(olo)z mRvdeT][m]Ta[v]a[r]o, [m]eo[x] eqmen [da mf(arve)l<br />

w(inaS)e R(mr)Tisa n(ia)n(i)as, e(risTavTa) [e](risTav)[sa da n]o(v)e[lisimoss]“<br />

(silogava 1980: 101).<br />

rogorc nikorwmindis warweridan Cans, niania novelisimosis<br />

bizantiuri sakariskaco titulis mflobelia. aRniSnuli tituli ki<br />

qarTul politikur realobaSi mxolod mefeebs eZleodaT da isic sakmaod<br />

iSviaTad. novelisimosebad, rogorc davinaxeT, iwodnen mefeebi, bagrat IV<br />

da giorgi II. amdenad, niania erisTavT erisTavis mier novelisimosis<br />

titulis miReba raRac gansakuTrebuli movleniT unda yofiliyo<br />

ganpirobebuli (baxtaZe 2003: 227-228, 233).<br />

vinaidan novelisimosis pativi jer samperatoro tituli iyo, xolo<br />

Semdeg ki mxolod imperatoris ojaxis wevrebze gaicemoda, misi<br />

mniSvneloba da statusi bizantiis imperiaSi sagulisxmo Cans. pirveli, vinc<br />

bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi aRniSnuli tituli miiRo da ar warmoadgenda<br />

imperatoris ojaxis wevrs, iyo bagrat IV saqarTvelos mefe. man, rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSneT, novelisimosoba daaxloebiT 1048 wels miiRo imperator<br />

konstantine IX monomaxisgan, xolo daTmo 1060 wels SedarebiT maRali<br />

sevastosis titulis sasargeblod. amgvarad, 1048 weli aris erTgvari<br />

terminus post quem periodi, rodesac bizantiis sazRvrebs gareT pirvelad<br />

gaCnda es tituli da isic saqarTvelos monarqze. igi, bunebrivia, imTaviTve<br />

rigiT qarTvel feodalze ar gavrceldeboda. ufro metic, rogorc zemoT<br />

gavarkvieT, 1072 wels aRniSnul pativs giorgi II bagratis Ze eufleba,<br />

romelic manamde kurapalatis xarisxSi iyo ayvanili vidre 1072 wlamde.<br />

novelisimosis titulis gacema rigiT qarTvel feodalze da isic mefis<br />

(bagrat IV an giorgi II) paralelurad naklebad sarwmunod migvaCnia. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, novelisimosoba bizantiis imperators 1072 wlis Semdeg unda<br />

gaeca, xolo rogorc zemoT moxmobili lapidaruli warweridan Cans, misi<br />

mimRebi konkretuli qarTveli feodali erisTavT erisTavi niania yofila.<br />

121

vin iyo niania erisTavT-erisTavi da ra politikuri niadagi hqonda<br />

mis mier novelisimosobis miRebas? swored am problemis ganxilvas<br />

daeTmoba Cveni kvlevis momdevno monakveTi.<br />

dasawyisSive unda aRiniSnos is, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze,<br />

bizantiis imperiis xelisufleba maRal sakariskaco titulebs gascemda<br />

mxolod warmatebul, dawinaurebul da didgvarovan politikur<br />

moRvaweebze. Tu X saukunemde maT Soris bagrationTa gvaris wevrebi<br />

sWarbobdnen, ukve XI saukunidan moyolebuli bizantiur saimperio-<br />

sakariskaco titulebis mflobelebad sxva warCinebuli gvaris<br />

warmomadgeneli qarTveli didebulebic gvxvdeba. maT Soris iyvnen<br />

baRvaSebi, kaxeTis samefo dinastiis wevrebi, bizantiaSi Tornikiosebad<br />

wodebuli Cordvanelebi da a.S. zemoT xsenebul sias unda davamatoT aseve<br />

quabulisZeebic, vinaidan, rogorc vfiqrobT, CvenTvis saintereso<br />

nikorwmindis taZris warweraSi moxseniebuli niania erisTavT-erisTavi<br />

`matiane qarTlisaÁSi~ dafiqsirebuli niania qvabulisZe unda iyos. niania<br />

qvabulisZis mier novelisimosobis miRebas myari politikuri niadagi unda<br />

hqonoda.<br />

Cveni varaudiT, msgavsi politikuri amindi Seiqmna 1073 wlis<br />

zafxulSi, rodesac samma Zlierma feodalma, ivane liparitis Ze baRvaSma,<br />

vardan svaneTis erisTavma da niania quabulisZem, mefe giorgi II-s `auSales<br />

qveyanaÁ“, amaTgan swored niania quabulisZem SeZlo da samefos dedaqalaqi<br />

quTaisi daikava garkveuli xniT. qveynis politikur centrTan erTad,<br />

nianias samefo qonebac Cauarda xelSi (metreveli 2008: 297). es iyo<br />

seriozuli politikuri movlena, udidesi warmateba, rac feodalebma<br />

miaRwies mefis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, amgvari ram baRvaSebmac ki ver<br />

moaxerxes samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolis ramdenime aTwleulis<br />

ganmavlobaSi.<br />

konfliqtis daregulirebas mefis damTmobma politikam Seuwyo xeli.<br />

giorgis brZanebiT ivane baRvaSma lorwobanis cixe miiRo, misma mokavSire<br />

kaxeTis mefe aRsarTanma _ qalaqi rusTavi, vardanma _ asalanas cixe, xolo<br />

niania quabulisZem ki Tmogvis cixe `da sxvani saqonelni rCeulni~.<br />

122

(metreveli 2008: 297) sainteresoa, ras gulisxmobs mematiane am bolo<br />

frazaSi? yvelaze sagulisxmo Cans, Tu masSi garkveul materialur<br />

sargebelsa da mamuls vigulisxmebT, risi gacemac mefis prerogativa iyo.<br />

istorikosi ar akonkretebs, Tu ra miwebze da qonebazea aq saubari, magram<br />

is, rom ajanyebulebis meTaurTagan `saqonelni rCeulni~ swored nianiam<br />

miiRo, amis xazgasma mas ar daviwyebia. niania quabulisZe sxva gadamdgari<br />

feodalebisgan garkveuli niSniT gamoarCies da meti pativi uboZes. amis<br />

erT-erTi mizezi quTaisis dakaveba unda yofiliyo, xolo sxva mizezi<br />

momavalSi misi loialobis uzrunvelyofa da mokavSire feodalTa Soris<br />

ganxeTqilebis Camogdeba. marTlac, mogvianebiT ajanyebulTa erT-erTi<br />

moTave da albaT mTavari iniciatori – ivane baRvaSi kvlav gandga, amjerad<br />

Zveli mokavSireebis gareSe. ivane advilad daamarcxes, mefis politikam<br />

triumfi ganicada (metreveli 2008: 297).<br />

bizantiis roli 1073 wlis zafxulis SidakonfliqtSi<br />

aratradiciuli midgomiT unda yofiliyo gamorCeuli. Tu adre bizantiis<br />

xelisufleba yvelanairad umagrebda zurgs saqarTvelos mefis<br />

mowinaaRmdege feodalebs, amjerad mas konfliqtis daregulirebisTvis<br />

unda Seewyo xeli. amas, erTi mxriv, bizantiis dedoflis roli<br />

ganapirobebda. marTa bagrationi giorgi II-is RviZli da gaxldaT, romelic,<br />

rogorc istoriografiaSia SeniSnuli, mZlavrad lobirebda saqarTvelos<br />

samefo kars konstantinopolSi (nodia 1978). amasTan, bizantiis<br />

xelisufleba, romelic mZime brZolebs awarmoebda Turq-selCukebTan, ar<br />

iyo dainteresebuli misi potenciuri mokavSiris, saqarTvelos samefos,<br />

dasustebiT. amdenad, vfiqrobT, rom giorgi mefesa da amboxebuli<br />

feodalebs Soris dazavebis Sedegad bizantiis imperatorma ajanyebis erT-<br />

erT moTaves da liders, niania qvabulisZes novelisimosis tituli uboZa.<br />

`matiane qarTlisaÁs~ anonimis cnoba, nianias mier `da sxvani saqonelni<br />

rCeulnis~ miRebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba am kuTxiTac gavigoT. SesaZloa,<br />

bizantiis imperiis xelisuflebis an sulac giorgi mefis iniciativiT<br />

konfliqtis daregulirebis mizniT imperatorma niania quabulisZes,<br />

123

novelisimosoba gadasca, xolo mefe giorgis, romelic im droisTvis<br />

flobda zemoxsenebul pativs, ufro maRali, sevastosis tituli mianiWes.<br />

amdenad, Cveni frTxili varaudiT, mefe giorgim sevastosoba 1073<br />

wels miiRo. imave wels novelisimosi gaxda am droisTvis friad<br />

aRzevebuli feodali – niania qvabulisZe. giorgis mier keisris titulis<br />

miRebas Tu 1076 wliT ganvsazRvravT, gamodis, rom giorgi II-s sevastosis<br />

tituli 1073-1076 wlebSi utarebia.<br />

novelisimosis privilegiebis, finansuri mxaris, funqciis da<br />

raobis Sesaxeb<br />

novelisimosis tituli IV-XI saukuneebis bizantiis imperiaSi erT-<br />

erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli tituli iyo. misi mflobelebi konstantine didis<br />

dros gasakuTrebul privilegiebs euflebian da imperatorTan erTad<br />

imperiis marTvaSi iReben monawileobas. novelisimati, romelSic am<br />

titulis mflobelebi erTiandeboden imperiis mmarTvelobaSi<br />

Tanamonawiled gvevlineba. Tumca gansxvavebiT imperator diokletianes<br />

reformebisgan novelisimatis wevrebs ar miecaT ufleba, gamxdariyvnen<br />

avgustusebi (sevastosi) da keisrebi (kesari), aramed sjerdebodnen<br />

imperatoris qveSevdomobas.<br />

diokletianes tetrarxia sxva mxrivac gansxvavdeboda novelisimatis<br />

sistemisgan Tu tetrarxiis pirobebSi imperia or nawilad iyo gayofili<br />

(xolo TiToeuli maTgani, aseve orad iyofoda), novelisimatis pirobebSi<br />

imperatoris Zalaufleba mTels imperiaze vrceldeboda. novelisimosebs<br />

pirobiTad hqondaT Cabarebuli garkveuli samflobeloebi, Tumca realurad<br />

isini konstantinopolSi (axali romi) imyofebodnen da imperators<br />

exmarebodnen qveynis marTvaSi. erT-erTi maTgani, konstantines siZe, da<br />

amasTan ZmiSvili – flavius hanibalianusi `mefeT mefed da pontos xalxis~<br />

mmarTvelad iqna dadgenili (Dundua 2007: 1‐8), fiqroben, rom konstantine<br />

didi mas sparseTis taxtze upirebda dasmas. hanibalianusis saxeliT moiWra<br />

124

monetebic. pontosTan erTad mas romaelTa mflobelobaSi myofi lazikis<br />

teritoriis mmarTvelobac evaleboda (Dundua 2007).<br />

amdenad, novelisimosis funqcia Tavidanve sakmaod maRali iyo da<br />

imperatoris TanaSemweobas gulisxmobda saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. mas<br />

pretorianelTa prefeqtzec meti ufleba hqonda (Ridley 1982: II, 39, 2).<br />

konstantine didis mier damkvidrebuli tradicia SenarCunda da mogvianebiT<br />

mxolod imperatoris ojaxis wevrebi iwodebodnen novelisimosebad. isini<br />

SeiZleba yofiliyvnen imperatoris Zmebi, Svilebi, biZaSvilebi an<br />

imperatoris taxtis memkvidreebi. maT yvelas imperiis mmarTvelobaSi<br />

monawileoba evalebodaT. ase grZeldeboda XI saukunis Sua wlebamde,<br />

rodesac imperator mixael V kalafatis biZa, konstantine, gaxda erT-erTi<br />

ukanaskneli, seriozuli gavlenis mqone novelisimosi bizantiis imperiaSi.<br />

konstantines daRupvis Semdeg (1042 weli) novelsimosis tituli miiRo<br />

saqarTvelos mefe bagrat IV-m, es movlena daaxloebiT 1048 wels moxda. es<br />

aris, pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac novelisimosoba imperatoris ojaxis<br />

gareT gadaeca araromaels, da amasTan ucxo qveynis mmarTvels. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom imperiis mesveurebi gascemdnen novelisimosis titulze<br />

SedarebiT maRal, keisris tituls, ucxo qveynis mmarTvelebze (magaliTad,<br />

bulgareTis mefeebze) saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, es iyo pirveli SemTxveva,<br />

rodesac saimperatoro ojaxis kuTvnili tituli saqarTvelos mefes<br />

gadaeca. bunebrivia, bagratis novelisimosoba ar gulisxmobda mis<br />

imperatoris statusSi amaRlebas, arc masTan gaTanabrebas. es faqti, erTi<br />

mxriv, didi dafasebis, xolo sxva mxriv ki, bizantiis imperiaSi yvelaze<br />

sapatio poziciis dakavebis maniSnebelia.<br />

konstantine IX monomaxis (1042-1055 ww.) dros bagrat IV-is garda,<br />

novelisimosis rangis sapatio saimperio tituli mTels bizantiis<br />

TanamegobrobaSi aravis ekava, mxolod, imperator mixael VI vringas (1056-<br />

1057 ww.) dros SesTavazes, momaval imperators, isak komnenoss daekavebina<br />

keisroba. Tumca, male isaki komnenosi Tavad gaxda bizantiis imperatori.<br />

125

novelisomisis tituli daemcro, rogorc Cans mas mere, rac bagrat<br />

IV-m axali, sevastosis tituli miiRo, ukve momdevno imperatoris<br />

konstantine X dukas O(1059-1067 ww.) dros, 1060 wels. amas adasturebs is<br />

faqti, rom swored konstantine X dukas periodidan iwyeba misi gacema<br />

bizantiel aristokratebze.<br />

novelisimosis titulis mqone aristokratebis ricxvi imdenad<br />

gaizarda, rom amave titulze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna axali –<br />

protonovelisimosis _ tituli, rac novelisimosTa Soris upirveless<br />

niSnavs.<br />

amdenad, novelisimosebis momravlebasTan erTad Cndeba maT Soris<br />

rangiT maRali tituli, romelic imave titulis bazaze iqmneba.<br />

Tavdapirvelad protonovelisimosis titulis mqone pirovneba erTi unda<br />

yofiliyo. bunebrivia, misi pozicia bizantiis imperiaSi sakmaod maRali<br />

gaxldaT. miuxedavad, novelisimosTa Soris garkveuli ierarqiis<br />

SemoRebisa, es tituli rCeboda umaRlesi rangis saimperio titulad<br />

bizantiis imperiaSi.<br />

tatul bakuriani da aspiet bakuriani<br />

protonovelisimosis tituli bizantiis imperiaSi XI saukunis meore<br />

naxevarSi Cndeba. kidev ufro viwro qronologiuri TariRi 1060 wlis<br />

momdevno xanebia, rodesac imperiis taxtze konstantine X duka damkvidrda<br />

(1059 wlis dekemberi) da saqarTvelos mefe bagrat IV-m novelisimosze ufro<br />

upiratesi _ sevastosis _ tituli miiRo.<br />

amrigad, novelisimosoba ufro farTod gaicemoda. im pirebs Soris,<br />

romlebmac am epoqaSi novelisimosis tituli miiRes iyvnen komnenosTa<br />

aristokratuli ojaxis wevrebi, kerZod, Zmebi isak da aleqsi komnenosebi.<br />

amaTagan umcrosma Zmam, aleqsi komnenosma (momavali bizantiis imperatori)<br />

es tituli 1078 wels nikifore vrienosis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg miiRo,<br />

xolo imave wels basilakesis ajanyebis CaxSobis Sedeg _ sevastosis<br />

tituli.<br />

126

novelisimosis tituli 1074 wels gadaeca robert giskards,<br />

normandiel mTavars, romelic apuliisa da kalabriis hercogi iyo da<br />

damoukideblad mmarTvelobda samxreT italiaSi (ODB 3 1991: 1490). msgavsi<br />

precendentebi XI saukunis miwuruls sakmaod momravlda. aleqsi komnenosis<br />

mier ganxorcielebulma saimperio titulaturis reformam ki ukve axali<br />

titulebi gaaCina. maT Soris unda yofiliyo protonovelisimosis, anu<br />

novelisimosTa Soris upirvelesis.<br />

aristokratTa Soris erT-erTi pirveli, vinc aRniSnuli tituliT<br />

fiqsirdeba, aris bakurianTa gvaris cnobili warmomadgeneli tatul<br />

bakuriani, grigil bakurianis Zis naTesavi. cnobilia misi beWedi, romelzec<br />

is protonovelisimosad da arxontTa arxonad iwodeba (Степаненко,<br />

Шандровская 2005: 178). es ukanaskneli, rac qarTuli erisTavT-erisTavisa da<br />

somxuri iSxanT-iSxanis bizantiuri Sesatyvisia.<br />

tatul bakurianisa da grigol bakurianis Zis garda, sxvadasxva<br />

wyaroebiT cnobilia XI-XII saukuneebSi moRvawe sxva bakurianebic, maT<br />

Soris: grigol bakurianis Zis Zma, abas magistrosi bakurianis Ze,<br />

proedrosi musel (muSel) bakuriani, kurapalati aspiet bakuriani, romelic<br />

mogvianebiT iRebs protonovelisimosis tituls.<br />

tatul bakuriani XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe cnobili<br />

politikuri figura iyo. is ixsenieba rogorc ana komnenasTan, romelic mas<br />

gamoCenil somex sardlad moixseniebs, anu zustad imave eTnikuri nomeniT,<br />

romliTac grigol bakurianis Zes (Dawes 1928: II, 4, 51). is, rom es mosazreba<br />

mcdaria, savsebiT marTebulad aris garkveuli (Tumca dasavleTisa da<br />

ruseTis bizantinologTa garkveul wreebSi dRemde myarad iTvlebian<br />

bakurianebi somxur an somxur-qalkedonuri warmomavlobisa da eTnikurobis<br />

mqone istoriul pirebad).<br />

aspieti, ana komnenas `aleqsiadaSi~, aseve somxuri warmoSobis<br />

didebulad iwodeba (Dawes 1928: XII, 2, gv. 302-303). ukve rig sabeWdavebze<br />

iwodeba, rogorc kurapalati, aseve protonovelisimosi. (Степаненко,<br />

Шандровская 2005: 173-174). imave beWdebze miTiTebulia misi gvari – bakuriani,<br />

127

ac pirdapir miuTiTebs mis qarTvelur warmoSobasa da grigol bakurianis<br />

ZesTan naTesaur kavSirze. aspeti dawinaurebuli iyo imperator aleqsi I<br />

komnenosis (1081-1118 ww.) karze. msgavsad aspetisa protonovelisimosad<br />

iwodeba tatul bakurianic. sfragistikis nimuSebis mixedviT is<br />

protonovelisimosi da arxntTa arxonia. protonovelisimosis tituli, mas<br />

iseve rogorc aspets, aleqsis reformebis Semdeg unda mieRo, rogorc<br />

stepanenko da Sandulovskaia aRniSnaven, XI s. 80-iani wlebis bolosken<br />

(Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 174). Tumca rogorc Cven sevastosis titulis<br />

Sesaxeb qvemoT saubrisas davinaxavT reforma aleqsim mmarTvelobis<br />

dasawyisSive gaatara. amdenad, es protonovelisimosis titulis gaCenac 1081<br />

wlidan aris savaraudebeli da ara SedarebiT gviani periodidan.<br />

mniSvnelovania isic, rom tatul da aspiet bakurianebis moRvaweobis<br />

periodi emTxveva erTmaneTs da Tavsdeba XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze. es ki<br />

imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini bakurianis ZeTa mesame Taobis warmomadgenlebi<br />

unda iyvnen, am SemTxvevaSi pirveli Taoba Tavad bakuriani da misi<br />

Tanamoasakeebia, xolo meore Taoba bakurianis Svilebi: grigoli da abaz<br />

bakurianebi.<br />

tatul bakurianis axlo naTesaur kavSirs grigil da abaz<br />

bakurianebTan isic uCvenebs, rom misi erT-erTi beWedi swored petriwonis<br />

(baCkovo) monastris teritoriaze aRmoCnda (Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 179).<br />

es ki pirdapiri sabuTia imis samtkiceblad, rom tatuli erT-erTi Zmis vaJi<br />

gaxdaT. rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, tatul bakuriani bizantiis imperatoris<br />

mier iyo daniSnuli maraSis mmarTvelad, savaraudod, rogorc Temis duqsi<br />

an strategosi. maraSis meTauroba tatulis xelSia mxolod mcire periodis<br />

ganmavlobaSi 1099-1104 wlebSi. mogvianebiT is iZulebuli xdeba qalaqi<br />

dauTmos Joselins, edesis momaval grafsa da jvarosanTa gamoCenil<br />

winamZRols.<br />

tatulis saimperio titulebs rac Seexeba, petriwonis teritoriaze<br />

aRmoCenil beWedze is novelisimosad aris moxseniebuli. Tumca ratomRac<br />

warweraSi gamomcemlebi tituls aRadgenen, rogorc `noelisimoss~<br />

128

(Jordanov... 2005: 118-119; Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 179), rasac TviT warweris<br />

wakiTxva ar eTanxmeba. sxva saqmea rom igive tatuli iwodeba<br />

protonovelisimosad ukve sxva beWdebze, romelic zakosis koleqciaSi iyo<br />

daculi, xolo mas mere, rac isini londonis auqcionze gayides maT sxva<br />

mflobeli gamouCnda. erT-erT aseT beWedze, ukve garkveviT weria misi<br />

tituli _ protonovelisimosi.<br />

amgvarad, tatulma jer novelisimosis tituli miiRo, xolo<br />

mogvianebiT ki protonovelisimosis da erT-erTi pirveli gaxda, vinc mas<br />

atarebda bizantiis imperiaSi. stepanenkosa da Sadrovskaias azriT, tatul<br />

bakurianma novelisimosis tituli miiRo 1104 wlis Semdeg, rodesac<br />

dabrunda mcire aziidan konstantinopolSi. maTi azriT, swored amis Semdeg<br />

iRebs monawileobas maTive gvaris mier daarsebul petriwonis monastris<br />

mmarTvelobaSi.<br />

Cvenis mxriv unda davZinoT, rom wyaroebSi ar Cans, Tu rodis iwyebs<br />

tatul bakuriani petriwonis monasterze zrunvas – mcire aziaSi samsaxuris<br />

dros Tu iqidan wamosvlis Semdeg. vfiqrobT, rom misi gvarisa da<br />

warmoSobis gaTvaliswinebiT is arc arasodes mowyvetila petriwons da mis<br />

SemogarenSi mdebare bakurianis Zeebis kuTvnil mamulebs.<br />

amdenad, stepanenkosa da Sandrovskaias aRniSnuli mosazreba,<br />

mxolod hipoTezaa da amasTan naklebad gasaziarebeli. zustad iseve,<br />

rogorc amave avtorebis mier gamoTqmuli SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom<br />

bakurianebs XII saukunisTvis TiTqos jer ar hqondaT daviwyebuli maTi<br />

somxuri warmomavloba (Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 189). 6 aq rusi avtorebi<br />

gulisxmoben arSakidobas, sparsuli warmoSobis gvars, romlis wevrebic<br />

gamefdnen somxeTSi da iwodenen arSakunianebad. ana komnenosi erT-erT<br />

bakurians, kerZod, aspiets pirdapir asaxelebs arSakidTa Camomavlad, ana<br />

wers:<br />

6 rusi avtorebi SeniSnaven: “вероятные претензии Пакурианов на происхождение от Аршакидов<br />

свидетельствуют об еще не забытом армянском происхождении рода” (Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 189).<br />

129

`misi brwyinvale warmoSoba da misi saxelis dideba mniSvnelovnad<br />

uwyobda xels aspiets (bakurians, beWdebis mixeviT – l. T.) mieRo es<br />

Tanamdeboba. rameTu mas ekava yvelaze maRali Tanamdeboba arSakidTa Soris<br />

da iyo igi Sobili samefo sisxliT. da am mizezis gamo daniSna is mamaCemma<br />

(aleqsi I komnenosi – l. T.) yoveli aRmosavleTis stratopedarxad da<br />

miuboZa mas Zalian maRali pativebi (saubaria saimperio titulebze<br />

dakonkretebis gareSe – l. T.), gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac daamtkica<br />

Tavisi simamace~. (Dawes 1928: XII, 2, gv. 304).<br />

aRniSnul wyaroSi Cans, rom ana komnenosis informacia aspiet<br />

bakurianis arSakidobis Sesaxeb gvarSi arsebul tradicias unda<br />

ukavSirdebodes, romelsac aspietis saxliSvilebi amayad usvamen xazs.<br />

bakurianebis mier arSakidobis wina planze wamoweva ki sxva araferia, Tu<br />

ara erTi konkretuli gvaris mier sakuTari warmoSobis gandideba. msgavsi<br />

magaliTebi feodaluri qveynebis warCinebuli gvariSvilebis sayovelTaod<br />

gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo, riTic isini sakuTari mflobelobis da<br />

poziciis legitimacias axdendnen. bakurianebis arSakidoba SesaZloa<br />

ganpirobebuli yofiliyo an romelime somxuri arSakiduli warmoSobis<br />

gvarTan naTesauri urTierTibiT, anda kidev ubralo gadmocemiT, romelsac<br />

aranairi istoriuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia.<br />

rogorc ar unda iyos, aspietica da misi gvaris wevrebic<br />

arSakidobas iCemebdnen ara maTi somxuri warmomavlobis aRsaniSnavad,<br />

rogorc amas arasworad miuTiTeben rusi avtorebi, aramed maTive gvaris<br />

sparseTis samefo dinastiasTan dasakavSireblad. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />

iranis politikuri SesaZleblobebi da pretenziebi gacilebiT farTo iyo,<br />

vidre romelime kavkasiuri samefo-samTavros miswrafebebi. amdenad,<br />

iranuli, arSakiduli warmoSoba bakurianebs maTive gamorCevia mizniT<br />

sWirdebodaT.<br />

bakurianTa gvaris wevrebisTvis arSakidoba maTi erTgvari savizito<br />

baraTia, rogorc samefos warmomavlobaze pretenziis mqone gvarisa raTa<br />

sakuTari adgili daemkvidrebina bizantiis aristokratiaSi, xolo maTi<br />

eTnikuri kuTvnileba maTive moRvaweobidan da idenTifikaciidan<br />

130

gamomdinare aSkarad qarTulia. TviT somexi mematiane, maTe urhaeci<br />

grigols bakurianis Zes qarTvel mTavrad moixseniebs (Matthew of Edessa 1993:<br />

103). es sruliad sakmarisia imisTvis, rom misi qarTuli warmoSobis<br />

sinamdvile vamtkicoT, rom araferi vTqvaT grigolis TviTidentifikaciaze.<br />

swored am gvaris wevrebia aspiet bakuriani da tatul bakuriani.<br />

aspieti, rogorc ana komnena aRniSnavs, imperatorisgan maRali<br />

TanamdebobebiT da titulebiT yofila ganebivrebuli, rac yoveli<br />

aRmosavleTis stratopedarxis Tanamdebobis miniWebiT gamoxata. maRal<br />

saimperio pativebSi, romelSic aspieti aRzevda, kurapalatoba da<br />

protonovelisimosoba unda igulisxmebodes.<br />

tatul bakuriani, Tu sfragistikis nimuSebs gavadevnebT Tvals, jer<br />

novelisimosia da mxolod Semdeg protonovelisimosi. xolo misive<br />

beWdebze am ukanaskneli titulis aRdgenis mcdeloba, vfiqrobT, rom ar<br />

unda iyos marTebuli. mas SeeZlo jer erTi, xolo Semdeg ki meore tituli<br />

mieRo, misive damsaxurebisa da maRali warmomavlobis Sesabamisad.<br />

amrigad, saqarTveloSi moRvawe maRali rangis politikuri pirebis<br />

garda, saxezea kidev ori amjerad saqarTvelos farglebs gareT moRvawe<br />

qarTveli didebuli, romelebic aseve atarebdnen protonovelisimosisa da<br />

novelisimosis maRal bizantiur saimperio titulebs. bizantiuri<br />

titulebis miRebis intensivobisa da xarisxis mixedviT Tamamad SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom bakurianTa gvari erT-erTi yvelaze dawinaurebuli<br />

aristokratuli gvari iyo XI-XII saukuneebis aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi.<br />

131

Tavi IV<br />

sevastosis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi<br />

bizantiaSi erT-erTi saimperatoro tituli sevastosi (Σεβαστός) iyo.<br />

sevastosi warmoadgenda laTinuri avgustusis berZnul Sesatyviss.<br />

aRniSnuli tituli, mogvianebiT sakariskaco tituli gadaiqca, Sesabamisad<br />

misi politikuri wona daeca. aRniSnul statiaSi Cven swored titul<br />

sevastosis damkvidrebis, funqciisa da qronologiis sakiTxebs SevexebiT<br />

Sua saukuneebis qarTul politikur realobaSi. 7<br />

sevastosi avgustusis berZnuli Sesatyvisi gaxldaT. berZnulad is<br />

gabrwyinebuls, aRzevebuls niSnavs da I-II ss. berZnulenovan teqstebSi<br />

laTinur termin avgustuss aRniSnavda (ODB 3 1991: 1862).<br />

sevaste<br />

qali, romelic aRniSnuli pativiT sargeblobda, sevasted (Σεβαστή)<br />

iwodeboda. maT Soris iyvnen imperatoris meuRleebi da isinic, vinc<br />

imperatoris oficialuri colebi ar iyvnen, magram pativiT TiTqmis<br />

gaTanabrebulebi iyvnen dedofalTan. aseTi qali iTvleboda monarqis de facto<br />

7 aRniSnuli problemis damuSaveba samagistro naSromis farglebSi Cven jer kidev 2005<br />

wels Tsu-s prof. Tedo dunduam SemogvTavaza, romelmac erT-erTma pirvelma dasva<br />

sakiTxi, sevastosis titulis funqciuri raobis Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebis qarTul politikur<br />

realobaSi. T. dunduam es problema wamoWra 1999 wels, aTenSi mimdinare<br />

konferenciaze – `xmelTaSuazRvispireTi da kavkasia~, amJamad ukve gansvenebul mkvlevarTan<br />

nikolas oikonomidisTan. gamoiTqva eWvi imis Sesaxeb, rom tituli sevastosi saqarTveloSi<br />

damkvidrebis dros (1060 wels) mefe bagrat IV-s SeiZleboda mieRo ara rogorc sakariskaco<br />

tituli, aramed rogorc sapatio saimperatori tituli. nikolas oikonomidisis Sromebidan<br />

bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi naSromebi: N. Oikonomides. Les<br />

listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècle. Paris, 1972; misive. L’évolution de l’organisation administrative de<br />

l’empire byzantin au XI e siècle (1025-1118). Travaux et Mémoires. 6. 1976, gv. 125-152; ix. aseve elisavet zaxariadus<br />

redaqciiT gamosuli misi statiebis ramdenime krebuli, maT Soris: N. Oikonomides.<br />

Social and Economic Life in Byzantium. Ed. by E. Zachariadou. Aldershot. 2004; N. Oikonomides. Society, Culture and<br />

Politics in Byzantium. Ed. by E. Zachariadou. Aldershot. 2005. qarTuli masalebidan XI-XII saukuneebis<br />

saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi Sromebi: j.<br />

stefnaZe. XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTvelos mefeTa titulebis gagebisaTvis. Zski. Tb. 1976, gv.<br />

156-165; d. musxeliSvili. daviT aRmaSeneblis aRmosavluri titulatura. daviT<br />

aRmaSenebeli – statiebis krebuli. Tb. 1990, gv. 66-83.<br />

132

colad da atarebda sevastes tituls. 8<br />

pirveli maT Soris, vinc oficialurad ar iyo bizantiis dedofali,<br />

magram sevastes tituli mieniWa, gaxldaT, imperator romanoz III argirosis<br />

(1028-1034 ww.) yofili meuRle elena (Garland 2002: 137). elenam didi samsaxuri<br />

gauwia Tavis meuRles. igi qmars gaeyara da monasterSi aRikveca monazvnad<br />

imisTvis, rom meuRle gadaerCina pativis ayrisa da dabrmavebisgan. 9<br />

madlierma romanozma, romelsac arasdros hyvarebia ZaliT Tavsmoxveuli<br />

axali meuRle – dedofali zoia, yofili kanonieri coli, elena,<br />

gardacvalebisas didi pativiT dakrZala da saimperatoro – sevastes _<br />

RirsebiT Seamko (Sola 1916: 149-153).<br />

sevasted iwodeboda bizantiis imperator konstantine IX monomaxis<br />

(1042-1055 ww.) sayvareli maria sklerina, 10 romelic imperatoris<br />

mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi misi de facto colis funqcias asrulebda.<br />

dedofali zoias TanxmobiT marias neba darTes ecxovra dedaqalaqSi da<br />

imperatoris karze didi privilegiiT esargebla (Treadgold 1997: 591-592). 11<br />

maria sklerina 1044 (an 1045) wels gardaicvala (Angold 1997: 68; Oikonomides<br />

1980/1: 240). is iyo meore maT Soris, vinc aRniSnuli tituli miiRo miuxe-<br />

davad imisa, rom oficialurad bizantiis dedoflad ar iwodeboda.<br />

mesame qalbatoni, vinc aseve iwodeboda sevasted oficialur miRebebsa<br />

da ceremoniebze, gaxldaT konstantine monomaxis rigiT meore oficialuri<br />

sayvareli, romelsac mixael fselosi axalgazrda alan gogonad<br />

moixseniebs. qalwuli imperatoris karze mZevlad iyo moyvanili alaniidan.<br />

mixael fselosi wers:<br />

8 aRniSnuli titulis Sesaxeb ixileT Semdegi naSromebi: N. Oikonomides. St. George of Mangana,<br />

Maria Skleraina, and the “Malyj Sion” of Novgorod. DOP. Vol. 34/35. 1980/1981, gv. 239-241; L. Stiernon. Notes de<br />

titulature et de prosopographie byzantines: sébaste et gambros. REB 23. 1965, gv. 222-242.<br />

9 es iyo momakvdavi imperatoris, konstantine VIII-s, brZaneba gayroda meuRles da colad<br />

misi qaliSvili moeyvana. mxolod amis Semdeg iqneboda romanozi uzrunvelyofili<br />

imperatoris tituliT. sxva SemTxvevaSi romanozs mZime sasjeli eloda.<br />

10 ODB. Vol. 3, gv. 1862; nikolas oikonomidisis msjelobiT, es tituli sagangebod Seiqmna<br />

konstantine IX monomaxis mier 1042 wlis axlo xanebSi misi sayvarlisTvis – maria<br />

sklerinasTvis, rac, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, ar aris marTebuli. ix.: N. Oikonomides. St.<br />

George of Mangana, Maria Skleraina, and the “Malyj Sion” of Novgorod, gv. 240.<br />

11 W. Treadgold. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. 1997, gv. 591-592.<br />

133

`gogona iyo qaliSvili iqauri (alaniis – l.T.) xelmwifisa<br />

(βασιλεύοντοντος). is ar iyo gansakuTrebuli silamaziT gamorCeuli da cota<br />

mTxovneli eZiebda mis xels qorwilisaTvis. mxolod ori atributi gaaCnda,<br />

rac aZlevda mas gansakuTrebul Sarms – misi kanis siTeTre da misi Zalian<br />

mSvenieri Tvalebis brwyinvaleba. Tumca mas mere, rac imperatori erTxel<br />

moeqca misi gavlenis qveS, miagdo yvela danarCeni misi sayvarlebi. is cxov-<br />

robda mxolod am gogosTan da mas uZRvnida mis umZafres ltolvas~ (Sewter<br />

1953: VI 151).<br />

mixael fselosi aqve dasZens, rom alanTa samefo ar iyo raimeTi<br />

gamorCeuli. mas ar gaaCnda raime saxis prestiJi saerTaSoriso arenaze,<br />

samagierod, regularulad agzavnida mZevlebs da amiT gamoxatavda<br />

loialobas bizantiis imperiisadmio. fselosi amiT xazs usvams im faqts,<br />

rom imperator konstantines ar hqonia raime politikuri daintereseba im<br />

intimuri urTierTobidan, romelic mas akavSirebda alan princesasTan. amis<br />

Semdeg is wers, rom gogo iyo qaliSvili iqauri xelmwifisa (Sewter 1953: VI<br />

151).<br />

imperatorisa da alani qalwulis urTierTobaze bevri araferia<br />

cnobili, maTi urTierToba konstantine IX-s gardacvalebamde – 1055 wlis<br />

ianvramde gagrZelda (Sewter 1953: VI 155). urTierTobis dasawyisis Sesaxeb<br />

mxolod is viciT, rom dedofal zoias sicocxleSi konstantine<br />

saidumlod inaxavda am informacias, xolo meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

(1050 wlis ivnisi) is Riad iwyebs sayvarelTan urTierTobas da axlad<br />

mowyobil saimperatoro mosasvenebelSi gadahyavs es ukanaskneli, TiTqos is<br />

marTlac misi coli yofiliyo (Sewter 1953: VI 152). mixael fselosis<br />

SeniSvniT, ori ZiriTadi mizezi arsebobda, ramac realurad xeli SeuSala<br />

imperators colad moeyvana misi sayvareli. erTi is, rom eklesia ar<br />

darTavda mas uflebas meoTxed moeyvana coli, xolo sxva mxriv jer kidev<br />

avgustad wodebuli dedofali Teodora winaaRmdegi iyo amgvari garigebis<br />

(Sewter 1953: VI 152-153). 12 miuxedavad amisa, konstantinem, fselosis ganc-<br />

12 Michael Psellus. Chronographia, VI, 152-153.<br />

134

xadebiT, yvela saimperio pativiT Seamko Tavisi satrfo, masve miuCines<br />

saimperio dacva. imave alani qalbatonis sapatiod, mis samSobloSi<br />

igzavneboda uzarmazari qoneba, oqrouloba da Zvirfasi nivTebi. yvelaferi<br />

es, mixael fselosis TqmiT, Zalian Zvirad ujdeboda imperias:<br />

`konstantinem neba darTo mas gaeziarebina masTan erTad misi<br />

(saimperatoro – l. T.) tituli da uwoda mas sevaste (σεβαστή – laT.<br />

augusta)… pirvelad istoriaSi alaniis miwa aRivso Zvirfasi nivTebiT,<br />

romlebic modioda Cveni romidan (igulisxmeba bizantia – l. T.)… es<br />

mamwuxrebda me, radgan vxedavdi yvela Cvens simdidres, romelic amgvarad<br />

iqna ganiavebuli da me saSineli tkiviliT var Sepyrobili dRes amaze<br />

fiqriT, rameTu aravin adidebs romaelebs an uyvars misi qveyana imaze<br />

metad, vidre me. me jer kidev mrcxvenia Cemi batonisa da imperatoris gamo.<br />

gogos mamisgan alaniidan weliwadSi orjer da samjer igzavneboda elCoba<br />

am avgusta (sevaste – l. T.) gogosTan da konstantine waradgenda mas<br />

maTTvis (rogorc gamofenas scenaze), gamoacxadebda, rom is iyo misi<br />

meuRle da imperatrica (dedofali – l. T.) da, faqtobrivad, mas yvela am<br />

pativiT moixseniebda. is Tavadac gadascemda maT (elCebs – l. T.) garkveul<br />

saCuqrebs da mis mSvenier `cols~ aZlevda imis uflebas, gadaeca maTTvis -<br />

ZRveni~ (Sewter 1953: VI 153-154).<br />

konstantine IX monomaxis sayvarlis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia<br />

CvenTvis ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT aris saintereso:<br />

1) gviCvenebs sevastes titulis raobas, mis gardaqmnasa da funqciis<br />

cvalebadobas bizantiis politikur cxorebaSi.<br />

2) aRniSnuli pirdapir ukavSirdeba kavkasias da qarTul politikur<br />

realobas. amasTan, arsebobs seriozuli eWvi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom<br />

alaniaSi unda igulisxmebodes, ara uSualod alan-oseTis samefo, aramed<br />

saqarTvelo (Garland 2002: 165; Garland, Rapp 2006: 98; Toumanoff 1990: 135). 13<br />

13 l. garlandisa da k. Tumanovis msgavsi azri sxva istorikosebsac gaaCniaT. aseTi eWvis<br />

sababi bizantiuri wyaroebis bundovani informaciebidan gamomdinareobs. aRniSnuli ZiriTadad<br />

exmaureba im cnobebs, romelic kavkasias Seexeba, rasac XI-XII ss-is bizantieli avtorebi<br />

maincdamainc kargad ar icnoben. amasTan, bizantieli avtorebi abazgebs, iberebs da<br />

alanebs erTi warmoSobis xalxad warmoadgenen. amdenad, maTi erTmaneTSi areva ar unda<br />

135

kiril Tumanovis azriT, `alan~ princesaSi unda igulisxmebodes<br />

saqarTvelos samefo ojaxis wevri, bagrat IV-is naxevar-Zmis ufliswul<br />

demetres asuli irine, romelic mogvianebiT isak komnenosis (imperator<br />

aleqsi I-is ufrosi Zma) meuRle gaxda (Toumanoff 1990: 135). Tumanovis<br />

mosazreba samarTlianad ar gaiziares linda garlandma da stiven rapma.<br />

maTi azriT, irine, romelmac Svidi Svili gaaCina isak komnenosisgan,<br />

romelTa Soris erT-erTi 1096 wels daibada, asakis gaTvaliswinebiT ver<br />

iqneboda imperator konstantine IX-is sayvareli (Garland, Rapp 2006: 103).<br />

konstantines sayvareli, 1050 wlisTvis sakmaod zdasruli unda yofiliyo<br />

imisTvis, rom imperatoris srulfasovani partniori gamxdariyo. es faqti<br />

gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom oTxi aTeuli wlis Semdeg mas Svili<br />

gaeCina. ufro metic, irine unda iyos ara marTas biZaSvili mamis mxridan<br />

(ufliswul demetres asuli, rogorc amas kiril Tumanovi wers) an misi<br />

RviZli da, rogorc ana komnenas `aleqsiadas~ ucxoenovani mTargmnelebi da<br />

komentatorebi miuTiTeben, aramed misi biZaSvili dedis mxridan (Dawes 1928:<br />

44; Любарский 1965: 95; yauxCiSvili 1966: 48-49).<br />

mixael fselosis da sxva avtorTa cnobebi marTa (berZ. maria)<br />

dedoflisa da konstantines IX monomaxis sayvarlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb<br />

bevr kiTxvas badebs da rom ara qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi marTas Sesaxeb,<br />

dRemde sakamaTo iqneboda misi eTnikuri warmomavloba. zustad ise, rogorc<br />

sakamaToa sevasted wodebuli alani princesas erovnuli kuTvnileba.<br />

sainteresoa, vin aris bizantiel avtorebTan moxseniebuli alani<br />

sevaste?! mixael fselosis informacias SedarebiT mokled imeorebs ioane<br />

zonara, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom is mas erT-erTi alani mmarTvelis<br />

qaliSvilad moixseniebs (Алемань 2003: 299-300). zonaras mixedviT, is<br />

SeiZleba, marTlac erT-erTi rigiTi alani mmarTvelis (άρχηγετοũντες)<br />

qaliSvilad mogveCvenos, Tumca upiratesoba mainc fselosis cnobas eniWeba.<br />

mixael fselosis informacia ufro vrceli da detaluria. garda amisa,<br />

ioane zonaras teqsti mTlianad mixael fselosis `qronografias~ eyrdnoba.<br />

gagvikvirdes. ix.: ioane cece. georgika VII. teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da<br />

ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb. 1967, gv. 22-23.<br />

136

yvelafer amasTan erTad, mixael fselosi ambebis uSualo TviTmxilveli da<br />

imperatorTan daaxloebuli piri iyo, es maSin, rodesac ioane zonaras<br />

konstantine monomaxTan aranairi Sexeba ar hqonia.<br />

mixel fselosis mixedviT, alani sevaste, alanTa mbrZaneblis Svilia,<br />

romelsac is sakmaod aRmatebulad xelmwifis (βασιλεύοντοντος) tituliT<br />

moixseniebs. miuxedavad amisa, fselosis gancxadebiT, alanTa samefos ar<br />

gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli prestiJi da arc raimeTi yofila gamorCeuli; misi<br />

TqmiT, am qveynis mesveurebi bizantiis saimperatoro kars sxvadasxva for-<br />

miT udasturebda loialobas (Sewter 1953: VI, 151) (amis erT-erTi<br />

gamoxatuleba unda yofiliyo mefis qaliSvilis mZevlad gagzavna). swored<br />

am cnobaze dayrdnobiT linda garlandi da stiven rapi ar gamoricxaven,<br />

rom marTa bagrationis bundovani moxsenieba Zveli da mdidari ojaxis<br />

warmomadgenlad da misi mSobliuri qveynis miCqmalva mixael fselosis<br />

teqstSi erTmaneTTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli, 14 amas Tu imasac davumatebT,<br />

rom marTa/maria bizantiur wyaroebSi, rogor wesi, alanad moixsenieba, TiT-<br />

qos imisken gvibiZgebs, rom konstantine IX monomaxis sevastes tituliT<br />

saxeldebuli sayvareli marTlac saqarTvelos mefis Svilad gamovacxadoT.<br />

Tumca aqve Cndeba araerTi winaaRmdegoba, kerZod, 1050-1055 wlebSi, rodesac<br />

konstantine IX monomaxi Riad da daufaravad iwyebs mis sayvarelTan<br />

urTierTobas, saqarTveloSi bagrat IV mefobs. amasTan, swored 1051-1054<br />

wlebSi bagrati konstantinopolSi imyofeba imperatoris karze, rac,<br />

faqtobrivad gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom bagrats Tavisi<br />

qaliSvilisTvis weliwadSi ori-samjer elCoba gaegzavna saqarTvelodan. 15<br />

sxva msjelobiT, alani sevaste SeiZleba iyos alan-oseTis mefis<br />

dorRolel didis (1030-ian – 1070-iani ww.) asuli, vinaidan XI saukunis 50-ian<br />

14<br />

L. Garland, S. Rapp. Mart’a-Maria ‘of Alania’. Tavi: Maria ‘the Alan’. http://www. roman-emperors.org/maryal.htm<br />

(2011w. 5 marti).<br />

15<br />

bagrat IV-is saxleuli met-naklebad Seswavlilia qarTul istoriografiaSi. dadgenilia,<br />

rom mas hyavda sami da, romelTagan ori adre gardaicvala, xolo mesame – guranduxti,<br />

bagratis konstantinopolSi yofnis dros axalgazrda ufliswulis, giorgis, regenti iyo.<br />

rac Seexeba qaliSvilebs, mefes unda hyoloda ori qaliSvili marTa da mariami (am<br />

ukanasknels xSirad bizantiis dedofal marTasTan aigiveben), ix.: r. metreveli, j. samuSia.<br />

mefeT mefe giorgi II. Tb. 2003, gv. 26-44.<br />

137

wlebSi alan-oseTis mefe swored is aris. 16 Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im<br />

faqts, rom dorRolelis asuli irina 1071 wels miaTxoves isak komnenoss<br />

da masTan 1096 wels kidev erTi Svili gaaCina (ix. zemoT), nakleb sarwmunoa,<br />

rom RviZl debs Soris aseTi asakobrivi sxvaoba yofiliyo. Tumca<br />

dorRolelis bolomde gamoricxva, mixael fselosTan da ioane zonarasTan<br />

calxasad miTiTebuli eTnonimis – alanis – gaTvaliswinebiT, cota<br />

safrTxiloa. fselosTan konstantines favoriti swored alania da ara<br />

iberi an abazgi. am ukanasknels is saerTod ar axsenebs, rac damatebiT<br />

safuZvels iZleva imisa, rom mis teqstSi alanisa da abazgis aRreva ar ga-<br />

moiricxos.<br />

amjerad ukve bolo hipoTeza kvlevis obieqtTan dakavSirebiT 17<br />

ukavSirdeba liparit IV baRvaSs, romelic XI saukunis 50-iani wlebis<br />

pirvel naxevarSi qarTlisa da mesxeTis mbrZanebeli iyo (qse...6 1983: 247). mas<br />

TiTqmis mTeli qveynis gamgebloba Cauvarda xelSi. `matiane qarTlisas~<br />

erTi saintereso cnobis mixedviT, lipariti Turq-selCukTa (xuarasanis) su-<br />

lTnis da bizantiis (saberZneTis) imperatoris `moyuared~ gamxdara:<br />

`da iyo moyuared misa xuarasans doRlubeg sulTani da saberZneTs<br />

berZenTa mefe~ (metreveli 2008: 304).<br />

cnoba TavisTavad Zalian sainteresoa, avtori liparitis saerTaSoriso<br />

arenaze miRweul warmatebebs usvams xazs. 18 anonim avtors liparitis axlo<br />

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb bizantiis imperiasTan, manamdec araerTxel aqvs<br />

gamaxvilebuli yuradReba. amdenad, liparitisa da bizantiis imperatoris<br />

`moyvrobaSi~ TiTqmis araferia originaluri. masSi SeiZleba ara ojaxuri,<br />

aramed ubralod megobroba, mokavSireoba igulisxmebodes. magram Tu ga-<br />

16 XI saukunis 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi kaxeTis mefe kvirikem mokla oseTis mefe urdure,<br />

ris merec oseTSi dorRoleli mefobs. xolo misi siZis bagratis IV-is mefobis bolos<br />

dorRoleli jer kidev cocxalia, ix.: matiane qarTlisa. qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. red. s.<br />

yauxCiSvili. Tb. 1955, gv. 297, 313-314.<br />

17 aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis mixedviT (Tu ar CavTvliT k.<br />

Tumanovis versias, romelic ar aris gaziarebuli), es aris erT-erTi pirveli mcdeloba,<br />

Seswavlil iqnas kostantine IX monomaxis meore favoritis vinaobis sakiTxi, rac<br />

bunebrivia, ver iqneba dazRveuli garkveuli lafsusebisgan.<br />

18 liparit baRvaSis urTierTobis Sesaxeb bizantiasa da Turq-selCukebTan ix.: g. jafariZe.<br />

liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa da Turq-selCukTa diplomatiur urTierTobebSi. qd. t. 5.<br />

Tb. 1998, gv. 314-336.<br />

138

viTvaliswinebT mixael fselosis cnobas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor<br />

aniavebda konstantine IX monomaxi alani sevastes sasargeblod imperiis<br />

uzarmazar qonebas, aseve `matiane qarTlisas~ ucnobi avtoris cnobas, rom<br />

liparits Semweobas `berZenTa mefisa ganZi da laSqari~ uwevdao (metreveli<br />

2008: 298:300), 19 naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra danaxarjebis gaReba uwevda impera-<br />

tors liparitTan `moyvrobis~ sanacvlod. 20 Cven frTxili varaudis saxiT.<br />

vuSvebT imis SesaZleblobas, rom konstantine monomaxis araoficialuri<br />

coli, romelic sevastes saimperatoro tituls atarebda, swored liparit<br />

IV didis qaliSvili yofiliyo. sagulisxmoa, rom liparits erTgulebis<br />

sanacvlod bizantiaSi mZevals moTxovdnen, xolo misi qaliSvilis<br />

imperatorTan daaxloebiT mas bizantiis mxardaWera didi xniT eqneboda<br />

garantirebuli. niSandoblivia, isic rom liparit baRvaSma bizantiis mxar-<br />

daWera swored maSin dakarga, rodesac imperatori konstantine IX monomaxi<br />

gardaicvala (samuSia 1997: 249).<br />

vinc ar unda yofiliyo bizantiis imperator konstantine IX monomaxis<br />

favoriti, sevastes tituliT saxeldebuli qalbatoni, misi roli<br />

saqarTvelos da misi maxlobeli qveynebis ekonomikur da politikur<br />

cxovrebaSi ar SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT. mixael fselosis cnobebidan<br />

aSkarad Cans, rom konstantines favoriti qalis mama, `alanTa~ xelmwife,<br />

udavod imperatoris strategiul mokavSired ganixileba, visTan<br />

mokavSireobis da moyvrobis sanacvlod man arc fuli, arc simdidre da<br />

arc saimperatoro tituli ar daiSura. yvelaferi es imisTvis keTdeboda,<br />

rom mamis elCebTan Tavisi `coli~ Sesabamisi pativiT da RirsebiT<br />

warmdgariyo (Sewter 1966: VI, 153-154).<br />

amgvarad, aucilebelia imis xazgasmac, rom sevastes tituli,<br />

miuxedavad misi saimperatoro Rirsebisa, ewodeboda aramxolod oficialur<br />

19 am process konstantine monomaxis dros sistematuri saxe hqonda miRebuli.<br />

20 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania arabi istorikosis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />

ramdeni daujda bizantiis imperators liparitis gaTavisufleba selCukTa tyveobidan.<br />

saxeldeba iseTi cifri rogoricaa 200 000 dinari da aranaklebi Rirebulebis sxva materialuri<br />

sargebeli, rac sulTanma TorRul-begma miiRo liparit baRvaSis sanacvlod, ix.: g.<br />

jafariZe. liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa da Turq-selCukTa diplomatiur urTierTobebSi,<br />

gv. 334-335.<br />

139

meuRles, aramed imperatorTan daaxloebul viwro wres, romelsac udaod<br />

gaaCndaT ambiciebi wodebuliyvnen imperatoris meuRleebad da<br />

oficialurad gaeziarebinaT saimperatoro taxti. saimperatoro porfiriT<br />

Semosvis warumatebel mcdelobis Semdeg, imperatoris favorit maRali<br />

titulis qalebs ufleba miecaT gamxdariyvnen saimperatoro titulis<br />

mflobelebi. aseve miecaT ufleba, esargeblaT saimperio dacviT da xSir<br />

SemTxvevebSi sazeimo Tu oficialur ceremoniebze imperatoris meuRlis<br />

rolSic ki axerxebdnen gamosvlas. es yvelaferi mogvianebiT gaxda imis<br />

winapiroba, rom sevastosi/sevastes (laT. korespodenciiT avgustusi/avgusta)<br />

tituli oficialurad daemcro da mis safuZvelze axali reformirebuli<br />

titulebi aRmocenda.<br />

aqve unda unda aRiniSnos isic, rom isak I komnenosma (1057-1059 ww.) mas<br />

mere, rac konstantinopolSi imperatorad kurTxeva moaxerxa, oficialurad<br />

iwoda sevastosad, xolo misi meuRle avgustad da sevasted gamoacxada.<br />

nikolas oikonomidisis SeniSvniT, es faqti am terminis saimperio<br />

konotaciis naTeli maCvenebelia (Oikonomides 1980/1: 240). amdenad, miuxedavad<br />

rigi gadaxvevebisa, 1057 wlisTvis sevastosi/sevaste saimperio titulia.<br />

titulaturis reformacia<br />

cnobili istorikosis, ana komnenas, ganmartebiT, sevastosis tituliT<br />

aleqsi I komnenosamde (1081-1118 ww.) mxolod imperatorebi iwodebodnen:<br />

`mamaCemi (igulisxmeba imperatori aleqsi, ana komnenas mSobeli _ l. T.)<br />

iyo gamomgonebeli yvela axali sapatio titulisa, romelTa nawili<br />

saxeloebis Serwymis Sedegad Seiqmna. amis Sesaxeb mivuTiTe zemoT. xolo<br />

sxva titulebma axali gamoyeneba hpoves. magaliTad, titulebi<br />

panipersevastosi da sevastokratori tipuri magaliTia imisa, rac<br />

saxeloebis Serwymis Sedegad Seiqmna, magram titul sevastoss, rogorc me<br />

vatyob, man axali Sesatyvisi mouZebna. radgan Zveli droidan moyolebuli<br />

epiTeti sevastosi eniWebodaT mxolod imperatorebs. tituli sevastosi<br />

gankuTvnili iyo mxolod maTTvis da mama iyo pirveli, romelmac is<br />

140

amdenime rangiT dabla daswia~ (Dawes 1928: 78-79; Любарский 1965: 122-123).<br />

rogorc aRniSnuli wyarodan irkveva, imperatorma aleqsim moaxdina<br />

titulaturis reformacia. iqmneba axali sistema damyarebuli sevastosis<br />

titulze (Dawes 1928: 78-80; Любарский 1965: 122-123; Magdalino 1996: 147-148).<br />

sevastosisa da avtokratoris Serwymis Sedegad Seiqmna sruliad axali,<br />

sevastokratoris tituli, romelic mieniWa imperator aleqsi I-is ufros<br />

Zmas, isaks. am titulma is imperatoris Semdeg, meore pirad aqcia<br />

bizantiaSi. ana komnenas TqmiT, sevastokratori isaki, meore imperatoris<br />

pativSi aRzevda. is e.w. umcros imperatorad iqca bizantiis imperiaSi.<br />

titulma keisarma ierarqiaSi mesame safexurze gadainacvla (Dawes 1928: 78;<br />

Любарский 1965: 122-123). xolo titulebi sevastosi da panipersevastosi<br />

imperatoris naTesavebsa da masTan daaxloebul pirebs eZleodaT. aleqsis<br />

kidev erTma Zmam _ nikiforem, protosevastosis tituli miiRo (Dawes 1928:<br />

78-79; Любарский 1965: 122-123). sevastosis titulze dayrdnobiT Seqmnil<br />

rangebs aleqsandre kaJdani pirveli safexuris senatorul titulebSi<br />

aerTianebs, romelsac aleqsi I-is droindeli umaRlesi aristokratia<br />

iRebda (Каждан 1974: 109). amdenad, bizantiis Tanamegobrobis ierarqiulma<br />

dayofam Semdegi saxe miiRo:<br />

1. avtokratori anu basilevsi<br />

2. sevastokratori<br />

3. keisari<br />

4. panipersevastosi<br />

5. protosevastosi<br />

6. sevastosi<br />

ana komnena mamis am reformas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. niSan-<br />

doblivia isic, rom miuxedavad ana komnenas gancxadebisa, TiTqos<br />

sevastosebad aleqsi I komnenosamde mxolod imperatorebi iwodebodneno, ar<br />

Seesabameba simarTles. sevastosis tituli, sanam aleqsi komnenosi<br />

imperatori gaxdeboda, Tavad aleqsimac miiRo, am cnobas imave ana<br />

komnenasTan vxvdebiT:<br />

141

`rogorc jildo yvelaferi amisTvis imperatorisgan man (e. i. aleqsi<br />

komnenosma, didma domestikosma, sanam imperatori gaxdeboda _ l. T.) miiRo<br />

tituli sevastosisa da iwodeboda sevastosad sazogadoebriv Sekrebebze~. 21<br />

imperatorTan yvelaze daaxloebuli istorikosis, ana komnenas,<br />

naSromSi urTierTgamomricxavi cnobebis gaCena SeiZleba imas<br />

ukavSirdebodes, rom avtori swored aleqsis Tvlida pirvel moxeled,<br />

romelmac sevastosoba miiRo, rogorc damcrobili tituli. sevastosis<br />

tituli iyo is tituli, romliTac aleqsi komnenosi iwodeboda<br />

imperatorad kurTxevamde (1081 wlis 4 aprilamde). unda vivaraudoT, rom<br />

misi imperatorad kurTxevis Semdegac aleqsim droebiT SeinarCuna<br />

sevastosoba, rogorc Zveli sapatio tituli, ris Semdegac imave titulze<br />

dayrdnobiT Seqmna axali ierarqia titulaturisa, romelic sagangebod gai-<br />

cemoda mxolod imperatoris ojaxis wevrebze da masTan daaxloebul<br />

pirebze. sxva SemTxvevaSi Cven ver avxsniT misive qaliSvilis, ana komnenas,<br />

xazgasmul informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom swored imperatori aleqsi `iyo<br />

pirveli, romelmac is (sevastosis tituli – l. T.) ramdenime rangiT dabla<br />

daswia~.<br />

rac Seexeba TariRs, reformacia aleqsis mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi<br />

unda momxdariyo, misi taxtze asvlis axlo xanebSi, SesaZloa, 1081 welsac.<br />

ana komnenas cnobiT, aleqsim, imperatorad kurTxevis Semdeg taxtis meore<br />

pretendents, nikifore melisenes keisris tituli uboZa. xolo imisTvis,<br />

rom misi ufrosi Zma isaki SedarebiT maRal rangSi aeyvana, imTaviTve Seqmna<br />

sevastokratoris tituli. amas mohyva sxva titulebis gaCenac (Dawes 1928: 78-<br />

79; Любарский 1965: 122-123). amdenad, ana komnenas mixedviT, titulaturis re-<br />

formacia aleqsi I-is imperatorobis pirvelive wliT unda daTariRdes.<br />

21 Dawes 1928: 26; Любарский 1965: 62-74. sevastosoba aleqsim miiRo mas Semdeg, rac imperatoris<br />

nikifore botaniates brZanebiT CaaxSo jer nikifore brienosis ajanyeba (1077-1078 wlebis<br />

mijna), xolo Semdeg ki basilakesis gamosvla, imperatoris winaaRmdeg. mixael ataliates<br />

cnobiT, basilakesis ajanyebis CaxSobis dros (1078 wlis zafxuli) aleqsi ukve sevastosia,<br />

amdenad, es tituli mas daax. 1078 wlis pirvel naxevarSi unda mieRo, ix.: Любарский 1965: 74,<br />

sq. 112; iqve, wignis bolos, ix. 1042-1155 wlebis bizantiis imperiaSi mimdinare movlenebis<br />

qronologiuri tabula.<br />

142

agrat IV<br />

bizantiis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari, mixael angoldi, SeniSnavs,<br />

rom aleqsis imperatorad kurTxevamde (1081) sevastosis tituli iSviaTad<br />

Tu vinmes eZleodao (Angold 1997: 128). swored es iSviaTi gamonaklisi iyo<br />

bagrat IV (1027-1072 ww.). bagrats sevastosoba 1060 wels uboZes, 22 romelic,<br />

misi vercxlis monetebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, aseve atarebda<br />

sevastosis maRal saimperio tituls. aqve viZleviT am tipis monetebis aRwe-<br />

rilobas giorgi dunduas da Tedo dunduas naSromis mixedviT:<br />

`Subli – ormagi wertilovani rkaliT garSemovlebuli vlaqernis<br />

wminda RvTismSoblis welzeviTi gamosaxuleba, romelsac Tavze Saravandi<br />

adgia. Tavs irgvliv ganlagebulia berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia Teotikos<br />

– wminda RvTismSobeli.<br />

zurgi – monetis kideebze, wertilovani rkalis SigniT, ganlagebulia<br />

qarTuli asomTavruli zedwerili: `qriste, adide bagrat afxazTa mefe~.<br />

centrSi aseve wertilovani rkaliT garSemovlebuli samstriqoniani<br />

warwera: `da sevastosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 190-191).<br />

aRniSnuli samoneto emisia TariRdeba 1060-1072 ww. gamoTqmulia<br />

mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom bagrat IV-m sevastosis tituli<br />

bizantiis xelisuflebisgan Turq-selCukebis Tavdasxmis saSiSroebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT miiRo (dundua, dundua 2006: 191).<br />

monetebis garda bagrati sevastosad iwodeba ramdenime epigrafikul<br />

warweraSic. maT Soris mniSvnelovania grigol Tarxunis Zis saamSeneblo<br />

warwera atenis sionSi. iq bagrati Semdgenairad moixsenieba:<br />

`q. saxeliTa RvTisaTa, me grigol-man mirianis yma-man Tarxnis Zisa-man,<br />

atenis cixisTavman, avagen atens saxlni qulbaqi mas Jamsa odes, adiden<br />

RmerTman, Zlier-man mefeTa mefe-man bagrat ubrZanes miwasa maTsa mirians<br />

patronsa Cemsa, sefesa zuarsa Sida qalaqis aSenebaO gaumarjva RmerT-man da<br />

bed-man mefeT mefobisa maTisa-man. viTa swadda mefobasa maTsa, egre avaSeneT<br />

darbazi da qalaqi… salocvelad hgianmca ukunisamde Zrieli mefeTa mefe[m]<br />

22 bagrat IV-is mier sevastosis titulis miRebis mizezisa da TariRis Sesaxeb ix.: Lang 1957:<br />

140-145; Дундуа 2009: 20-21; Р Кебуладзе 1977: 104-105; stefnaZe 1976: 159-160; javaxiSvil 1965: 151.<br />

143

agrat sevastosi da Ze maTi giorgi kurapalati~ (baqraZe 1959: 72).<br />

mirian Tarxunis Zis ymis, grigol cixisTavis, warweraSi mefe bagrat<br />

sevastosis paralelurad misi vaJi giorgi kurapalatis tituliT ixsenieba,<br />

rac mama-Svilis mier aRniSnuli titulebis Tanadroul flobaze<br />

miuTiTebs. iTvleba, rom mama-Svilma titulebi erTdroulad miiRo, rac<br />

bagrat mefis mier ara sevastosis, aramed novelisimosis titulis miRebis<br />

periodSi unda momxdariyo (Lang 1959: 140-1145). 23 analogiad mama-Svili<br />

mefeebis – gurgenis da bagrat III-is – mier magistrosisa da kurapalatis<br />

titulis Tanadroulad miReba SegviZlia miviCnioT (Дундуа 2009: 20-21). 24<br />

bagratis konstantinopolSi gamgzavreba 1051 (an 1052) wliT TariRdeba.<br />

amgvarad, mama-Svils novelisimosisa da kurapalatis titulebi TiTqos<br />

amave dros unda mieRo (samuSia 1997: 242-249). Tumca am mosazrebas ar<br />

eTanxmeba bolo dros gamovlenili sofel avlarSi mdebare macxovris<br />

feriscvalebis saxelobis eklesiis warwera, romelic 1050 wliT aris<br />

daTariRebuli da sadac mefe bagrati novelisimosad aris wodebuli. 25<br />

giorgi gagoSiZis azriT, bagratis novelisimosis pativSi aRzeveba<br />

bizantiis imperiis mTavari mokavSiris, liparit IV baRvaSis, datyvevebis<br />

Semdeg 1048 wels unda momxdariyo. imperiis xelisufleba ufrTxoda<br />

saqarTvelos saxiT Zlieri mokavSiris dakargvas, rac mas mniSvnelovan<br />

problemebs Seuqmnida aRmosavleTSi mimdinare Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. imperatoris mokavSire selCukebis winaaRmdeg<br />

warmoebul omSi Zalauneburad bagrat IV gaxda (gagoSiZe 2004: 51-52).<br />

bagrat IV-sa da giorgis mier sevastosisa da kurapalatis titulebis<br />

Tanadroul flobas kidev erT epigrafikul ZeglSi, atenis wm. giorgis<br />

saxelobis eklesiis warweraSi, vafiqsirebT:<br />

23<br />

D. M. Lang. Notes on Caucasian Numismatics, gv. 140-145; Т. Г. Дундуа. Грузинские монеты X-XII вв. как<br />

исторический источник, gv. 20-21.<br />

24<br />

gurgenis da bagratis mier bizantiis imperatorisgan aRniSnuli titulebis miniWebis<br />

cnoba daculia bagrationTa samefo gvaris mematianesTan. ix.: (araxamia 1990: 52).<br />

25<br />

novelisimosobis miRebis qveda qronologiur zRvarad 1046 weli SeiZleba CaiTvalos,<br />

radgan am wels Sesrulebul savanis warweraSi bagrati jer isev kurapalatad iwodeba.<br />

amdenad, novelisimosis titulis miRebis farTo qronologiuri rkali 1046-1050 wlebia, ix.:<br />

(gagoSiZe 2004: 50).<br />

144

`q. wmindao g[iorgi adide mefeTa mefe bagrat] sev[astosi da Ze maTi giorgi<br />

kurapalati…i daoBtkbe Tua[lTaO]? Tni da mefeTa mirian Tarxunis Zesa tanutrobasa<br />

maTsa~ (baqraZe 1959: 74).<br />

bagrati mirian Tarxunis Zis kidev erT lapidarul warweraSi ixsenieba<br />

sevastosad. es aris barmaqsizis xidSi gamoyenebul qvis warwera. am<br />

warweris zemoTxsenebuli Zeglebisgan gansxvavebs is, rom masSi ar vxvdebiT<br />

misi Zis giorgis saxels. warwera ase ikiTxeba:<br />

`saxeliTa RmrTisaTa me mirian Tarxonis Zeman aRvaSene da Rirs viqmen, wmidaO ese<br />

eklesiaO, sayofeli wmidisa demetre mowamisaO, salocavad, acocxlen RmerTman,<br />

sagareos (?) Sin[a] bagrat mefeTa mefe sevastosi amin~ (baqraZe 1959: 76). 26<br />

arcerT zemoxsenebul warweras ar uzis TariRi, isini bagratis<br />

sevastosobis periodiT, anu daax. 1060-1072 wlebiT TariRdeba. erTaderTi<br />

kulalisis warweraSi aqvs mas dasmuli TariRi – 1060 weli. bagrat IV iq<br />

ixsenieba rogorc `afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe, sevastosi~. amave warweraSi,<br />

msgavsad atenis sionisa da atenis wminda giorgis eklesiebis warwerebisa<br />

ixsenieba giorgi kurapalatic (baqraZe 1959: 72-74; abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989:<br />

46). teqsti Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:<br />

`ieso qriste, adide bagrat afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe, sevastosi da Ze maTi<br />

giorgi kurapalati, Seewien, dautkben Tavi, keTil eqmen Bpatos Teodoses Zesa,<br />

romelTaTBis gansaZliereblad avage ese eklesia, qoronikoni iyo sp~ (ciskariSvili<br />

1959: 39-40).<br />

bagrati IV sevastosis tituliT ixsenieba konstantinopolSi mdebare<br />

romanas qarTuli monastris oTxTavis anderZSi. aRniSnuli anderZi imiTac<br />

aris sayuradRebo, rom masSi mefis Ze giorgi kurapalatis tituliT<br />

iwodeba. iqvea miTiTebuli TariRic, romelic saxarebis gadaweris dros,<br />

1070 wels, uCvenebs. anderZi grigol da abaz bakurianisZeebis siZesa da ka-<br />

xeT-hereTis mefis aRsarTanis Zmas, arkadipolis mTavars, abazs, ekuTvnis<br />

(kldiaSvili 2009: 321-323, 331-333). meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis movixmoT nawyveti<br />

26 warweriani qva mogvianebiT unda iyos xidSi Casmuli, rasac miuTiTebs kidec misi teqsti.<br />

eqvTime TayaiSvilis azriT, is motanili unda iyos mezobeli soflidan, kerZod, guniayaladan,<br />

sadac unda yofiliyo kaTedraluri taZari (baqraZe 1959: 76).<br />

145

aRniSnuli anderZidan, romlis avtoria abazis sulieri moZRvari, Teodore<br />

garejeli:<br />

`ese davwere da ganvasrule sanaxebsa kostantinepollissa, soPastersa romanissa,<br />

saPelsa w(mi)d(i)sa R(mr)TismS(obe)lissa, r(ome)lsa megeTona ewodebis, mefobasa ber-<br />

Ze|nTa z(ed)a deogenesis(a)sa, da afxazTa da qarTvelTa z(ed)a – bagrat sevastosis da<br />

g(iorg)i kurapalatisa, Zisa misissa, da kaxTa da ranTa z(ed)a – xsarTanan<br />

kurapalatisa da ZmaTa misTa. x(olo) es xsarTanan Wabuk iyo wlisa ocdaTerTmetisaO,<br />

da samni Zmani misni fadlaO, k(Brik)e, redisav TBiToeuli TBiTo weliwdiTa urTier-<br />

Tars umrwame. x(olo) ese sayuareli s(u)l(i)sa CemisaO abaz, sulieri Svili Cemi,<br />

umrwemesi iyo ZmaTa TBsTa da Wabuki iyo wlisaO v(iTa)r kz, da mTavrobda<br />

arkadipolis~ (kldiaSvili 2009: 322-323).<br />

rogorc anderZis TariRidan varkvevT, bagrat IV-s (1027-1072 ww.)<br />

sevastosis tituli TiTqmis cxovrebis bolomde utarebia, xolo<br />

ufliswuli giorgi 1070 wlisaTvis jer kidev kurapalatis pativSia.<br />

giorgi II<br />

mogvianebiT bagrat IV-is garda, sevastosis tituls atarebda misi vaJi<br />

giorgi II (1072-1089 ww.). mefe giorgi II, sevastosobis garda, iwodeboda<br />

kurapalatad, novelisimosad da keisrad. axalgazrda monarqi jer kidev<br />

mamis, bagrat IV-is, bizantiaSi gamgzavrebis Semdeg iyo kurTxeuli<br />

saqarTvelos mefed ruisis taZarSi. misi kurTxeva didi feodalis liparit<br />

IV baRvaSis patronaJis qveS moxda:<br />

`vidreRa iyo bagrat saberZneTs, iTxova liparit Ze bagratisi, giorgi,<br />

mefed, raTa mosces igi dedaman misman da didebulTa mis qveyanisaTa.<br />

moiyvanes saydarsa ruisisasa da akurTxes mefed. da moiyvanes mzrdelad<br />

misi liparit da patronad daO bagratisi guaranduxt dedofali~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 304).<br />

miiCneoda, rom, liparitis mier giorgis mefed moyvanas bizantiis<br />

xelisuflebis reaqciac unda mohyoloda, kerZod, saubaria misTvis<br />

kurapalatis titulis wyalobaze. gamodis, rom es tituli giorgim 1051/2<br />

146

wels miiRo, rodesac is ruisSi mefed akurTxes (metreveli, samuSia 2003: 58-<br />

61). Tumca avlaris eklesiis warweraSi (1050 weli) mefe bagrat<br />

novelisimosis paralelurad ufliswuli giorgi kurapalatis tituliT<br />

ixsenieba. bagratisa da giorgis mier aRniSnuli titulebis miReba liparit<br />

IV baRvaSis datyvevebis TariRTan – 1048 welTan – unda iyos dakavSirebuli<br />

(rac zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT). 27 amdenad, giorgi daaxloebiT 1048 wlidan ukve<br />

kurapalatia da am tituls atarebs im drosac, rodesac is ruisSi mefed<br />

akurTxes didi feodalis liparit baRvaSis iniciativiT.<br />

amis Semdeg giorgi novelisimosis tituls iRebs. es tituli, rogorc<br />

aRvniSneT, giorgi II-m misi samefo taxtze asvlasTan dakavSirebiT 1072 wels<br />

miiRo (Пахомов 1970: 61).<br />

novelisimosad giorgi gamefebis Semdeg aris moxseniebuli, misive<br />

pirveli emisiis monetebze. imave liTonis safasze, giorgi iwodeba<br />

sevastosad. mefe giorgi II-is CvenTvis saintereso moneta Semdegi saxisaa:<br />

`Subli – wertilovan rkalSi Casmuli vlaqernis wminda RvTismSoblis<br />

welzeviTi gamosaxuleba, Tavze SaravandiT. Saravandis SigniT oTxi<br />

wertilisgan Semdgari sami vardulia Casmuli. gamosaxulebis gverdebze<br />

ormwkrivad Zlier damaxinjebuli berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia Teotikos,<br />

`wminda RvTismSobeli~.<br />

zurgi – Serwymuli wertilovani rkalis SigniT asomTavruliT<br />

Sesrulebulia zedwerili: `qriste, adide giorgi afxazTa da qarTvelTa<br />

mefe~. centrSi, samstriqonad: `da sevastosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 193).<br />

sevastosis Semdeg giorgim miiRo keisris tituli, am pativiT is<br />

ixsenieba aramarto mis monetebze, aramed ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis<br />

ZeglisweraSic (1104 weli) (doliZe 1970: 125). zusti TariRi giorgis mier<br />

sevastosisa da keisris titulebis miRebisa ar aris cnobili. 28<br />

27 g. gagoSiZe. bagrat IV novelisimosi, gv. 50-52. vrclad liparit baRvaSis datyvevebis<br />

TariRTan dakavSirebiT. ix: g. jafariZe. liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa da Turq-selCukTa<br />

diplomatiur urTierTobebSi, gv. 315-325.<br />

28 Tedo Jordanias mier gamoqveynebuli qronikebis mixedviT giorgi 1081 wels ukve keisaria<br />

(Jordania 2004: 228-229). es tituli, man miiRo an 1076 wels, rodesac banaSi zavi daido<br />

saqarTvelosa da bizantiis mesveurebs Soris, anda 1078 wels nikifore III botaniates<br />

147

daviT IV<br />

aleqsi I komnenosis reformaciis Semdeg (XI s. dasawyisi) daviT IV<br />

aRmaSenebeli jer sevastosis, xolo mogvianebiT panipesevastosis tituls<br />

eufleba (Jordania 2004: 229-236; Dundua 1999: 18. tab. X 23-24, XI 24a).<br />

aRniSnuli viTareba kargad aris asaxuli qarTuli numizmatikis<br />

ZeglebSi. monetebis garda, daviTi sevastosad iwodeba ramdenime anderZ-<br />

minawerSic. maTi nawili gamoqveynebulia Tedo Jordanias mier Tavis<br />

`qronikebSi”. amaTgan erT-erTi, romelSic daviTi sevastosis pativiT aris<br />

wodebuli, daTariRebulia 1085 wliT. anderZis teqsti amgvaria:<br />

`R(mr)Tiv-gBirgBinosanTa mefeTa C(ue)nTa – g(iorg)i mefeTa mefisa da kesarosisa da<br />

Zisa m(a)Tisa d(avi)T mefisa sevastosisa; saukuno-mca ars keTili saPsenebeli mefobisa<br />

m(a)TisaO~. 29<br />

morigi anderZ-minaweri daculia ioane oqropiris naSromis `TargmanebaO<br />

maTes saxarebisaOs~ kolofonSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas TariRi ar uzis,<br />

misi daTariReba daax. XI s-is 80-iani 90-iani wlebiT SeiZleba. teqsti<br />

Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:<br />

`sadideblad da salocvelad RmrTiv gBirgBinosanTa mefeTa CuenTa sulTa<br />

ganaTlebulisa kurTxeulisa dedoflisa mariamisa da Zmisa maTisa giorgi mefeTa-mefisa<br />

da kesarosisa. da Zisa maTisa daviT mefisa da sevastosisa, da sanatrelisa dedisa<br />

maTisa elene dedoflisa~ (Jordania 2004: 232; qxa 1948: 306).<br />

amdenad, daviTi XI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi sevastosis tituls atarebs.<br />

v. silogava Tvlis, rom giorgi mefes daviTi Tanamosaydred 1083 wels unda<br />

ekurTxebina, anu maSin, rodesac Tavad gaemgzavra maliq-Sahis karze `didi<br />

imperatorad kurTxevisas. `qarTuli numizmatikis~ (2006 weli) avtorebis azriT, giorgi II-s<br />

keisris tituli aRmosavleTi mxareebis Semomtkicebis Semdeg unda mieRo, grigol<br />

bakurianis ZesTan gaformebuli zavis Sesabamisad (dundua, dundua. 2006: 266). aRniSnuli<br />

zavis dadeba uaxlesi istoriografiuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT 1076 wels xdeba, qalaq banaSi<br />

(metreveli, samuSia 2003: 87-93). amdenad, Tu giorgis mier keisrobis miRebis TariRad<br />

1076 wels (an 1078 weli, araugvianes 1081 wlisa) ganvsazRvravT, ufro advildeba misi<br />

sevastosobis miRebis qronologiuri CarCos dadgena. aRniSnuli niania qvabulisZis mier<br />

novelisimosis pativis miRebis Tanadrouli movlena unda iyos, rasac paralelurad mohyva<br />

giorgis aRzeveba sevastosad. Cveni azriT, nianis novelisimosoba quTaisis aRebis Semdeg<br />

(1073 weli) unda mieRo.<br />

29 qronikebi, gv. 232; qxa. H koleqcia. tomi III. Sedgenili qr. SaraSiZis mier. Tb. 1948, gv. 306.<br />

148

Turqobis~ SesaCereblad da selCukebTan zavis dasadebad. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, sevastosis titulis miReba hipoTeturad 1083 wliT unda<br />

ganisazRvros. 30 amave tituls atarebs is 1089 wels, rodesac xdeba misi pir-<br />

veli gamoSvebis monetebis moWra. aqve ixileT am tipis monetebis<br />

aRweriloba:<br />

`Subli – wertilovani rkalSi Casmuli vlaqernis RvTismSobelis<br />

gamosaxuleba welzeviT, Tavze SaravandiT. gamosaxulebis marjvniv da<br />

marcxniv unda iyos Semoklebuli berZnuli legenda, romelic ase iSifreba:<br />

meter Teu, anu deda RvTisa.<br />

zurgi – monetebi dazianebulia, wriuli, qarTuli asomTavruli<br />

warweridan ikiTxeba mxolod nawili:…e/d/T afx/. centris legendidan – da<br />

sevastosi. rekonstruqciis Semdeg miviRebT: qe-ade-dT-afxzT-mefe, qriste<br />

adide daviT afxazTa mefe da – sevastosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 194-195).<br />

amdenad, daviTi XI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi sevastosis tituls atarebs,<br />

xolo Tu zemoxsenebul hipoTezas gaviziarebT, aRniSnuli pativi mas 1083<br />

wels miuRia. 1089 wlis samoneto emisiis mixedviT, daviTi imave tituls<br />

atarebs, xolo mogvianebiT, savaraudod, monetaze 31 da danamdvilebiT misi<br />

da giorgi mefis moxseniebiT Seqmnil erT-erT anderZ-minawerSi is paniper-<br />

sevastosad iwodeba. 32<br />

sainteresoa, Tu rodis miiRo daviTma panipersevastosoba?! aRniSnuli<br />

Cven dagvexmareba gaverkveT imaSi, Tu rodis daTmo man sevastosoba<br />

SedarebiT ufro maRali senatoruli titulis – panipersevastosis –<br />

sasargeblod. Cveni varaudiT, daviTs panipersevastosoba 1094 wels unda<br />

30 silogava 2004: 251-252. valeri silogava daviTis pirveli emisiis monetebs misi Tanamosaydreobis<br />

xaniT 1083/5-1089 wlebiT aTariRebs, rac ar aris gaziarebuli numizmatikis<br />

dargis specialistebis mier, maTi umravlesoba am monetebs 1089 wlis momdevno periodiT<br />

aTariReben, ix.: dundua, dundua: 195; kapanaZe 1969: 65-68; Dundua 2000: 390-391; Lang 1959: 143-145.<br />

31 daviTis mier, savaraudod, panipersevastosis tituliT moWrili monetebis Sesaxeb ix.:<br />

Lang 1959: 144. devid marSal lengis am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego TvalsazrisisaTvis, ix.:<br />

dundua, dundua 2006: 195.<br />

32 Jordania 2004: 236. Tedo Jordania Tvlis, rom anderZi, daviTi panipersevastosad<br />

ixsenieba, Sedgenilia 1089-1091 wlebSi, Tumca saamiso myari argumentebi mas ar moaqvs.<br />

amdenad, Jordaniaseul daTariRebas Cven ver gaviziarebT.<br />

149

mieRo, 33 anu mas Semdeg, rac sabolood daamarcxa da pativi ahyara liparit<br />

V baRvaSs. orwliani patimrobis Semdeg 1096 wels lipariti bizantiaSi<br />

gaasaxles, sadac mogvianebiT aResrula. 34 panipersevastosobis gacema, erTi<br />

mxriv baRvaSebis damarcxebiT, xolo, meore mxriv, marTa bagrationisa da<br />

misi vaJis konstantine porfirogenetis taxtidan CamoSorebis<br />

sakompensaciod unda gaekeTebina bizantiis imperator aleqsi I komnenoss. 35<br />

baRvaSebis damarcxebiT bizantiis imperiam saqarTveloSi Zlieri,<br />

potenciuri mokavSire dakarga. vinaidan marTas damcrobasa da misi<br />

vaJisTvis saimperatoro titulis ayras SeeZlo saqarTvelos<br />

xelisuflebasTan politikuri dapirispirebis gamowveva, garTulebis<br />

Tavidan acilebis mizniT, imperatorma daviTs sakariskaco tituli aumaRla.<br />

aman, rogorc Cans, xeli Seuwyo urTierTobis normalizacias, radgan imave<br />

liparit V baRvaSs daviTi swored bizantiaSi uSvebs gadasaxlebaSi (1096<br />

weli) (metreveli 1986: 78; yauxCiSvili 1955: 325). aRniSnuli ki imaze<br />

miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos 1096 wlisTvis jer isev esaWiroeba bizantiis<br />

politikuri mxardaWera.<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aleqsi I titulaturis reformaciis Semdeg<br />

sevastosisa da masze dafuZnebul titulebs mxolod naTesavebze da<br />

uaxloes pirebze gascemda. daviTi am SemTxvevaSi imperator aleqsis de jure<br />

dedis marTa (maria) bagrationis ZmisSvili iyo. 36 aqedan gamomdinare, is<br />

komnenosebis naTesavad iTvleboda da, Sesabamisad, arc aris gasakviri, rom<br />

33<br />

zurab papasqiri gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom swored 1094 wels momxdari marTa<br />

bagrationis damcroba unda gamxdariyo sababi bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis<br />

uaryofisa, rac daviTma sakuTari politikuri miznebisTvis gamoiyena. ix.: З. В. Папаскири. От<br />

Давида до Давида: Из истории международных отношений Грузии (70-е годы X – 80-е годы XI вв.). Тб. 2001,<br />

gv. 104-106.<br />

34<br />

liparit V baRvaSis gandgomis da damarcxebis Sesaxeb ix.: cxovreba mefeT mefisa<br />

daviTisi. qarTlis cxovreba. tomi I. red. s. yauxCiSvili. Tb. 1955, gv. 325; metreveli 1986: 77-<br />

78; baxtaZe 2003: 180-181.<br />

35<br />

konstantine porfirogenetisTvis saimperatoro pativis CamorTmevis da marTa<br />

bagrationis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis sababiT, konstantinopolidan gasaxlebis Sesaxeb,<br />

ixileT Semdegi literatura: i. nodia. mariam dedofali XI s. meore naxevris bizantiis<br />

politikur cxovrebaSi. TsuS arqeologia, klasikuri filologia, bizantinistika. tomi 183.<br />

Tb. 1978, gv. 151; M. Mullett. The “Disgrace” of the Ex‐Basilissa Maria. Byzantinoslavica 45. 1984, gv. 202‐211.<br />

36<br />

marTas mier aleqsis de jure Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb ix.: miqaberiZe 1997: 129; nodia 1978: 148;<br />

yauxCiSvili 1963: 313.<br />

150

man jer sevastosis, xolo Semdeg panipersevastosis tituli miiRo. Tumca<br />

mogvianebiT mefem uari Tqva am titulebze da Tavi avtokratorad<br />

gamoacxada. 37<br />

sevastosis titulis funqcia, finansuri mxare da privilegiebi<br />

davubrundeT zemoT dasmul dilemas – Tu ra saxiT miiRo bagrat IV-m<br />

sevastosis tituli?! dazustebiT am problemis gadaWra rTulia, Tumca aqve<br />

aRvniSnavT, rom misma vaJma, giorgim, jer sevastosoba miiRo da mxolod<br />

amis Semdeg keisroba. es kargad aCvenebs keisris, rogorc imperatoris<br />

Semdeg meore piris (sanam sevastokratosoba iqna SemoRebuli) upiratesobas<br />

sevastosTan mimarTebaSi. es rac Seexeba giorgi II-is mmarTvelobis periods;<br />

gansxvavebul situaciasTan gvaqvs saqme bagratis mefobis dros, radgan<br />

bagrats ar miuRia keisris tituli da man mmarTveloba sevastosis pativiT<br />

daasrula.<br />

aqve unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, rom bagrat IV-is da giorgi II-is<br />

mefobis xanaSi qarTul monetebze SenarCunebulia bizantiuri vlaqernis<br />

RvTismSoblis tipis monetebis emisia. am tipis monetaTa gamoSvebis<br />

dasasruli daviT aRmaSeneblis monetebis mesame emisiis mimoqcevaSi<br />

Semosvlas ukavSirdeba. vlaqernis tipis monetebis gaqroba bizantiis<br />

gavlenis Sesustebis niSania. daviTis mesame emisiis monetaTa Sublze<br />

saqarTvelos monarqi bizantiis imperatoris msgavsad imoseba da atarebs<br />

daaxloebiT imave saimperatoro regaliebs, rasac Tavad bizantiis im-<br />

peratori aleqsi I sakuTar safasze (Dundua 2000: 391; Dundua 2000 : 391; dundua<br />

2006: 195-196). bagrat IV-is monetaze ki monarqis gamosaxulebas saerTod ver<br />

vxvdebiT. aversze qarTveli monarqis nacvlad vlaqernis RvTismSobelia<br />

aRbeWdili, romelic, marTalia, saerTo qristianul xats ganasaxierebs, mag-<br />

ram amasTan erTad bizantiuri atribuciiT aris warmodgenili (Dundua 2000:<br />

37 daviTi TviTmpyroblad 1104 wels Sedgenil ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi iwodeba,<br />

rac bunebrivia miuTiTebs bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis CamoSorebaze – is ukve<br />

saimperatoro titulis matarebelia. daviTi avtokratorad imave wels unda gamocxadebuliyo,<br />

Tumca vinaidan es scildeba statiis ZiriTad Tematikas, am sakiTxs meti sicxadiT<br />

ar SevexebiT.<br />

151

389; Пахомов 1970: 58-60).<br />

es yvelaferi kargad uCvenebs saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierT-<br />

damokidebulebis xarisxs, romelic bolomde paritetul urTierTobaze ar<br />

aris agebuli. ufro metic, gansxvavebiT bizantiis imperatorisgan, qarTveli<br />

monarqi ar an ver aTavsebs avtoportrets sakuTar valutaze. 38<br />

bizantiaSi, misi romauli warsulidan moyolebuli, aTaswleulze meti<br />

xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda tradicia, imperatorTa biustis monetebze<br />

gamosaxvisa. Tu qarTul safasze vlaqernis RvTismSoblis gamosaxuleba<br />

ubralo kompilacias warmoadgenda, logikuria, davsvaT kiTxva: ratom ar<br />

gadmoiRes qarTvelebma bagrat IV-is dros bizantiuri gamocdileba saero<br />

xelisufalTa monetaze gamosaxvisa?! problemac isaa, rom vlaqernis tipis<br />

monetebi ar warmoadgenda ubralo kompilacias, es bizantiis politikuri<br />

gavlenis aSkara dadasturebaa. saqarTvelos suverenitetis xarisxi,<br />

miuxedavad misi politikuri damoukideblobisa, 39 jer kidev sakmaod dabali<br />

iyo imisTvis, rom mas konkurencia gaewia bizantiisTvis. amdenad,<br />

safiqrebelia, rom mefe bagratma sevastosoba miiRo ara rogorc<br />

imperatoris ekvivalenti, aramed rogorc rangiT masze dabali tituli.<br />

amgvarad, titulma sevastosma 1060 wlisTvis dakarga Tavisi<br />

saimperatoro pativi da umaRlesi rangis sakariskaco titulad iqca.<br />

sevastosobis daqveiTeba sakariskaco titulebis gacemis ganaxlebas unda<br />

ukavSirdebodes, romelic imperatorad kurTxevis Semdeg konstantine X<br />

dukam (1059-1067) daiwyo. am RonisZiebiT imperatorma adgilobrivi<br />

didebulebis ambiciebis dakmayofileba da maTi finansuri uzrunvelyofa<br />

SeZlo. 40<br />

38 es Seexeba Sua saukuneebis yvela adgilobriv samoneto tips daviT IV aRmaSeneblis<br />

CvenTvis cnobil mesame emisiis monetebamde (swored am monetaze daitanes pirvelad<br />

qarTveli monarqis avtoportreti), romelic sul ori egzemplaris saxiT aris moRweuli.<br />

amaTgan meore cali sul axlaxans iqna gamovlenili. ix.: dundua 2006: 194-204.<br />

39 amas Tavad bizantiaSic aRiareben. cnobili bizantieli istorikosi da politikuri<br />

moRvawe, nikifore vrienosi, saqarTvelos mefes damoukidebel mmarTvels uwodebs, ix.:<br />

Никифор Вриений 1858: 51‐52; kopaliani 1969: 286.<br />

40 konstantine X duka ar iyo pirveli am wamowyebaSi, mis mmarTvelobamde igive process<br />

hqonda adgili konstantine IX monomaxis drosac. rac Seexeba konstantine dukas, mis<br />

periodSi yvelaferma aman sistematuri saxe miiRo da finansuri Semosavlis wyarod iqca.<br />

152

imperatoris mier sevastossa da sxva senatorul titulebze gaicemoda<br />

yovelwliuri wyaloba, romelsac berZnulad roga (ρογα) ewodeboda. es iyo<br />

titulaturis garkveuli kapitalizaciis meqanizmi, romelsac mudmivad<br />

Semohqonda garkveuli Semosavali TiToeul titulze. magaliTad, erT-erT<br />

yvelaze dabal senatorul Cinze – proTospaTarze – gaTvaliswinebuli iyo<br />

roga (wyaloba, xelfasi) 72 nomismis odenobiT, sxva Tanamdebobebze<br />

aRniSnuli Tanxa ufro maRali iyo (Скабаланович 1884: 161). rogas gacema<br />

xdeboda weliwadSi erTxel aRdgomis wina kviras, xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu<br />

imperatori saaRdgomod dedaqalaqSi ar imyofeboda, roga gaicemoda ufro<br />

adre (Скабаланович 1884: 161-162).<br />

950 wlis 24 marts, bzobis kviras, kremonis arqiepiskoposi daeswro<br />

yovelwliuri wyalobebis gacemis oficialur ceremonials da misi<br />

garkveuli aRwerac dagvitova. misi TqmiT, ceremoniali imarTeboda didi<br />

sasaxlis mTavar darbazSi, sadac cxrameti magida iyo gaSlili ceremoniis<br />

228 stumrisTvis. mTavari magida gawyobili iyo oqros monetebiTa da<br />

Zvirfasi abreSumis qsovilebiT, ris Semdegac senatorebi rig-rigobiT<br />

iRebdnen maTTvis kuTvnil yovelwliur rogas (Oikonomides 1997: 200‐201).<br />

senatorebze da mTlianad biurokratiaze gacemuli Tanxebi uzarmazari iyo.<br />

imperator Teofiles dros (842 weli) biurokratiis saxelfaso fondi impe-<br />

riis mTliani danaxarjebis 16-17%-s Seadgenda, rac saerTo jamSi daax.<br />

naxevar milion nomismas Seadgenda. konstantine VII porfirogenetis dros<br />

es iyo 15% _ 600 000 nomisma, xolo basil II didis dros (1025 wlisTvis)<br />

13,5% _ 800 000 nomismas udrida. es maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos mTliani<br />

xarjebi 5 895 000 nomismas Seadgenda, xolo sruli rezervebi 14 400 000 no-<br />

mismas utoldeboda (Treadgold 1997: 575-577). es yvelaferi uoren tredgoldis<br />

gaTvliT, imperator basils saSualebas aZlevda Seenaxa daax. 250 000<br />

kaciani armia (Treadgold 1995: 84-85).<br />

senatoruli titulebis gayidva TviT savaWro gildiis wevrebzec ki daiwyo, ramac Zveli<br />

titulebi, faqtobrivad gaaufasura. mixael fselosis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, konstantine<br />

dukam, TiTqmis, mospo tradiciuli gansxvaveba senatorsa da ubralo moqalaqes Soris, risi<br />

Sedegic, mixael angoldis SefasebiT, imperatoris avtoritetis Sesusteba da<br />

dedaqalaqze kontrolis dacema gaxda. ix.: Angold 1997: 95-96.<br />

153

konstantine X dukas (1059-1067 ww.) dros biurokratiis xarjebi misi<br />

winamorbedisgan (isak I komnenosi) gansxvavebiT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.<br />

imperatori xedavda ra, Tu rogor gaanawyena isak komnenosis reformebma,<br />

romelic biujetis gazrdaze iyo orientirebuli, konstantinopolis<br />

aristokratia, maTi gulis mogebas Seecada. amis Sedegad, gaibera<br />

biurokratiis xarjebi, aRdga Zveli titulebi, maT mflobelebs ki<br />

ganuaxldaT da gaezarda, xelfasebi (Treadgold 1997: 600). daaxloebiT msgavss<br />

movlenebs hqonda adgili konstantine IX monomaxis (1042-1055 ww.) drosac.<br />

imperias esaWiroeboda finansebi. TanamdebobebiT vaWrobis garda,<br />

cvlilebebi Seexo armiasac. aqedan gamomdinare, konstantine monomaxma<br />

mTlianad daSala e.w. iberiis Temis 50 000 kaciani armia (Treadgold 1995: 81-<br />

83) 41 da isini regularuli samxedro SenaerTebidan gadasaxadis gadamxdel<br />

moqalaqeebad gadaaqcia. es mniSvnelovani dartyma iyo mcire aziis<br />

bizantiuri samflobeloebisaTvis. maT magier xelisuflebam sxvadasxva<br />

eTnikuri warmomavlobis razmebis mowveva daiwyo (Treadgold 1995: 81-83; Vrionis<br />

1971: 74-75).<br />

aRmosavleTSi axali saxis Tavdacvis sistemis saWiroeba gaCnda.<br />

daqiravebulebs imperia ukiduresi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iyenebda.<br />

bagratze 1060 wels sevastosis titulis gacema da garkveuli samxedro<br />

funqciis delegireba, 42 aseve kaxeT-hereTis didi nawilis SemoerTeba<br />

yovelive amis logikuri gagrZelebaa. 43 bizantiisTvis `iberiuli armiis~<br />

daSlis pirobebSi saqarTvelos mokavSireoba aRmosavleTSi sasicocxlo<br />

mniSvnelobis iyo. sevastosobis saxiT ganxorcielebuli garkveuli<br />

finansuri dotaciebi imperiis politikas pasuxobda. bagratis sevastosoba<br />

bizantias gacilebiT iafi ujdeboda, vidre 50 000-iani armiis saxelmwifos<br />

41<br />

iberiis Temi aerTianebda ara mxolod daviT III kurapalatis samflobeloebs, aramed<br />

somxur da mTel rig elinizirebul Temebsac, ix.: W. Treadgold. Byzantium and Its Army, gv. 81-83.<br />

42<br />

aleqsandre kaJdanis SeniSvniT, protonovelisimosi da novelisimosis titulebi mxolod<br />

maRali rangis mTavarsardlebs eZleodaT bizantiaSi, aqve unda aRniSnos isic, rom aleqsi<br />

komnenosma sevastosis tituli novelisimosobis Semdeg, swored samxedro samsaxurSi<br />

yofnisTvis miiRo, ix.: Каждан 1974: 106; Любарский 1965: 74.<br />

43<br />

kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebis procesi Turq-selCukTa Semosevebma CaSala ix.: yauxCiSvili<br />

1955: 306-309; javaxiSvili 1965: 150-151.<br />

154

kmayofaze yofna.<br />

amdenad, sevastosoba qarTvel mefeebs eZleodaT ara, rogorc<br />

saimperatoro pativi, aramed rogorc saimperio sakariskaco tituli.<br />

umaRlesi samxedro funqciis garda, is Tavisi mniSvnelobiT meore adgils<br />

ikavebda (keisris Semdeg) bizantiis senatSi. sevastosoba umaRlesi rigis<br />

senatorul titulebSi erTiandeba rogorc aleqsi komnenosamde, aseve misi<br />

mmarTvelobis periodSi. mxolod aleqsis Semdeg (1118 wlidan) kargavs igi<br />

Zvel didebas da meore rigis titulebSi gadainacvlebs (Скабаланович 1886:<br />

162). qalebis SemTxvevaSi umaRles titulad imperatoris karze sevaste miiC-<br />

neoda (Скабаланович 1886: 162). aRniSnuli pativi alanTa mefis qaliSvils<br />

gadaeca, romelsac is atarebda daax. 1050-1055 wlebSi.<br />

senatis sxva wevrebis msgavsad sevastosebi bizantiis imperatorisgan<br />

mniSvnelovan finansur dotacias iRebdnen, rac maT valdebulebas zrdida<br />

`universaluri samyaros~ imperatoris winaSe. sevastosis tituliT<br />

iwodeboda saqarTvelos sami monarqi:<br />

1. bagrat IV 1060-1072 wlebSi.<br />

2. giorgi II 1073-1076 wlebSi.<br />

3. daviT IV 1083-1094 wlebSi.<br />

155

Tavi V<br />

keisris tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi<br />

laTinuri tituli “Caesar”-i (berZnulad _ Καῖσαρ) saqarTveloSi<br />

sityva `keisari~-s formiT damkvidrda, romelic yovelTvis imperatoris<br />

aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda, xolo amave titulidan nawarmoebi termini<br />

`kesarosi~ bizantiur saimperio sakariskaco tituls aRniSnavda. vinaidan<br />

saqarTveloSi Tavdapirvelad damkvidrda termini `keisari~, Cvenc naSromSi<br />

ZiriTadad am ukanasknels gamoviyenebT.<br />

Tavidanve mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom `keisari~ da `kesarosi~<br />

qarTul politikur cnobierebaSi or damoukidebel cnebad damkvidrda. es<br />

maSin, rodesac Tavad romis/bizantiis imperiaSi is yovelTvis erTi termini<br />

iyo. amrigad, keisris tituli, romaul samyaroSi Cndeba, xolo misi<br />

saqarTveloSi gaCena garkveul politikur cvlilebebTan iyo<br />

dakavSirebuli, rac udavod mniSvnelovania Sua saukuneebis qarTuli<br />

politikuri azrovnebisa da saqarTveloSi arsebuli instituciebis<br />

Sesaswavlad.<br />

keisari romis/bizantiis imperiaSi<br />

tituli `keisari~ damkvidrda mas Semdeg, rac cnobilma romaelma<br />

saxelmwifo moRvawem, gaius iulius keisarma (Zv. w. 100-44 ww.), es kognomeni<br />

sakuTar sagvareulo saxelad myarad daamkvidra. plinius ufrosis cnobiT,<br />

kognomeni `keisari~ warmodgeba iulius keisris winaprisgan, romelic<br />

sakeisro kveTis Sedegad daibada, ramac safuZveli daudo mis zedwodebasa<br />

da zogadad termin `keisars~ (warmodgeba laTinuri zmnis caedere, caes-isgan,<br />

rac aRniSnavs kveTas) (Rackham 1942: 537). arsebobs sxva versiebic aRniSnuli<br />

terminis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, Tumca yvelaze realuri swored es<br />

ukanasknelia.<br />

keisrebad Tavidan mxolod imperatorebi iwodebodnen. keisari gaius<br />

iulius keisris kognomeni iyo, romelic memkvidreobiT misma Svilobilma da<br />

156

memkvidrem, gaius iulius keisar avgustusma, igive oqtavianem, miiRo<br />

(Cambridge Ancient History..., 1992; Cambridge Ancient History..., 1996; Cambridge Ancient<br />

History..., 2006; Braund 1985).<br />

oqtavianes Semdeg orive tituls, avgustussa da keisars, atarebda<br />

iulius-klavdiusebis ojaxis romis yvela imperatori neronis (54-68 ww.)<br />

CaTvliT (Braund 1985: 24-31, 44-46, 78, 81, 171-173). neronis Semdeg keisris<br />

tituli imperatoris, anu avgustusis paralelurad imperiis taxtis<br />

memkvidreebs eZleodaT. mas Semdeg keisari oficialur titulad gadaiqca,<br />

romelic, tradiciulad, taxtis memkvidreebis privilegia gaxda (Mattingly,<br />

Sydenham 1936: 314-323). 44<br />

imperatorebi xSir SemTxvevaSi taxtze asvlisTanave aniWebdnen maT<br />

mier arCeul memkvidreebs aRniSnul tituls, riTac memkvidreobis<br />

legitimaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadawyvetas cdilobdnen (Mitthof<br />

1993: 97). sabolood, romis imperiaSi keisris titulis mflobeli ori<br />

pirovneba iyo: avgustusi, romelic iwodeboda imperator-keisrad da misi<br />

memkvidre, romelic atarebda nobelisimus-keisris tituls (Seaby 1982: 1).<br />

situacia odnav Seicvala imperator diokletianes (284-305 ww.)<br />

mmarTvelobis Semdeg, rodesac keisris saimperio pativi avgustusis<br />

umcrosi TanammarTvelis rangSi iqna ayvanili. cota xanSi ori aseTi<br />

keisari Cndeba ori avgustusis, anu imperatoris paralelurad (Leadbetter<br />

2009: 48).<br />

diokletiane imperatorma romis imperia, faqtobrivad, orad gayo:<br />

didwilad elinizirebuli aRmosavleTis mmarTveloba Tavad Caibara, xolo<br />

laTinuri dasavleTi Tavis Svilobilsa da memkvidres, maqsimianes, Caabara.<br />

(Treadgold 1997: 14). sul male maqsimianes statusi kidev ufro amaRlda da mas<br />

imperiis umaRlesi pativi, avgustusoba, gadaeca. amieridan imperiaSi ori<br />

Tanasworuflebiani avgustusi iyo. formalurad diokletiane inarCunebda<br />

imperiaSi pirvelobas, Tumca realurad erTian imperiaSi ori<br />

44 ase magaliTad, publius septimus geta mxolod keisrad iwodeba, xolo mas mere, rac 209<br />

wels Tanaimperatorad gamoacxades, is ukve avgustusia, ix.: Mattingly 1936: 314‐323.<br />

157

administraciuli sistema moqmedebda, romelsac ori sxvadasxva imperatori<br />

edga saTaveSi. orive avgustusma TanammarTvelad ori keisari aiyvana:<br />

diokletianem – galeriusi, xolo maqsimianem – konstantius xlorusi<br />

(Treadgold 1997: 14).<br />

amgvarad, imperiaSi oTxTa mmarTveloba, anu tetrarxia damyarda. es<br />

yvelaferi 293 wels moxda ori imperatoris SeTanxebuli gadawyvetilebiT.<br />

305 wels imperatorebi aseve SeTanxmebulad gadadgnen, riTic maTi adgili<br />

keisrebma, galeriusma da konstantius xlorusma, daikaves (Leadbetter 2009: 2).<br />

axla ukve am ukanasknelebma aiyvanes TanammarTvelad Tav-TavianTi keisrebi.<br />

ase gagrZelda iqamde, sanam imperatorma konstantine I didma bolo ar<br />

mouRo diokletianes periodSi dawesebul tetrarxias (Cambridge Ancient History<br />

…, 2006: 90 ; Jones ...1-2 1964).<br />

kostantine I didma uari Tqva sxvasTan gaeyo Tavisi Zalaufleba,<br />

amdenad, keisarebma dakarges imperatorobis pativi. samagierod, isini<br />

bizantiis imperiaSi erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian Tanamdebobis pirebs<br />

warmoadgendnen da mniSvnelobiT imperatoris Semdeg yvelaze dawinaurebul<br />

aristokratebad iTvlebodnen qveyanaSi. ufro metic, keisris titulis mqone<br />

mamakaci iTvleboda imperiis taxtis memkvidred, oRond imperatorobis<br />

pativis gareSe.<br />

bizantiis imperiaSi keisris tituli naklebad gaicemoda. Teodosi I<br />

didis (378-395 ww.) mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli praqtikaSi imperatoris mier<br />

sakuTari Svilebis Tanaimperatorad gamocxadeba damkvidrda, amdenad,<br />

keisris titulis iSviaTi gacema ar unda gagvikvirdes (Bury 1911: 36).<br />

imperatorma leon I-ma 473 wels es tituli gadasca Tavis memkvidresa<br />

da SviliSvils, leon II-s, romelic mogvianebiT imperatori gaxda, oRond<br />

mcire xniT. iustine II-m (565-578 ww.) keisris tituli Tavis momaval<br />

memkvidres tiberiuss, gadasca, romelmac es tituli 574 wels miiRo. oTxi<br />

wlis Semdeg tiberius II (578-582 ww.) bizantiis imperatori xdeba (Treadgold<br />

1997: 223-225). 582 wlisTvis man keisris rangSi ori bizantieli aristokrati,<br />

mavrike da germaniusi, aiyvana, TiToeul maTgans colad imperatoris<br />

158

qaliSvilebi SerTes. tiberiuss Cafiqrebuli hqonda imperiis orad gayofa,<br />

rogorc es 395 wels gaakeTa imperatorma Teodosim, Tumca bolo momentSi<br />

gadaifiqra da memkvidred mxolod mavrike gamoacxada. amdenad, momavali<br />

imperatori keisris titulis mqone mavrike gaxda (Treadgold 1997: 226-227).<br />

keisris tituls daeufla mavrikes ufrosi vaJi da memkvidre Teodosic,<br />

mogvianebiT is mamis Tanaimperatoric gaxda (Martindale 1992: 1293), Tumca<br />

imperatoroba ar dascalda da mamasTan da ZmebTan erTad 602 wels<br />

momavali imperatoris, fokas, brZanebiT sicocxles gamoasalmes (Treadgold<br />

1997: 393-395).<br />

mogvianebiT keisris tituli gaicemoda imperatoris umcros<br />

vaJiSvilebze, ase moxda imperatorebis, heraklesa (610-641 ww.) da<br />

konstantine V kopronimusis (741-775), SemTxvevaSi (Bury 1911: 36). imperatorma<br />

Teofilem (829-842 ww.) keisroba gadasca Tavis siZes, aleqsi mosels, Tumca<br />

maleve daapatimra da pativi ahyara SeTqmulebis sababiT (Treadgold 1997: 440-<br />

442). imperatorma mixael III loTma (842-867 ww.) es tituli biZamiss, bardas,<br />

gadasca, xolo nikifore II fokam (963-969 ww.) mamamiss, barda fokas (ODB 1<br />

1991: 363; Bury 1911: 36). aqedan arcerTi gamxdara bizantiis imperatori, Tumca<br />

yvelani bizantiis imperatoris ojaxis axlo wevrebi iyvnen. amis Semdeg<br />

keisris tituli mianiWes mixeil IV paflagonielis diSvils, mixael<br />

kalafats, romelic imave 1041 wels, biZis gadacvalebis Semdeg, imperatori<br />

gaxda (Sewter 1966: 21-28; ODB 2 1991: 1366). 1057 wels igive tituli SesTavazes<br />

isak komnenoss, romelic imperator mixael VI stratiotikosis winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTul ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobda. isakma titulze uari Tqva da maleve<br />

warmatebiT daikava dedaqalaqi, xolo Tavad imperatorad ekurTxa (Sewter<br />

1966: VII, 19, 40). isakis memkvidrem, konstantine X dukam (1059-1067 ww.), taxtze<br />

asvlisTanave keisrad Tavisi Zma, ioane duka, daniSna, romelic am tituliT<br />

cxovrebis bolomde iwodeboda (Sewter 1966: VIII, 26; Dawes 1928: book II-III). Tumca<br />

mas mere, rac ioane duka 1074 wels damarcxda rosel baliolTan brZolaSi<br />

da tyved Cavarda, iZulebuli gaxda, dahyoloda roselis brZanebas da Tavi<br />

imperatorad gamoacxada. realurad, keisari ioane duka avantiuristi<br />

159

normani didebulis, roselis, xelSi brma iaraRad iqca. roselis<br />

damarcxebis Semdeg ioanes ZmiSvilma, imperatorma mixael VII dukam (1071-1078<br />

ww.), is Turqebis tyveobidan gamoisyida da piroba daadebina, uari eTqva<br />

imperatorobis pretenziaze. keisari ioane duka berad aRikveca (Angold 1987:<br />

116-117). miuxedavad imisa, rom ioane berad iyo Semdgari, istorikosi ana<br />

komnena mas Zveli pativiT moixseniebs. 1074 wlidan ioane realurad igi<br />

aRar asrulebda keisari movaleobas. am uflebaSi, ioane duka mxolod 1081<br />

wels aRdga, rodesac Tavis siZes, aleqsi I komnenoss, taxtis dauflebaSi<br />

daexmara (Angold 1987: 125-127). swored 1074 wlis Semdeg iRebs keisris<br />

tituls saqarTvelos monarqi giorgi II (1072-1089 ww.), romelic am pativSi,<br />

savaraudod, imperatorma mixael VII dukam aiyvana.<br />

giorgi II bagrationi<br />

qarTuli wyaroebi titul `keisars~Oori mniSvnelobiT xmarobdnen.<br />

`keisrad~ rogorc wesi, bizantiis imperatorebi iwodebian, 45 xolo meore<br />

termini `kesarosi~, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT saimperio sakariskaco<br />

titulis mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda.<br />

saqarTvelos erTaderTi monarqi, romelmac es tituli bizantiis<br />

imperatorisgan miiRo, iyo giorgi II (1072-1089 ww.). giorgis keisris pativi<br />

bizantiis imperatorisgan daaxloebiT 1074-1081 wlebSi mieniWa da amave<br />

periodSia moWrili misi `kesarosis~ tituliani monetebic, romelic<br />

savaraudod iWeda qveynis dedaqalaq quTaisSi. monetis aRweriloba<br />

Semdegia:<br />

`Subli – wertilovan rkalSi Casmuli vlaqernis wminda<br />

RvTismSoblis welzeviTi gamosaxuleba, Tavze SaravandiT. Saravandis<br />

SigniT oTxi wertilisgan Semdgari sami vardulia Casmuli. gamosaxulebis<br />

gverdebze ormwkrivad Zlier damaxinjebuli berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia<br />

Teotikos – wminda RvTismSobeli.<br />

45 rig SemTxvevebSi qarTveli mefeebic, rogorc amas qvemoT vixilavT.<br />

160

zurgi – Serwymuli wertilovani rkalis SigniT qarTuli<br />

asomTavruliT Sesrulebulia zedwerili: `qriste, adide giorgi, afxazTa<br />

da qarTvelTa mefe”. centrSi, samstriqonad: `da kesarosi~ (dundua, dundua<br />

2006: 193, tab. VIII, # 53) (dundua, dundua 2006: 193, tab. VIII, # 53).<br />

giorgis aRniSnuli emisia ganxorcielda mas Semdeg, rac man mefobis<br />

dasawyisSi novelisimosisa da sevastosis warweriani monetebi moWra. am<br />

gamoSvebis yvela monetis atribucia identuria, gansxvavebulia mxolod<br />

bizantiuri saimperio tituli, romelic masze aris datanili. yvelaferi es<br />

imis maniSnebelia, rom giorgi erTmaneTis miyolebiT atarebda aRniSnul<br />

titulebs. amaTgan bolos swored keisaroba/kesarosoba miiRo, rogorc<br />

yvelaze maRali rangis saimperio pativi.<br />

keisari/kesarosis tituliT giorgi qarTul anderZ-minawerebSic<br />

iwodeba. SemorCenilia ramdenime kolofoni maT Soris ori TariRiania,<br />

xolo damarCenebi ki uTariRo (giorgis statusis Sesaxeb, ix.: anTelava 1988:<br />

97-116; samuSia 2012 : 8-17). 46<br />

Tedo Jordanias mier gamoqveynebuli qronikebis mixedviT, giorgi 1081<br />

wels ukve keisari/kesarosad iwodeba (Jordania 2004: 228-229). es aris<br />

yvelaze adreuli TariRiani kolofoni, romeliTac irkveva, rom giorgis<br />

keisari/kesarosi 1081 wlamde gamxdara. aRniSnuli cnoba, Tedo Jordanias,<br />

aleqsandre cagarelis mier mopovebuli, tyavis ydaSi moqceuli,<br />

metafrasuli krebulis Targmanidan amouweria. anderZ-minaweris Sinaarsi<br />

sainteresod gveCveneba:<br />

`iTargmna ukue ese metafrasti qalaqsa Sina sameufosa<br />

kostantinepolsa, monastersa S(in)a y(ovla)d Suenierisa trianflius dedisa<br />

R(mr)Tisasa, uRirsisa mier TeofileÁsa xuces monazonisa, maTve ÃeliTa<br />

mier gainusxa dasabamiTgan welTa equsi aTas xuTas oTxmeoc-da-mecxresa,<br />

indiqtionsa oTxsa berZnulad; mefobasa aRmosavleTs giorgi kesarosisa,<br />

46 giorgi II-is xanis qarTvel mefeTa politikuri statusis Sesaxeb ix.: i. anTelava.<br />

qarTuli saistorio masala giorgi II-is statusis Sesaxeb. XI-XIV ss. qarTuli saistorio<br />

wyaroebi. Tb. 1988, gv. 97-116; j. samuSia. daviT aRmaSenebeli: statusi 1083-1089 wlebi. Jurn.<br />

daviT aRmaSenebeli da misi epoqa – Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutis specialuri<br />

damateba. Tb. 2012, gv. 8-17.<br />

161

agratis Zisa, romlisa brZanebiT viwye Targmnad wignTa ellinurisagan<br />

qarTulad, xolo saberZneTs dedoflobasa marTa, misive giorgis disasa da<br />

mefobasa nikifore botinatisa da aleqsi komninisa, mas Jamsa odes bagratis<br />

asuli mariam dedofali aRmosavleTiT kostantinepoles Semovida~<br />

(Jordania 2004: 228-229).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, Targmani giorgi xucesmonazons Seusrulebia<br />

saqarTvelos mefis giorgi meoris, brZanebiT, romelic keisari/kesarosad<br />

iwodeboda. giorgis titulebs Soris mniSvnelovania misi aRmosavleTis<br />

mefed moxsenieba, am SemTxvevaSi igi bizantiis aRmosavleTiT mdebare<br />

qristianuli samyaros mmarTvelad moiazreba. xolo keisari/kesarosis<br />

tituli bunebrivia, misTvis imperatoris wyalobaa.<br />

`yoveli aRmosavleTis mefis~ tituli, romelic bizantiur wodebisTan<br />

erTobliobaSi aris warmodgenili daviT III kurapalatis droidan<br />

mkvidrdeba qarTul politikur sivrceSi (badriZe 1974: 79-89; kopaliani 1972).<br />

amdenad, giorgi xucesmonazoni anderZSi swored giorgi meoris<br />

aRmosavleTSi mefobasa da mis keisrobas/kesarobas usvams xazs, rac,<br />

bunebrivia, imis maniSnebelia, rom 1081 wlisTvis giorgi mefe `yovlisa<br />

aRmosavleTis kesarosis~ tituls mflobelia. mogvianebiT, ruis-urbnisis<br />

krebis anderZis mixedviT, ki sapatio wodebas `yovlisa dasavalisa~ anu<br />

yoveli dasavleTis keisris wodebasac umatebs. Tu rodis uCndeba, amaze<br />

pretenzia giorgis, es wyaroebidan ar Cans. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom<br />

`yovlisa aRmosavalisa da dasavalisa~ keisroba aq, SesaZloa, sruliad<br />

saqarTvelosa an sruliad aRmosavleT qristianul samyaros aRniSnavdes,<br />

radgan 1081 wlis anderZis mixedviT, igi mxolod aRmosavleTis<br />

keisari/kesarosia, xolo 1081 wlis Semdeg, rodesac is politikur<br />

warumateblobebs ganicdis, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom mas sakuTari<br />

pretenziebi gaezarda.<br />

aRniSnuli anderZ-minaweri yvelaze adreuli periodiT daTariRebuli<br />

Zeglia, romelSic giorgi keisrad iwodeba. sxva ufro adreuli xanis<br />

masala Cven xelT ar gvaqvs. sxva anderZ-minawerebis mixedviT dasturdeba,<br />

rom giorgis keisris tituli 1085 wels da 1089 wlis Semdeg utarebia.<br />

162

ogorc varkvevT, sevastosoba giorgim 1073 wels miiRo, rac saSualebas<br />

iZleva odnav SevamokloT keisrobis miRebis qronologiuri CarCo da is<br />

1074-1081 wlebs Soris ganvsazRvroT.<br />

is Tu rodis miiRo giorgim keisris tituli metn-naklebad garkveulia<br />

qarTul istoriografiSi. amisTvis yvelaze xelsayreli SemTxveva mixael<br />

VII-is imperatorobis dros Seiqmna. banaSi zavi daido, romlis safuZvelzec<br />

grigol bakurianis Zem imperatoris brZanebiT giorgi mefes iberiis Temis<br />

didi nawili da aRmosavleTis rigi teritoriebi gadasca karis qveynis<br />

CaTvliT. daviT aRmaSeneblis mematiane wers:<br />

`warvida mefe giorgi mamulsa TÂssa taos da movida banas; mun movida<br />

winaSe maTsa zoravari aRmosavalisaÁ grigol bakurianis Ze, romelsa<br />

hqondes olTisni da karnu-qalaqi da kari, da didad iamxanag[es] da<br />

ganisuenes. da mosca giorgi mefesa karis cixe-qalaqi da misi mimdgomi<br />

queyanaÁ; xolo mefeman dautevna kars aznaurni SavSni da warmovida Sina~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 301).<br />

wyaroSi ar dasturdeba, miiRo Tu ara giorgim raime bizantiuri<br />

tituli imperatorisgan. ufro metic, ise Cans, TiTqos olTisis, karis da<br />

mimdgomi qveynebis gadacema, mxolod grigol bakurianis Zis iniciativa<br />

yofiliyo. ra Tqma unda, es ase ar aris. grigolis es nabiji imperatoris<br />

mier unda yofiliyo nakarnaxevi, xolo, rogorc es qarTul<br />

istoriografiaSi aris miRebuli, aRmosavleTSi arsebuli bizantiuri<br />

samflobeloebis garda imperators giorgi meorisTvis keisris titulic<br />

unda eboZebina (dundua, dundua 2006: 87-93). vinaidan banaSi dadebuli zavi,<br />

bolo gamokvlevebis mixedviT, 1076 wels gaformda (metreveli, samuSia 2003:<br />

87-93), giorgis mier keisrobis miRebac, amave wliT unda ganvsazRvroT.<br />

giorgi II gaxda saqarTveloSi moRvawe pirveli da ukanaskneli<br />

politikuri figura, romelmac keisris oficialuri tituli miiRo<br />

bizantiis imperatorisgan. ufro metic, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg saerTod<br />

ar dasturdeba bizantiis imperatorebis mier saimperio sakariskaco<br />

titulebis gacema saqarTveloSi moRvawe feodalebze. es ukanaskneli imis<br />

maniSnebelia, rom daviT IV aRmaSenebelma, romelic 1104 wels, ukve<br />

163

TviTmpyroblad ixseniebs Tavs, xeli Seuwyo maTi gacemis Sewyvetas<br />

saqarTvelos samefoSi. giorgi, albaT, erT-erTi ukanasknelia, romelic<br />

bizantiis imperiis senatorul pativs cxovrebis bolomde atarebda. is<br />

keisris saimperio tituliT 1076-1112 wlebSi iwodeboda (doliZe 1970: 125-126).<br />

aRniSnuls adasturebs 1104 wlis ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zeglisweris~<br />

mosaxseniebeli, sadac is swored keisrad aris wodebuli. mosaxsenieblis<br />

CvenTvis saintereso monakveTi ase ikiTxeba:<br />

`keTilad msaxurisa da RmrTiv-dacvulisa mefisa Cuenisa giorgi<br />

mefeTa mefisa da yovlisa aRmosavalisa da dasavalisa kesarosisa,<br />

mravalmca arian welni~ (doliZe 1970: 125).<br />

ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zeglisweris~ mosaxsenieblis mixedviT, giorgi<br />

`yovlisa aRmosavalisa da dasavalisa kesarosia~. msgavsi saxis formula<br />

pirvelad gvxvdeba qarTul politikur terminologiaSi, aqamde qarTveli<br />

mefeebi `yovlisa aRmosavleTis~ mpyrobelis (igulisxmeba kurapalati,<br />

novelisimosi da a.S.) epiTetiT moixseniebdnen Tavs. am formulas ar<br />

vxvdebiT arc giorgis mier gacemul sigelze, romelic mefobis dasawyisSia<br />

Sedgenili (enuqiZem, silogavam, SoSiaSvili 1984: 46-49). rogorc aRvniSneT,<br />

giorgi keisrad ixsenieba mis dros moWril vercxlis safaszec. monetis<br />

aversze vlaqernis RvTismSobelia gamosaxuli. es aris am tipis monetebis<br />

erT-erTi bolo emisia.<br />

keisris tituli giorgi II bagrationis drois bizantiaSi<br />

giorgi II-is garda, misive sicocxleSi keisris tituls atarebdnen<br />

bizantiis sxva warCinebulebic. magaliTad, keisari ioane duka, imperator<br />

mixael VII dukas biZa (Dawes 1928: I, XII, 31), aseve nikifore melisene,<br />

romelmac es tituli aleqsi I komnenosis taxtze asvlis Semdeg, 1081 wels,<br />

miiRo (Dawes 1928: II, VIII, 62). aleqsi I komnenosma nikifore melisenes,<br />

romelic nikifore botaniates winaaRmdeg ajanyda, mSvidobis sanacvlod<br />

164

keisari tituli da teritoria SesTavaza TesaliaSi (Dawes 1928: II, VIII, 62). 47<br />

keisris tituls atarebda, aseve, ana komnenas qmari, nikifore vrienosi<br />

(Dawes 1928: pref. 2-3).<br />

keisris tituli ioane dukas Semdeg nikifore melisenes unda mieRo,<br />

xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg _ nikifore vrienoss. aRsaniSnavia is<br />

faqtic, rom am tituliT ioane duka misi berad aRkvecis Semdegac ixsenieba.<br />

1081 wlis Teberval-martSi, rodesac aleqsi komnenosi Riad iwyebs<br />

moqmedebas xelisuflebis uzurpaciis mizniT ioane keisrad ixsenieba. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi ioane duka aleqsis erT-erTi umTavresi mokavSiri iyo, romlsac<br />

maincdamainc didi kmayofileba ar gamouxatavs siZis am wamowyebis mimarT,<br />

ana komnena wers:<br />

`is (aleqsi I komnenosi _ l. T.) gaemarTa keisaris (ioane duka _ l.<br />

T.) karavSi gamTeniisas da uambo mas Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb da sTxova<br />

gahyoloda mas daculi kedlebisa da maTi mcvelebis (romlebic SerCeulni<br />

iyvnen sxvadasxva samxedro nawilebisgan) dasazverad, aseve imis<br />

gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor SeZlebdnen isini qalaqis dauflebas. keisari<br />

SeaSfoTa am SemoTavazebam, radgan mas is-is iyo daedo aRTqma monastruli<br />

cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb da, bunebrivia, uars ambobda misuliyo kedlebTan<br />

axlos, raTa ar gamxdariyo saguSagoebTan da kedlebTan mdgari xalxis<br />

dasacini~ (Dawes 1928: II, VIII, 62).<br />

mogvianebiT irkveva, rom aleqsi komnenoss ioane mcvelebis mosyidvis<br />

mizniT undoda gamoeyenebina, xolo ioane duka mas Semdeg iviwyebs Tavis<br />

sasuliero cxovrebas, rac sakuTari ojaxis interesebs safrTxe emuqreba<br />

(Angold 1987: 127).<br />

sabolood, aleqs komnenosi ikavebs konstantinopols da imperatori<br />

xdeba, xolo irina dukaina, ioane dukas SviliSvili, inarCunebs dedoflob-<br />

as da kanonieri qmris gverdiT ikavebs adgils (Angold 1987: 126-127).<br />

47 Anna Comnena. The Alexiad, book II, VIII, gv. 62. aleqsim, rodesac nikifore melisenoss<br />

SesTavaza kesarosoba, ioane duka misi survilisamebr berad iyo aRkvecili da samonastro<br />

cxovrebas misdevda, Tumca miuxedavad amisa, istorikosi ana komnena mas, mainc kesarosad<br />

moixseniebs (ix.: Anna Comnena. The Alexiad, book II, VIII, gv. 63).<br />

165

miuxedavad imisa, rom ioane duka berad aris Semdgari 1081 wlis martisTvis,<br />

ana komnenas `aleqsiadaSi~ mainc keisris pativiT ixsenieba. unda vifiqroT,<br />

rom formalurad ioane inarCunebs am tituls, Tumca irinas gadedoflebis<br />

Semdeg kvlav Camoscilda politikas da Tavis samflobeloebs daubrunda<br />

TrakiaSi (Angold 1987: 127; Polemis 1985). 48<br />

amdenad, mefe giorgi II bagrationis garda, keisris tituls<br />

bizantiaSi ori pirovneba, ioane duka, imperator konstantine X dukas (1059-<br />

1067 ww.) Zma da nikifore melisenosi flobdnen, xolo amaT Semdeg amave<br />

tituls iRebs keisar aleqsi komnenisis siZe _ nikifore vrienosi.<br />

zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi<br />

keisari/kesarosis tituliT saqarTveloSi mxolod mefe giorgi II ar<br />

ixsenieba, amave tituls, somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, atarebdnen zaqaria da<br />

ivane mxargrZelebi. erT-erTi somxuri anderZ-minaweri (hiSatakarani) Semdeg<br />

cnobas gvawvdis:<br />

`saxelovani erisTavT-erisTavi (iSxanT-iSxani – l. T.) patroni<br />

xavrasi, Ze amir sargisisa… iyo dedis Zma somexTa da qarTvelTa da<br />

yovelTa afxazTa kesarosebis, keTilmsaxur, RmrTivgandidebul didi<br />

zaqariasi da ivanesi~ (abdalaZe 2005: 56).<br />

somxur anderZ-minawerSi keisari/kesarosis tituli `kesarosacis~<br />

formiT aris dafiqsirebuli. 49 es ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom somxeTSic<br />

msgavsad qarTulisa gamoyofdnen termin `kesaross~, misi originali<br />

formisgan _ `keisarsgan~.<br />

zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi, rogorc cnobilia Tamar mefis (1184-<br />

1210 ww.) dros dawinaurdnen, isini flobdnen somxur miwebs, aseve<br />

teritoriebs qvemo qarTlSi. mxargrZelebis gaZlierebas gansakuTrebiT<br />

xeli maTma samxedro aqtivobam Seuwyo. amis Sedegad, sxvadasxva dros isini<br />

euflebian aTabagis, amirspasalaris, mandaturTuxucesis da<br />

48<br />

Angold 1997: 127. vrclad dukebis dinastiisa da ioane dukas moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ixileT:<br />

Polemis 1985.<br />

49 somxur teqstTan dakavSirebiT gaweuli konsultaciisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT istoriis<br />

doqtors qeTevan quTaTelaZes.<br />

166

msaxurTuxucesis saxeloebs. zaqaria Tavis samflobeloebSi SahanSahadac<br />

iwodeba, rac xazs usvams mis mier qalaq anisisa da somxeTis centraluri<br />

provinciis mflobelobas (darCiaSvili 2010: 110-115, 145). 50 es samflobeloebi<br />

adre somxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli, mogvianebiT, didi<br />

brZolebis Semdeg, isini saqarTvelos samefom SeierTa (saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis narkvevebi III 1979: 263-274).<br />

zaqarias da ivanes gavlena saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani iyo, ris<br />

gamoc isini saqarTvelos mefis karze sxva feodalebze metad dawinaurdnen.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli rCeboda mefis karze de<br />

jure pirvel moxeled, realurad misi adgili Tamaris mefobis miwuruls<br />

mxargrZelebma daikaves (anTelava 1983: 136-138).<br />

sxva saqmea, ramdenad realuria zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis mier<br />

keisari/kesarosis pativis oficialuri miReba. am tituls bizantiis<br />

imperatori ukve aRar gascemda saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle<br />

feodalebze. erTaderTi, visac SeeZlo es tituli gaeca mxargrZelebze, iyo<br />

Tavad saqarTvelos TviTmpyrobeli.<br />

saqarTvelos monarqi TviTmpyroblad daviT IV aRmaSeneblis droidan<br />

iwodeba, amdenad, am droidan moyolebuli bizantia wyvets saimperio<br />

sakariskaco titulebis gacemas aRmosavleTSi. keisrebad am SemTxvevaSi<br />

mxargrZelebis sasargeblod, saqarTvelos mefes (Tamars an giorgi IV<br />

laSas) SeeZlo gaeca, Tumca SemoiRo Tu ara mefem saqarTvelos samefo<br />

karze es tituli, saistorio wyaroebSi ar Cans. ar Cans arc is, Tu ra<br />

funqcia-movaleobebi unda hqonoda dakisrebuli am titulis mflobels.<br />

Cveni azriT, somxur wyaroebSi moxseniebuli keisari/kesarosis<br />

tituli zaqarias da ivanes sapatio titulis saxiT unda hqonodaT<br />

miRebuli, rac ar gamoxatavda maT oficialur mdgomareobas qveyanaSi.<br />

magaliTad, imave xanaSi angelosebis bizantiaSi tituli keisari kvlav erT-<br />

erT umaRles titulad rCeba. am tituls jer laTini ranier-ioane<br />

50 SanSe darCiaSvilis azriT, aRniSnuli tituli zaqaria mxargZels formalurad hqonda<br />

miRebuli da is ar atarebda raime politikur datvirTvas, ix.: S. darCiaSvili. Ziebani<br />

qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis istoriidan: somxuri lapidaruli warwerebis cnobebi<br />

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb XII-XIII saukuneebis pirvel mesamedSi. Tb. 2010, gv. 145, 110-115.<br />

167

montferati flobda, xolo Semdeg ki misi Zma konrad montferati. es<br />

ukanaskneli imperator isak II angelosis (1185-1195 ww.) siZe da uaxloesi<br />

TanamebrZoli iyo da Tavi aleqsi vranas ajanyebis CaxSobisas gamoiCina<br />

(ODB I 1991: 495).<br />

amdenad, zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis kuTvnili tituli<br />

`kesarosi~ sapatio epiTeti unda yofiliyo da ara oficialuri tituli.<br />

SesaZloa, es pasaJi somexi panegirikis mier mxargrZelebis socialuri<br />

mdgomareobis xazgasma ufro iyo, vidre raime saxis oficialuri tituli.<br />

yovel SemTxvevisTvis, saqarTveloSi, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, jer<br />

jerobiT ar dasturdeba bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis SemoReba<br />

adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis mier.<br />

mniSvnelovania aRmosavluri wyaroebis monacemebi saqarTvelos<br />

amirspasalaris titulTan dakavSirebiT. magali Toduas mier Targmnil<br />

sparsul enaze Sesrulebul krebulSi, romelic 1219 wels aris gadawerili,<br />

daculia informacia afzal al-din badil xayan Sarvanis (1120/6-1199 ww.)<br />

(mokled mis Sesaxeb, ix.: qse XI 1987: 416) werilebidan. masSi saqarTvelos<br />

amirspasalaris mimarTvis forma aris warmodgenili, sadac es ukanaskneli<br />

keisari/kesarosad iwodeba:<br />

`maRali sakrebulos; didi amir-spasalaris; udidesi mbrZaneblis...<br />

keisarTa mZlevelis... qristianTa laSqris winamZRolis; [qristes] mowafeTa<br />

gvirgvinis; amiraTa TviTmpyrobelis; abxazisa da Saqis falavnis; armanisa<br />

da rumis marzbanis; alanisa da rusis sardlis, udidesi keisarosis<br />

sicocxle srulqmnili iRbliT maradi iyos misi mociqulebis krebulis<br />

saxeliT~. (Todua 1979: 27)<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom amirspasalaris mimarTvis teqstSi keisris tituli<br />

ori gansxvavebuli formiT aris warmodgenili, dasawyisSi rogorc `al-<br />

kaÁasira~ (mxol. `kaÁsar~), xolo boloSi ki, rogorc `kisarus~. 51 Tu pirvel<br />

SemTxvevaSi keisris arabulidan sparsulSi Sesuli forma gvaqvs<br />

dafiqsirebuli, meore SemTxvevaSi keisris titulis berZnuli formiT<br />

51 sparsul teqstTan dakavSirebiT konsultaciisTvis madlobas vuxdiT folologiis doqtors darejan gardavaZes.<br />

168

arabulsa da sparsulSi Sesul termins vafiqsirebT, romelic pirvelisgan<br />

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT aris warmodgenili. amdenad, aRmosavlurma<br />

wyaroebma qarTuli wyaroebis msgavsad, termini `keisari~ or gansxvavebul<br />

sityvad aqcies. amaTgan pirveli ixmareboda mefeebis sapatio epiTetad,<br />

xolo meore bizantiuri sakariskaco titulis mniSvnelobiT.<br />

amrigad, sparsuli teqstis mTargmnelma, magali Toduam es ori<br />

termini qarTul politikur realobaSi damkvidrebul `keisrisa~ da<br />

`kesarosis~ titulebs daukavSira da Sesabamisad Targmna kidec.<br />

magali Toduas azriT, mis mier Targmnil teqstebSi daculi<br />

epiTetebi oficialuri mimarTvis dros savaldebulo Tu ara, sasurveli<br />

mainc iyo, rom warmoTqmuliyo. amgvarad, werilebSi dacul titulebsa Tu<br />

epiTetebs garkveuli ceremoniuli datvirTva hqonda, magram ara yovelTvis<br />

oficialuri. m. Todua wers: `am masalis Seswavlisas mainc sifrTxile<br />

gvmarTebs, radgan nawili am titulTagan SeiZleba iyos ara oficialuri<br />

tituli (layab), aramed ubralo epiTeti (vasф)~ (Todua 1979: 33-34).<br />

amgvarad, somxuri da sparsuli wyaroebis Sejerebis safuZvelze<br />

unda davaskvnaT, rom keisari/kesarosis tituli saqarTveloSi<br />

gamoiyeneboda, Tumca nakleb savaraudoa, rom is XII-XIII ss. mijnaze raime<br />

saxis oficialuri tituli yofiliyo. mxargrZelebis magaliTze SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom es tituli maT araoficialur tituls warmoadgenda. 52 (Todua<br />

1979: 82) miuxedavad aRniSnuli titulis araoficialuri saxisa, amave<br />

wyaroebis mixedviT, mxargrZelebi saqarTvelos mefis keisari/kesarosebia:<br />

`qarTvelTa da yovelTa afxazTa kesarosebis...~, xolo saqarTvelos monarqi<br />

ki maTi uzenaesi imperatori.<br />

amdenad, bizantiis mier boZebul keisari/kesarosis tituls<br />

saqarTveloSi mxolod giorgi II flobda vidre gardacvalebamde _ 1076/8-<br />

1112 wlebSi. keisari/kesarosis araoficialuri tituliT Semkobili arian,<br />

aseve Zmebi zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi. aqve aRvniSnavT imasac, rom<br />

keisris tituli saqarTveloSi ar ixmareboda, rogorc saimperatoro<br />

52 m. Todua Tvlis, rom xayanis zemoTmoyvanili mimarTvis teqsti, SeiZleba romelime<br />

mxargrZels ekuTvnobes. ix.: m. Todua. qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi. III, gv. 82.<br />

169

tituli da, msgavsad sevastosisa, warmoadgenda rigiT saimperatoro<br />

sakariskaco tituls.<br />

keisris kurTxevis ceremoniali, regaliebi da privilegiebi<br />

keisris titulis sruli saxiT warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT<br />

mniSvnelovania mis funqciaze, kurTxevis ceremonialsa Tu regaliebis<br />

sakiTxebze garkveuli warmodgenis Seqmna. Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos isic,<br />

rom keisrad kurTxeva imperatoris kurTxevis analogiiT xdeboda. masve<br />

gadaecemoda investitura, rac Zalauflebis miniWebas gamoxatavda.<br />

investituris gadacema da masTan dakavSirebuli ceremoniali TiTqmis yvela<br />

bizantiuri titulis miniWebis saritualo nawili iyo.<br />

keisris pativSi ayvanili imperatoris ojaxis wevris saritualo<br />

ceremonia dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili imperator konstantine VII<br />

porfirogenets naSromSi `ceremoniebis Sesaxeb~ (De Cerimoniis Aulea Byzantinae),<br />

sadac aRniSnul ceremonias da masTan dakavSirebul wesebs calke Tavi aqvs<br />

miZRvnili (Reiske 1929: I, 43, 217-222; Bury 1907: 209-227; Bury 1907 2 : 417-439). imave<br />

konstantines teqstSi moyvanilia xotbis-Sesxmis magaliTi, romelic<br />

keisrad kurTxevis Semadgeneli nawili iyo (Reiske 1929: I, 43, 222-223). rogorc<br />

aleqsandre kaJdani aRniSnavs, XI saukunemde keisris tituli mxolod<br />

imperatoris Svilebs eZleodaT, gamonaklis SemTxvevebad dasaxelebuli<br />

aqvs bardas arCeva keisrad mixael III loTis dros, nikifore II fokas mier<br />

misi mamis, barda fokas, keisrad kurTxeva da bulgareTis xanis, tervelis,<br />

ayvana amave pativSi, rac sigilografiuli masalebiTac dasturdeba (ODB I<br />

1991: 363). sxva SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, keisrad an Svils akurTxebdnen<br />

anda jer potenciuri kandidatis Svilad ayvana xdeboda, xolo Semdeg ki<br />

misi keisrad kurTxeva. mixael fselosi mixeil IV paflagonielis (1034-1041<br />

ww.) memkvidris SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT gadmogvcems imperatorisa da misi<br />

Zmis, ioane orfanotroposis (igive ioane saWurisis) saubars:<br />

`[ioane orfanotroposi mimarTavs imperators] Cveni Zma (imperatorisa<br />

da ioanes, kidev erTi Zma, saxelad nikita, romelic am droisTvis<br />

170

gardacvlilia – l. T.) rom cocxali yofiliyo, Tqven mas mianiWebdiT<br />

meore umaRles tituls qveyanaSi – keisris saxelos. mas mere, rac<br />

sikvdilma is waiyvana Cvengan, aq aris Cveni disSvili, mixaeli (igive, mixael<br />

V kalafati momavali imperatori – l. T.), romelsac mindobili aqvs Seni<br />

piradi dacvis xelmZRvaneloba. ratom ar gavxadoT is keisari? is ufro<br />

gulmodgined Cadgeba Sens samsaxurSi vidre adre... Sen ici batono, rom<br />

zoias (dedofali zoia, imperator konstantine VIII makedonelis ufrosi<br />

qaliSvili – l. T.), romelic imperiis memkvidreobas flobs, mTeli eri<br />

udides Tayvans scems imitom, rom is aris qali da taxtis memkvidre. ufro<br />

metic, iyo ra Zalian guluxvi fulis gacemaSi, man (zoiam – l. T.) bolomde<br />

moigo xalxis gulebi. Sesabamisad, me girCev, rom Cven swored igi unda<br />

gavxadoT Cveni diswulis dedad. Tu is (zoia – l. T.) aiyvans mas (mixael<br />

kalafats – l. T.) Svilad, es ufro momgebiani iqneba da, amasTan, ufro<br />

daviyolebT mas (zoias – l. T.) misi (mixael kalafatis) keisris titulsa<br />

da pativSi aRzevebaze~ (Sewter 1966: IV, 22).<br />

pasaJi sainteresoa, vinaidan uCvenebs imas, Tu rogor SeiZleboda<br />

momxdariyo dabali warmoSobis mqone mixael kalafatis (Каждан 1974: 37, 61)<br />

aRzeveba keisris rangSi, rac mas gzas uxsnida, gamxdariyo bizantiis<br />

imperatori. sabolood, dedofalma zoiam Svilad aiyvana mixaeli kalafati,<br />

romelsac imTaviTve keisris pativi miuboZes, xolo biZis gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg ki imperatorad akurTxes (Angold 1987: 56).<br />

amgvarad, saimperatoro ojaxis mier konkretuli piris Svilad ayvana<br />

SesaZloa keisrad kurTxevis winapiroba gamxdariyo. Svilad ayvanis gareSe<br />

keisris pretenziebi saimperatoro taxtze mizeruli iyo (Скабаланович 1884:<br />

150). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu keisari isedac imperatoris Svili iyo, aseTi<br />

ceremonia, bunebrivia saWiro aRar iyo.<br />

uSualod kurTxevis ceremoniali kargad aqvs aRwerili nikolai<br />

skabalanoviCs. misi SeniSvniT, keisars Tavze adgamdnen gvirgvins, romelic<br />

avtoris azriT, diademas waagavda (Скабаланович 1884: 150). realurad ki es<br />

iyo stefanosi (στέφανος), anu gvirgvini, romelsac rkalis forma aqvs, oRond<br />

171

SuaSi moTavsebuli jvris gareSe (Bury 1907: 22; Oikonomides 1972: 98-99;<br />

javaxiSvili 1962: 31). gvirgviniT Semkobis garda, keisris pativsacemad<br />

awyobdnen saimperatoro palatas, sadac ganlagebuli iyo sapatio yarauli<br />

(Скабаланович 1884: 150). amis Semdeg iniSneboda kurTxevis dRe, romelic<br />

sruldeboda eklesiaSi. aq imperatoris ojaxis wevrebTan erTad Tavs<br />

iyridnen samRvdeloeba da senatis warmomadgenlebi (Скабаланович 1884: 149).<br />

keisris investituras Tavad imperatori gadascemda, gvirgviniTac<br />

swored is mosavda momaval keisars (Oikonomides 1972: 96-99). amis Semdeg<br />

xdeboda misi kurTxeva da bolos kiTxulobdnen xotbis teqsts, romelic<br />

specialurad keisars kurTxevisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili (Reiske 1929: 222-225).<br />

keisris kurTxeva mniSvnelovan msgavsebas avlens Tavad imperatoris<br />

kurTxevis ceremonialTan, filoTeosis traqtatSi pirdapir aris<br />

miTiTebuli, rom keisris pativi Tavisi didebiT imperatoris Sesabamisiao<br />

(Oikonomides 1972: 96-99). nikolas oikonomidisis mier gamoqveynebuli sxva<br />

bizantiuri traqtatebis mixedviT, keisari yvelgan imperatoris Semdeg<br />

umaRles titulad aris miTiTebuli (Oikonomides 1972: 46-47, 242-243, 262-263).<br />

keisris pativi bizantiaSi Tavisi RirsebiT meore iyo XI saukunis<br />

miwurulamde. es mdgomareoba mxolod aleqsi I komnenosis (1081-1118 ww.)<br />

mmarTvelobis pirvelive wels Seicvala, rodesac aleqsim axali<br />

sevastokratoris tituli SemoiRo da mis ufros Zmas, isak komnenoss<br />

uwyaloba (Dawes 1928: III, IV, 78).<br />

nikolai skabalanoviCis SeniSvniT, keisris titulis mflobeli<br />

xSirad samperio jarebis meTauris Tanamdebobasac iTavsebda. am azris<br />

gasamyareblad mkvlevari ramdenime magaliTs iSveliebs bizantiis<br />

politikuri cxovrebidan (Скабаланович 1884: 150-151). Cveni mxriv unda<br />

SevniSnoT, rom keisris tituli, rogorc imperatoris Semdeg yvelaze<br />

sapatio tituli mTeli bizantiis Tanamegobrobis masStabiT, iyo ara<br />

mxolod jaris meTaurobis mopovebis winapiroba, aramed TviT imperatoris<br />

ufleba-movaleobis Sesrulebis realur Sanssac iZleoda keisris titulis<br />

flobis periodSive. keisari rom imperatoris movaleobas asrulebdnen,<br />

172

Tundac am ukanasknelTa umweo mdgomareobis (janmrTelobisa Tu sxva<br />

mizezebis gamo) gaTvaliswinebiT, mravlismetyvelia. xSir SemTxvevebSi<br />

imperiis marTva keisris tituliT sakmaod warmatebiTac xorcieldeboda<br />

(Treadgold 1997: 223-227).<br />

amgvarad, bizantiis imperiaSi keisris titulis mflobels ara<br />

mxolod jaris gaZRola evaleboda imperatoris brZanebis Sesabamisad,<br />

aramed SeeZlo aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo imperiis mmarTvelobaSi da<br />

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavadac emarTa aRmosavleT romis imperia. keisris<br />

Tanamdebobis TvalsazrisiT meore piri iyo bizantiis imperiaSi. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom es Tanamdeboba ar gulisxmobda konkretuli, gawerili funqciis<br />

Sesrulebas, ris gamoc ganekuTvneboda sapatio titulebis kategorias.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, keisris movaleoba da ierarqiuli mdgomareoba iZleoda<br />

imis SesaZleblobas, rom mis mflobels aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo<br />

imperiis mmarTvelobaSi, xolo iSviaTad imperatoris funqciac SeeTavsebina.<br />

termini `keisari~ qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom keisari didi xania, rac ar yofila<br />

imperatorebis oficialuri tituli qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi, am<br />

terminiT mainc bizantiis imperatorebi ixseniebian. rogorc simom janaSia<br />

SeniSnavs keisris pativma saqarTveloSi bolomde SeinarCuna Zveli<br />

saimperatoro mniSvneloba (saqarTvelos istoria... I 1946: 197; anTelava 1988:<br />

103). qarTul wyaroebSi yvelaferi es naTlad ikveTeba. `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

teqstebSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`xolo amaTsa mefobasa vespasianos, hromTa keisarman, warmotyuena<br />

ierusalemi~ (metreveli 2008: 57).<br />

`iTxova sparsTa mefisagan asuli colad, romelsa erqua balenduxt.<br />

da mosca somxiTi da yovelni mefeni kavkasianni ziTvad, da miswera mis Tana<br />

wigni, romelsa weril iyo esreT: „ormisdisagan, yovelTa mefeTa mefisa,<br />

vaxtangis mimarT, varanxuasro-Tangisa, aTTa mefeTa mefisa axovanisa,~ da<br />

mouwera man brZolaÁ keisrisaÁ, rameTu keisari gansrul iyo brZolad<br />

sparsTa~ (metreveli 2008: 171).<br />

173

`keisarman mavrik mosca asuli colad qasres, da mosca spaÁ misi da<br />

warmogzavna Cubins zeda [da] iota Cubini sparseTiT~ (metreveli 2008: 227).<br />

`xolo Semdgomad amisa raodenTame weliwadTa gamoCnda kaci erTi<br />

saberZneTs, TÂsi mavrik keisrisaÁ, saxeliT herakle. aman mokla fokas<br />

keisari da daipyra saberZneTi~ (metreveli 2008: 229).<br />

amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT qarTuli saistorio narativis mixedviT,<br />

romis imperatorebi diokletianemde (284-305 ww.) da romis/bizantiis<br />

mmarTvelebi diokletianes Semdeg keisrebad iwodebian. es, upirveles<br />

yovlisa exeba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semaval pirvel or Txzulebas. am<br />

Txzulebebis daTariReba bevr kamaTs iwvevs, Tumca rogorc fiqroben, isini<br />

bagrationTa mmarTvelobis periods ar unda ganekuTvnebodes. 53 swored am<br />

nawarmoebebis mixedviT romis/bizantiis imperatori `keisaria~, xolo<br />

sparseTis monarqi `yovelTa mefeT mefe~. qarTlis monarqi `aTTa mefeT<br />

mefed~ an ubralod mefed aris wodebuli. 54 keisris tituliT bizantiis<br />

mmarTvelebis gamorCeva xdeboda, Sesabamisad isini TavianTi Zveli<br />

oficialuri tituliT ixseniebian. qarTveli monarqi ar cdilobs masTan<br />

Tavs gatolebas, is TiTqos ufro sparsuli samyaros nawilad aRiqvams<br />

sakuTar Tavs. Tumca es mxolod instituciuri mxarea. ukve erismTavrobis<br />

periodidan moyolebuli ki bizantiur sakariskaco titulebs iRebs da<br />

kidev ufro metad axdens integrirebas bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi.<br />

mogvianebiT sxva qarTul teqstebSi bizantiis imperatorebis tituli<br />

`keisari~ qreba da isini qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT `berZenTa mefeebad~<br />

moixseniebian (yauxCiSvili 1955: 273, 282, 284, 290, 303, 307, 335; yauxCiSvili<br />

53 ukanasknel xanebSi gamosuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis naSromebi `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ Sedgenilobisa da daTariRebis Sesaxeb ekuTvnis amerikel mkvlevars stiven<br />

raps. mis SromebSi farTod aris gaTvaliswinebuli qaTuli Tu ucxouri istoriografiis<br />

miRwevebi. vinaidan Cveni naSromi wyaroebis analizs ar iTvaliswinebs TvalsaCinoebisTvis<br />

davimowmebT, mxolod s. rapis naSromebs, ix.: S. H. Rapp Jr. Studies in medieval Georgian<br />

historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts. Lovanii. 2003; aseve, misi sadoqtoro disertacia, ix.: S.<br />

H. Rapp Jr. Imagining History at the crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the architects of written Georgian past. A<br />

dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of PhD (History) in University of Michigan. 1997. Sesabamisi<br />

bibliografia ixileT iqve.<br />

54 titulebis: `mefe~, `didi mefe~, `mefeT mefe~ Sesaxeb ix.: n. miwiSvili. `mefeTa mefe~,<br />

`didi mefe~ (samefo titulebis genezisis sakiTxisaTvis). qarTuli diplomartia:<br />

weliwdeuli. tomi 7. Tb. 2000, gv. 546-554; idem. `didi mefe~ vaxtang gorgasali (qarTli da<br />

irani V s. meore naxevarSi). qarTuli diplomatia: weliwdeuli. tomi 10. Tb. 2003, gv. 408-420.<br />

174

1959: 17, 22, 42, 142. Sdr.: metreveli 2008). `mefis~ tituliT ixsenieba zogadad<br />

yvela suvereni, `mefe~ am SemTxvevaSi xelmwifis badali xdeba 55<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1959: 38, 183).<br />

tituli `keisari~ saqarTvelos mefezec fiqsirdeba. amgvarad<br />

iwodebian saqarTvelos monarqebi im panegirikul teqstebSi, romelic<br />

gankuTvnilia maT gansadideblad. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc keisrad aris<br />

dasaxelebuli, daviT IV aRmaSenebelia (1089-1125 ww.). ruis-urbnisis<br />

`Zeglisweris~ (1104 weli) xotbis SesxmaSi daviTi Semdegnairad moixsenieba:<br />

`Sen ufroÁsad brwyinvaleo Tualo yovlisa soflisa mefeTa<br />

erTguamobisao!<br />

romeli ege haerovan xar, viTarca samyaroÁ xilulisa soflisa<br />

Soris...<br />

1970: 124-125).<br />

ganmadidebel flobisa, viTarca avRÂstos keisarTa Soris~ (doliZe<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom `Zeglisweris~ teqstSi warmodgenilia daviT<br />

aRmaSeneblis ocdacamet taepad dayofili sapatio titulebisa da<br />

epiTetebis mTeli kaskadi (doliZe 1970: 124-125). yvela am epiTetis warmoTqma<br />

savaldebulo unda yofiliyo oficialuri ceremoniebis dros da<br />

specialurad iyo Sedgenili mefis gandidebis mizniT. epiTetebSi mravali<br />

mniSvnelovani pasaJis moZieba SeiZleba. maT Soris, daviTi romis pirveli<br />

imperatoris, avgustusis msgavsad, xelisuflebis ganmamtkiceblad aris<br />

dasaxelebuli. avgustusma am SemTxvevaSi Tavi romis pirvel imperatorad<br />

gamoacxada, xolo daviT aRmaSenebelma saqarTvelos pirvel<br />

TviTmpyroblad. aRniSnuli movlena gaxda imis winapiroba, rom bizantiuri<br />

sakariskaco titulebi saqarTveloSi aRar gaicemoda. amieridan qarTveli<br />

mefeebi ukve sapatio saimperatoro titulebiT ixseniebian. daviTis<br />

TviTmpyrobloba bizantiis imperatoris oficialuri titulis<br />

avtokratoris badalia, xolo keisris tituli _ erT-erTi sapatio epiTeti.<br />

55 magaliTisTvis sakmarisia.: `mefe rusTa~, `durZukTa mefeni~, da a.S. ix.: qarTlis<br />

cxovreba. II, gv. 38, 183. imas Tu ras warmoadgenda tituli `mefe~, Sua saukuneebis qarTul<br />

cnobierebaSi, sxva damoukidebel naSromSi ganvixilavT.<br />

175

izantiuri saimperatori titulebisa Tu epiTetebis gamoyenebas<br />

saqarTveloSi swored daviTis droidan mieca regularuli xasiaTi<br />

(enuqiZem, silogavam, SoSiaSvili 1984: 30, 32-33, 37, 46 Sdr. 71, 77, 100, 110, 167,<br />

181, 183).<br />

daviT IV aRmaSenebeli TviTmpyroblad ruis-urbnisis krebis<br />

mosaxseniebelSi iwodeba, romelic `Zeglisweras~ boloSi aqvs darTuli<br />

(doliZe 1970: 126). xotbis avtori daviTs, avgustusis msgavsad, keisrad<br />

asaxelebs `Sen... viTarca avRÂstos keisarTa Soris~, rac, bunebrivia,<br />

qarTveli mefis romis gamoCenili imperatorebis Tanasworad warmoCenis<br />

SesaniSnavi magaliTia.<br />

amrigad, daviT aRmaSeneblis Semdeg SegviZlia visaubroT<br />

saqarTvelos politikur realobaSi damkvidrebul axal tendenciaze,<br />

bizantiuri saimperatoro titulebis gaCenaze, ramac XII saukunis<br />

dasawyisamde moqmedi bizantiuri saimperio sakariskaco titulatura<br />

Caanacvla. amis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa tituli `keisari~.<br />

daviT aRmaSeneblis garda, keisrebad ixseniebian Tamari da daviT<br />

soslani. es mimarTva ekuTvnis maT mexotbes – ioane SavTels, romelic<br />

aRniSnul termins, sakuTar panegirikuli Sinaarsis mqone poema<br />

`abdulmesianSi~ iyenebs. ioane SavTeli wers:<br />

`xarke isari! xar keisari,<br />

simdidriT laRi jimSed-mflobeli~ (35, 1) (lolaSvili 1984: 128).<br />

aRniSnuli pasaJi Zalian sainteresoa. aq ioane SavTelis Cvenamde<br />

moRweuli teqsti mcire koreqtirebas saWiroebs. teqstSi `xarke isari~,<br />

unda Caswordes, rogorc `xarke isa[v]ri~. ivane lolaSvilis fiqrobs, rom<br />

aq isris amoqmedebaze aris saubari; Teimuraz bagrationis azriT, strofSi<br />

are-maris, anu raRac sivrcis daxarkvazea aqcenti _ `ganxarke is ari anu<br />

are’’. `isaris~ or damoukidebel sityvad dayofa ar gaiziara ivane<br />

lolaSvilma (lolaSvili 1984: 197). Cven viziarebT lolaSvilis am<br />

ukanasknel mosazrebas, Tumca migvaCnia, rom teqstSi saubaria ara isris<br />

mozidvaze an amoqmedebaze, rac ar Seesabameba 35-e strofis pirveli<br />

striqonis konteqsts iseve, rogorc amave strofis meore striqonisas,<br />

176

omelic pirvelis erTgvari gagrZelebaa, aramed aq saubaria konkretuli<br />

teritoriis daxarkvis mowodebaze, kerZod, isavriis, romelic teqstis<br />

daweris Jams (1204-1205/7ww.) 56 qarTvelTagan damarcxebul rumis sasulTnos<br />

ekuTnoda da alegoriulad rumis sasulTnos mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari.<br />

`abdulmesianis~ daweris Jams rom isavria rumis sulTnis<br />

samflobeloa, es Tamaris mematianemac kargad icis. ruqn ad-dinis suleiman<br />

Sahi (1196-1204 ww.) Tavis sasulTnoSi, saidanac igi jars agrovebs, isavria<br />

erT-erTi pirvelia dasaxelebuli. Tamaris istorikosi wers:<br />

`waravlinna (ruqn ad-dinma – l. T.) yovelTa sazRvarTa TÂsTa, da<br />

iwyo mesopotamias, kaloneroT, galatias, Rangras, ankÂrias, isavrias,<br />

kabadukias, didsa somxiTs, biTÂnias da sazRvarTa feblaRonisaTa, da ara<br />

dauteva TÂnier dedakacisa sofelTa Sina maTTa, aramed yovelni aamÃedrna~<br />

(metreveli 2008: 498).<br />

Tamaris imave istorikosTan isavria sxva adgilzec ixsenieba.<br />

amjerad isavria ukve saqarTvelos mefis TvalsawierSia moqceuli da<br />

qvelmoqmedebis mizniT Tamar mefe Sesawiris saxiT adgilobriv eklesia-<br />

monastrebs didZal qonebas ugzavnis. mematiane aRniSnavs:<br />

`kerZoTa TrakisaTa da kostantinepolis monastrebTa, romanas da<br />

yovelgan, kualad isavrias, kuruseTs da yovelTa maT sanaxebTa Savisa<br />

mTisaTa da kÂprisaTa, – ese yovelni aRavsna qvelissaqmiTa~ (metreveli 2008:<br />

507).<br />

amrigad, rogorc saistorio wyaroSi vkiTxulobT, isavria Tamar<br />

mefis xanaSi saqarTvelos mefis TvalsawierSi iyo moqceuli. rac Seexeba<br />

Tavad isavriis mxares, iq Zveli droidan moyolebuli daumorCilebeli<br />

mTielebi mosaxleobdnen, romlebsac bizantielebi barbarosebs uwodebdnen.<br />

isavrielebi xSirad maradiorobdnen da arbevdnen mimdebare provinciebs,<br />

ris gamoc es mxare imperatorebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi iyo.<br />

56 ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani, gv. 106-114. poemis zeda qronologiuri zRvari efuZneba<br />

daviT soslanis gardacvalebis TariRs, romelic 1205-1207 ww. Soris gardaicvala. ix.:<br />

qronikebi, gv. 294-296; T. natroSvili, g. jafariZe. cda erTi TariRis dadgenisa. macne. enisa<br />

da literaturis seria. # 1-2. Tb. 1974, gv. 150-152.<br />

177

aqedan iyo warmoSobiT imperatori zenoni (474-491 ww.), aseve gavrcelebuli<br />

legendis mixedviT leon III isavrieli (717-741 ww.) (ODB II 1991: 1014).<br />

amgvarad, isavria keisrebis _ bizantiis imperatorebis _ samflobelo<br />

iyo, Sesabamisad, `xarke isa[v]ri! xar keisari~ keisris, anu daviT soslanis<br />

iuridiuli uflebis aRniSvnaa, flobdes isavriis teritorias, rogorc<br />

keisari. amis Semdeg aqcenti mis simdidrezea gakeTebuli, raTa xazi gaesvas<br />

`keisris~ materialur SesaZleblobebs.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi keisrad daviT soslani unda iyos moxseniebuli. 57<br />

avtori mas mouwodebs isavriis daxarkvisken, rameTu is keisaria da<br />

simdidriT msgavsi jimSed sparseTis mefisa. aqve sagulisxmoa isavriis<br />

sakiTxis Sedareba qalaq limnias aRebasTan, romelic 1204 wels daikaves<br />

qarTvelebma (metreveli 2008: 507; lolaSvili 1984: 84-86, 128, 193-194; stefnaZe<br />

2000: 155-172). berZnuli `limnia~, 58 romelic qarTul wyaroebSi gadmocemulia<br />

rogorc `limoni~ (metreveli 2008: 507), SavTelTan ixsenieba `limonad~ –<br />

`TviT sul imona kide limona~ (33, 1). qalaqis saxelis aseTi umniSvnelo<br />

cvlileba misi riTmaSi Casmis mcdelobiT unda aixsnas. analogiuri<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas isavri/isavriaze.<br />

SavTelis nawarmoebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, panegirikuli<br />

xasiaTisaa da masSi Tamari da daviTi mravali saimperatoro RirsebiT<br />

arian Semkobilni.<br />

tituli `keisari~ qarTvel mefeTa aRmosavlur titulaturaSi<br />

saqarTvelos mefeebis keisrad moxseniebas aRmosavlur wyaroebSic<br />

vxvdebiT. aRmosavluri saistorio narativi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT<br />

qarTuli wyaroebis msgavsad `keisarsa~ da `kesaross~ or damoukidebel<br />

57 ivane lolaSvilis azriT, keisrad Tamari iwodeba da misi simdidre, sparsTa<br />

legendaruli mefe jimSedis mflobelobas aris Sedarebuli (ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani,<br />

gv. 196), Tumca 30-e strofidan moyolebuli, Tu konteqsts gavyvebiT, keisrad, daviT<br />

soslani unda iyos Seqebuli da ara Tamari (ix.: ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani, gv. 127-128)<br />

58<br />

bizantiuri qalaqi limnias Sesaxeb ixileT: A. Breyr, D. Winfield. The Byzantine monumnets and<br />

topography of the Pontus. Vol. I. DORLC. Washington. 1996, gv. 96‐99.<br />

178

terminad warmogvidgens. am masalebSi qarTveli mefeebi mxolod `keisrebad~<br />

iwodebian.<br />

qarTvel mefe keisarad ixsenieba magali Todua mier gamoqveynebul<br />

sparsuli wyaroebis TargmanSi, sadac, mTargmnelis ganmartebiT, titulebi<br />

`kesarosi~ da `stefanosi~ bizantiis imperatoris boZebulia (Todua 1979:<br />

35), Tumca Tavad TargmanSi `kesarosis~ magier `keisaria~ dasaxelebuli:<br />

`uzenaesi brZaneba udidesi mefisa; aRzevebuli xelmwifisa;<br />

umowyalesi keisrisa... qristes mowafeTa gvirgvinisa; taxtTa da gvirgvinTa<br />

memkvidreobiT mpyrobelisa; aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis steфanosisa;<br />

qristes sarwmunoebis mcvelisa; abxazis, Saqis, alanis da rumis mefeTa<br />

mefisa; mesiis TanaSemwisa‘‘ (Todua 1979: 5).<br />

Targmanidan Cans, rom werilis ucnobi avtori xmarobs ara<br />

`kesarosis~, aramed `keisris~ tituls, romelic am SemTxvevaSi imperatoris<br />

badalia. rac Seexeba `steфanoss~, is ara titulis, aramed gvirgvinis<br />

mniSvnelobiT unda iyos naxmari. stefanosi (στέφανος), moTvalul-<br />

momargalitebul, oqros brtyeli rkalis formis gvirgvins warmoadgenda.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac rkalis Sua nawilSi stefanoss jvari daumates, aseT<br />

gvirgvins stema (στέμμα) ewoda (javaxiSvili 1962: 31). teqstSi dasaxelebuli<br />

`aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis steфanozi~ swored gvirgvinosani mefis<br />

mniSvnelobiT unda iyos naxmari. amaze isic mianiSnebs, rom wina, or taepSi<br />

monarqis gvirgvinosnobas esmeva xazi.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, giorgi III-is erT-erTi moneta, romelic aRmosavluri<br />

atribuciiT aris Semkobili, Tumca gvirgvini, romelic mefes adgas Tavze,<br />

bizantiuri saimperatoro stemaa (στέμμα) (dundua, dundua 2006: 204, tab. X,<br />

## 68, 69) da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gvirgvinis, stefanosis (στέφανος),<br />

ganviTarebis Semdgomi safexuria.<br />

qarTvel mefeTa aRmosavluri titulaturis Seswavlis kuTxiT,<br />

mniSvnelovania xayan Sarvanis mier mefeT mefe giorgi III-is (1156-1184 ww.)<br />

panegirikuli Sesxma. xayani Tavis werilSi aRsarTan I Sarvan-Sahisadmi<br />

aRniSnavs, rom am wels (konkretuli TariRi miTiTebuli ar aris)<br />

179

SarvanSahs RmerTma ori, udidesi bedniereba arguna: erTi, misi Zis dabadeba<br />

(Todua 1979: 25, Sen. 64, 132 , 56, 74), xolo meore, ki, giorgi mefis viziti<br />

SarvanSi (Todua 1979: 25, Sen. 64, 132 , 56, 74; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi<br />

1979: 277). 59 xayani giorgi mefes Semdegnairad ixsenebs:<br />

`qristianTa sulTnis; sulTanTa Semwis; keisarTa winamdgomis;<br />

Zlevamosili ptolemeosis; iranis mefeTa naTesavis; episkoposTa<br />

damrigeblis; absoluturi keisris... (alahimc gaaxangrZlivebs mis mefobasa<br />

da didebas!)~ (Todua 1979: 25).<br />

giorgi absolutur keisrad da keisarTa winamdgomad aris<br />

dasaxelebuli. am SemTxvevaSi qarTveli monarqi sxva keisrebze upiratesad<br />

aris miCneuli. marTalia, es mxolod panegirikis poziciaa, rac ar SeiZleba<br />

asaxavdes realobas, Tumca, kavkasiis politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare,<br />

msgavsi midgoma, qarTvel mefeTa upiratesobis Sesaxeb sxva qristian<br />

monarqTa Soris, farTod unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli kavkasiasa da<br />

iranSi (Буниятов 1980: 139), maT Soris, SarvanSic. giorgi mesame xayan Sarvanis<br />

sxva werilebSic keisrad aris mosxeniebuli da Seqebuli. CvenTvis<br />

saintereso monakveTi ase ikiTxeba:<br />

`sawuTros mefeTa mefis da aRzevebuli keisris, sawuTros<br />

aleqsandres (xangZlivs hyofs allahi sidides misi saqmisas!) ... marad iyos<br />

dafrqveuli qveynis mpyrobelis; sawuTros mefeTa mefis; epoqis avgustosis;<br />

udidesi keisrisa da uganaTlebulesi herakles; usrulyofilesi<br />

ptolemeosis; umarTlmsajulesi filipes; saxelmwifos sidiadis; mesiis<br />

maxvilis aRzevebul sasaxlesa da Rirseul samefo karze da avi Tvali<br />

[misi] bednierebis srulqmnilebas RmerTma acilos!~ (Todua 1979: 16).<br />

amdenad, xayan Sarvanis saxiT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi mesames<br />

marTlac SesaniSnavi mexotbe hyavda. man qarTvel mefeTa tradiciuli<br />

epiTetebis gaTvaliswinebiT mefe uamravi Zvirfasi epiTetiT Seamko.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am epiTetebis erTi nawili daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

59 SarvanSi giorgis Casvla 1173 wels dasturdeba, SarvanSah aRsarTanis dasaxmareblad<br />

darubandis amiras winaaRmdeg. werilSi SesaZloa am vizitzea saubari. magali ToduasTan<br />

vxvdebiT meore TariRsac – 1158 wels, ix.: m. Todua. qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi. III, gv. 25,<br />

Sen. 64, 132 gv. 56, 74; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. III, gv. 277.<br />

180

xotbaSic aris moxseniebuli, 60 rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imas, rom misi<br />

avtori xayan Sarvani ki ar aris, aramed is mxolod interpretatoria. am<br />

sapatio titulebis miniWeba qarTveli monaqebisTvis garkveuli tradiciis<br />

Sedegad iyo dadgenili, rac, bunebrivia droTa ganmavlobaSi ivseboda da<br />

ixveweboda.<br />

keisris tituliT kidev erT sparsul wyaroSi Tamarisa (1184-1210 ww.)<br />

da daviT soslanis Ze, giorgi IV laSac (1210-1222/3 ww.) aris Semkobili.<br />

magali Toduas TargmanSi vkiTxulobT: 61<br />

`uzenaesi brZaneba udidesi mefisa; aRzevebuli xelmwifisa;<br />

umowyalesi keisrisa; saxelganTqmuli didgvarovnisa; Zlevamosili<br />

marTlmsajulisa; qveynierebisa da saxelmwifos sidiadisa...~ (Todua 1979: 5).<br />

aRniSnuli werili, m. Toduas azriT, rumis sulTan ezz el-din qai<br />

qavuss (1210-1219 ww.) unda ekuTnodes (Todua 1979: 32-33). teqstSi giorgi IV<br />

laSa TiTqmis yvela im tituliT aris wodebuli, romlebsac igi atarebda<br />

cxovrebaSi. es titulebi ar iyo uSualod erTi monarqis prerogativa da<br />

isini droTa ganmavlobaSi emateboda xolme qarTvel mefeTa sapatio<br />

titulaturas. maT Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukavia `qristes sarwmunoebis<br />

mcvelis~, `mesiis TanaSemwis~, `abxazis, Saqis, alanisa da rusis mefeTa<br />

mefis~ da sxva titulebs. giorgis keisrad moxsenieba aseve erT-erTi<br />

sapatio epiTeti unda yofiliyo, romelic msgavsad sxva titulebisa,<br />

rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, memkvidreobiT aris miRebuli da, garkveulwilad,<br />

realuri Sinaarsis matarebelia.<br />

60 ase magaliTad, Sedareba saqarTvelos mefisa, aleqsandresTan da avgustus keisarTan<br />

ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweraSic gvaqvs dafiqsirebuli (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. III. Tb.<br />

1970, gv. gv. 125), xolo `mesiis maxvilad~ monetebze dimitri I iwodeba (d. kapanaZe. qarTuli<br />

numizmatika. Tb. 1969, gv. 71). yvelaferi es imas miuTiTebs, rom yvela es epiTeti giorgi<br />

mesamemdec aqtualuri iyo.<br />

61 rogorc magali Todua wers, miuxedavad aRniSnuli werilis saTaurisa, sadac adresatad<br />

mefe daviTia dasaxelebuli werili daviT soslanis Zes – giorgi IV laSas unda<br />

ekuTnodeso. aRniSnul daskvnamde mkvlevari teqstis analizis Sedegad mivida. ix.: m.<br />

Todua. qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi. III, gv. 31-33.<br />

181

Tavi VI<br />

saqarTvelos mefeTa saimperatoro titulatura<br />

yvela ZiriTadi bizantiuri saimperio titulis ganxilvis Semdeg,<br />

romlebic fiqsirdeba VI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, aucilebelia<br />

SevexoT `bizantiuri Tanamegobrobis~ Semdgomi xanis saqarTvelos mefeTa<br />

titulaturasac, romelic bizantiis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis. qarTuli<br />

qveynebis monarqebi, rogorc cnobilia, XII saukunis dasawyisamde mxolod<br />

bizantiur sakariskaco titulebs iRebdnen. xSir SemTxvevaSi es titulebi<br />

bizantiis imperatoris ojaxis wevrebis oficialur titulebs<br />

warmoadgenda, romlebic garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Tavad<br />

romis/bizantiis imperatoris oficialuri tituli iyo. mogvianebiT<br />

aRniSnuli titulebis didi nawili nel-nela emcroba da jer imperatoris<br />

ojaxis rigiT wevrze, xolo Semdeg ki ucxo qveynis mmarTvelebze gaicema.<br />

yvelaferi es konkretuli politikuri figuris ierarqiul mdgomareobaze<br />

miuTiTebs bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi, romlis rigiT wevrebadac SegviZlia<br />

ganvixiloT qarTuli qveynebis mmarTvelebic.<br />

qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis bizantiur TanamegobrobaSi (sxva<br />

sityvebiT _ romaniis oikumene) gaerTianeba ramdenime niSniT iyo<br />

ganpirobebuli:<br />

1) romis/bizantiis imperatori aRiqmeboda pirveli marTlmorwmune<br />

imperatoris, konstantine I didis memkvidred.<br />

2) romis/bizantiis imperiis mier qristianobis gavrcelebaSi<br />

Setanili udidesi wvlilis gamo, misi imperatori iTvleboda<br />

yoveli saqristianos winamZRolad amqveyniur samyaroSi.<br />

3) saqarTvelos teritoriaze moRvawe mefe-mTavrebi bizantiis<br />

imperatorisagan iRebdnen sxvadasxva saxis svir-niSansa Tu<br />

insignias. maT xSir SemTxvevaSi religiuri, xolo calkeul<br />

SemTxvevaSi saero datvirTva hqondaT.<br />

182

4) bizantiis imperiis upirobo didebis damadasturebeli iyo, aseve,<br />

is saerTaSoriso aRiareba, romelic imperias wlebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi hqonda sxvadasxva qristianuli Tu araqristianuli<br />

konfesiis qveynebis mmarTvelebisagan.<br />

5) bizantiis politikuri eqspansia or konkretul mizans<br />

emsaxureboda. erTi iyo qristianobis dacva-damkvidreba, xolo<br />

meore _ romis imperiis memkvidreobis aRdgena-SenarCuneba. es ori<br />

strategiuli mimarTuleba imperias saSualebas aZlevda saTaveSi<br />

moqceoda yvela im qristianuli qveynebis koalicias, romlebic<br />

mimarTuli iyo rigi qristianebis dasacavad. analogiur<br />

politikur RonisZiebebs hqonda adgili im qveynebis `dasacavad~,<br />

romlebic tradiciuli, romauli `megobari mokavSiris~ principis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT bizantiis imperiis vasalebad acxadebdnen Tavs.<br />

6) qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi romis/bizantiis impertoris uzenaesobis<br />

dasadastureblad iRebdnen sxvadasxva rangis bizantiur saimperio<br />

titulebs, rac gansazRvravda maT adgils qristianul samyaroSi<br />

Tu, zogadad, bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi.<br />

aRniSnuli naSromis farglebSi Cven swored es ukanaskneli gvaqvs<br />

ganxiluli – titulatura, romelic bizantiuri politikuri gavlenis<br />

aSkara indikatoria, xolo konkretuli tituli ki ierarqiulobis,<br />

politikuri damokidebulebisa da socialuri mdgomareobis maniSnebelia<br />

bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi. ufro metic, bizantiuri titulebs moyveboda<br />

finansuri dotaciebi, insigniebi, wyalobis sigelebi, ideboda saqorwino<br />

garigebebi, ikvreboda politikuri aliansebi da a.S.<br />

aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom zemoxsenebuli viTareba xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi momgebiani iyo qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mmarTveli<br />

wreebisaTvis. bizantiasTan aliansi qristianuli mrwamsis dacvis, identobis<br />

SenarCunebis, teritoriebis dabrunebisa da kulturuli renesansis<br />

saSualebas iZleoda.<br />

yvelaferTan erTad, bizantiuri saimperio titulebis miReba niSnavda<br />

ara mxolod formalur vasalobas, aramed valdebulebasac, rac qarTvel<br />

183

mefe-mTavrebs bizantiis imperatoris winaSe hqondaT aRebuli. SegviZlia<br />

gamovyoT nawili im valdebulebebisa, romlebic titulis beneficiars<br />

araformalurad evaleboda, rom Seesrulebina:<br />

1) upirveles yovlisa, es iyo samxedro aliansi. rogorc zemoT<br />

vixileT, yvela ZiriTadi bizantiuri sakariskaco tituli<br />

(novelisimosi, sevastosi, keisari), xSirad swored aqtiuri<br />

samxedro samsaxuris sanacvlod gaicemoda.<br />

2) imperatoris upirobo aRiareba yoveli saqristianos meTaurad<br />

da liderad.<br />

3) bizantiis mmarTveli wreebis mier qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi<br />

Careva, rac sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeboda.<br />

4) garkveul SemTxvevebSi xdeboda xarkis gadaxda, romelic,<br />

rogorc wesi, adgilobrivi moxeleebis mier ikrifeboda imperiis<br />

sasargeblod. Tumca, aqve isic unda aRniSnos, rom am<br />

valdebulebas ar hqonia sistematuri saxe. qarTuli samefo-<br />

samTvroebi bizantiur TanamegobrobaSi yofnis dros iSviaTad<br />

Tu kisrulobdnen finansur valdebulebas aRmosavleT romis<br />

imperiis winaSe.<br />

bizantiuri saimperio sakariskaco titulebis miReba qarTveli mefe-<br />

mTavrebisa da sxva feodalebisTvis imperatorisTvis sakuTari vasaluri<br />

damokidebulebis Cveneba iyo. marTalia, es vasaluri damokidebuleba xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi ar moiazrebda moxarkeobasa da samxedro-savaldebulo begaras,<br />

samagierod gulisxmobda bizantiis imperatoris aRiarebas sruliad<br />

qristianuli samyaros liderad.<br />

msgavsi politikuri viTareba, rodesac rigi qarTuli samefo-<br />

samTavroebisa iZulebulia aRiaros bizantiis imperiis lideroba,<br />

grZeldeboda XII saukunis dasawyisamde. mxolod daviT IV aRmaSeneblis<br />

(1089-1125 ww.) dros adgili aqvs im safuZvlian cvlilebebs, romlebsac<br />

Sedegad mohyva bizantiis formalur vasalobaze uaris Tqma da<br />

saqarTvelos mefis mier sakuTari Tavis TviTmpyroblad anu berZnuli<br />

korespodenciiT avtokratorad gamocxadeba, rac, rogorc sworad aris<br />

184

SeniSnuli qarTul istoriografiaSi, bizantiis imperatorTan Tavis<br />

gaTanabrebas gulisxmobda. ufro metic, daviT aRmaSeneblidan dawyebuli<br />

qarTveli mefeebi sakuTar Tavs `yoveli aRmosavleTs TviTmpyroblebad<br />

(avtokratorad)~ acxadeben. warwerebSi fiqsirdeba `yoveli aRmosavleTis<br />

imperatoris (basilevsis)~ titulic. yvelafer amas adgili daviT IV<br />

aRmaSeneblis dros aqvs.<br />

ram ganapiroba qarTveli mefis mier sakuTari Tavis avtokratorad<br />

da imperatorad gamocxadeba? sainteresoa, hqonda Tu ara msgavs<br />

precendents adgili daviTis mefobamde bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi?<br />

SevecdebiT.<br />

yvela am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas Cveni naSromis aRniSnul TavSi<br />

daviT aRmaSenebeli<br />

daviTi mcirewlovnobis periodSi, rodesac jer kidev axalSobili<br />

iyo, bizantiis imperatoris keTili nebis Sesabamisad, kurapalatis tituls<br />

iRebs. am tituls is 1073-1083 wlebSi atarebs. amave periodSi miRebuli sxva<br />

titulebis Sesaxeb informacias Cven ar vflobT, amdenad aRniSnuli<br />

daTariReba am etapze sruliad safuZvliani gveCveneba. 1083-1094 wlebSi,<br />

rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, is sevastosis tituls flobs, amave tituls<br />

atarebs is 1089 welsac, rodesac giorgi II-m mas samefo gvirgvini daadga<br />

Tavze da mefed akurTxa. am ukanasknel mosazrebas sevastosis tituliT<br />

moWrili monetebi gvidasturebs, romlebic gamefebis Semdeg aris moWrili.<br />

1094 wlidan, rogorc Cven vvaraudobT, daviTi panipersevastosis tituls<br />

iRebs. am tituls igi daaaxloebiT aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1094-1104 wlebSi<br />

unda atarebdes.<br />

1104 wels igi bizantiur sakariskaco titulebze uars ambobs da<br />

Tavs TviTmpyroblad, anu avtokratorad acxadebs. daviT aRmaSenebeli ukve<br />

bizantiis imperatoris msgavsad saimperatoro tituls atarebs. marTalia,<br />

qarTuli tituli `TviTmpyrobeli~ berZnuli `avtokratoris~ badalia,<br />

magram aq mniSvnelovani mainc is aris, rom daviTi politikurad<br />

185

damoukideblაd, anu sivrcis meTaurad miiCnevs Tavs. is `yoveli<br />

aRmosavleTis TviTmpyrobeli,~ anu mflobelia _ es politikuri Sinaarsis<br />

formula pirvelad Semodis xmarebaSi da daviT aRmaSeneblis dros<br />

mkvidrdeba. mogvianebiT, rogorc davinaxavT, aRniSuli formula gascda<br />

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs da XIII saukunis meore naxevridan swored am<br />

tituliT ixseniebian trapizonis imperatorebic. formula pirvelad 1104<br />

wels unda damkvidrebuliyo. am mosazrebis sasargeblod ori sxvadasxva<br />

wyaro SegviZlia moviSvelioT, romlebic 1104 wlis ambebTan dakavSirebiT<br />

daviT IV aRmaSenebels TviTmpyrobels uwodebs.<br />

daviT aRmaSeneblis anonimi mematiane 1104 wlis kaxeT-hereTis<br />

SemoerTebasTan dakavSirebiT daviTis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs:<br />

`esreT ra TviTmpyroblobiT daipyra hereTi da kaxeTi da nebierad<br />

aRixvna cixeni da simagreni maTni” (yauxCiSvili 1955: 329; metreveli 2008:<br />

311).<br />

amgvarad, mematianes sityviT, daviT aRmaSenebelma hereTi da kaxeTi,<br />

rogorc TviTmpyrobelma ise daipyro. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom 1104 wels<br />

daviTi ukve TviTmpyrobelia? Tu, daviTis istorikosi, mas ubralod<br />

ganadidebs da bizantiis avtokratorebs (anu TviTmpyroblebs) adarebs?<br />

am problemis gadasaWrelad mniSvnelovania, kidev erTi wyaros<br />

moxmoba, romelic imave wliT TariRdeba, rodesac moxda kaxeT-hereTis<br />

SemoerTeba. es aris ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera~ (doliZe 1970: 106-127;<br />

gabiZaSvili 1978: 176-196). Zeglisweras darTuli aqvs Sesavali, kanonTa<br />

teqsti, daviT mefis xotbis-Sesxma da mosaxsenebeli. amaTgan daviT mefis<br />

xotbis-Sesxma arsen beris mier unda iyos dawerili. arsens teqstis dawera<br />

Tavad ruis-urbnisis krebis ganCinebiT daevala:<br />

`romelni ese aw ZRunad mogarTuna Sen mwyobrman SenTa amaT<br />

nazirevelTa simravlisaman, raTa Sen miarTune eseni RmerTsa da mowyale<br />

hyo amaT mier wyalobis moyuare ufali, romel moswrafebiT SemokrebaÁ<br />

ubrZane Sen~ (doliZe 1970: 125; gabiZaSvili 1978: 194).<br />

186

Sesxmis boloSi arseni wers, rom teqsti, romelic daiwera daviTis<br />

sadideblad, mefes, ZRvenad miarTva Tavad krebis monawileebma (`romelni<br />

ese aw ZRunad mogarTuna Sen mwyobrman SenTa~), xolo Tavad krebis mowvevis<br />

iniciatorad mefe daviTia dasaxelebuli (`romel moswrafebiT SemokrebaÁ<br />

ubrZane Sen~). krebis mowvevis iniciatorad, daviTi saTaurSic aris<br />

dasaxelebuli (doliZe 1970: 106; gabiZaSvili 1978: 176).<br />

daviTis mowveuli krebis mier Sedga ruis-urbnisis `Zeglisweris~<br />

mosaxseniebelic, romelSic daviT aRmaSeneblis oficialuri titulatura<br />

aris warmodgenili. aq tradiciuli politikuri da teritoriul-<br />

administraciuli Sinaarsis mqone titulebis garda, dasaxelebulia iseTi<br />

saxis oficialuri tituli, romelsac pirvelad vafiqsirebT qarTveli<br />

mefis titulaturaSi. mosaxseniebelSi vkixulobT:<br />

`daviT RmrTis-msaxurisa da RmrTiv-dacvulisa mefisa Cuenisa<br />

afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa TÂTmpyrobelisa, mravalmca arian<br />

welni~ (doliZe 1970: 126; gabiZaSvili 1978: 195).<br />

amgvarad, ruis-urbnisis mosaxseniebelSi pirvelad vafiqsirebT<br />

qarTveli monarqis axal oficialur tituls, `TviTmpyrobels~.<br />

tradiciuli bizantiuri saimperio-sakariskaco titulebi daviT<br />

aRmaSenebelze amieridan aRar fiqsirdeba. TviTmpyrobeli xom bizantiuri<br />

saimperatori titulis, avtokratoris, Sesatyvisia (ODB 1 1991: 235), amdenad,<br />

qarTveli mefec bizantiis imperatoris statusSia ayvanili. Tumca, amis<br />

miuxedavad, sakuTari politikuri statusis xazgasasmelad saqarTvelos<br />

mefe mainc bizantiuri titulis qarTul Sesatyviss iyenebs.<br />

niSnavs ki es imas, rom qarTvelma monarqebma uari Tqves bizantiur<br />

titulebze zogadad?<br />

imave mosaxsiniebelSi giorgi II keisrad (wyaroSi `kesarosi”)<br />

iwodeba. ufro metic, iq giorgi mefeTa mefed aris wodebuli (doliZe 1970:<br />

125; gabiZaSvili 1978: 195). ierarqia TiTqos daculia, anu mama, giorgi II,<br />

mefeTa mefea, xolo Svili, daviT IV _ mefe. analogiuri suraTia mocemuli<br />

anderZ-minawerebSic, romlebSic giorgi da daviTi erTad ixseniebian<br />

(Jordania 2004: 232, 234, 236). am kuTxiT mniSvnelovania sumbat daviTis Zis<br />

187

cnoba, romelic saqarTvelos pirveli mefis, bagrat III-isa da misi mamis,<br />

gurgen mefeT mefis Sesaxeb wers:<br />

`da amas gurgens esua bagrat, dediT afxazTa mefisa diswuli,<br />

demetresi da Tevdosesi. vidre gurgenis gamefebamde ese bagrat mefe iqmna<br />

afxazeTs, da amisTÂs gurgens mefeTmefoba ewoda~ (metreveli, 2008: 369).<br />

sumbatis mixedviT, gurgens mefeT mefe swored imis gamo ewoda, rom<br />

misi Svili mefed iwodeba. giorgisa da daviTis SemTxvevaSi mama-Svilis<br />

gamosarCevad giorgi mefeT mefea, xolo daviTi _ mefe. amdenad, Tu sumbatis<br />

cnobas gaviTvaliswinebT, aq TiTqos ierarqiulobasTan ar unda gvqondes<br />

saqme, Tumca is faqti, rom mefeT mefe mefeze garkveul upiratesobas<br />

gulisxmobs, es aSkaraa. amasTan, giorgi II ruis-urbnisis `Zeglisweris~<br />

mosaxseniebelSi pirvel rigSia moxseniebuli, Semdeg modis misi dis,<br />

bizantiis yofili dedoflis, marTa bagrationis moxsenieba, xolo amis<br />

Semdeg daviT aRmaSeneblis (doliZe 1970: 125-126). rigiTobaSi, rogorc<br />

vxedavT, uxucesobis, anu asakis principia daculi.<br />

sxva SemTxvevebSi daviTis upiratesoba SeimCneva. swored is aris<br />

dasaxelebuli krebis iniciatorad `Zeglisweris~ saTaurSi (doliZe, 1970:<br />

106), aseve SesavalSi (doliZe, 1970: 113-114) da masve eZRvneba xotbis-Sesxmac.<br />

(doliZe, 1970: 124-125). Tumca yvelaze metad daviTis upiratesoba mainc mis<br />

titulSi vlindeba. mamisgan gansxvavebiT, is TviTmpyrobelia, xolo<br />

mamamisi, giorgi II _ keisari (qarTulad `kesarosi~). vinaidan keisris<br />

tituli bizantiis imperatoris, anu TviTmpyroblis mier aris gacemuli,<br />

bunebrivia, giorgi masze damokidebulad ganixileba, xolo daviTi msgavsi<br />

damokidebulebisgan Tavisufalia.<br />

amdenad, daviTis statusi misive TviTmpyroblobidan gamomdinare,<br />

SedarebiT maRalia. man, rogorc Cans, marTlac akrZala sxva TviTmpyroblis<br />

(bizantiis imperatoris) mier gacemuli titulebis miReba saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze, tituli unda SeenarCunebina mxolod mamamiss. 1104 wlis<br />

(daTariRebis Sesaxeb ixileT: metreveli, 2002: 21-25) mdgomareobiT daviT<br />

aRmaSeneblis sruli tituli `afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa<br />

TÂTmpyrobelia~ (doliZe, 1970: 126).<br />

188

amdenad, daviT aRmaSenebeli 1104 wels TviTmpyrobelia. sinas mTis<br />

qarTuli xatis berZnul warweraSi ki sruliad aRmosavleTis basilevsad<br />

anu imperatorad iwodeba. warwera Semdegi saxisaa:<br />

`ΠΙΣΤΟ[Σ] ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΥΣ] ΠΑΣ[ΗΣ] ΑΝΑΤΟΛ[ΕΣ] Ο ΠΑΓΚΡΑΤΟΝΙΑΝΟΣ _ morwmune<br />

basilevsi sruliad aRmosavleTisa, pagkratoniani (bagrationi – l. T.)“<br />

(kldiaSvili, 1989: 117-135).<br />

sruliad aRmosavleTis basilevsis, anu imperatoris, tituli kargad<br />

udgeba daviTis zemoxsenebul TviTmpyroblis tituls. saqarTvelos mefe<br />

bizantiis mmarTvelis analogiiT Tavs basilevs/imperators da<br />

TviTmpyrobels/avtokrators uwodebs, amasTan, igi swored qarTuli miwebis<br />

TviTmpyrobeli da imperatoria. ufro metic, Tu bizantiuri politikuri<br />

elita naklebad uyadrebda Tavs sxva qveynis mmarTvelebs, qarTuli Sua<br />

saukuneebis politikuri azrovnebis mixedviT, qristianul samyaroSi ori<br />

TviTmpyrobeli iyo. erTi, romelic sruliad aRmsavleTis mflobelia,<br />

xolo meore ki sruliad dasavleTisa. am ukanasknelad ki bizantiis<br />

imperatori iyo warmodgenili. Tamaris pirveli mematiane wers:<br />

`manovel keisrisa da yovlisa dasavleTisa da saberZneTisa mefisa~<br />

(metreveli, 2008: 392).<br />

qarTveli mematianis mixedviT, bizantiis imperatori manueli (1143-1180<br />

ww.) saberZneTis, anu bizantiisa da, amasTan, yoveli dasavleTis mefe da<br />

keisaria. dasavleTi orientiri am SemTxvevaSi saqarTveloa, xolo<br />

aRmosavleTis mefed da keisrad, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos mmarTveli<br />

ganixileba.<br />

amdenad, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, bizantiis imperatori yoveli<br />

dasavleTis keisari da imperatoria, xolo saqarTvelos monarqi _ yoveli<br />

aRmosavleTis TviTmpyrobeli da imperatori.<br />

ori imperatoris motivi kidev ufro naTlad ikveTeba moqvis taZris<br />

berZnul warweraSi, romelic amJamad waSlilia, xolo Tavis droze<br />

saqarTveloSi yofnis dros daafiqsira da Caiwera ierusalimisa da<br />

antioqiis patriarqma dosiTeosma. mis mier Cawerili warwera Semdegi<br />

saxisaa:<br />

189

`΄Ιστορηθε επι Αλεξιου βασιλεως του Κομνηνου και Δαυιδ μεγαλου βασιλεως<br />

’Απχαζιας – Hmoixata basilevsi aleqsi komnenosisa da daviT afxazeTis didi<br />

basilevsi dros~ (yauxCiSvili, 2009: 15).<br />

warweraSi ar aris giorgi II-is xseneba. amdenad, igi misi Semdgomi<br />

periodiT unda ganisazRvros, vidre aleqsi I komnenosis (1081-1118 ww.)<br />

gardacvalebamde. es msjeloba mas 1112-1118 wlebs Soris aTavsebs. warwera<br />

mniSvnelovani imiT aris, rom kidev erTxel usvams xazs im tendencias,<br />

romlis mixedviTac bizantiis da saqarTvelos mmarTvelebi erTnairi<br />

statusiT sargeblobdnen. ufro metic, teqstis mixedviT, daviTi didi<br />

basilevsia, xolo aleqsi _ basilevsi. Tumca aleqsi I komnenosi pirvelia<br />

moxseniebuli. Znelia imis Semowmeba, Tu konkretulad ramdenad kargad<br />

amoikiTxa dosiTeosma es warwera, Tumca naklebad saeWvoa is, rom monarqTa<br />

saxelebi da titulebi SecdomiT waekiTxa, miTumetes, rom maTi zeobis xana<br />

marTlac emTxveva erTmaneTs.<br />

zemoxsenebuli kargad uCvenebs im saxecvlil tendencias, rac<br />

saqarTvelos monarqis politikurma statusma Seicvala daviT IV<br />

aRmaSeneblis periodSi. daviTis mefobis dasawyisSi Tu misi moxsenieba<br />

sevastosisa da panipersevastosis titulebiT xdeboda, 1104 wlis Semdeg is<br />

ukve avtokratori da basilevsia. daviTis es Secvlili statusi kargad<br />

aris asaxuli ruis-urbnisis krebis `ZeglisweraSi~, sadac igi, erTi mxriv,<br />

afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa TÂTmpyrobelia~, xolo, meore mxriv<br />

ki, dasaxelebulia, rogorc `ganmadidebel flobisa, viTarca avRÂstos<br />

keisarTa Soris~ (doliZe, 1970: 125-126; gabiZaSvili, 1978: 194).<br />

ukanasknel pasaJSi gamokveTilia `flobis~, anu xelmwifebis<br />

gandideba, mis SedarebiT ufro maRal xarisxSi ayvana. sagulisxmoa daviTis<br />

Sedareba romis pirvel imperator avgustusTan, romelmac respublika<br />

principatiT Secvala da romis imperiaSi erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba<br />

daamyara. bunebrivia, amgvari Sedareba garkveuli politikuri cvlilebis<br />

maniSnebelia. SesaZlebelia, avgustusTan Sedareba ubralo panegirikul<br />

pasaJad migveCnia. magram ratom maincdamainc `ganmadidebel flobisa~?<br />

190

vfiqrobT, rom aq saqme politikuri statusis amaRlebasTan unda gvqondes,<br />

rac, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, daviTis avtokrator/TviTmpyroblad<br />

gamocxadebas mohyva Sedegad.<br />

sainteresoa, Tu rodis gamoacxada daviTma Tavi avtokrator/TviTmpy-<br />

roblad? rogorc davinaxeT, 1104 wels, ruis-urbnisis krebis dros, is ukve<br />

TviTmpyroblad iwodeba, imave wlis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT ixsenieba<br />

imave tituliT anonim istorikosTan. amdenad, aRniSnuli 1104 wlisaTvis<br />

unda momxdariyo.<br />

daviT aRmaSeneblis statusis amaRlebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, albaT,<br />

aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli misive mefobis dros gamarTuli<br />

naWarmagevis darbazoba. cnoba daculia daviTisadmi miZRvnil epitafiaSi,<br />

romlis pirobiTi saTauria: `vin naWarmagevs mefeni Tormetni...~. swored am<br />

leqsSia daculi cnoba daviTis mefobis dros gamarTul naWarmagevis<br />

darbazobaze. aRniSnuli movlenis daTariReba Tu Seswavla praqtikulad ar<br />

momxdara qarTul istoriografiaSi. es, albaT, imiTac aris ganpirobebuli,<br />

rom mis Sesaxeb aranair cnobebs ar gvawvdis daviTis ucnobi mematiane.<br />

amdenad, CaiTvala, rom cnoba naWarmagevSi arsebuli darbazobis<br />

Sesaxeb mxolod epitafiis avtoris siyalbe da gadmocemaa. erTi xani is<br />

Tamaris Sesaxeb arsebul xalxuri poeziis nimuSadac ki iTvleboda, Tumca<br />

mas mere, rac e. TayaiSvilma aRmoaCina `xelmwifis karis garigeba~,<br />

romelSic pirdapir aris dasaxelebuli epitafiis avtori (arsen<br />

iyalToeli) da adresati (daviT IV aRmaSenebeli), simarTle dadginda<br />

(lolaSvili, 1978: 101, sq. 95).<br />

daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg dawerili es epitafia (1125 weli),<br />

romelic arsen iyalToels ekuTvnis (lolaSvili, 1978: 100-101)<br />

mniSvnelovani wyaroa daviTis epoqis Sesaswavlad. arsen iyalToeli mefis<br />

karze erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani sasuliero moRvawe iyo. atarebda<br />

moZRvarT-moZRvaris tituls da iTvleboda daviTis uaxloes mrCevlad da<br />

mis pirad moZRvrad (vrclad arsen iyalToelis Sesaxeb ixileT:<br />

lolaSvili, 1978: 41-104). arsenis mier Sedgenili epitafiis nawyvetis erT-<br />

erTi uZvelesi versia Semogvinaxa `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ teqstma<br />

191

(doliZe, 1965: 89). nawyvetis garda, iq ganxilulia is politikuri viTareba,<br />

romelsac, arsenis gadmocemiT, adgili hqonda samefo rezidenciaSi –<br />

naWarmagevSi. sanam `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ teqsts movixmobdeT, vnaxoT<br />

Tavad epitafiis teqsti. igi Semdegi saxisaa:<br />

101).<br />

`vin naWarmagevs mefeni Tormetni purad damesxnes,<br />

Turqni, sparsni da arabni sazRuarTa gare gamesxnes,<br />

Tevzni amerTa wyalTagan imerTa wyalTa STamesxnes,<br />

awe amaTsa moqmedsa gulzedan Ãelni damesxnes~. (lolaSvili, 1978:<br />

epitafiis teqstSi mokled aris gadmocemuli daviT IV aRmaSeneblis<br />

moRvaweobis ramdenime detali. pirveli strofSi saubaria naWarmagevis<br />

samefo rezidenciaSi gamarTul naklebad cnobil darbazobaze. meoreSi _<br />

muslimi dampyroblebis gandevnaze. mesameSi _ dasavleT da aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos gaerTianebaze. bolo strofSi yvela am saqmis Semsruleblis<br />

– daviT mefis _ gardacvalebaze aris aqcenti gakeTebuli.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom yvela es `moqmedeba~, romelic epitafiis<br />

avtorma daviTs miawera, istoriuli realobis Semcvelia (daviT<br />

aRmaSeneblis mefobaze vrclad ixileT: metreveli, 1986). amaTgan yvelaze<br />

adreul movlenad naWarmagevis darbazoba Cans. aRniSnuli darbazobis<br />

Sesaxeb SedarebiT vrceli informaciis Semcvelia `xelmwifis karis<br />

garigeba~ _ XIV saukunis pirveli naxevris teqsti (javaxiSvili, 1967: 418-<br />

422). mefe-mTavarTa dajdomis wesis Sesaxeb `xelmwifis karis garigeba~<br />

Semdeg cnobebs iZleva:<br />

`da zogTa vi[e]Tme asre uweria, viTa trapizoneli da Sarvan[Sa],<br />

SanSe da somexTa mefe ra movidnen, sajdomi erTi [ar] aris oTxTave<br />

mama arsen iyalToeli, egeTi kaci, mtyuani rogor egebis? ama Sairsa<br />

ara igi ityÂs: vin naWarmagevs mefeni Tormetni purad Caesxvnes.<br />

maSin orni osTa mefeni, da kaxTa mefe, da alvanTa mefe, w[a]narTa<br />

mefe, samni t[a]oelTa mefeni, da somexTa mefe, da trapizonelni, da Sarvan-<br />

Sahenni, _ eseni Caesxnes naWarmagevs da Tormetni dasxdes, da oTxad rad<br />

ver daeteodes?~ (doliZe, 1965: 89).<br />

192

`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ anonim avtorTan ar Cans, Tu ra<br />

pirvelwyarodan aqvs mas informacia darbazobis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb.<br />

anonimi naWarmagevis darbazobidan ori saukunis Semdeg moRvaweobs. misive<br />

nawarmoebSi is mraval istoriul wyaros iyenebs. darbazobis monawile<br />

mefeebis detaluri aRwera gvafiqrebinebs, rom avtors daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

droindeli wyaroTi unda esargebla, romelSic imdroindeli mefe-<br />

mTavrebis saqarTveloSi vizitze unda yofiliyo saubari. samwuxarod, metis<br />

Tqma ar SegviZlia. Tumca, varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom `xelmwifis karis<br />

garigebis~ avtors SeeZlo raRac gamoegonebina, gaumarTleblad migvaCnia.<br />

amas ukeTesad davinaxavT, rodesac detalurad gavecnobiT darbazobaSi<br />

monawile yvela mefis mokle aRweras.<br />

Zalian mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli mefeebis vinaobis dadgena, aseve<br />

darbazobis Catarebis mizezebis gamovlena. mefe-mTavarTa dadgeniT<br />

SesaZlebeli xdeba TariRisa da darbazobis gamarTvis SesaZlo mizezebis<br />

dadgenac. `Tormeti mefis~ Cveneuli identifikacia Semdegia:<br />

1-2. `orni osTa mefeni~ unda iyvnen daviTis dros arsebuli ori<br />

alan-osuri politikuri gaerTianebis meTaurebi. rogorc daviTis anonim<br />

mematianesTan vkiTxulobT, daviT aRmaSeneblis dros erTiani oseTi ar<br />

arsebobs. iq mmarTveloba or an orze met mefes hqonia xelSi aRebuli.<br />

mematiane wers:<br />

`Sevides ovseTs (daviT aRmaSenebeli giorgi WyondidelTan da<br />

laSqarTan erTad – l. T.); da moegebnes m e f e n i (xazi Cvenia – l. T.)<br />

ovseTisani da yovelni mTavarni maTni, da viTarca monani dadges winaSe<br />

missa~ (metreveli, 2008: 319).<br />

amdenad, arsen iyalToelis epitafiaSi aRwerili oseTSi arsebuli<br />

politikuri viTareba emTxveva daviTis dros arsebul viTarebas, rasac misi<br />

mematianec gvidasturebs.<br />

3. `kaxTa mefe~ undaAiyos daviTis dros moRvawe kaxeT-hereTis mefe<br />

kvirike IV (1084-1102/4 ww.), an misi Zmiswuli, mefe aRsarTan II (1102/4-1104 ww.).<br />

4. `alvanTa mefe~, savaraudod, samxreT kavkasiis erT-erTi mcire<br />

qveynis mmarTvelia, romelic `alvanTa mefis~ tituls iCemebs. aseTi<br />

193

pirovneba daviTis epoqaSi ramdenime iyo. pretenziebi `albaneTis~ anu<br />

`alvanis~ flobaze hqondaT rogorc kaxeT-hereTis, aseve taSir-Zoragetis<br />

mefeebs (Matthew of Edessa, 1993: 24, 63). vinaidan pirveli dasaxelebulia<br />

mxolod `kaxTa mefed~, `alvanTa mefe~ sagulisxmoa, rom taSir-Zoragetis<br />

mefe unda yofiliyo. daviT IV aRmaSeneblis epoqis wyaroebi taSir-<br />

Zoragetis or mefes asaxelebs, daviTs da abas kvirikianebs (Киракос<br />

Гандзакеци, 1976: 114). Zmebidan taSir-Zoragetis samefoSi Semavali albanuri<br />

provinciis, utiqis mmarTveli iyo abas kvirikes Ze, romelic tavuSis<br />

cixeSi-simagreSi gaxldaT gamagrebuli (jafariZe, 1995: 32-33, 94; quTaTelaZe,<br />

2001: 97, 138-142, ruka # 32). amgvarad, wyaroSi alvanTa mefed, savaraudod,<br />

abasi unda iyos dasaxelebuli, xolo misi ufrosi Zma, daviT II bagratun-<br />

kvirikiani ki, rogorc amas qvemoT vixilavT, `somexTa mefed~.<br />

5. `w[a]narTa mefe~, garkveulwilad, aRdgenilia, Tumca samarTlianad.<br />

teqstSi `wnaris~ magier `wanari~ unda igulisxmebodes. wanarTa mefeebs<br />

adre kaxeTis qorepiskoposebs uwodebdnen, xolo vinaidan kaxeTis<br />

mmarTvelebma mogvianebiT kaxeT-hereTis mefis tituli miiRes da albaneTSi<br />

batonobaze acxadebdnen pretenzias, bunebrivia, maT `wanarTa mefed~ aravin<br />

moixseniebda. aq xunZaxis mefe unda vigulismoT, romelic samxreT<br />

daRestnis mflobelia da xunZaxis, imave sariris, samefos ganagebda. is jer<br />

kaxeT-hereTis, xolo daviT IV aRmaSeneblis droidan erTiani saqarTvelos<br />

gavlenis qveS eqceva.<br />

6-8. `samni t[a]oelTa mefenis~ sakiTxi, albaT, yvelaze sadavoa<br />

arsenis epitafiaSi. teqstis es nawili jer kidev eqvTime TayaiSvilma<br />

gaaswora, xolo Semdeg ki yvela sxva gamomcemelma gaiziara (javaxiSvili,<br />

1967: 431-432; doliZe, 1965: 89). aRdgenilia `toelTa~ TiTqos ufro misaRebi<br />

`taoelTa~ formiT. Tumca daviTis dros taos sami mefis arsebobaze,<br />

iqnebian taos bagrationTa Stos warmomadgenlebi Tu romelime sxva<br />

dinastiis wevrebi, araferia cnobili. tao mefeTa arseboba daviT<br />

aRmaSeneblis xanaSi gamoricxulad migvaCnia. aq SeiZleba vigulisxmoT<br />

tmutarakanis samTavros mmarTvelebi riurikTa dinastiidan, anda yivCaRTa<br />

194

mTavrebi. tmutarakans bizatiuri wyaroebi tamatarxas 62 uwodeben (Константин<br />

Багрянородный 1989: 174-175; Constantine Porphirogenitus: 186-187). es samTavro azovis<br />

zRvidan jiqeTamde vrceldeboda da misi sazRvrebi tamanis<br />

naxevarkunZulze iyo ganvrcobili. amas, erTi mxriv, is gvafiqrebinebs, rom<br />

daviTis droidan qarTvel mefeTa aRmosavlur titulaturaSi `rusTa mefis~<br />

tituli Cndeba, rac swored tmutarakanze arsebuli gavlenis maniSnebelia<br />

(musxeliSvili, 1990: 73-82), meore is, rom `xelmwifis karis garigebis~<br />

avtors SeiZleboda misTvis ucnobi termini, tamani an tamatarxa, taoSi<br />

areoda. miuxedavad garkveuli barierebisa, (semantikuri da sxv.) migvaCnia,<br />

rom es yvelaze optimaluri variantia `samni t[a]oelTa mefenis~ sakiTxis<br />

gadaWris kuTxiT. vinaidan wyaroebi metis Tqmis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs,<br />

aRniSnul Temas amiT amovwuravT.<br />

9. `somexTa mefeSi~, rogorc zemoT mivaniSneT, taSir-Zoragetis mefe<br />

unda igulisxmebodes. daviT IV aRmaSeneblis dros am samefos ori<br />

mmarTveli hyavda. mefe kvirike II-s Svilebi, Zmebi: daviTi da abasi. amaTgan<br />

daviTi taSir-Zoragetis uzenaesi mefe unda iyos. am samefos mmarTveli<br />

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, `somexTa mefis~ tituls atarebs (quTaTelaZe<br />

2001: 97; dundua, dudnua 2006: 197). `somexTa mefis~ tituliT taSir-<br />

Zoragetis mefe 1045 wlis Semdeg unda wodebuliyo. es mas Semdeg moxda,<br />

rac bizantiis imperiam somxeTis dedaqalaqi anisi daikava da taSir-<br />

Zorakertis mefem Tavi somxeTis samefos samarTalmemkvidred gamoacxada.<br />

maT 1065 wlamde am titulSi yarsis samefos monarqi ecileboda, Tumca mas<br />

Semdeg, rac yarsis mefe gagikma qalaqi bizantiis imperias gadasca, somexTa<br />

mefis tituli myarad unda damkvidrebuliyo taSir-Zoragetis mefis<br />

titulaturaSi. amgvarad, naWarmagevis darbazobis erT-erTi stumari daviT<br />

II kvirikiani unda yofiliyo bagratunTa dinastiidan.<br />

10-(11). `trapizonelni~ titulebis gareSe arian moxseniebuli, rac<br />

imis maniSnebeli unda iyos, rom isini jer ar flobdnen samefo Rirsebas.<br />

aq trapizonis arxontebi (mTavrebi) unda vigulisxmoT gabrasebis<br />

62 es termini unda momdinareobdes tamaneli TevziT movaWrisgan. berZnulad tarix-as<br />

swored damarilebuli, Senaxuli TevziT movaWres aRniSnavs.<br />

195

dinastiidan. Teodor gabras mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli isini trapizons<br />

da mis mimdebare mxareebs flobdnen xaldiisa da lazikis CaTvliT.<br />

gabrasebi trapizonis mxaris naxevrad damoukidebeli toparxebi iyvnen<br />

(dundua 2003; dundua 2011; bagauri 2011; Breyr 1970). trapizonis mmarTvelebis<br />

titulis gareSe moxsenieba kidev erTxel xazs usvams im faqts, rom<br />

`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ anonimi avtori daviT aRmaSeneblis droindel<br />

politikur viTarebas aRwers da ara misi epoqis viTarebas. anonimi avtoris<br />

dros trapizonis mmarTvelebi `didisa... komnianosis, mefisa<br />

trapizonelisad~ (metreveli 2008: 613) ixseniebian da ara ubralod<br />

`trapizonelad~.<br />

(11)-12. `Sarvan-Sahenni~ unda gulisxmobdes Sarvanis mmarTvelebs.<br />

isini daviTis mefobis dros sawyis etapze mainc inarCunebdnen<br />

keTilmezoblur urTierTobas saqarTvelos mefesTan. ufro metic, daviTis<br />

ufrosi asuli, Tamari, colad SerTes SarvanSahis Zes, manuCihrs, Sarvanis<br />

momaval monarqs. es qorwili 1105/6 wliT TariRdeba (asaTiani 1968: 26-29).<br />

amdenad, teqstis am nawilSi SarvanSahis viziti unda vigulisxmoT.<br />

amasTan, `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ teqstis mixedviT darbazobis<br />

monawiled Tormeti mefea miTiTebuli, xolo realurad mefe-mTavarTa<br />

dasaxelebuli odenoba cameti mainc unda iyos, vinaidan `trapizonelni~ da<br />

`Sarvan-Sahenni~ mravlobiTSi arian moxseniebulni. es ki imis maCvenebeli<br />

unda iyos, rom darbazobaze saqarTvelos mefes ori an orze meti<br />

trapizonis mTavris da imave raodenobis SarvanSahis ojaxis wevri estumra.<br />

miuxedavad im ndobisa, romelsac anonimi avtoris cnoba iwvevs CvenSi, mainc<br />

vfiqrobT, rom ricxvi `Tormeti~ ufro simbolur datvirTvas unda<br />

atarebdes, vidre realurs. darbazobis monawileTa raodenoba met-naklebad<br />

Tormetis farglebSi unda iyos gansazRvruli, Tumca zusti cifris<br />

dasaxeleba Znelia.<br />

naWarmagevis darbazobis monawile mefe-mTavarTa identifikaciis<br />

Semdeg mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba misi Catarebis TariRis gansazRvrac.<br />

Ddarbazoba, epitaciis mixedviT, win uswrebs muslimi dampyroblebis<br />

gandevnasa da saqarTvelos ori mxaris, lixT-imereTisa da lixT-amereTis,<br />

196

gaerTianebas. epitafiis dasarulSi daviTis gardacvalebaa (1125 weli)<br />

aRniSnuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom muslimTa gandevna daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

mefobis TiTqmis mTel periodSi mimdinareobda (daviTis brZolebis Sesaxeb<br />

muslimebTan ix.: margiSvili 2006), xolo saqarTvelos gaerTianebis<br />

dasasrulad Tu Tbilisis dakavebas miviCnevT, es movlena, 1122 wlis<br />

Tebervals moxda (jafariZe 1995: 50-52).<br />

amdenad, arsen iyalToelis epitafiaSi zustad ar Cans naWarmagevis<br />

darbazobis zusti TariRi. is ukeTesad SegviZlia davinaxoT `xelmwifis<br />

karis garigebis~ teqstSi, romelSic saubaria `kaxTa mefeze~, romelic<br />

SeiZleba iyos mxolod kaxeT-hereTis mefe kvirike II (1084-1102/4 ww.), an misi<br />

Zmiswuli aRsarTan II (1102/4-1104 ww.). aq `kaxTa mefis~ tituli ar aris<br />

savaldebuli gulisxmobdes imas, rom kaxeT-hereTis mefeebs dakarguli aqvT<br />

`ranTa mefis~ tituli, Tumca daviT IV aRmaSeneblis titulatura, romelic<br />

miTiTebulia ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweris (1104/5 w.) mosaxseniebelSi,<br />

garkveuli qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobisa da realuri Sinaarsis Semcvelia<br />

(gabiZaSvili 1978: 18-19). Tu kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTeba da ruis-urbnisis kreba<br />

marTlac 1104 wels moxda, rogorc es qarTul istoriografiaSi aris<br />

aRniSnuli (metreveli 2002: 21-25), maSin gamodis, rom naWarmagevis<br />

darbazobas adgili krebamde hqonia.<br />

aqve mniSvnelovania kidev erTi garemoeba, 1103 wels trapizonis<br />

duqsad kvlav gabrasebis ojaxis wevri grigol gabra-taronitisi daniSnes<br />

(Bryer 1980: 176), savaraudod, Teodor gabras Svili. wina mmarTvelisgan<br />

(davetenosi) gansxvavebiT, grigol gabra `prokavkasiuri~ orientaciis<br />

mqoned da bizantiis imperatorze naklebad damokidebel mmarTvelad<br />

warmogvidgeba (История Византии II, 1967: 309; Bryer 1980: 176). grigoli anatoliis<br />

Zlevamosil amira daniSmends Seekra da imperatoris winaaRmdeg daiwyo<br />

moqmedeba. Tumca, 1106 wels igi Seipyres da konstantinopolSi gagzavnes<br />

(iqve). `trapizonelnSi~ swored grigol gabra-taronitisis saqarTveloSi<br />

mosvla unda igulisxmebodes, rac misi mmarTvelobis wlebSi (1103-1106) unda<br />

moTavsdes. wina mmarTveli, davetenosi da grigolis momdevno moxele,<br />

197

omelic 1106 wels dainiSna, xaldiis duqsad bizantiis imperatoris<br />

sanqciis gareSe naklebad imoqmedebdnen.<br />

amdenad, trapizonis mmarTvelis saqarTveloSi vizitisa da `kaxTa<br />

mefis~ aq yofnis gaTvaliswinebiT, naWarmagevis darbazobas adgili 1103-1104<br />

wlebSi unda hqonoda. mniSvnelovania daviTis istorikosis sityvebi mefis<br />

moRvaweobis Sefasebisas. misi gancxadebiT, daviT aRmaSeneblis `aCrdilsa<br />

qveS~ Sekrebilni yofilan `erni, tomni da enani~ (metreveli, 2008: 344).<br />

marTalia, dasaxelebulTa Soris ar aris `trapizonelni~, magram es arc<br />

aris aucilebeli imisTvis, rom am mxaris mmarTvelebis saqarTveloSi<br />

Camosvla ararealurad miviCnioT. trapizonis mTavris saqarTveloSi Casvla<br />

naWarmagevis darbazobaze sxva wyaroSi, `xelmwifis karis garigebaSi~,<br />

fiqsirdeba, rac, Cveni azriT, sruliad Seesabameba daviTis epoqis<br />

politikur viTarebas.<br />

`xelmwifis karis garigeba~ ar iZleva sxva, damatebiT ganmartebas<br />

imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ratom da risTvis gaimarTa naWarmagevis<br />

darbazoba. Tumca, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT TariRsa da darbazobis<br />

Semadgenlobas, aseve misi gamarTvis adgils, Zneli ar iqneba imis varaudi,<br />

rom es kreba antiTurquli koaliciis dasabami unda yofiliyo. rogorc<br />

cnobilia, yivCaRebs, osebsa da sxva Crdilo kavkasielebs daviTi xSirad<br />

iyebenda TurqebTan brZolaSi. vardanTan moxseniebuli taSir-Zoragets<br />

mefeebic daviT aRmaSenebelTan erTad ibrZvian da misgan moelian<br />

Turqebisgan xsnas. gabrebma, sanam aSkarad ar gamovidnen imperatoris<br />

winaaRmdeg 1106 wels, swored Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZoliT gaiTqves<br />

saxeli. Sarvanis mmarTvelebis brZola Turq-selCukebis winaaRmdeg naTlad<br />

dasturdeba daviTis istorikosTanac. rac Seexeba kaxeT-hereTis mefe<br />

kvirike II-s, miuxedavad imisa, rom is daviT aRmaSenebelTan aris<br />

dapirispirebuli, daviTis istorikosTan Zalian dadebiTad aris<br />

daxasiaTebuli (metreveli, 2008: 309). es ki, garkveulwilad, miuTiTebs imas,<br />

rom dapirispirebemde maT Soris antimuslimuri aliansi unda arsebuliyo.<br />

kvirikes `WeSmariti qristianed~ dasaxeleba (metreveli, 2008: 309) am ufro<br />

azrs ganamtkicebs.<br />

198

amdenad, yvela zemoxsenebul mmarTvels antiTurquli aliansi<br />

aerTianebda, rac kargad uCvenebs im mizezsac, ramac naWarmagevis<br />

darbazobis gamarTva gaxada aucilebeli. aRmosavleTis `naWarmagevs mefeni<br />

Tormetni purad~ dasxdomis momenti, aseve naTlad miuTiTebs im faqts, rom<br />

bizantiis aRmosavleTiT aRiarebuli lideri, daviT IV aRmaSenebli,<br />

saqarTvelos mefe xdeba, romelsac 1103-1104 wlebSi Zalian aqtiurad<br />

moqmedebs. igi xelmZRvanelobs antiTurqul koalicias da, rogorc es<br />

mogvianebiT gamoCndeba, warmatebiT aTavisuflebs mTel samxreT kavkasiis<br />

regions Turq-selCuki dampyroblebisgan (margiSvili 2006). daviTi iwodeba,<br />

rogorc `ΠΙΣΤΟ[Σ] ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΥΣ] ΠΑΣ[ΗΣ] ΑΝΑΤΟΛ[ΕΣ] Ο ΠΑΓΚΡΑΤΟΝΙΑΝΟΣ _<br />

morwmune basilevsi sruliad aRmosavleTisa, pagkratoniani~, rac naTlad<br />

uCvenebs imas, rom is ukve aRiarebuli lideria bizantiis aRmosavleTSi.<br />

daviT aRmaSenebelis wodebaa basilevsi, anu imperatori, da avtokratori,<br />

anu TviTmpyrobeli. am ukanaskneliT is 1104/5 wels aris ukve wodebuli.<br />

daviTis basilevsad wodeba rom TviTmpyroblis paralelurad xdeba, amas<br />

zemoT moxmobili berZnuli warwerebic adasturebs.<br />

daviTis politikuri aRiareba sruliad aRmosavleTis<br />

TviTmpyroblad mxolod naWarmagevis darbazobis analizidan ar Cans, igi<br />

vlindeboda mraval politikur qmedebaSi, romlebsac is awarmoebda Tavisi<br />

mmarTvelobis periodSi, rodesac saTaveSi edga yivCaRebis, frankebis,<br />

somxebis, Sarvanelebis, alan-osebisa da sxva CrdiloeT kavkasieli<br />

xalxebis koaliciasa Tu daqiravebul jarebs.<br />

daviT IV aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebi<br />

daviT IV aRmaSenebeli rom TviTmpyrobeli da basilevsia, es zemoT<br />

ukve mivuTiTeT. Sainteresoa, ramdenad agrZeleben aRniSnul tendencias<br />

misi memkvidreebi.<br />

am kuTxiT mniSvnelovani informaciis Semcvelia mosaxsenieblebi, anu<br />

sinidikonebi. mosaxsenieblebSi dasaxelebulni arian is saero da<br />

sasuliero pirebi, romlebsac garkveuli damsaxureba miuZRviT aeklesia-<br />

monastrebis daxmarebaSi. maT Soris gamorCeulia mefeTa mosaxsenieblebi.<br />

199

dimitri baqraZem 1878 wels gamoaqveyna mewieTis wminda giorgis<br />

eklesiidan motanili ,,marxvani”, romelic, misive TqmiT, Seicavda<br />

,,Zeglisweras”. rogorc ,,ZeglisweraSi~ iyo naTqvami, igi SeudgeniaT<br />

konstantinopolis wminda xatebis Tayvanis sacemad Sekrebil wminda mamebs.<br />

dimitri baqraZis TqmiT, ,,wigns kiTxulobda Semosili mRvdeli wm. sofiis<br />

taZarsa da yvela eklesiaSi wirvis dros didmarxvis pirvel kviras~. mas<br />

darTuli hqonda ,,Zegliswera” da bolos CamoTvli iyo aRmosavleTis<br />

eklesiaSi cnobili saero da sasuliero moRvaweebi (baqraZe 1987: 178).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom Zegli gadawerilia 1566 wels, iosfaT beenaSvilis<br />

meuRlis, qeTeonis, SekveTiT (baqraZe 1987: 179-180). ,,Zeglis weraSi”<br />

CamoTvlil pirovnebaT Soris dasaxelebulia TiTqmis yvela saqarTvelos<br />

monarqi _ bagrat IV-dan (1027-1072 ww.), vidre daviT narinamde da daviT<br />

giorgis Zemde. amis Semdeg mefeTa moxsenieba grZeldeba imereTis mefe<br />

aleqsandre II-dan (1489-1510 ww.), romelic iosfaT beenaSvilis dedis,<br />

TinaTinis mama da iosfaTis babua gaxldaT.<br />

yvela is piri, romlebic aleqsandre II-is Semdeg arian CamoTvlili,<br />

iosfaTisa da misi meuRlis, qeTeonis, naTesavebi arian (baqraZe 1987: 179).<br />

swored am ukanasknelis dakveTiT miaweres es pirebi xelnawers, magram<br />

dedani, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer kidev maSin iyo dawerili,<br />

rodesac konstantinopoli marTlmadideblebis xelSi gaxldaT, anu 1453<br />

wlamde. es Tavad xelnaweridan mtkicdeba, romelSic naTqvamia, rom `Zeglis<br />

wera~ konstantinopolis wminda sofias taZarsa da sxva marTlmadidebel<br />

eklesiebSi ikiTxebodao da, Sesabamisad, originali, romelic qeTeonma 1566<br />

wels gadaawerina, iyo ara XVI saukunisa, aramed gacilebiT adrindeli.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom ukanasknel mefeebad rusudanis Semdeg<br />

moxseniebulni arian `daviT da daviT marTlmadidebelTa mefeT-mefeni~ 63<br />

(SaraSiZe 1982: 18-21), SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ,,Zeglisweris” Sedgenis<br />

TariRi iyo 1261-1270 wlebi. 1204-1261 wlebSi konstantinopoli da wminda<br />

63 d. baqraZe mis mier gamoqveynebul mosaxseniebelSi erT daviTs asaxelebs, qr. SaraSiZe ki<br />

or daviTs, rasac amilaxorTa saxlis krebulis mosaxseniebelic eTanxmeba. ixileT:<br />

SaraSiZe qristina. samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi (XII-XV). Tb. 1982. gv. 18-21.<br />

200

sofias taZari laTinTa xelSi iyo. Sesabamisad, wirva-locva iq laTinurad<br />

sruldeboda. amdenad, 1261 wlamde marTlmadidebel mefeTa mosaxseniebels<br />

konstantinopolSi aravin waikiTxavda.<br />

1261 wls mixael paleologosma konstantinopoli aiRo da<br />

momentalurad konstantinopolis sapatriarqoc daubrunda Zvel adgils<br />

(Geanakoplos 1959). konstantinopolSi aRmosavleTis qristianuli eklesiis<br />

wirva-locva kvlav ganaxlda. daviTisa da daviTis erTad moxsenieba<br />

SeiZleba maT ormefobasac miuTiTebs, rasac adgili 1262 wels hqonda.<br />

amrigad, mosaxseniebeli SeiZleba daaxloebiT am wliTac daTariRdes.<br />

qristina SaraSiZem xelaxla gamoaqveyna zemoxsenebuli mewieTis<br />

,,Zeglis weris” mosaxseniebeli or sxva mosaxseniebelTan erTad. maT<br />

Sorisaa kopasZeTa da amilaxvarTa mosaxsenieblebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samive<br />

mosaxseniebeli, rodesac saqme exeba mis pirvel nawils, identuria da,<br />

Sesabamisad, iq dasaxelebuli yvela mefe erTi da imave konteqstSi arian<br />

moxseniebulni. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom mxolod kopasZeTa mosaxseniebeli ar<br />

afiqsirebs rusudanisa da ori daviTis mosaxseniebels (SaraSiZe 1982: 15-23).<br />

axla ganvixiloT uSualod is monarqebi, romlebic zemoaRniSnul<br />

marxvanSi arian mosxeniebulni. am SemTxvevaSi Cvens interess iwvevs mefeTa<br />

titulatura:<br />

1. bagrat afxazTa, qarTuÀlTa marTlamadideblisa mefisa saukunoÁmca<br />

ars xseneba.<br />

2. giorgi kesarosisa, afxazTaÁ, qarTvelTa marTlmadidebelisai mefisa. .<br />

.<br />

3. daviT yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefisa, axlisa marTlmadidebelisa<br />

saukunoÁmca saÃsenebeli da kurTxeva misi.<br />

4. demetre yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefisa saukunoÁmca saÃsenebeli da<br />

kurTxeva misi.<br />

5. giorgi, yovlisa aRmosavleTisa Ãelmwifed mpyrobelisa, mefeT-mefisa<br />

saukunoÁmca saÃsenebeli da kurTxeva misi.<br />

201

6. Tamar yovlisa aRmosavleTisa axlisa marTlmadideblisa, afxazTa,<br />

qarTvelTa, herTa da kaxTa da yovelTa qristianeTa mpyrobelisa<br />

saukunoÁmca ars saÃsenebeli da kurTxeva misi.<br />

7. Zisa maTisa giorgi yovlisa aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTisa mtkiced<br />

mpyrobelisa mefeT-mefisa mravalmca arian welni mefobisa misisani...<br />

(SaraSiZe 1961: 15).<br />

teqsti ekuTvnis kopasZeTa mosaxseniebels, romelic yvelaze Zveli<br />

Cans zemoT xsenebul sinodikonTa Soris. aq bolo mefed giorgi laSa aris<br />

dasaxelebuli, Tamaris Ze, romelic, mosaxsenieblis mixedviT, cocxalia<br />

(SaraSiZe 1961: 73). mosaxseniebels darTuli aqvs ukve mogviano xanebSi<br />

mimatebuli kopasZeebis mosaxseniebelic, romelSic yvaryvare jayelis (1451-<br />

1498 ww.), samcxis aTabagisa da spasalaris ojaxis wevrebis garda, kopasZeTa<br />

gvaris wevrebic arian moxseniebulni (SaraSiZe 1961: 15-17). aqedan dgindeba,<br />

rom aris ori fena, axali da Zveli. amaTgan Zveli daiwera giorgi laSas<br />

(1210-1222/3 ww.) mefobis dros, xolo axali _ XVI saukuneSi.<br />

mosaxsenieblebSi ramdenime TvalSi sacemi faqtis gamoyofa SeiZleba.<br />

daviT aRmaSeneblidan moyolebuli giorgi laSas CaTvliT yvela qarTveli<br />

monarqi ,,yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefed~ iwodeba. Tavad daviTi, am titulis<br />

garda, `axlisa marTlmadidebelisas~ epiTetiT aris wodebuli, rac<br />

erTgvari ganaxlebis maniSnebelia. daviTis dros rom qarTvel mefeTa<br />

titulatura ganaxlda da qarTvelTa mefeebma yoveli aRmosavleTis<br />

avtokratoroba da imperatoroba SeiTavses, es maTi ganaxlebuli<br />

titulaturidan aSkarad Cans. bizantiuri saimperatoro titulebis<br />

etapobrivi miRebis dadasturebaa imave mosaxseniebelSi Tamaris `yovelTa<br />

qristianeTa mpyrobelisad~ wodeba, rac tradiciuli iyo mxolod bizantiis<br />

imperatorebisTvis.<br />

amrigad, qarTvelebi marTlmadidebel samyaros or nawilad yofen _<br />

dasavleT da aRmosavleT marTlmadidebel sivrceebad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />

saqarTvelos monarqi ,,yovlisa aRmosavleTisa” TviTmpyroblad iwodeba,<br />

bizantiis imperatori qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi moixsenieba, rogorc<br />

mefe ,,yovlisa dasavleTisa da saberZneTisa”. amgvarad, rogorc zemoT<br />

202

mivuTiTeT, imperatori manuel I didi (1143-1180) ixsenieba (yauxCiSvili 1959:<br />

17; metreveli 2008: 392).<br />

msgavs diferenciacias safuZveli XII saukuneSi eyreba, rodesac<br />

aRmosavleT qristianul samyaroSi ori seriozuli politikuri erTeuli<br />

darCa. dasavleTiT bizantia, xolo aRmosavleTiT _ saqarTvelo. rac<br />

Seexeba sxva marTlmadidebel qveynebs, isini bizantiisa an saqarTvelos<br />

politikuri, kulturuli da konfesiuri gavlenis qveS arian moqceuli.<br />

saqarTvelos mefe bizantiur wyaroebSi – bizantiis imperiis oficialuri<br />

pozicia<br />

(tituli `basilevsis~ sakiTxis Sesaxeb)<br />

basilevsis (Βασιλεύς) tituls bizantieli mwerlebi, rogorc wesi,<br />

bizantiis imperatorze ixsenieben, Tumca arsebobs araerTi gamonaklisi. VII<br />

saukunemde, sanam berZnuli ena pativiT odnav Camouvardeboda laTinurs,<br />

basilevsis tituliT, rogorc wesi, yvela monarqi iwodeboda. termini<br />

basilevsi ar warmoadgenda ierarqiuli sistemis markers, aramed aRniSnavda<br />

konkretuli qveynis suverens, visi Zalauflebac vrceldeboda mis mier<br />

kontrolirebad xalxsa da saxelmwifoze.<br />

VI saukuneSi, barbarosuli qveynebis intensiuri warmoqmnis periodSi,<br />

imisTvis, rom ganesxvavebinaT universaluri monarqi masze damokidebuli<br />

qristianuli qveynebis mbrZaneblebisagan, tituli basilevsi ufro dafasda.<br />

amis Semdeg mas mxolod bizantiisa da sasanuri iranis mmarTvelebze<br />

xmarobdnen. sasanuri iranis dacemam kidev ufro meti biZgi misca bizantiis<br />

xelisuflebas aRniSnuli wodeba eqskluziurad bizantiis imperatorebis<br />

titulad gamoecxadebinaT.<br />

saimperatoro beWdebze tituli basilevsis pirveli dataneba 654-658<br />

wlebSi xdeba. mogvianebiT imperatori leon III isavrieli (717-741 ww.) mas<br />

vercxlis monetaze aTavsebs, xolo misi memkvidre, konstantine V<br />

kopronimusi, (741-775 ww.) ki oqros monetis emisiaze (ODB 1 1991: 264).<br />

203

asilevsis titulis xmarebas VII saukunidan moyolebuli<br />

bizantielebi ucxo qveynis mmarTvelebze, rogorc wesi, Tavs aridebdnen.<br />

miuxedavad aRniSnuli titulis mkacri konservaciisa da universaluri<br />

qristianuli imperiis Seqmnis mcdelobisa, bizantia iZulebuli iyo,<br />

angariSi gaewia politikuri realobisaTvis. basilevsebad iwodnen saRvTo<br />

romis imperatorebi, oRond maT moixseniebdnen ara `romaelTa”<br />

(bizantielTa), aramed `frankTa basilevsebad~ (ODB 1 1991: 264). basilevsis<br />

tituli scnes bulgareTis imperator simeonzec.<br />

nikita xoniate imave tituliT amkobs roJer siciliels, saRvTo<br />

romis imperator fridrix barbarosasa da laTinuri romaniis imperator<br />

henri flandriels. giorgi akropolitesTan basilevsad iwodeba<br />

bulgareTis imperatori kaloiani, xolo serbeTis mmarTveli stefan duSani<br />

oficialur berZnul dokumentebSi `romaelTa da serbTa basilevsad~<br />

ixsenieba. analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas trapizonis imperatorebsa da<br />

aRmosavleTis zogierT sxva mbrZanebelze (Temur lengi, mehmed II<br />

dampyrobeli da sxva) (ODB 1 1991: 264).<br />

gavrcelebulia mosazreba, TiTqos am tituls berZnebi arasdros ar<br />

scnobdnen qarTvel mefeebze. am mosazrebis mixedviT, arc daviT<br />

aRmaSeneblamde da arc mis Semdgom, am titulis Rirsad maT ar miaCndaT<br />

arc erTi saqarTvelos monarqi. es Tvalsazrisi, rogorc rogorc qvemoT<br />

davinaxavT, unda gadaisinjos.<br />

pirvelad saqarTvelos mefis basilevsad moxsenieba, da isic<br />

berZnulad, gvxvdeba daviT IV aRmaSeneblTan dakavSirebiT (Rapp 1997: 573). es<br />

aris wm. ekaterines monasterSi arsebul qarTul xatze gakeTebuli warwera,<br />

Sesrulebuli, savaraudod, qarTveli berebis mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom es<br />

Zegli wminda ekaterines monastris kuTvnilebaa, misi miCneva bizantiis<br />

xelisuflebis oficialur poziciad rTulia. Tumca, rogorc sxva<br />

cnobebidan gamoCndeba, es tendencia, romelic am warweris Semdeg iRebs<br />

saTaves grZeldeba XV saukunis CaTvliT. es aris dRemde aRmoCenili erT-<br />

204

erTi uZvelesi cnoba, romelSic qarTveli mefe basilevsad saxeldeba VII<br />

saukunis Semdgomi periodis berZnul wyaroebSi.<br />

daviT aRmaSeneblamde VII-XI saukuneebis berZnul wyaroebSi qarTveli<br />

mefeebi arxontebad arian moxseniebulni, maTve umtkicdebodaT bizantiuri<br />

saimperio titulebi (novelisomosi, kurapalati, sevastosi,<br />

panipersevastosi, kesarosi da a.S.), magram daviT IV aRmaSeneblidan<br />

moyolebuli, arc zemoT CamoTvlil saimperio titulebiT ixsenieben<br />

bizantielebi saqarTvelos mefeebs da arc arxontebad. wminda ekaterines<br />

monasterSi arsebuli xatze gakeTebuli warwera ar unda aRniSnavdes<br />

mxolod qarTvelTa damokidebulebas qarTveli mefis statusisadmi.<br />

piriqiT, is gamoxatavs orives _ berZenTa da qarTvelTa _ damokidebulebas<br />

saqarTvelos mefis Secvlil statusze.<br />

zemoTqmuli mtkicdeba imiT, rom qarTveli mefeebi Tu raime<br />

tituliT ixseniebian berZnul wyaroebSi, mxolod basilevsebad, anda<br />

`Μεπε~-d rac qarTuli sityva `mefis~ transkripciaa. aris SemTxveva maTi<br />

`ρεξ~, anu reqsad, moxseniebisa, rac, sfranZesis sityviT, laTinurad `mefes~<br />

(Μεπε) udriso. amiT avtorma qarTuli titulis laTinur korespodencias<br />

gausva xazi. marTlac, laTinebis erTi nawili saqarTvelos mefeebs `Rex~-d<br />

moixsenieben, anu maT samefo tituls _ `mefe~-s Targmnian, rogorc reqs<br />

(Rex). es mSvenivrad aCvenebs im faqts, rom romis papebi da misi politikis<br />

mimdevrebi ar scobdnen qarTvel mefeebze imperatoris tituls, radgan<br />

aRiarebdnen mxolod erT, saRvTo romis imperators. amdenad, rodesac<br />

sfranZesi xazs usvams im faqts, rom CvenSi `Μεπε~-s `ρεξ~ uwodebeno<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1970: 49), amiT is qarTuli titulis laTinur korespodenciaze<br />

mianiSnebs. Sesabamisad, laTinuri gavlena berZnul diplomatiaze XV<br />

saukuneSi SesamCnevia.<br />

pirveli mefe, romelic Cvens xelT arsebul berZnul naratiul<br />

teqstebSi basilevsad ixsenieba, aris daviT VI narini (1247-92 ww.). miqel<br />

panaretosis qronikaSi is iberiis basilevsad iwodeba, romelmac qalaq<br />

205

trapizons alya 1282 wlis aprils Semoartya, Tumca, panaretosis cnobiT, es<br />

Seteva uSedegod damTavrda:<br />

`Μετα δε σφς (6790) 64 έτος, Απριλλίου μηνσός, ηλθεν<br />

ό βασιλεύς ’Ιβηρίας Δαυίδ και<br />

επεριώρισε την Τραπεζουνταۛ αλλα απεστράφη κενός“ (yauxCiSvili 1967: 170) _ `Semdeg<br />

1282 (6790) wlis aprilSi movida iberiis basilevsi daviTi, alya Semoartya<br />

trapizons, magram gaecala xelcarieli~ (yauxCiSvili 1967: 170). 65<br />

sxva daviTi, amjerad, giorgi V brwyinvalis vaJi, daviT IX (1346-1360),<br />

aseve basilevsad aris moxseniebuli miqel panaretosTan. miqel panaretosi<br />

daviTs im saqorwino pirobis dros asaxelebs, romelic trapizonsa da<br />

saqarTvelos mmarTvelebs Soris daido aleqisi III (1349-1390 ww.)<br />

mmarTvelobis dros. avtori wers:<br />

`Τα δε συναλλάγματα, α<br />

ειχε<br />

μετα της εξ ’Ιβηρίας, θυγατρος μεν Δαβίδ τοũ βασιλέυως<br />

Τυφλισίου, ανεψιας δε επ’ αδελφη<br />

του ’Αχπουγα, μεταφέρονται εις τον νεώτερον και γνήσιον και<br />

νόμιμον υιον του βασιλέυως ημων και νέον βασιλέα κυρ Μανουηλ τον<br />

μεγαν Κομνηνόν“<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1967: 207) _ `saqorwino piroba, romelic dadebuli iyo<br />

iberiasTan Tbilisis basilevs daviTis asulisTvis, aRbuRas diswulisTvis,<br />

gadatanil iqna Cveni basilevsis umcros, RviZl da kanonier Zesa da<br />

axalgazrda basilevs baton manuelze, did komnenosze~.<br />

daviT IX Tbilisis basilevsad iwodeba. miqel panaretosis cnobiT,<br />

misi asuli, gulqan-xaTuni, colad gahyva aleqsi III-is vaJs, taxti memkvidre<br />

64 aRniSnavs 1282 wels.<br />

65 miqel panaretosis cnoba daviT VI narinis (1245-1292) eqspediciis Sesaxeb trapizonis<br />

imperiaSi sakmaod bundovania. is arafers wers daviTis Semosevis mizezebze, iseve rogorc<br />

mis uecar ukan dabrunebaze. teqstidan Cans, TiTqos qarTvel monarqma isargebla<br />

trapizonSi mimdinare Sida areulobiT da misi dapyroba moindoma, rac ver SeZlo da<br />

ukanve gabrunda. es laSqroba amave konteqstSi aris ganxiluli specialur literaturaSi,<br />

rac, Cveni azriT, ar Seefereba simarTles. saqarTvelos rom trapizonis dapyroba hqonoda<br />

ganzraxuli, is amas erTianobis xanaSi gaakeTebda da ara im dros, rodesac is<br />

politikurad gaTiSulia, xolo misi didi nawili monRolebis batonobis qveS iyo<br />

moqceuli. realurad trapizonis inkorporacia aranair problemas ar warmoadgenda<br />

swored im dros, rodesac is qarTvelebma, faqtobrivad, `xelovnurad~ Seqmnes (xelovnurad<br />

imisTvis, rom Tavdapirveli ganzraxva iyo ara trapizonis axali samefos Camoyalibeba,<br />

aramed bizantiis taxtze aleqsi komnenosis aRdgena), 1204 wels. daviT narins, romelsac<br />

imis 1/4 teritoriac ar gaaCnda, rac Tamaris samefo iyo, ar SeiZleboda hqonoda imaze<br />

didi ambicia, vidre es mis did bebias hqonda. amdenad, mizezi narinis laSqrobisa ar unda<br />

yofiliyo trapizonis dapyroba, miTumetes, rom ar Cans sxva dapyrobili qalaqebi an<br />

regionebi, romelic aucilebeli iyo qveynis aneqsiisTvis. sazRvari narinis Semosevis<br />

Semdegac ucvleli darCa.<br />

206

manuel komnenoss. qorwili 1379 wlis 6 seqtembers Sedga. dedofals<br />

bizantiuri tradiciiT saxeli gamoucvales da evdokia daarqves<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1967: 207-208).<br />

imave miqel panaretosTan daviT IX-is Svili, bagrat V didic (1360-<br />

1395 ww.) basilevsad aris moxseniebuli da Tan ara erTxel, aramed samjer.<br />

pirvelad 1367 welTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac bagratma colad moiyvana<br />

imperator aleqsi III-is (1349-1390 ww.) asuli, ana komnena. panaretosi<br />

bagratis tituls Semdegnairad ixseniens:<br />

`Τω̃<br />

βασιλεı των Ίβήρων και Άβασγων κυρ Παγκρατιω τω<br />

Παγκρατιανω̣“<br />

(yauxCiSvili<br />

1967: 202) _ `basilevsi iberTa da afxazTa batoni bagrat bagrationi~.<br />

meore moxsenieba ukavSirdeba aleqs III-sa da bagrat V-is 1373 wlis<br />

seqtembris Sexvedras, romelic Sedga lazeTis mxareSi. miqel panaretosi<br />

gadmogvcems:<br />

`Μηνι Αυγούστω σ′ απήλθαμεν εν τη<br />

Λαζικη<br />

και προς το εκβαν<br />

του μηνος περι τα<br />

εισιτήρια του σωπα (6881) ετος<br />

εσμιγαμεν τον βασιλεα τόν Παγκράτιν“ (yauxCiSvili 1967:<br />

205) – `eqvs agvistos wavediT lazikaSi da Tvis bolos, 1373 (6881) wlis<br />

dasawyisSi 66 SevxvdiT basilevs bagrats~.<br />

mesamed miqel panaretosi bagrats Temur-lengis SemosevasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT axsenebs, rodesac am ukanasknelma mefe bagrati misi ojaxis<br />

or wevrTan erTad tyved Caigdo. rogorc wina or SemTxvevaSi, aqac avtori<br />

mefe bagrats basilevsad moixseniebs. igi wers:<br />

`βασιλέα Παγκράτιν τὸν στρατηγικώτατον καὶ τὴν ομοζυγον αυτου, την θυματεραν του<br />

ήμετέρου βασιλευς, την ωραιοτατην κυραν Άννης, και τον υιος αυτης Δαβίδ“ (yauxCiSvili<br />

1967: 212) – `basilevsi bagrati ganTqmuli mxedarTmTavari da misi meuRle,<br />

Cveni basilevsis asuli mSvenieri qalbatoni ana, da Ze misi daviTi~.<br />

basilevsi bagrati, am SemTxvevaSi, gamoCenil mxedarTmTavarad aris<br />

moxseniebuli. iqve ixsenieba misi simamri, aleqsi III komnenosi, romelic am<br />

66 wlis dasawyisad igulisxmeba seqtemberi. amdenad, bagrat V didsa da aleqsi III did<br />

komnenoss Soris Sexvedra 1373 w. seqtemberSi Sedga, lazeTis mxareSi.<br />

207

SemTxvevaSi dedofal anas mSoblad aris dasaxelebuli saxelis<br />

moxseniebis gareSe.<br />

mniSvnelovania isic, rom panaretosi basilevsad mxolod sami<br />

qveynis, bizatiis, saqarTvelosa da sakuTar _ trapizonis mmarTvelebs<br />

moixseniebs. iseT gamoCenil pirovnebas ki, rogoric Temur-lengi iyo, igi,<br />

ubralod, TaTarTa amiras uwodebs `Άμηρας τις Τάταρις...Ταμουρλάγκης“<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1967: 211). SedarebisTvis, imave panaretosTan amirad<br />

moixseniebian mcire aziis Turqi mmarTvelebi, romlebic Tavisi<br />

mniSvnelobiTa da statusiT Temur-lengze bevrad dabla idgnen. magaliTad:<br />

taj ad dini – „άμηρας ό Τατζιατίνης’’, (yauxCiSvili 1967: 211) xutlu begi _<br />

„Χουτλουπεκ ό άμηρας” (yauxCiSvili 1967: 201) da a.S.<br />

miuxedavad ama Tu im xelisuflis politikuri Tu samxedro<br />

upiratesobisa, mimarTvisa da korespodenciis etiketi bizantiisa Tu<br />

trapizonis imperiebSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda, sadac,<br />

rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, saqarTvelos monarqs trapizonis imperatorsa Tu<br />

bizantiis mmarTvels miqel panaretosi Tanabar statusSi ayenebda.<br />

analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas bizantiel saxelmwifo moRvaweTa da<br />

istorikosTa erT nawilzec. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili giorgi<br />

sfranZess ukavia.<br />

giorgi sfranZesi giorgi VIII-is samefo karze iqna mivlinebuli<br />

Tavisi mbrZaneblis, imperator konstantine XI paleologos-dragaSis (1449-<br />

1453 ww.) mier. giorgi sfranZess, rogorc despans, imperatorisa da<br />

saqarTvelos mefis asulis, qeTeon-qristines qorwinebis pirobebi unda<br />

SeeTanxmebina. am mogzaurobasa da peripetiebs sfranZesi sakuTar naSromSi<br />

Tavadve aRwers. giorgi sfranZesi wers:<br />

`έγὼ παρὰ του αύθέντον μου καὶ βασιλέυως προς τον της Ίβηριας κυριον Γεώργιον<br />

Μέπεν ό̉ς παρ ημιν ρήξ λέγεται“ (yauxCiSvili 1970: 49) _ `Cemi brZaneblis (αύθέντον)<br />

basilevsis (igulisxmeba konstantine XI _ l. T.) mier gagzavnil viqmen<br />

iberiis batonTan, giorgi mefesTan (Μέπεν), romelsac CvenSi reqs (ρήξ)<br />

eZaxian~.<br />

208

wyarodan kargad Cans, rom sfranZesi saqarTvelos mefis wodebas<br />

pirdapir Targmnis da im tituliT ixseniebs mas, romliTac ixsenieboda<br />

giorgi VIII saqarTveloSi. avtori aRniSnavs, rom tituli `Μέπε“-s (qarTuli<br />

`mefe~) CvenSi reqs uwodebdneno. amiT giorgi sfranZesi laTinuri `reqsisa~<br />

(Rex) da qarTuli `mefis~ igiveobas usvams xazs, razec vrclad zemoT ukve<br />

visaubreT. Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos is ar aTanabrebdes bizantiis<br />

imperatorisa da saqarTvelos mefis statuss. misive teqstis umetes nawilSi<br />

araerTxel naxsenebi, mefe giorgi VIII yvelaze xSirad basilevsad, anu<br />

imperatorad, aris moxseniebuli:<br />

`μεθ′ ην<br />

εγω απεστειλά τινας ιππους,<br />

και δύο ους<br />

Ό βασιλευς Ίβηριας μοι εδωρησατο εκ<br />

των υπ′ αυτου αιχμαλωτισθεντων, οτε τους αιχμαλωτους εσκυλευσεν“ (yauxCiSvili 1970: 57-<br />

58) _ `am naviT me gavgzavne cxenebi da ori [bavSvi], romelic me maCuqa<br />

iberiis basilevsma (Ό βασιλευς Ίβηριας) mis mier tyved wamoyvanilTagan,<br />

rodesac man tyveebi moinadavla~.<br />

`Τη<br />

γαρ ιδη του Όκτωβριου μηνος του αυτου ετους<br />

εστάλην εγω εις<br />

τε τον της Ίβηριας<br />

Μέπεν, ηγουν<br />

βασιλέα Γεώργιον, και βασιλέα Τραπεζουντος κυρ Ιωαννην τον Κομνηνον~<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1970: 74)_ `imave wlis oqtombris Tvis ToTxmet ricxvSi<br />

gagzavnil viqmen iberiis mefesTan (Μέπεν), saxeldobr, basilevs giorgisTan<br />

da trapizonis basilevs baton ioane komnenosTan~.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom basilevsis wodebis garda, sfranZesi<br />

saqarTvelos monarqs, reqsis da regosis titulebiTac moixseniebs<br />

(yauxCiSvili 1970: 62, 68). `regos~ (ρηγος) am SemTxvevaSi laTinuri «Rex»<br />

berZnuli korespodenciaa. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es titulebi<br />

basilevsis kvaldakval gamoiyeneba da isic iSviaT SemTxvevebSi. TviT<br />

imperator kostantinesTan pirad saubarSi sfranZesis mixedviT, Tavad<br />

imperatori iberiis mefes basilevsad moixseniebs:<br />

`Λοιπον συν θεω<br />

τελέσωμεν το του βασιλέως της Ίβηριας~ (yauxCiSvili 1970: 70) _<br />

`RvTis SewevniT vabolovebT iberiis basilevsTan [danaTesavebis] saqmes~.<br />

amdenad, saqarTvelos mefe teqstis umetes nawilSi basilevsad aris<br />

moxseniebuli, maT Soris imperator konstantines mierac (yauxCiSvili 1970:<br />

209

68, 78, 80, 84). es kargad miuTiTebs im damokidebulebas, romelic am<br />

periodSi arsebobs bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris da romelic<br />

paritetul principebzea agebuli.<br />

saqarTvelos kidev erTi monarqi _ aleqsandre didi, basilevsis<br />

tituliT aris moxseniebuli, amjerad laonike xalkokondiles istoriaSi,<br />

romelic msgavsad giorgi sfranZesisa imperator konstantine XI dragaS-<br />

paleologosTan msaxurobda. mis nawarmoebSi is aRwers trapizonis<br />

imperatoris ioane IV komnenosis (1429-1460) istorias da imas, Tu rodis<br />

SeirTo colad aleqsandre didis asuli:<br />

`Ο<br />

δε βασιλέυς Ιωάννης απελθων εν Ίβηρια εσχε<br />

γυναικα την του βασιλέως ’Αλεξάνδρου<br />

θυγατέρα~ (yauxCiSvili 1970: 95) _ basilevsi ioane, rom wavida iberiaSi<br />

colad hyavda basilevsi aleqsandres asuli~.<br />

laonike xalxokondiles `istoria~, kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa,<br />

romelic miuTiTebs bizantielebis mier qarTvel mefeebze basilevsis<br />

titulis cnobas. amdenad, XIV-XV ss. bizantiuri naratiuli masalebi da<br />

SedarebiT ufro adrindeli bizantiuri wyaroebi adasturebs im faqts, rom<br />

TviT berZnul wyaroebSi saqarTvelos mefeebs imperatorebs uwodebdnen,<br />

msgavsad bizantiisa Tu trapizinis mmarTvelebisa.<br />

aucilebelia aRiniSnos isic, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli avtorebi,<br />

magaliTad, miqel panaretosi aleqsi III-is karze protosevastosisa da<br />

protonotarosis titulebs flobda, xolo giorgi sfranZesi konstantine<br />

XI-is karze protovestiaritis (yauxCiSvili 1970: 85; yauxCiSvili 1967: 161).<br />

orive istorikosi TavianTi imperatorebis administraciis wevrebi da<br />

ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi iyvnen, amdenad, maTi pozicia saqarTvelos mefis<br />

statusTan dakavSirebiT maTive qveynebis oficialur pozicias gamoxatavda.<br />

kostantinopolis sapatriarqos aqtebSi daculi cnobebi<br />

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb<br />

(pavle tagaris-paleologosis monaniebis werilis mixedviT)<br />

210

izantiis istoriis kvlevisas mniSvnelovani konstantinopolis<br />

sapatriarqos saeklesio aqtebi, romlebic warmoadgens Zvirfas wyaros<br />

bizantiis politikuri urTierTobebisa da diplomatiisa saeklesio<br />

cxovrebisa da sxva socialuri urTierTobebis Sesaswavlad (Miklosich, Muller<br />

1860-1890).<br />

sapatriarqos aqtebSi daculia bizantiis eklesiis, kerZod ki,<br />

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mesveurebis mimowera, mitropolitebis,<br />

arqiepiskoposebis, episkoposebisa Tu sxva sasuliero pirebis werilebi.<br />

saero pirebis dawerili anderZebi, romlebic konstantinopolis eklesias<br />

ukavSirdeba, monaniebis Semcveli werilebi da sxva mravali.<br />

aRniSnuli aqtebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani nawili gamoqveynebulia<br />

franc miklosixisa da ioseb miuleris mier eqvs tomad. gamoqveynebulia<br />

ramdenime aTeuli saistorio sabuTebi, romlebic faravs<br />

ramdenimesaukunovan periods, maT Soris postbizantiur epoqasac.<br />

speros vrionisi maT Sesaxeb ganmartavs, rom ,,es aqtebi ar aris<br />

yovlis momcveli da amomwuravi, imdenad ramdenadac Cvenamde mxolod maTma<br />

mcire nawilma moaRwia”. Tumca vrionisi iqve aRniSnavs, rom dokumentebis<br />

didi nawili (140 aqti) swored XIV saukunze modis da isini moicavs ara<br />

marto XIV saukunis sakiTxebs, aramed exebian XIII da XV saukuneebSi<br />

mimdinare movlenebsac. amasTan, maTSi aRwerili sakiTxebi faravs mcire<br />

aziis yvela ZiriTad regions da maT Soris 50 saepiskoposos (Vryonis 1971;<br />

289). mkvlevari maT sandoobas gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs. CvenTvis amas didi<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan wyaroebi Tanadroulia da, amasTan, maT<br />

oficialuri dadgenilebebis saxe aqvs. yvelaferi aqedan gamomdinare, isini<br />

saistorio mecnierebaSic pirvel wyaros mniSvnelobas iZens da sandoobiT<br />

gamoirCeva. SemorCenilia pavle tagaris-paleologosis monaniebis werili,<br />

romelic daculia sapatriarqo aqtebSi, sadac tagarisi detalurad yveba<br />

mis istorias 67 .<br />

67 Έξομολόγησις μοναχου̃ Παύλου του Τάγαρι η̃ óμολογια. Του Περδίκη υπομνηματογραφου (11, 224‐230).<br />

211

g. hili tagarisis moRvaweobas gamogonil ambad miiCnevs. igi<br />

eyrdnoba mxolod im wyaros, romelic parizSi iqna gamoqveynebuli 1839<br />

wels m. l. belaquestis mier. 68 hilis skepticizmi, rogorc mogvianebiT<br />

aRmoCnda, usafuZvlo gamodga. s. vrionisi aRiSnavs, rom hils ar<br />

gamouyenebia Cven mier zemoT dasaxelebuli berZnuli aqtebi, romlebic ara<br />

marto amtkicebs pavle tagarisis moRvaweobas, aramed am evropul<br />

qronikasTan erTad avsebs kidec erTmaneTis informacias tagarisis<br />

pirovnebis Sesaxeb (Vryonis 1971: 337, Sen 241 ; Hill 1942: 435). amgvarad, pavle<br />

tagarisis Sesaxeb arsebuli masala vrcelia da garkveulwilad sando<br />

saistorio narativs warmoadgens. Cven am SemTxvevaSi daveyrdnobiT speros<br />

vrionisis mier ganxilul saintereso informacias da qarTuli wyaroebTan<br />

SejerebiT warmovadgenT saintereso masalas saqarTvelos mefis statusisa<br />

da qveynis saxelwodebis Sesaxeb.<br />

tagarisi bizantiasa da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi<br />

pavle tagaris-paleologosis moRvaweobas rogorc bizantiaSi, aseve<br />

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi kargad axasiaTebs konstantinopolis sapatriarqo<br />

aqtebi, romelSic is dasaxelebulia, rogorc ,,codvili beri ufro metad<br />

ki fsevdo-beri da Ze eSmakisa tagarisi~ (Vryonis 1971: 335). am uknaskneli<br />

epiTetiT Tu vimsjelebT, pavle tagarisis codvebi marTlac seriozuli<br />

iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sinodi mas eSmakis Zed ar moixseniebda.<br />

igi warmoSobiT iyo tagarisebis sakmaod gavlenian ojaxis wevri.<br />

tagaris informaciiT, misi mama gamoCenili samxedro moRvawe iyo, xolo<br />

deda _ imperatoris ojaxis axlo naTesavi. swored dedis gvaris mixedviT<br />

iwoda pavle paleologosad (Nicol 1970: 289-300). 15 wlis asakSi axalgazrda<br />

pavle tagarisma coli moiyvana, Tumca mcire xnis Semdeg miatova is da<br />

palestinaSi wavida, sadac berad aRikveca.<br />

68 es aris mefe Sarl VI qronika – Chronicum Karoli Sexti, ed. And trans. M.L. Bellaquest, Chonique du<br />

religieux de Saint‐Denys contenant le regne de Charles VI, de 1380 á 1422. paris, 1839 (12); es qronika aris<br />

kidev erTi wyaro, romelic aseve gvamcnobs tagarisis moRvaweobas aRmosavleTsa da<br />

kaTolikur dasavleTSi.<br />

212

mas Semdeg, rac tagarisi konstantinopolSi dabrunda, misive<br />

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, monasterSi moisurva damkvidreba ,,imisTvis, rom<br />

emsaxura keTili saqmisaTvis”. cota xanSi man ipova xati, ramac mas imedi<br />

misca, rom iSovida fuls yoveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis. am faqtma is da<br />

misi ojaxi skandalSi gaxvia. saqmeSi samRvdelo pirebi CaerTnen, romlebmac<br />

mas xati CamoarTves. vrionsis TqmiT, tagarisi Seuracxyofili iyo, xolo<br />

mas Semdeg, rac veravin naxa, vinc SeZlebda misi warTmeuli sakuTrebis<br />

dabrunebas, srul uimedobaSi myofi ierusalimSi wavida (Vryonis 1971: 336).<br />

wminda miwaze tagarisi ierusalimis patriarqis lazariusis (1334/41-<br />

1346, 1349-1354, 1366-1368 ww) ndobiT aRWurvili piri Seiqna. 1368 wels, rodesac<br />

lazariusi muslimebma aiZules daetovebina ierusalimis patriarqis wminda<br />

saydari, taxtis erT-erTi maZiebeli, pavle tagariss, sicocxlis<br />

mospobiTac daemuqra. tagariss Tavadac surda ierusalimis patriarqoba, es<br />

ki iqidanac Cans, rom mogvianebiT is sruliad ukanonod ierusalimis<br />

patriarqobas ibralebs da araerT Sarlatanobas Cadis sxvadasxva mxareSi.<br />

pavle tagarisi usafrTxoebis mizniT iZulebulia ierusalims gaecalos. am<br />

movlenam tagariss xeli ver SeuSala Tavad daebralebina ierusalimis<br />

patriarqoba.<br />

pavle tagarisis Semdegi gaCereba antioqia iyo, sadac, misive TqmiT,<br />

,,satana Semovida CemSi xelaxla da ar darCa araferi ukanono da<br />

aralegaluri, risi gakeTebac man ar maiZula, rom gamekeTebina sasircxvilo<br />

Semosavlis sanacvlod”. tagarisma ierusalimis patriarqoba daibrala.<br />

aqedan daiwyo episkoposebisa da mRvdlebis misi survilisamebr gadayeneba<br />

da daniSvna. anatoliaSi tagarisi urigdeboda sxvadasxva muslim amirasa da<br />

mbrZanebels, riTac araerTxel gadalaxa samarTlianad daniSnuli<br />

episkoposebis winaaRmdegoba (Vryonis 1971: 335-336; Miklosich, Muller 1862: 226-228).<br />

1370 wlisaTvis situacia ise damZimda, rom konstantinopolis<br />

patriarqi da wminda sinodi specialur brZanebas gamoscems, romlis<br />

mixedviT ikoniisa da kesariis arqiepiskoposebs brZaneba miecaT,<br />

gadaeyenebinaT yvela is samRvdelo piri, romlebic ukanonod iyvnen<br />

213

daniSnuli ,,fsevdo mRvdlisa da eSmakis Zis tagarisis” mier. pavle<br />

tagarisis TqmiT, fulis siyvarulma is ise gaitaca, rom mzad iyo qonebis<br />

mopovebis mizniT yvelanairi boroti gza epova (Vryonis 1971: 336; Miklosich,<br />

Muller 1862: 226-227). swored fulma da simdidrisadmi dauokebelma swrafvam<br />

miiyvana is saqarTveloSi.<br />

tagarisi saqarTveloSi<br />

sparseTisaken mimavali tagarisi saqarTveloSi gamoemarTa. mizezi,<br />

rogorc amas Tavad ganmartavs, misi saqarTveloSi mosvlisa ufro didi<br />

qonebis dagroveba iyo (Vryonis 1971: 337). misi saqarTveloSi Sesvlis dros,<br />

rogorc amas pavle tagarisi Tavad mogviTxrobs, vigebT, rom iq samefo<br />

xelisuflebisaTvis sami mamakaci daobda. tagarisma daarwmuna isini, rom<br />

mxolod mas SeeZlo gadaeWra maTi problema da mianiWa samefo taxti imas,<br />

vinc mas yvelaze met fuls Sehpirda. amis Semdeg, misive sityvebiT rom<br />

vTqvaT, ,,me daveufle arc Tu ise patara simdidres” (Vryonis 1971: 337;<br />

Miklosich, Muller 1862: 227).<br />

pavle tagaris-paleologosi saqarTvelodan TavrizSi miemarTeba,<br />

sadac is episkoposi xdeba. Tavrizidan trapizonisken gaemarTa, iq man<br />

Seityo kostantinopolis patriarqis werilis Sesaxeb, romelSic<br />

dafiqsirebuli iyo vinme antiqristes mociquli tvirosis mitropoliti da<br />

misi borotmoqmedi Tanamoazre tagarisi. pavle tagarisi dapatimrebis SiSiT<br />

saswrafod TaTarTa (oqros urdo l. T.) saxelmwifoSi gadavida, sadac<br />

TerTmeti almasis fasad adgilobrivi TaTarTa samxedro razmi daiqirava<br />

da ungreTSi gavida samSvidoboze, xolo aqedan ki sabolood romis papTan<br />

amoyo Tavi. am ukanasknelma is konstantinopolis patriarqad daniSna da,<br />

Sesabamisad, Semosa kidec (Vryonis 1971: 337; Nicol 1970: 289-300; Miklosich, Muller<br />

1862: 228‐229).<br />

axla davubrundeT tagarisis CvenTvis saintereso monakveTs. rogorc<br />

misi monaTxrobebidan irkveva, is saqarTveloSi mosvlisas sam pirovnebas<br />

Sexvda, romelTac saqarTvelos samefo taxtze aqvT pretenzia. Semdeg is<br />

214

erT-erT maTgans amtkicebs taxtze (an akurTxebs), rogorc mefes da<br />

mxolod amis Semdeg tovebs saqarTvelos.<br />

am informacias swored konstantinopolis sapatriarqos aqtebSi<br />

vawydebiT. es cnobebi Sesulia pavle tagarisis monaniebis werilSi,<br />

romelsac is swers konstantinopolis sinods 1391 wels. iq aRniSnulia, rom<br />

tagarisi estumra didi iberias, sadac sami mamakaci ibrZoda taxtisaTvis.<br />

amaTagan, erTs man mefoba mianiWa didi Tanxis sanacvlod. pavle tagarisis<br />

werilSi saqarTvelos _ iberiis didi imperia ewodeba. werilSi<br />

vkiTxulobT:<br />

` εκειτεν τoινον όρμησας πρὸς τὴν μεγάλεν ̉Ιβηριαν απηλθον, εν η̣̃<br />

τρεις άνδρας<br />

περι<br />

βασιλειας φιλονεικούντας _ Sesabamisad, saswrafodFgavemarTe didi iberiisaken,<br />

ukanmouxedavad, sadac sami mamakaci iyo dapirispirebuli imperiis<br />

(vasileias) gamo~ (Miklosich, Muller 1862: 227).<br />

zemoxsenebul wyaroSi CvenTvis sainteresoa ramdenime pasaJi. 1. didi<br />

iberiis problema. 2. qveynis statusi, romelic `vasilead~, anu imperiad,<br />

aris moxseniebuli 3. im pirebis identifikacia, vinc ibrZoda `didi iberiis~<br />

taxtisTvis da imis garkveva, Tu vis daumtkica tagarisma saimperio taxti.<br />

vinaidan konkretuli politikuri situaciis ganxilva da werilSi<br />

aRniSnuli istoriuli pirebis identifikacia scdeba Cveni naSromis<br />

Sinaarss, am sakiTxis ganxilvisgan Tavs SevikavebT. mivuTiTebT mxolod<br />

imas, rom erTxel Cven am problemis ukve SevexeT Cvens damoukidebel<br />

statiaSi, Tumca is identifikacia SesaZloa garkveul gadasinjvas<br />

saWiroebdes, rasac sxva, damoukidebel statiaSi SevecdebiT. rac Seexeba<br />

Cven mier dasmul pirvel or problemas, maT ganxilvas qvemoT<br />

SemogTavazebT.<br />

didi iberiis (τῆς βασιλείας μεγάλον Ιβηριας...) sakiTxi, marTalia, garkveul<br />

geografiuli cnebaa, magram vinaidan berZnul wyaroebSi misi dafiqsireba<br />

ar aris xSiri, saWirod miviCnevT, aqve ganvixiloT. “didis” epiTetiT,<br />

rogorc zemoT vixileT, saqarTveloSi patriarqi dosiTeosis mier<br />

gamovlenil warweraSi daviT aRmaSenebelic iwodeba qveyanaze, am<br />

215

SemTxvevaSi ki saqarTvelos `didi iberiis~ qveynad moxsenieba XII saukunis<br />

berZnul wyaroebSi ar gvaqvs. Mas, rogorc wesi, aRmosavleT iberiad<br />

moixsenieben, raTa ganasxvaon pirineis naxevarkunZulis iberia da<br />

saqarTvelo. berZnulSi damkvidrebulma terminma `iberiam~ Tavis droze<br />

giorgi mTawmindels isic ki afiqrebina, rom espaneTSi mcxovrebi<br />

iberielebi da qarTvelebi monaTesave xalxi iyo. berZnul wyaroebSi<br />

naklebad vxvdebiT termin `didi iberias~, Tumca xSiria `zemo~ da `qvemo~<br />

iberiis xseneba. es ukanaskneli laTinur wyaroebSic farTod gamoiyeneba.<br />

sebasopolisis laTini episkoposis, petre geraldis werilSi dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelo qvemo iberiad iwodeba (mamisTvalaSvili 1981: 29). rogorc Cans,<br />

msgavs dayofas saTave maSin Caeyara, rodesac saqarTvelo orad gaiyo daviT<br />

narinisa da daviT giorgi laSas Zis mefobis dros. analogiuri unda iyos<br />

didi iberiac. iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelo orad iyo gayofili,<br />

lixT-imereTisa da lixT-amereTis saxelwodebebi or damoukidebel<br />

terminad damkvidrda ucxoeTSic. kerZod, dasavleT saqarTvelos – mcire<br />

iberia, xolo aRmosavleTs – didi iberia unda darqmeoda.<br />

amdenad, sapatriarqos aqtebSi dafiqsirebuli `didi iberia~<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos unda aRniSnavdes.<br />

rac Seexeba termins `vasilea~, is, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos samefos<br />

aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda<br />

ierarqia, romelsac SeeZlo ganesazRvra imperiis upiratesoba samefoze da<br />

aS. qarTvelebi `samefod~ yvela did Tu mcire qveyanas moixseniebdnen.<br />

gansxvavvbuli viTareba iyo bizantiaSi. iq imperiis statusi mxolod<br />

bizantiis imperias hqonda, gamonakliss Seadgendnen is qveynebi, romelTa<br />

mmarTvelebzec bizantiis imperatorma scno basilevsis, anu laTinuri<br />

korespodenciiT imperatoris, tituli. Tumca mogvianebiT situacia<br />

Seicvala. bizantiis xelisuflebam meti angariSi gauwia politikur<br />

viTarebas da ukve konstantinopolis pirveli dacemis Semdeg (1204 weli),<br />

oficialur berZnul wyaroebsa Tu sigelebSi mravali evropeli monarqi<br />

iwoda basilevsad. igive tendencia Seexeo saqarTvelosac – misi<br />

mmarTvelebi basilevsebad (ufro marTebuli formaa `vasilea~) iwodnen,<br />

216

xolo qveyana vasilead, anu imperiad. saqarTvelo, qarTveli mefis<br />

statusidan gamomdinare, imperiad laTinur wyaroebSic iwodeba. magaliTad,<br />

ioane IV komnenosi (1429-1460 ww.) saqarvelos – iberiis imperias uwodebs,<br />

xolo sakuTari Tavi mis memkvidred warmoudgenia. aRniSnuli imiT iyo<br />

ganpirobebuli, rom ioanes saqarTvelos mefis aleqsandre I didi asuli<br />

hyavda colad da, aqedan gamomdinare, memkvidreobazec acxadebda<br />

pretenzias. Tumca, aRniSnuli pretenzia, bunebrivia, formaloba iyo da<br />

sakuTari Tavis gandidebas isaxavda miznad venecielebis TvalSi.<br />

amrigad, saqarTvelo, konstantinopolis oficialur sapatriarqo<br />

aqtebSi bizantiis imperiis msgavsi statusis mqone qveynad aris<br />

wamodgenili, rac TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs im tendencias, rom bizantielebi<br />

saqarTvelosa da misi monarqis statuss Zveleburad damcrobilad aRar<br />

Tvlidnen. es tendencia dasabams daviT IV aRmaSeneblis droidan unda<br />

iRebdes da narCundeba bizantiis imperiis dacemamde. ufro metic, bizantiis<br />

dacemis Semdgomi periodis berZeni avtorebisTvisac situacia ar icvleba.<br />

maTTvis XV saukunis bolomde qarTveli mefeebi basilevsebi arin, xolo<br />

samefo basilea (vasilea), anu imperia.<br />

217

daskvna<br />

rogorc vixileT, saqarTveloSi bizantiuri saimperio titulatura<br />

TiTqmis mTeli aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi myarad imkvidrebs adgils. VI<br />

saukunidan XV saukunis CaTvliT da garkveuli inerciiT odnav mogviano<br />

periodSic, bizantiuri titulebi Tu oficialuri epiTetebi, romlebiTac<br />

iwodebodnen bizantiuri aristokratiis wevrebi, Sua saukuneebis qarTul<br />

politikur realobaSi farTod gavrcelda.<br />

bizantiuri senatoruli titulebis gavrceleba, maT Soris, albaT,<br />

yvelaze cnobili, kurapalatis titulis SemoRebiT iwyeba. aqamde romis<br />

imperiis politika sxvadasxva qarTuli qveynis mefe-mTavrebs megobari-<br />

mokavSire qveynis statuss aniWebda. qarTveli warCinebulebi euflebodnen<br />

romis moqalaqeobasac. xdeboda maTi integracia romaul (xolo Semdeg<br />

bizantiur anu aRmosavleT romis) TanamegobrobaSi. `ormagi moqalaqeoba~<br />

qarTvelebisTvis romis politikur sistemaSi integraciis saSualeba iyo,<br />

xolo sxva mxriv ki identobis SenarCunebis garantia (ix.: Dundua 2003).<br />

mogvianebiT, rodesac integraciis intensivoba Sesustda, gaCnda<br />

axali tipis urTierTobis moTxovnileba. aRniSnuli urTierTobis<br />

farglebSi qarTveli didebulebi sul ufro naklebad tovebdnen sakuTar<br />

sazRvrebs. saWiroeba imisa, rom qarTvelebi romsa Tu konstantinopolSi<br />

wavidnen da iqaur mmarTvel elitaSi gaerion, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo nel-<br />

nela qreba. aRniSnuls, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis ekonomikuri dasusteba,<br />

xolo sxva mxirv ki sagareo politikuri gamowvevebi (barbarosTa<br />

Semosevebi, sparseTis gaZliereba da sxva) ganapirobebs.<br />

imisTvis, rom aRmosavleT romis imperias SeenarCunebina sakuTari<br />

gavlena saqarTveloSi arsebul samefo-samTavroebze, bizantieli mesveurebi<br />

qarTvel didebulebs sakariskaco titulebs aniWebdnen. aRniSnuli,<br />

faqtobrivad, bizantiis moqalaqeobis gacema iyo, vinaidan konkretuli<br />

sakariskaco pativiT damSvenebuli konstantinopolSi vizitisas eufleba<br />

218

imave saxis privilegiebs, rasac adgilobrivi aristokrati, romelsac<br />

analogiuri pativi hqonda (Dundua 2003: 5).<br />

bizantiis imperatori qristianuli samyaros uzenaes mbrZaneblad,<br />

TviTmpyroblad iTvleboda. Sesabamisad, imperatoris mier bizantiuri<br />

senatoruli pativis mqone qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi imperatoris<br />

qveSevdomebad ganixilebodnen.<br />

saqarTveloSi bizantiuri saimperio titulaturis gamoCenisTanave<br />

sakariskaco titulatura ganaxlebas, daxvewasa da sxva saxis uamrav<br />

cvlilebas ganicdis. aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi Cndeba didi raodenobis<br />

axal-axali sakariskaco titulebi. Tu Tvals mivadevnebT bizantiuri<br />

titulaturis evolucias saqarTveloSi, davinaxavT, rom qarTvel mefe-<br />

mTavrebSi damkvidrebuli bizantiuri saimperio titulebi bizantiaSi maTi<br />

mniSvnelobis cvlilebis paralelurad saqarTveloSic icvleba. magaliTad,<br />

VII-VIII saukuneebSi qarTul politikur realobaSi damkvidrebuli iyo<br />

iseTi titulebi, rogorebicaa kurapalati, disipatosi, ipatosi,<br />

protopatripiosi, patrikiosi. mogvianebiT, am titulebis damcrobasTan<br />

erTad, isini qreba, xolo maT adgilze Cndeba iseTi bizantiuri titulebi,<br />

rogorebicaa magistrosi, proedrosi, anTipatosi da sxva. mxolod<br />

kurapalatis tituli inarCunebs Tavis Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas.<br />

ufro metic, saqarTvelos magaliTze SegviZlia vivaraudoT mravali<br />

bizantiuri titulis SemoRebis, damcrobisa Tu aRzevebis paralelurad<br />

dafiqsirebuli faqti. magaliTad, anTipatos-patrikiosi, rogorc es aqamde<br />

iyo miRebuli bizantiur istoriografiaSi, bizantiur senatSi dawinaurda<br />

IX saukuneSi, xolo qarTuli wyaroebis analizi cxadyofs, rom misi<br />

aRzeveba unda momxdariyo araugvianes VII-VIII saukuneebis mijnisa, rodesac<br />

qarTlis erismTavarma, varaz-bakurma, miiRo igi imperator iustiniane II-gan<br />

(685-695, 705-711 ww.). marTalia, es faqti ar gamodgeba imis samtkiceblad, rom<br />

anTipatos- patrikiosoba pirvelad varaz-bakurs daumkvidrda. samagierod,<br />

naTeli xdeba is faqti, rom qarTveli erismTavari bizantiaSi erT-erTi<br />

yvelaze dawinaurebuli figura iyo. man erT-erTma pirvelma miiRo<br />

219

izantiaSi anTipatos-patrikiosoba, rogorc dawinaurebuli senatoruli<br />

pativi.<br />

aRniSnuli kuTxiT calke unda gamoyofis Rirsia bagrat IV-is dros<br />

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli bizantiuri titulatura. rogorc Cven<br />

varkvevT, pirveli, vinc saimperio ojaxis wevrebis garda novelisimosis<br />

tituli miiRo, iyo bagrati. xolo sevastosis tituli Tu bagrat IV-mde<br />

imperatorebis oficialuri pativi iyo, 1060 wels bagratis mier am pativis<br />

miRebiT es wodeba daemcro. odnav mogvianebiT swored es faqti uZRvoda<br />

win aleqsi I-is imperatorobis pirvel wels momxdar bizantiuri<br />

titulaturis reformacias. am ukanasknelis Semdeg sevastosis tituli<br />

SenarCunda imperatoris ojaxis wevrebze da masTan daaxloebul pirebze.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, kargad Cans, rom qarTuli politikuri realoba<br />

mniSvnelovani gasaRebia im cvlilebebis asaxsnelad, romlebic bizantiis<br />

imperiaSi xdeboda.<br />

calke etapi bizantiuri saimperio titulaturis Seswavlis<br />

TvalsazrisiT dgeba daviT IV aRmaSeneblis dros. daviTis mmarTvelobis<br />

periodSi saqarTvelos mefe bizantiis imperatoris oficialuri tituliT<br />

iwodeboda. titulebis TviTmpyroblis (avtokratori) da basilevsis<br />

(imperatori) qarTvel mefeebze dafiqsireba regularulad ukve daviTis<br />

dros xdeba. aRniSnul titulebi SenarCunda daviTis memkvidreebis drosac.<br />

saqarTvelos mefe `yoveli aRmosavleTis TviTmpyrobeli~ xdeba. es ki<br />

bizantiis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qristianul miwebze pretenziis<br />

gamocxadebaa. am faqts kargad exmaureba daviTisa da misi memkvidreebis<br />

`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa~ da `axlisa marTlmadideblisa~ mefed wodeba.<br />

bizantiur politikur realobaSi qristianuli samyaro erTian,<br />

mTlian sxeulad ganixileboda, sadac umaRlesi adgili bizantiis<br />

imperators ekava.<br />

am pozicias imperatori uryevad inarCunebs, vidre VIII saukunis<br />

bolomde. 897 wels bizantiis imperatori konstantine VI (780-797 ww.) daamxo<br />

Tavisma dedam, dedofalma irinem (797-802 ww.), romelic bizantiis<br />

erTpirovnul imperatorad gamocxadda. bevrisTvis es iyo warmoudgeneli<br />

220

faqti, rodesac `qristes moadgilis taxti~ daikava ara mamakacma, aramed<br />

qalma. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT mZafrad frankTa samefoSi aRiqves, sadac<br />

karolingebi mmarTvelobdnen karlos (Sarlemani) I didis meTaurobiT.<br />

salikuri samarTlis mixedviT, qals memkvidreobidan araferi ergeboda,<br />

warmoudgeneli iyo qalis moazreba qristesmoyvare konstantine didis<br />

memkvidred.<br />

amgvarma politikurma viTarebam, legitimurobis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

daZabuli foni Seqmna. langobardebis damarcxebiT karlos didma romis<br />

papi daiTanxma misTvis imperatoris gvirgvini daedga. 800 wlis 25 dekembers,<br />

Soba dRes, karlos I didi romis imperatorad akurTxes. amiT qristianul<br />

samyaroSi kvlav ori politikuri centri gaCnda. mcdeloba, momxdariyo ori<br />

imperiis gaerTianeba karlosisa da irines qorwinebiT, uSedego aRmoCnda.<br />

amgvarad, pirveli precendenti saqristiano samyaroSi axali<br />

imperiuli centris gaCenisa 800 wels Sedga. Semdegi iyo 913 wels<br />

bulgareTis monarqis, simeonis, aRiareba bulgareTis imperatorad. aqedan<br />

moyolebuli bulgareTi imperiad iwodeboda.<br />

saqarTvelo am kuTxiT mesame iyo, sadac damoukidebeli imperiuli<br />

centri Cndeba, rasac adgili 1104 wels, daviT IV aRmaSeneblis<br />

mmarTvelobis dros hqonda.<br />

amrigad, daviT IV aRmaSeneblidan moyolebuli qarTvel mefeebs igive<br />

politikuri statusi hqondaT, rac bizantiis imperatorebs, saRvTo romis<br />

imperatorebsa da bulgareTis monarqebs. amaTgan, mxolod bulgareTi daeca<br />

basil II bulgarTmmusvrelis dros (976-1025 ww.). magram scnobdnen ki<br />

qarTvelebi erTiani qristianuli samyaros aseT daqucmacebas? savaraudoa,<br />

rom ara. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, bizantiis imperatori `yoveli<br />

dasavleTis mefe~ da TviTmpyrobelia, xolo qarTveli mefe ki `yoveli<br />

aRmosavleTisa~. amdenad, sruliad gasaziarebelia mosazreba imis Taobaze,<br />

rom daviTis dros gaCnda dualisturi imperiis xedva (dundua 1997: 149-152),<br />

romlis mixedviTac qristianul samyaroSi erTis magier ukve ori<br />

imperatori moiazreba – erTi dasavleTSi, bizantiis imperatori, xolo<br />

meore aRmosavleTSi _ saqarTvelos imperatoris saxiT. `saqarTvelos<br />

221

imperatoris~ Sesaxeb saubrisas ar unda gagvikvirdes misi statusi –<br />

imperatori – igi SeiZleba cota xmamaRla JRerdes, magram faqti jiutia,<br />

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveli mefe TviTmpyrobelia, anu<br />

avtokratori, xolo bizantiur wyaroebSi is basilevsad, anu laTinuri<br />

korespodenciiT imperatorad iwodeba. laTinuri termini `imperatori~<br />

qarTveli mefeebis mimarT ixmareba laTinur wyaroebSic, maT Soris<br />

espaneTisa da trapizonis monarqTa oficialur werilebSi.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom dualisturi imperiis xedva ar yofila<br />

mxolod qarTuli politikuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. msgavsi<br />

ideologiis Casaxvas vxedavT eTiopiaSic. eTiopiis nagusebis (monarqis<br />

aRmniSvneli termini eTiopurad) oficialuri matianis. `kebra nagastis~<br />

mixedviT, msoflioSi ori umaRlesi legitimuri mmarTvelia: samxreTSi<br />

solomonis ufrosis Zis, menelekis, memkvidre eTiopiis nagusis saxiT, xolo<br />

CrdiloeTSi ki berZenTa (imave bizantiis) imperatori, romelic solomonis<br />

umcrosi Zis memkvidred aRiqmeba. dualizmi aqac saxezea, oRond<br />

gansxvavebuli geografiuli determinizmis gamoyenebiT, magram dualisturi<br />

imperiis aRqmis analogiuri ideiT.<br />

qarTveli mefeebis es statusi ar yofila raRac axali procesis<br />

dasabami. qristianul samyaroSi misi analogia ukve arsebobda saRvTo romis<br />

imperatorisa da bulgareTis imperatoris politikuri statusebis saxiT.<br />

saqarTvelos mefis mier misi politikuri statusis saimperatoro<br />

statusSi amaRleba ar aRmoCnda axali saimperio centrebis aRmocenebis<br />

tendenciis dasasruli. qristianul samyaroSi ufro met mmarTvels<br />

uCndeboda TviTmpyroblobisa da imperatorobis survili. ase moxda 1204<br />

wels trapizonis imperiis, xolo 1224 wels Tesalonikes imperiis<br />

warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi. igive procesi xdeba bulgareTis meore imperiisa da,<br />

aseve, serbeTis imperiis arsebobis, stefan IV duSanis (1331-1355 ww.) dros.<br />

mogvianebiT, rodesac es politikuri erTeulebi wyveten arsebobas,<br />

marTlmadidebel samyaroSi ruseTi dawinaurda, romelsac TiTqos<br />

bizantiis imperiis memkvidris funqcia unda ekisra.<br />

222

1453 wlis 29 maisi msoflio istoriaSi bizantiis imperiis dacemis<br />

TariRad aris Sesuli. konstantinopolis dacema ar yofila mxolod<br />

politikuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri karCaketilobis gamomwvevi<br />

faqtori, ramac saqarTvelo evropul samyaros CamoaSora. aRniSnulma<br />

movlenam, upirveles yovlisa, CaaxSo is politikuri Tu religiuri<br />

azrovnebis miRwevebi, romliTac sazrdoobda qarTuli saero da sasuliero<br />

elita. am kuTxiT bizantiis dacema mniSvnelovani krizisis momaswavlebeli<br />

iyo.<br />

XV saukunis bolos saqarTvelo politikur kriziss ganicdis.<br />

qveyana politikuri daSlilobis zRvarzea da dezintegracias ganicdis.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos mmarTvelebi cdiloben bizantiis<br />

imperatorebis adgili daikavon da am mizniT mfarveloben da xels uwyoben<br />

bizantiis eklesiasac. rogorc stiven ransimani aRniSnavs,<br />

konstantinopolis patriarqi, ioakime I, saqarTvelos mefis, konstantine II-<br />

is xelSewyobiT akurTxes patriarqad. saqarTvelos mesveurebis garda,<br />

konstantinopolis patriarqis arCevaSi erevian vlaxeTis mTavrebic<br />

(Runciman 1985: 196-198). bizantiis imperiis ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />

konstantinopolis sapatriarqo axal mfarvels eZebs. politikurma<br />

daSlilobam ar misca qarTvelebs imis SesaZlebloba, rom<br />

marTlmadideblobis flagmanis roli SeesrulebinaT, ris gamoc es roli<br />

XVI saukneSi ruseTma ikisra.<br />

konstantine II gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos bolo de jure mefea,<br />

romelic didi prestiJiT sargeblobda evropaSi. espaneTis mefeebis<br />

werilebSi igi, msgavsad Tavisi winapari bagrationi mmarTvelebisa,<br />

imperatorad iwodeba. es, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos politikuri statusisa<br />

da prestiJis naTeli gamovlinebaa.<br />

konstantine II-is Semdeg, XVI saukuneSi, qarTveli mefeebi nawilobriv<br />

mainc inarCunebdnen Zvel titulaturas. gansakuTrebiT am mxriv<br />

gamoirCeodnen imereTis mefeebi. imereTis mefeebze, aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mmarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, gareSe Zalebis politikuri<br />

223

eqspansia naklebi iyo. osmaleTi XVII saukunis dasawyisis CaTvliT samcxis-<br />

saaTabagos kuTvnili teritoriis damorCilebiTa da integraciiT iyo<br />

dakavebuli, xolo sefianTa irani ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobiT.<br />

Tumca XVII saukuneSi gamZafrebulma Sidapolitikurma dapirispirebam<br />

imereTis mefeebis prestiJi mniSvnelovnad Searyia. XVII saukuneSi imereTis<br />

mefeebi ruseTis monarqTan gamarTul diplomatiur korespodenciaSi<br />

sakuTar Tavs damcrobili politikuri statusis matareblad warmoadgenen.<br />

swored XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli, politikuri statusis kuTxiT<br />

saqarTveloSi axali viTareba isaxeba, rodesac termini `imperatori~ iZens<br />

gansxvavebul Sinaarss da termin `mefeze~ maRla dgeba. manamde `mefe,~ met-<br />

naklebad, zogadi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda da ar moiazrebda monarqiul<br />

wyobaSi arsebul ierarqiuli mdgomareobis gamomxatvel termins. Tavisi<br />

SinaarsiT igi `xelmwifes~ uaxlovdeboda. `mefed~ SeiZleba yofiliyo<br />

wodebuli, magaliTad, berZnuli korespodenciiT `basilevsi~ da laTinuri<br />

korespodenciiT `imperatori~. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac qarTveli mefeebis<br />

politikuri statusi, gavlena da prestiJi daeca termini `mefis~ Sinaarsic<br />

dakninda. es ukanaskneli monarqiaSi umaRles safexurze mdgomi politikuri<br />

Sinaarsis mqone terminidan imperatorze qvemoT mdgomi monarqis aRmniSvnel<br />

terminad gadaiqca. yvelaferi es qarTveli mefis politikuri statusis<br />

daqveiTebis paralelurad moxda. qarTul enaSi aRniSnuli semantikuri<br />

cvlileba dRemde SeiniSneba da imperatori mefeze maRal xelisuflad<br />

ganixileba.<br />

Sua saukuneebis zemoT ganxilul epoqaSi imperatori yovelTvis<br />

mefeze maRali rangis tituli ar yofila. XII-XVI saukuneebSi termini<br />

`mefe~, zogadad monarqis aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda. imperatoris statuss<br />

qarTveli mefeebi am dros iseve atarebdnen, rogorc bizantiisa Tu saRvTo<br />

romis imperiebis mmarTvelebi. qarTveli mefeebis saimperatoro statusi<br />

daviT IV aRmaSeneblidan konstantine II-is CaTvliT, maT mier saimperatoro<br />

titulebis flobiT dgindeba, rasac garkveuli saerTaSoriso aRiareba<br />

erTvoda Tan.<br />

224

Semoklebebis ganmarteba<br />

TsuS – Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi<br />

sssm – akad. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis<br />

moambe<br />

sS – saistorio Studiebi<br />

qd - …qarTuli diplomatia…(weliwdeuli)<br />

qisk – qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi<br />

qp – qarTuli proza<br />

qse – qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia<br />

qsZ – qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi<br />

qxa – qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba<br />

qsZ - qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi – teqstebi gamosca winasityvaoba da<br />

SeniSvnebi daurTo i.DdoliZem. tomi I-VII<br />

Zqm – Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni<br />

Zski – Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan<br />

ssmm – akad. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis<br />

moambe<br />

Zski – Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan<br />

CMH - Cambridge Medieval History<br />

HC - A History of Crusades. General editor Kenneth M. Setton.<br />

JAOS – Journal of the Americal Oriental Society<br />

JEH - Journal of Ecclesiastical History<br />

DORLC - Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection<br />

DOS - Dumbarton Oaks Studies<br />

ODB – The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium<br />

NC – Numismatic Chronicle<br />

RCH - Recueil des Historiens des Croisades<br />

REB – Revue des Études Byzantines<br />

ZPE – Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik<br />

ZRVI – Zbornik Radova Vizantolaskog Instituta, Sprska Akademija Nauka<br />

ВИ – История Византии<br />

НС – Нумизматический сборник<br />

225

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47) doliZe 1970; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. III, saeklesio<br />

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48) dundua 2006; g. dundua, daviT aRmaSeneblis spilenZis iSviaTi moneta.<br />

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49) dundua 1995; T. dundua, saqarTvelo da dasavleTi numizmatikuri<br />

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229

50) dundua 2003; T. dundua, sevastosebi da marTlmadidebeli simaxia:<br />

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51) dundua, dundua 2006; g. dundua, T. dunuda, qarTuli numizmatika. tomi<br />

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52) dundua, dundua 2011; g. dundua, T. dunuda. qarTuli numizmatika. tomi<br />

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53) dundua, dundua 2011 a ; g. dundua, T. dunuda. iWreboda Tu ara<br />

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54) dundua 2011; T. dundua, bizantiuri provinciuli numizmatika:<br />

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55) dundua, TavaZe 2011; T. dundua, l. TavaZe, Limes Ponticus – ramdenime<br />

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56) enuqiZem, silogavam, SoSiaSvili 1984; qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi<br />

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57) TavaZe 2003; l. TavaZe, 1204 wlis konstantinepolis tragedia.<br />

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58) TavaZe 2004; l. TavaZe, vaWarTa fenis roli XII saukunis saqarTvelo-<br />

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59) TavaZe 2006; l. TavaZe, saqarTvelo-kilikiis somxeTis diplomatiuri<br />

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60) TavaZe 2007; l. TavaZe, miTebi da legendebi daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

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61) TavaZe 2008; l. TavaZe, saqarTvelo da erzinkis saamiros urTierToba<br />

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62) TavaZe 2010; saqarTvelos sasazRvro sistema: saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi<br />

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63) TavaZe 2011; l. TavaZe, sevastoris tituli Sua saukuneebis qarTul<br />

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64) TayaiSvili 1920; saqarTvelos siZveleni. red. eqvTime TayaiSvili, tomi<br />

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65) TvalTvaZe 2009; d. TvalTvaZe, qarTuli oTxTavis aTonuri redaqciis<br />

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66) TvaraZe 2004; a. TvaraZe, saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi<br />

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67) Todua 1979; qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi. teqsti gamosca, Targmna da<br />

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68) kakabaZe 1912; s. kakabaZe, vaxtang, ucnobi me-XV saukunis afxaz-imereTis<br />

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69) kakabaZe 1925; farsadan gorgijaniZe, saqarTvelos istoria. gamosca s.<br />

kakabaZem, tf. gamomcemloba saistorio moambe, 1925.<br />

70) kapanaZe 1969; d. kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika. Tb. Tsu-s gamomcemloba,<br />

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71) kacitaZe 1975; d. kacitaZe, saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze<br />

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231

72) kvaWantiraZe, SoSiaSvili 2003; vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria.<br />

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73) kiknaZe 1987; JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane. teqsti gamosacemad<br />

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74) kiknaZe 1989; v. kiknaZe, saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi. Tb. gamomcemloba<br />

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75) kldiaSvili 1989; sinis mTis wm. giorgis xati daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

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76) kldiaSvili 2009; d. kldiaSvili, qarTuli aristokratia konstantino-<br />

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78) kopaliani 1969; v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri<br />

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79) kopaliani 1972; v. kopaliani, `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa~ kurapalatis<br />

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80) kucia 1987; Tovma mewofeci, istoria Temur-lengisa da misi<br />

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81) lolaSvili 1978; i. lolaSvili, arsen iyalToeli: cxovreba da<br />

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83) lorTqifaniZe 1963; m. lorTqifaniZe, feodaluri saqarTvelos<br />

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84) mamisTvalaSvili 1981: e. mamisTvalaSvili, saqarTvelos sagareo-<br />

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89) metreveli 1998; e. metreveli, aTonis qarTvelTa monastris saaRape<br />

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