genderi da sazogadoeba - UNDP Georgia
genderi da sazogadoeba - UNDP Georgia
genderi da sazogadoeba - UNDP Georgia
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<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>:<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
Tbilisi 2008
angariSi momzad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamoicema gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis -<br />
”<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika” - farglebSi.<br />
angariSi Sesrulebulia sazogadoebrivi politikis<br />
institutis mier (IPS).<br />
avtori: nana sumbaZe<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi informaciisaTvis SegiZliaT mimarToT gaeros ganviTarebis programis<br />
proeqtis - ”<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika”- ofiss Semdeg misamarTze:Tbilisi<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentis administraciuli Senoba. rusTavelis gamz. 8, oTaxi<br />
034; tel/faqsi:923662.<br />
www.genderandpolitics.ge an sazogadoebrivi politikis instituts misamar-<br />
Tze: Tbilisi, WavWavaZis gamz. 10.tel/faqsi: 220060<br />
www.ips.ge<br />
wignis dizaini:gio sumbaZe<br />
angariSSi warmodgenili Sedegebi <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi avtors ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZlebelia ar emTxvevodes gaeros ganviTarebis proeqtis - ”<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
politika” - Sexedulebebs<br />
Copyright <strong>UNDP</strong> 2008<br />
saavtoro uflebebi <strong>da</strong>culia
Sinaarsi:<br />
Sesavali...............................................................................................................................5<br />
Tavi 1: kvlevis mizani .......................................................................................... 9<br />
Tavi 2: Tanasworoba ............................................................................................. 15<br />
<strong>genderi</strong> sazogadoebriv sarbielze ................................................................ 34<br />
Tavi 3: sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileoba ........................... 34<br />
Tavi 4: <strong>da</strong>saqmeba ...................................................................................................... 73<br />
<strong>genderi</strong> pirad cxovrebaSi .................................................................................... 94<br />
Tavi 5: <strong>genderi</strong> ojaxur cxovrebaSi ........................................................ 94<br />
Tavi 6: a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> sociluri kapitali ....................................... 116<br />
Tavi 7: win ga<strong>da</strong>sadgmeli nabijebi ........................................................... 145<br />
bibliografia .................................................................................................................. 154<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi I. eTnikur umciresobaTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
Tanasworobis mimarT ................................................................................................. 160<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi II. qarTveli qalebi qarTul sabWoTa<br />
enciklopediaSi .............................................................................................................. 162<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi III.genderul sakiTxebze momuSave organizaciebi ........ 168<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi IV.respondentTa nusxa ....................................................................... 175<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi V. fokus-jgufebis nusxa ................................................................. 178<br />
Gender and Society: <strong>Georgia</strong> .......................................................................... 179<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi VI. fotoxma ............................................................................................... 333<br />
3
kvleva ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> gaeros ganviTarebis programis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT. avtors surs Tavisi<br />
gulwrfeli madliereba gamoxatos gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis ”<strong>genderi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> politika” TanamSromlebis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan arsebuli<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sakonsultacio sabWos mimarT Rirebuli rCevebisaTvis.<br />
gansakuTrebul madlobas vuxdiT baia romelaSvils <strong>da</strong> Carita jaSs, am xelnaweris<br />
ganxilvisas gaweuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis.<br />
es naSromi mravali a<strong>da</strong>mianis erToblivi TanamSromlobis Sedegia. avtori gansakuTrebul<br />
madlobas uxdis Semdeg pirovnebebs:<br />
maia maisuraZes, ekaterine fircxalavas <strong>da</strong> anastasia qitiaSvils, aseve sazogadoebrivi<br />
politis kvlevis institutis mkvlevarTa jgufs informaciis Segrovebis, savele samuSaoebis<br />
Catarebis <strong>da</strong> gamokiTxvis monacemTa analizisaTvis; TinaTin erisTavs <strong>da</strong> sofio<br />
qitiaSvils monacemTa kompiuterSi SeyvanisaTvis; interviuerebs; siRrmiseuli interviuebis<br />
respondentebs, fokus-jgufis ganxilvis monawileebs <strong>da</strong> gamokiTxvis respondentebs<br />
im interesis, droisa <strong>da</strong> ZalisxmevisaTvis, rac maT am proeqts moaxmares.<br />
4
Sesavali<br />
<strong>genderi</strong> sayovelTaod aRiarebuli terminia, romelsac mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis<br />
cnebis klasifikaciisaTvis iyeneben. rogorc universaluri kategoria,<br />
praqtikulad yvela kulturaSi <strong>genderi</strong> socialuri cxovrebis erTgvar<br />
centralur maorganizebel principad gvevlineba (Wharton, 2004). <strong>genderi</strong>,<br />
rogorc kategoria, socialurad konstruirebulia, anu es kategoriaa,<br />
romelsac kultura qmnis. kulturiT aris aseve gansazRvruli masTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli molodinebi. <strong>genderi</strong> efuZneba sqesis biologiurad gansazRvrul<br />
kategorias. rogorc xiluli kategoria, sqesi aadvilebs kategorizaciis <strong>da</strong><br />
stereotipizaciis process. a<strong>da</strong>mianebis jgufebad kategorizacia amcirebs<br />
jgufis SigniT mravalferovnebas <strong>da</strong> zrdis jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebs<br />
(Fiske & Taylor, 1991). <strong>genderi</strong> moqmedebs mraval sferoSi - kulturaSi arsebul<br />
simboloebSi, normatul cnebebSi, socialur institutebsa <strong>da</strong> organizaciebSi,<br />
subieqtur identobaSi (Scott, 1986).<br />
genderuli diferenciacia, iseve, rogorc genderuli uTanasworoba universaluria<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvela sazogadoebisTvis aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli (Kimmel, 2000). is<br />
biologias eyrdnoba <strong>da</strong> misi gansazRvreba cvalebadobs:<br />
• erTi sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi;<br />
• erT kulturaSi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi;<br />
• pirovnuli mowifulobis mixedviT;<br />
• sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs Soris erT kulturaSi;<br />
• individebs Soris.<br />
<strong>genderi</strong>s diferenciaciis arseboba u<strong>da</strong>oa, magram sa<strong>da</strong>oa genderze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul<br />
Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> resursebis ganawilebis Sefasebis <strong>da</strong> kriteriumebis<br />
samarTlianoba. qalis uflebebis gaZlierebis momxreTa kritikosebi<br />
xSirad amboben, rom qalebi kmayofilebi arian sakuTari TaviT <strong>da</strong> maT ar<br />
surT cvlilebebi. marTalia, bevri qali sulac ar iRwvis sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi Casabmelad, an saimisod, rom meti Zalaufleba moipovos ojaxSi,<br />
an <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si zoga<strong>da</strong>d, magram kritikosebi uyuradRebod toveben im<br />
faqts, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi es imitom xdeba, rom qalebi ver acnobiereben<br />
arsebul SesaZleblobebs tradiciul <strong>da</strong> patriarqalur ojaxSi aRzrdis<br />
gamo, an imis gamo, rom ar floben realur informacias arsebul SesaZleblobebze.<br />
sinamdvileSi qalebs xSirad ar eZlevaT saSualeba gaakeTon realuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> informirebuli arCevani <strong>da</strong> amgvarad Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwion uuflebo<br />
mdgomareobas. rogorc amarita seni aRniSnavs, SesaZloa qalebi Tava<strong>da</strong>c<br />
5
ar iyvnen <strong>da</strong>zRveulni tradiciuli ”mamakacuri” faseulobebisagan, <strong>da</strong> ”rom<br />
mxolod moqmedebis Tavisufleba ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa aseve azrovnebis<br />
Tavisuflebac” (Sen, 2001. gv. 15).<br />
qalebi Seadgenen msoflio mosaxleobis naxevarze mets <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
ukiduresad mwirad arian warmodgenilni arCeviT organoebSi, saxelmwifo<br />
organoebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimRebT Soris <strong>da</strong> kerZo biznesSi. qalebi Raribi<br />
mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenen <strong>da</strong> samyaroSi sa<strong>da</strong>c mamakacebi dominireben<br />
naTlad aris gamokveTili sazogadoebis maskulinuri xasiaTi.<br />
meoce saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n genderuli Tanasworoba ganviTarebasTan<br />
asocirdeba. nebismieri sazogadoebis keTildReoba warmoudgenelia, Tu misi<br />
mosaxleobis naxevari ubeduria. msoflios bevr qveyanaSi qalis Sroma ganmsazRvrelia<br />
sursaTis, wylis <strong>da</strong> energiis wyaros mopovebis saqmeSi, ase rom,<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>gegmva Raribi qalebis Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyos (Sen & Grown, 1987). mamakacebi ufro momgebian pirobebSi arian<br />
qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi. amitomac, ganviTarebis Zalisxmeva<br />
pirvel rigSi qalebis gaZlierebaze iyo mimarTuli im programebSi,<br />
romelic gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTarebis programiT iyo<br />
wamowyebuli samoc<strong>da</strong>aTian wlebSi <strong>da</strong> mas aerTianeb<strong>da</strong> konceqcia ”qalebi<br />
ganviTarebaSi”. amgvari midgomis mizani iyo praqtikuli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba<br />
qalebis gasaZliereblad <strong>da</strong> maTi ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri statusis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad (Barker, 2000).<br />
genderuli Tanasworoba a<strong>da</strong>mianis ZiriTadi uflebaa, igi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />
ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> keTidReobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. rogorc 1994 wels<br />
Catarebuli gaeros saerTaSoriso mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis konferenciis<br />
samoqmedo gegmis reziumeSia aRniSnuli, ”qalis gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> misi statusis<br />
gaumjobeseba TavisTavad mniSvnelovani mizania <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi faqtoria<br />
mdgradi ganviTarebis misaRwevad.”<br />
6
qalis winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad ga<strong>da</strong>mWreli nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>idga<br />
1979 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna ”konvencia qalis winaaRmdeg yvela<br />
saxis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Taobaze”(CEDAW). 2004 wlisaTvis am dokumentze<br />
179 qveyanas qon<strong>da</strong> xeli mowerili.<br />
gasuli saukunis oTxmoc<strong>da</strong>aTiani wlebSi aRiniSna saerTaSoriso organizaciebis,<br />
maT Soris gaeros ganviTarebis programis politikis im<br />
strategiebis, romlebic metwilad qalis mimarT diskriminaciis aRmofxvraze<br />
iyo orientirebuli, iseTi strategiebis SecvliT, rolebic ufro<br />
met yuradRebas qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis gansxvavebul moTxovnebze amaxvilebdnen;<br />
es strategiebi gaerTian<strong>da</strong> ”genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebis, e.w.<br />
genderuli meinstrimingis” saxeliT. mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba<br />
mxolod samarTlianobis sakiTxi ar aris, mravalricxovani<br />
<strong>da</strong> rTuli kavSirebis gamo SeuZlebelia mxolod erTi sqesis problemebis<br />
izolorebulad mogvareba. kavSiris erT magaliTs gvTavazobs amarita seni,<br />
rodesac igi samxreT afrikaSi aRricxuli gulsisxlZarRvTa <strong>da</strong>avadebebis<br />
maRali sixSiris monacemebs ganixilavs. es <strong>da</strong>avadebani upiratesad mamakacebs<br />
aReniSnebaT <strong>da</strong> ufro xSirad gamowveulia dedis mier orsulobis periodSi<br />
sakvebis arasakmarisi odenobiT miRebiT. sakvebis simcire aferxebs embrionis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> ganapirobebs mcire wonas axalSobilebSi, rac zr<strong>da</strong>srul asakSi<br />
gulsisxlZarRvTa <strong>da</strong>avadebis saxiT vlindeba (Senn, 2001).<br />
”genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswineba (meinstrimingi) warmoadgens imis<br />
Sefasebis process, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis cxovrebaSi<br />
nebismieri saxis <strong>da</strong>gegmil qmedebas, - sakanonmdeblos, politikur Tu programuls,<br />
nebismier sferoSi <strong>da</strong> yvela doneze. es strategia miznad isaxavs<br />
qalis, <strong>da</strong> aseve, mamakacis sazrunavi <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba gaxdes yvela saxis<br />
politikis <strong>da</strong> programis <strong>da</strong>gegmvis, ganxorcielebis, monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebis<br />
ganuyofeli nawili yvela sferoSi _ politikurSi, ekonomikursa<br />
Tu sazogadoebrivSi ise, rom qalma <strong>da</strong> mamakacma Tanabari mogeba naxon <strong>da</strong><br />
uTanasworoba ar <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdes. Tanasworobis miRweva genderuli meinstrimingis<br />
saboloo mizans warmoadgens”. ”gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri sabWo, 1997”.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, msgavsad midgomisa ”qalebi ganviTarebaSi” genderuli<br />
meinstrimingi miznad isaxavs genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevas, magram amas<br />
axorcielebs masStabis gafarToebis, mamakacebis CarTvis xarjze <strong>da</strong> agreTve<br />
imiT, rom ”genderul perspeqtivas yvela kanons <strong>da</strong> socialur stan<strong>da</strong>rts,<br />
nebismieri politikis Camoyalibebas, kvlevas, <strong>da</strong>gegmvas, propagandirebas, ganviTarebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> monitorings miusa<strong>da</strong>gebs” (Gender Gap, 2005). gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom<br />
7
es midgoma ufro samarTliania, mas SeuZlia meti <strong>da</strong>mcveli moizidos <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro qmediTi gaxdes msoflios mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis keTildReobis<br />
mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. vinai<strong>da</strong>n qalebs <strong>da</strong>brkoleba xvdebaT cxovrebis<br />
bevr sferoSi, genderul meinstrimings Seemata qalisTvis uflebamosilebis<br />
gamaZlierebeli strategia.<br />
genderuli Tanasworoba, romelic warmodgenil naSromis sagans warmoadgens,<br />
SefasebiTi koncefciaa <strong>da</strong> amdenad misi Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong>vis sagani SeiZleba iyos.<br />
SefasebasTan <strong>da</strong> kritikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebis obieqturoba Ria<br />
<strong>da</strong> SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>v kritikas, sajaro msjelobasa <strong>da</strong> ganxilvas moiTxovs (Sen,<br />
2004). angariSis avtors ara aqvs ambicia WeSmariteba warmogidginoT, igi<br />
imedovnebs, rom es naSromi wvlils Seitans genderuli sakiTxebis sajaro<br />
msjelobis sagnad ga<strong>da</strong>qcevis saqmeSi <strong>da</strong> mkiTxvels genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
problematikis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiares gaxdis.<br />
8
Tavi 1<br />
kvlevis mizani<br />
tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad saqarTveloc<br />
miekuTvneba, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba mamakacis kuTvnil samoqmedo asparezad<br />
aRiqmeba, kerZo ki - qalis sferod. Tanasworobis sakiTxebi, genderuli movaleobebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> uflebebi gansxvavebulia am or sferoSi. es angariSi genderul<br />
problemebs sajaro <strong>da</strong> kerZo sferoSi cal-calke ganixilavs, aseve exeba<br />
genderul gansxvavebebs a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong> socialur kapitalSi. raki iTvleba,<br />
rom <strong>genderi</strong> kulturuli warmonaqmnia, ganixileba genderuli problemebi<br />
eTnikur umciresobebSic, somxur <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanul TemebSic. agreTve ganxilulia<br />
afxazeTis konfliqtiT gamowveuli zemoqmedeba iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis cxovrebaze.<br />
savele samuSaobi Catar<strong>da</strong> 2007 wlis seqtember-noemberSi.<br />
winamdebare kvleva miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi genderuli perspeqtiviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxuli zogadi mdgomareobiT warmodgenas. am miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli<br />
iqna sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva meTodologia.<br />
1. literaturis mimoxilva.<br />
analizi gaukeT<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis moxsenebsa <strong>da</strong> analitikur publikaciebs<br />
<strong>genderi</strong>s zogad sakiTxebsa <strong>da</strong> genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul mdgomareobaze saqarTveloSi.<br />
arsebuli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi mox<strong>da</strong> statistikuri monacemebis<br />
Segroveba. yvelaze met <strong>da</strong>brkolebas mkvlevarebi swored statistikuri<br />
monacemebis Sekrebisas waawydnen. gar<strong>da</strong> gaeros ganviTarebis programis<br />
xelSewyobiT gamoqveynebuli bukletisa (qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi saqarTveloSi,<br />
2006 <strong>da</strong> 2007), qalebze <strong>da</strong> mamakacebze gancalkevebuli monacemebi an ar moipoveba,<br />
an arazustia.<br />
2. siRrmiseuli interviuebi.<br />
interviuebi aRebul iqna eqspertebisgan <strong>genderi</strong>s sferoSi, xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebisgan: saerTo<br />
jamSi, ormoc<strong>da</strong>Svidi siRrmiseuli interviu iqna Catarebuli, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
TbilisSi (ixileT monawileTa sia <strong>da</strong>narTi IV).<br />
9
tabula 1. gamokiTxuli pirebi saqmianobis mixedviT<br />
N 0 sfero mamakaci qali sul<br />
1 <strong>genderi</strong>s eqspertebi - 12 12<br />
2 parlamentis wevrebi* 3 4 7<br />
3<br />
sxva profesiis<br />
warmomadgenlebi<br />
1 5 6<br />
4<br />
mTavrobis<br />
pasuxismgebeli pirebi<br />
2 3 5<br />
5<br />
ganaTlebis sferos<br />
muSakebi<br />
3 2 5<br />
6<br />
politikuri partiebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi<br />
1 3 4<br />
7<br />
profesiuli kavSirebis<br />
xelmZRvanelebi<br />
1 1 2<br />
8<br />
iZulebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebi<br />
1 1 2<br />
9<br />
biznesiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />
pirebi/mewarmeebi<br />
- 2 2<br />
10 Jurnalisti 1 - 1<br />
11<br />
samRvdeloebis<br />
warmomadgeneli<br />
1 1<br />
sul 14 33 47<br />
* ramdenime prlamentis wevri, romelTaganac iqna interviu aRebuli, aseve<br />
politikuri partiis lideri iyo.<br />
eqvsi gansxvavebuli tipis intervius gzamkvlevi iqna Sedgenili, romlebic<br />
Seicav<strong>da</strong> kiTxvebs iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: monawileoba, genderuli<br />
Tanasworoba, ekonomikuri aqtioba, janmrTeloba, ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> kriminaluri<br />
mdgomareoba.<br />
10
3. ganxilvebi fokus-jgufTan (fj)<br />
cxra fokus-jgufis Sekrebas mTlianobaSi <strong>da</strong>eswro 100 a<strong>da</strong>miani. es Sekrebebi<br />
Catar<strong>da</strong>:<br />
TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalebTan sofel TanianT karSi (fj1);<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis qalTa forumis wevrebTan (fj2);<br />
iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirebTan zugdidSi, orjer (fj3 <strong>da</strong> 9).<br />
marneulel axalgazrdebTan (fj4);<br />
axalcixis universitetis studentebTan (fj5);<br />
axalqalaqel axalgazrdebTan (fj6);<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis or jgufTan (fj7 <strong>da</strong> 8);<br />
diskusiebis dros gamoyenebuli iyo oTxi tipis gzamkvlevi, pirveli - qali<br />
politikosebisTvis, meore axalgazrdebisa <strong>da</strong> studentTa jgufebisaTvis, mesame<br />
- TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> meoTxe - iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
pirTaTvis.<br />
ganxilvebis umTavresi Tema iyo genderuli Tanasworoba, qalis roli sazogadoebriv<br />
<strong>da</strong> kerZo sferoebSi, samsaxureobrivi winsvlis gzaze arsebuli<br />
SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brkolebebi, TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmeba, <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />
sirTuleebi.<br />
4. mosaxleobis gamokiTxva genderul sakiTxebze (gamokiTxva)<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxva genderul sakiTxebze ganxorciel<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos yvela 9 regionSi, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikasa <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi.<br />
respondentTa SesarCevad gamoyenebuli iyo ierarqiuli albaTuri<br />
SerCevis meTodi. misi meSveobiT gapirobebul iqna respondentTa Sesabamisoba<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi arsebul ganawilebasTan demografiuli<br />
maCveneblebis (qali/kaci; soflis/qalaqis macxovrebeli; asakobrivi jgufi)<br />
mixedviT.<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi SerCeva Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> 1087 a<strong>da</strong>mianisgan (44.1 % qali <strong>da</strong><br />
55. 9 % mamakaci). imisaTvis, rom calke Catarebuliyo analizi eTnikuri<br />
umciresobiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul raionebSi, <strong>da</strong>matebiT 52 a<strong>da</strong>miani gamoikiTxa axalqalaqsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ninowmin<strong>da</strong>s raionebSi. amgvarad sul gamokiTxul iqna 1139<br />
respondenti.<br />
11
tabula 2<br />
respondentebis regionebis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
17-<br />
24<br />
25-<br />
49<br />
mamakacebi qalebi<br />
50-<br />
65<br />
nax.1<br />
respondentTa ganawileba sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT<br />
66><br />
12<br />
sul<br />
17-<br />
24<br />
25-<br />
49<br />
50-<br />
65<br />
66><br />
jami<br />
saerTo<br />
jami<br />
1 Tbilisi 23 49 22 16 110 30 64 30 32 156 266<br />
2 aWara 9 16 11 6 42 10 20 14 11 55 97<br />
3 guria 4 9 3 3 19 4 9 4 4 21 40<br />
4 imereTi 18 36 16 9 79 18 41 18 20 97 176<br />
5 kaxeTi 10 19 11 7 47 10 22 10 11 53 100<br />
6 mcxeTa-mTieneTi 3 6 3 2 14 3 8 4 3 18 32<br />
7 raWa-leCxumi 1 4 1 1 7 1 4 1 6 13<br />
8 samegrelo 10 23 9 8 50 7 23 15 12 57 107<br />
9 qvemo qarTli 10 24 10 10 54 13 28 15 15 71 125<br />
10 Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli 7 16 7 6 36 7 18 9 9 43 79<br />
11 samcxe-javaxeTi 6 11 5 3 25 6 11 6 4 27 52<br />
jami<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
101 213 98 71 483 109 248 125 122 604 1087<br />
axalqalaqisa<br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
ninowmindisTvis<br />
6 11 5 3 25 6 11 6 4 27 52<br />
saerTo jami 107 224 103 74 508 115 259 131 126 631 1139<br />
kacebi<br />
qalebi
gamokiTxulTa Soris umravlesobas (55.7%) <strong>da</strong>qorwinebulebi warmoadgenen,<br />
3.2 procenti erTad cxovrobs xelmoweris gareSe, 25.0 procenti ar aris<br />
qorwinebaSi, 4.0 procenti ganqorwinebulia.<br />
qarTvelebi warmoadgenen gamokiTxulTa umravlesobas (90.3%), somxebi<br />
Seadgendnen 4.0 procents, azerbaijanelebi 2.0 procents, sxva erovnebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi 3.7 procents. gamokiTxulTa 91.1 procenti saqarTvelos<br />
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevli, 3.9 procenti mahmadiania, 2.9 procenti<br />
gregorianeli <strong>da</strong> 2.2 procenti sxva konfesias miekuTvneba.<br />
qalebi <strong>da</strong> kacebi erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian ganaTlebis mixedviT.<br />
gamokiTxul mamakacTa 46.7 procenti <strong>da</strong> qalebis 47.5 procents aqvs miRebuli<br />
umaRlesi ganaTleba.<br />
umravlesoba (94.8%) flobs qarTuls <strong>da</strong> qalebi <strong>da</strong> kacebi am mxriv erTmaneTisagan<br />
ar gansxvavdebian magram kacebis ufro did nawils (72.0%)<br />
qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (66.9%) SeuZlia rusulad metyveleba.<br />
kiTxvari, romelic am gamokiTxvisTvis iyo Sedgenili Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> 151 kiTxvisagan.<br />
kiTxvebi Semdeg sakiTxebs Seexebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />
• genderul TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSi arsebul <strong>da</strong>mokidebule<br />
bebs <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs;<br />
• saojaxo rolebsa <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi arsebul Zalauflebis struqturas;<br />
• <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas biWebisa <strong>da</strong> gogonebis ganaTlebis mimarT, qalebi sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kacebis SesaZlo samsaxureobriv warmatebebs <strong>da</strong> unarebs;<br />
• mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebisaTvis misaReb qcevebs, maT valdebulebebs,<br />
qalis <strong>da</strong> mamakacis momxiblav Tvisebebs;<br />
• <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas qali politikosebisa <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvaneli qalebis<br />
mimarT.<br />
gamokiTxva tardebo<strong>da</strong> respondentis saxlSi, piris-pir intervius meSveobiT.<br />
gamokiTxvas atarebdnen gamocdili interviuerebi. gamokiTxva 20-<strong>da</strong>n 40 wu-<br />
Tamde grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
13
5. foto xma.<br />
foto xma warmoadgens inovaciur, monawileobaze <strong>da</strong>myarebul sakvlev<br />
meqanizms, romelic SeimuSava uangma <strong>da</strong> barisma (Wang, Burris & Ping, 1996).<br />
is efuZneba Tvalsazriss, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi sakuTari cxovrebis eqspertebs<br />
warmoadgenen. fotosuraTebis ga<strong>da</strong>Rebis, <strong>da</strong> maT mixedviT ambis Txrobis sa-<br />
SualebiT xdeba <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxareTa informireba (Wang, Cash & Powers,<br />
2000). TxuTmet iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirs (igp) zugdidSi, romelTagan<br />
6 mamakaci <strong>da</strong> 9 qali iyo, ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT fotoaparati, raTa maT dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
aesaxaT TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba. jgufi orjer Seikriba,<br />
pirvel jerze maT ganumartes <strong>da</strong>valeba <strong>da</strong> misces miTiTebebi, Tu rogor<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyenebinaT aparati, xolo meore Sekrebisas sTxoves ga<strong>da</strong>Rebuli<br />
suraTebis kval<strong>da</strong>kval moeTxroT ambebi. am meTodis upiratesobas warmoadgens<br />
SesaZlebloba movlenebi <strong>da</strong>naxul iqnen uSualo monawilis TvaliT,<br />
an rogorc mas uwodeben, ”emikuri” (emic) perspeqtiviT (Strack, Magill &<br />
McDonough, 2004).<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Rebul iqna 300-ze meti suraTi. TiToeul respondetze saSualod,<br />
10 fotosuraTi SeirCa ambis mosayolad. jgufur garemoSi, moderatoris<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, igp-ebi yvebodnen TavianT istorias <strong>da</strong> suraTebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />
ganixilavdnen im sirTuleebs, rac Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> maT yoveldRiur yofas.<br />
14
Tavi 2<br />
Tanasworoba<br />
Tanasworoba, es Temaa romelsac Zalze xSirad axseneben genderze saubrisas.<br />
mas ganmartaven, rogorc ”a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganviTarebis im safexurs, romelzec<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi, valdebubulebebi <strong>da</strong> saSualebebi ar ganisazRvreba imiT,<br />
is mamakacia, Tu qali” (Lopez-Claros & Zahidi, 2005. gv. 1). Tanasworoba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebisa <strong>da</strong> resursebis marTvis ZalauflebasTan aris ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli;<br />
is cxovrebis yvela sferoSi iCens Tavs, iqneba es sajaro, Tu kerZo<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong> socialur kapitalSi aisaxeba.<br />
cvlilebebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, <strong>genderi</strong> dResac statusis maCvenebelia <strong>da</strong> mamakacad<br />
yofna bevrad ufro fasobs, vidre qalad (Wharton, 2004).<br />
genderuli Tanasworoba <strong>da</strong> qalebis gaZliereba gancxadebulia aTaswleulis<br />
deklaraciaSi, rogorc ”qmediTi gza siRatakesTan, SimSilTan <strong>da</strong> avadmyofobasTan<br />
sabrZolvelad <strong>da</strong> aseve, rogorc WeSmaritad mdgradi ganviTarebis<br />
stimuli”.<br />
saqarTveloSi genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis aucilebloba<br />
aSkarad gamokveTilia. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis<br />
matebam swrafad iklo mTeli rigi mizezebis erTobliobis gamo, iseTebis<br />
rogoricaa migracia, ekonomikuri pirobebiT gapirobebuli Sobadobis Semcireba,<br />
<strong>da</strong> unayofo ojaxebis raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong> (reproduqciuli jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong> politikis mimoxilva <strong>da</strong> analizi, 2005). saqarTvelos<br />
winaSe arsebuli demografiuli problemebi ga<strong>da</strong>udebel <strong>da</strong> radikalur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebas moiTxoven, rac SeuZlebelia genderTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli problemebis mogvarebis gareSe. araTanasworuflebianoba Tavs<br />
iCens saarCevno <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel organoebSi qalebis <strong>da</strong>bal warmomadgenlobaSi,<br />
araformalur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis seqtorSi qalebis<br />
siWarbeSi, mamakacebSi ki narkotikebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis, aseve <strong>da</strong>naSaulsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> satransporto SemTxvevebSi <strong>da</strong>SavebulTa odenobis zr<strong>da</strong>Si.<br />
15
politikur sistemis avtoritaruli<strong>da</strong>n demokratiulze ga<strong>da</strong>svla TavisTavad<br />
ver uzrunvelyofs genderul Tanasworobas. xSir SemTxvevaSi gar<strong>da</strong>maval<br />
periods gacilebiT meti uTanasworobis motana <strong>da</strong> rogorc mamakacebis, aseve<br />
qalebis mdgomareobis gauareseba SeuZlia (Hawkesworth, 2002). 1991 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadebis dRi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelom Zalian mSfoTvare xana<br />
gamoiara eTnikuri omebiT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi, Zalauflebis Zalismieri<br />
SecvliT, samoqalaqo omisa <strong>da</strong> revoluciis saxiT, rac Zalze uaryofiTad<br />
aisaxa mosaxleobis mdgomareobaze. struqturul cvlilebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulma<br />
politikam uaryofiTi Sedegebi moitana <strong>da</strong> kidev ufro gaaRataka<br />
mosaxleoba. ekonomikuri siduxWiris fonze 250 000 iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />
piri <strong>da</strong>rCa usaxlkarod <strong>da</strong> ukve aTwleulze met xans savalalo pirobebSi<br />
cxovrobs. am fonze genderuli uTanasworoba rogorc mosaxleobis,<br />
ise xelisuflebis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc saerTaSoriso saagentoebis mier<br />
Tavsmoxveuli, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, rogorc raRac ucxo, saqarTvelosTvis<br />
arasaWiro ram, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi ki rogorc instrumenti, romlis<br />
meSveobiTac xdeba cxovrebis tradiciuli wesis moSla.<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT uzrunvelyofilia genderuli Tanasworoba.<br />
mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi saqarTveloSi Tanaswori uflebebiT sargebloben, rac<br />
areklilia konstituciaSi <strong>da</strong> kanonebSi.<br />
qveynis evropasTan integraciisa <strong>da</strong> universaluri Rirebulebebis gaziarebisaken<br />
miiswrafis gamoxatvis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelom 1994 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli<br />
xeli moawera umTavres saerTaSoriso konvenciebisa <strong>da</strong> xelSekrulebebs,<br />
romlebic eyrdnoba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis midgomas genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
sakiTxebSi. saxelmwifo icavs am dokumetebSi Camoyalibebul mTel rig<br />
moTxovnebs, magram is, Tu ra saxiT xdeba am moTxovnebis Sesruleba, is agdebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, cinizmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, rac Tan axl<strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />
Zaladobis kanonis miRebas, rom araferi vTqvaT genderul problematikasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kanonebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva muxlebis asamoqmedeblad saWiro fondebis<br />
gamoyofis Seferxebaze, aseve qalebis <strong>da</strong>bal warmomadgenlobaze<br />
arCeviT <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel marTvis organoebSi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom saerTa-<br />
Soriso dokumentebisadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba formaluri xasiaTisaa <strong>da</strong> igi gamoiyeneba<br />
mxolod saCveneblad, <strong>da</strong> ara realuri warmatebis miRwevisTvis.<br />
16
saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
saxelwifos qmedebebi <strong>genderi</strong>s problemebTan mimarTebaSi saqarTveloSi 1994<br />
wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo, roca qveyana SeuerT<strong>da</strong> ”konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis<br />
yvela saxis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb”.<br />
1994<br />
22 seqtemberi. saqarTvelom xeli moawera ”konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg<br />
diskriminaciis yvela saxis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb”.<br />
1995<br />
15 seqtemberi. saqarTvelom monawileoba miiRo qalTa sakiTxebze gaeros<br />
meoTxe msoflio konferenciaSi ”Tanasworobis, ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobisaTvis”,<br />
romelzec saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo organizaciebma waradgines<br />
qveynis angariSi. am konferenciis Sedegad 189 saxelmwifos mTavrobebi,<br />
maT Soris saqarTvelosic, SeTanxmdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkices qalebis ganviTarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaZlierebisaken mimarTuli xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma, romelic aseve<br />
”pekinis samoqmedo platformis” saxeliT aris cnobili. igi miznad isaxevs<br />
qalebisaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micemas <strong>da</strong> pirobebis Seqmnas maT gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
1997<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo gaeros <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos erToblivi proeqti ”qalebi <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba”<br />
(1997-2000). proeqti miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze<br />
codnis gaRrmavebasa <strong>da</strong> TamanSromlobas mTavrobasTan genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
politikis ZiriTadi prinicipebis gansasazRvrad.<br />
27 noemberi. prezidentis brZanebuleba N 0 593, ”pekinis samoqmedo platforma<br />
2000 wels”<br />
momzad<strong>da</strong> erovnuli samoqmedo gegma pekinis samoqmedo platformis ganxorcielebis<br />
mizniT.<br />
17
1998<br />
20 Tebervali. prezidentis N 0 48 brZanebulebis Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> ”saxelmwifo<br />
komisia saxelmwifo politikis srulyofisaTvis qalebis xelSewyobis<br />
mizniT”. komisia Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc mTavari sameTvalyureo organo<br />
saxelmwifo genderuli politikis gansaxorcieleblad. komisias xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong><br />
rusu<strong>da</strong>n beriZe, im dros a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sakiTxebze saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile. komisia Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> 24<br />
wevrisagan (Tvrameti qali <strong>da</strong> eqvsi mamakaci), parlamentis, samTavrobo <strong>da</strong><br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebisagan.<br />
24 aprili. konferenciam ”qalebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>” miiRo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkica<br />
”erovnuli samoqmedo gegma qalTa pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad saqarTvelo-<br />
Si 1998-2000 wlebSi”, romelic SeimuSava saxelmwifo komisiam. gegmaSi Semdegi<br />
prioritetebi iyo gamoyofili:<br />
• instituciuri meqanizmebis SemuSaveba;<br />
• qalis rolisa <strong>da</strong> monawileobis gaZliereba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebis procesSi;<br />
• ekonomikuri politika;<br />
• qalebi <strong>da</strong> siRaribe;<br />
• qalebi <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi;<br />
• qalebi <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba;<br />
• qalTa uflebebi.<br />
18 ivnisi. samoqmedo gegma <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> prezidentis N 0 308 brZanebulebiT.<br />
masSi aisaxa pekinis samoqmedo platformis 12 sakiTxi<strong>da</strong>n Svidi. erovnul<br />
gegmaSi Semdegi sakiTxebi Sedio<strong>da</strong>:<br />
• instituciuri meqamizmebis Camoyalibeba;<br />
• qalebis monawileobis gazr<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi;<br />
• ekonomikuri politika;<br />
• qalebi <strong>da</strong> siRaribe;<br />
• qalebi <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi;<br />
• qalebi <strong>da</strong> janmrTeloba;<br />
• qalTa uflebebi.<br />
18
1999<br />
28 agvisto. prezidentis brZanebuleba N 0 511-iT ”qalTa a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis gaZlierebis RonisZiebebis Taobaze” saxelmwifo komisiam SeimuSava <strong>da</strong><br />
amocanebi <strong>da</strong>usaxa 13 samTavrobo uwyebas. es amocanebi miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> qalis<br />
uflebebis xelSewyobasa <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi qalebisTvis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.<br />
moismines pirveli moxseneba ”konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis<br />
likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesaxeb” (CEDAW).<br />
moxseneba moamza<strong>da</strong> eqspertTa jgufma, saqarTvelos uSiSroebis erovnuli<br />
sabWos a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis mdivnis moadgilis miTiTebebis safuZvelze,<br />
prezidentis 1997 wlis 27 noembris N 0 598 brZanebulebis Sesabamisad.<br />
gansaxilvelad iqna ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier momzadebuli<br />
”Crdilovani moxseneba” CEDAW-is ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb.<br />
28 agvisto. prezidentis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba N 0 64-is Tanaxmad <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> 2000-2002<br />
wlebis samoqmedo gegma qalebis mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
Sesaxeb. saxelmwifo komisiam, CEDAW-is komitetis wevrebis SeniSvnebis<br />
safuZvelze moamza<strong>da</strong> ”samoqmedo gegma”.<br />
2000<br />
25 Tebervali. prezidentis N 0 64 brZanebulebis Tanaxmad <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> qalebis<br />
mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis samwliani gegma (2000-2002).<br />
28 agvisto. <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> prezidentis brZanebuleba, romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong><br />
qalebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis<br />
vadis 2004 wlamde gagrZelebas.<br />
8 seqtemberi. niu iorkSi Catarebul aTaswleulis samitze msoflios 189<br />
qveyanam <strong>da</strong> maT Soris saqarTvelom, ikisra valdebuleba, rom 2015 wlisaTvis<br />
saqarTvelo miaRwev<strong>da</strong> ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebs”. <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />
Tema Tansdevs <strong>da</strong> aisaxeba aTaswleulis ganviTarebis yvela miznebSi. specifiurad<br />
<strong>genderi</strong>s sakiTxebs pir<strong>da</strong>pir ori mizani - N 0 3 <strong>da</strong> N 0 5 .<br />
19
aTaswleulis ganviTarebis rvave mizani morgebul iqna saqarTveloSi arsebul<br />
viTarebasTan. yoveli miznisTvis SemuSav<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi amocanebi <strong>da</strong><br />
ganisazRvra indikatorebi.<br />
saqarTvelosTvis morgebuli aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 3-isTvis:<br />
”genderuli Tanasworobis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> qalTa gaZliereba”, ganisazRvra<br />
ori amocana:<br />
amocana 8: genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferoSi<br />
amocana 9: Tanaswori xelmisawvdomoba politikis sferoSi <strong>da</strong> menejmentis<br />
yvela doneze<br />
aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 5: dedis janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba<br />
amocana 11: 2000-2015 wlebSi de<strong>da</strong>Ta sikvdilianobis maCveneblis sami<br />
meoTxediT Semcireba<br />
2003<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> siRaribis aRmofxvris strategiis<br />
dokumenti miRebul iqna martSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom dokumenti Seicavs<br />
genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sakiTxebs, masSi isini ar aris detalurad ganxiluli.<br />
agvistoSi, <strong>genderi</strong>s problemebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebma<br />
parlamentSi wamoayenes iniciativa politikur partiebSi qvotebis SemoRebis<br />
Sesaxeb. es wina<strong>da</strong>deba deputatebis mier ugulvelyofili iqna, kenWisyris<br />
proceduraSi 235-<strong>da</strong>n mxolod 67 - ma deputatma miiRo monawileoba.<br />
2004<br />
gaeros ganviTarebis programis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> pirveli erovnuli<br />
moxseneba ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi”, romelSic moxseniebulia<br />
genderuli sakiTxebi.<br />
15 agvisto. <strong>da</strong>iwyo gaeros ganviTarebis programis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
erToblivi proeqti ”<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika samxreT kavkasiaSi”.<br />
20
30 agvisto. evropisa <strong>da</strong> evro-atlantikuri integraciis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />
ministris N 0 109 brZanebulebiT Seiqmna sagangebo jgufi, romelsac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeemuSavebina rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi genderuli Tanasworobis qmediTi instituciuri<br />
meqanizmis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
27 oqtomberi. parlamentis spikeris 105/3 brZanebulebiT <strong>da</strong> gaeros ganvi-<br />
Tarebis programis proeqtis ”<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika samxreT kavkasiaSi” mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT,<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan genderuli<br />
arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sabWo. sabWos uZRvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
spikeri <strong>da</strong> igi Cvidmeti wevrisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n Svidi parlamentis<br />
wevri iyo (parlamentis Tavmjdomare, parlamentis wevrebi nacionaluri<br />
moZraobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> axali memerjveneebi), sami warmomadgeneli iyo samTavrobo<br />
struqturi<strong>da</strong>n (Sromis, janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> socialur saqmeTa saministro,<br />
saqarTvelos evropuli integraciis saxelmwifo ministris kabineti,<br />
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos saxalxo <strong>da</strong>mcvelis kabineti),<br />
xolo eqvsi a<strong>da</strong>miani warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo seqtors. sabWos man<strong>da</strong>ti<br />
ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo genderul politikis formulirebiT <strong>da</strong> masze<br />
meTvalyureobis gaweviT, kanonmdeblobis <strong>genderi</strong>s TvalTaxedvi<strong>da</strong>n ganxilviT<br />
<strong>da</strong> kanonebis saerTaSoriso normebTan <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan Sesabamisobis<br />
uzrunvelyofiT.<br />
2005<br />
28 ivnisi. saqarTvelos mTavrobis N 0 109 <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis iniciativiT <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> ”droebiTi samTavrobo komisia<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze”. sakonsultacio sabWos msgavsad<br />
isic Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> parlamentis wevrebisagan, samTavrobo struqurebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
arasaxelmwifo seqtoris warmomadgenlebisagan, sul 15 warmomadgenlisagan,<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>nac 4 arasamTavrobo seqtors warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. komisias <strong>da</strong>evala,<br />
SeemuSavebina erovnuli koncefcia <strong>da</strong> erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis miRwevis gegma.<br />
2006<br />
TebervalSi, gaeros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saagentoebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT (gaeros ganviTarebis<br />
programa, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalebisaTvis, gaeros mosaxleobis<br />
fondi), komisiam <strong>da</strong> sakonsultacio sabWom Seqmnes samuSao jgufi, romelic<br />
am komisiisa <strong>da</strong> mrCevelTa sabWos ramdenime wevrisagan <strong>da</strong> agreTve, mTavrobis<br />
wevrebisagan, arasamTavrobo qalTa organizaciis wevrebisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa ombudsmenis kabinetis wevrisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. samuSao jgufma<br />
moamza<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis strategiis gegma. gegma<br />
21
Seicavs saxelmwifos koncefcias genderuli Tanasworobis Taobaze; samwlian<br />
samoqmedo gegmas; <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> koordinaciis ganxorcielebis<br />
mizniT mudmivi genderuli Tanasworobis meqanizmis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
24 ivlisi. parlamentma miiRo genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo koncepcia.<br />
28 aprili. parlamentma miiRo kanoni a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT vaWrobasTan brZolis Taobaze<br />
(trefikingi).<br />
25 maisi. parlamentma miiRo kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis aRmofxvris, mis msxverplTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sesaxeb.<br />
maisSi miRebuli iqna Sromis kodeqsi. un<strong>da</strong> aqve aRiniSnos rom kodeqsis<br />
mTeli rigi muxlebi, iseTebi rogoricaa, <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa uflebebis SezRudva<br />
<strong>da</strong> dekretuli Svebulebis vadis Semcireba, ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs <strong>da</strong> wina kodeqsTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ukan ga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijs warmoadgens.<br />
imave periodSi mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>amtkica a<strong>da</strong>mianTa trefikingTan brZolis samoqmedo<br />
gegma.<br />
seqtemberSi ministrTa kabinets waredgina genderuli Tanasworobis ganxorcielebis<br />
samwliani erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis proeqti.<br />
14 noemberi. ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> evropasTan samezoblo politikis samoqmedo<br />
gegma. masSi ar aris yuradReba gamaxvilebuli uSualod genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
sakiTxebze.<br />
gauqm<strong>da</strong> droebiTi samTavrobo komisia.<br />
2007<br />
maisSi genderuli Tanasworobis koordinaciis sakiTxebze pasuxismgebloba<br />
mTavrobis aRmasrulebeli Sto<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>eca saxelmwifo ministrs reformebis<br />
koordinaciis sakiTxebSi.<br />
22
30 ivlisi. <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolisa <strong>da</strong> misi prevenciis<br />
2007-2008 wlebis samoqmedo gegma.<br />
20 ivlisi. N 0 97/3 brZanebulebiT ganaxl<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos parlamentis TajdomareTa<br />
arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakitxebis sakonsultacio<br />
sabWos Semadgenloba.masSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> eqvsi parlamentis wevri.<br />
26 seqtemberi. momzad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> N 0 539 samTavrobo brZanbulebiT <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong><br />
erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis (2007-2009) saboloo proeqti, romelic Semdeg<br />
sakiTxebs moicavs:<br />
• genderul Tanasworobis disciplinaTSorisi komisiis Seqmna;<br />
• genderul Tanasworobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis SemuSaveba;<br />
• genderul sakiTxebze mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRleba gen<br />
deruli sakiTxebis popularizaciis <strong>da</strong> maTze informaciis<br />
gavrcelebis meSveobiT;<br />
• genderul sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli stereotipebis genderul<br />
Tanasworobze orientirebuli axali xedviT Secvla ganaTleb<br />
is sistemis yvela doneze.<br />
26 seqtemberi. N 0 211 brZanebulebis safuZvelze Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis politikis SemmuSavebeli uZyebaT Sorisi komisia. komisiis aT<br />
wevrs, romlebic samTavrobo uwyebebi<strong>da</strong>n iyvnen warmodgenilni xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong><br />
kaxa benduqiZe, im dros saxelmwifo ministri reformebis koordinaciis<br />
sferoSi. komisiis miznebi Semdegnairad ganisazRvra:<br />
• saxelmwifo genderuli politikis SemuSaveba;<br />
• saxelmwifo genderuli Tanasworobis politikis monitoringi;<br />
• saxelmwifo genderuli Tanasworobis samoqmedo gegmis<br />
ganxorcielebis monitoringi;<br />
• genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis ganxilva;<br />
• saministroebSi genderul sakiTxebze pasuxismgebeli pirebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSvna;<br />
komisia Seiqmna, magram misi Sekreba ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra.<br />
23
genderuli uTanasworoba<br />
genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba vlindeba im <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi, romlebic<br />
arsebobs zoga<strong>da</strong>d Tanasworobis mimarT, mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis mimarT,<br />
qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis sajaro saqmianobaSi monawileobaSi, im ZalauflebaSi,<br />
romelsac isini floben, im resursebSi, romlebsac isini ganageben,<br />
im TavisuflebaSi, romliTac sargebloben, iseve, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianur kapitalSi<br />
- janmrTelobasa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebaSi.<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli genderuli Tanaswrobis mdgomareobis amaswinandeli Sefaseba,<br />
”realoba - qalebis Tanaswori uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Tanabari SesaZleblobebi<br />
saqarTveloSi” (sanikiZe <strong>da</strong> sxv., 2006), miuTiTebs, rom samarTlebriv<br />
doneze arsebuli Tanasworobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad<br />
qveyanaSi kidev Zalian bevria gasakeTebeli.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, saqarTeloSi genderuli uTanasworoba ar aris miCneuli<br />
seriozul problemad. kacebTan erTad bevri warmatebuli qali miiCnevs,<br />
rom qveyanaSi ar dgas Tanasworuflebianobis problema.<br />
gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba (45.4%) miiCnevs, rom (gamokiTxva) saqarTveloSi<br />
mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi Tanasworuflebianebi arian maSin, rodesac 42.1 %<br />
fiqrobs, rom qalebi, xolo 5.5 % rom mamakacebi arian <strong>da</strong>Cagruli, 6.9%-s<br />
ki pasuxis gacema uWirs. arsebobs mniSvnelovani genderuli sxvaoba Tanasworobis<br />
SefasebaSi. ufro met mamakacs (50.9 %) qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (41.1 %)<br />
swams, rom arsebobs Tanasworoba (Chi square 27.6; df 3, p
genderuli Tanasworobis mniSvneloba, profesiuli saswavleblis direqtorma,<br />
irakli faCuliam gaaanaliza:<br />
”imas, rasac Cven Tanasworobas vuwodebT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mniSvneloba aqvs: Tu<br />
imas vigulisxmebT, rom mamakacma <strong>da</strong> qalma erTnairi fizikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> imuSaon, maSin es arasworia. Tavad ojaxis konteqstSi mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali<br />
erTmaneTs avsebs <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis sakiTxi Zalian bundovani xdeba. mamakacsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qals TavTavianTi movaleobebi akisriaT, romelic TiToeulma un<strong>da</strong><br />
Searulos. Tu uTanasworobaSi imas vigulisxmebT, rom qalebi <strong>da</strong>Cagrulebi<br />
arian, Cemi azriT, es ase araa.”<br />
Tamar abramiSvili, eqsperti genderul sakiTxebSi ase afasebs genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis mdgomareobas:<br />
”genderuli Tanasworoba demokratiis mTavari maxasiaTebelia, magram Cven<br />
Zalian nela mivdivarT misken. uTanasworoba sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi<br />
igrZnoba.”<br />
qvemo qarTlSi mcxovreb azerbaijanul umciresobaSi (fj4) genderul TanasworobasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gansxvavebuli TvalTa xedva TvalsaCino gax<strong>da</strong><br />
fokus jgufebSi gamarTuli diskusiebisas, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela monawile aRiareb<strong>da</strong><br />
genderuli Tanasworobis ar arsebobas, magram mas gansxvavebul Sefasebebas<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong>. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mamakacebis umetesoba amas normalurad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. es<br />
Sexeduleba ase gamoxata erTma axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mamakacma:<br />
”kavkasiuri mentaliteti<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare qali mu<strong>da</strong>m ukana planzea. es<br />
mosazreba Rrma<strong>da</strong>a ojaxSi fesvgamdgari.”<br />
Tumca, imave jgufSi zogierTma qalma es mosazreba gaaprotesa <strong>da</strong> gamoTqva<br />
survili qono<strong>da</strong> meti <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, qono<strong>da</strong> samsaxuri, rom SesZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
sakuTari uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva. erTma monawile axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalma isic<br />
Tqva, rom mzad iyo sakuTar ojaxze uari eTqva samsaxureobrivi karieris<br />
sanacvlod:<br />
”me min<strong>da</strong> Tanasworoba ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> vTvli, rom marto kaci ar un<strong>da</strong> sargeblobdes<br />
yvela uflebiT. me bednieri verasodes viqnebi amgvar pirobebSi.<br />
mirCevnia, arCevani TviTon gavakeTo <strong>da</strong> sakuTari uflebebi <strong>da</strong>vicva.”<br />
25
axalcixis universitetis studentebi (fj5) aseve ar iyvnen erTsulovani<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis mdgomareobis SefasebaSi. zogi miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis<br />
arsebobaze, bevri ki aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom Tanasworoba iyo kanoniT<br />
garantirebuli, magram ar iyo realizirebuli. Tumca, yvela erTsulovani<br />
iyo imis SefasebaSi, rom uTanasworoba qalaqTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT soflad ufro<br />
metad iyo gavrcelebuli. qalebis mimarT mikerZoebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
cxa<strong>da</strong>d gamoCn<strong>da</strong> erTi axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kacis SeniSvnaSi:<br />
”mamakaci qalTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT yvela sferoSi erTi TaviT win dgas.”<br />
qal studentebma xazi gausves genderuli gansxvavebis mniSvnelobas:<br />
”qalebi mamakacebis Tanabrad un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen Cabmulni sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,<br />
radgan kacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi gansxvavebulad azrovneben.”<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi (fj7) maTi axalcixeli<br />
Tanatolebis msgavsad, <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni iyvnen, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs<br />
Tanasworoba <strong>da</strong> rom qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mamakacebi gacilebiT meti TavisuflebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> uflebebiT sargebloben. isini aseve xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom<br />
mamakacebi, maTi liderobisken miswrafebis gamo mu<strong>da</strong>m cdiloben qalebze<br />
upiratesobis mopovebas. rogorc erTma mamakacma monawilem aRniSna:<br />
”saqarTveloSi mamakacebi yovelTvis dominireben, maT mu<strong>da</strong>m qalebze ufro<br />
maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT.”<br />
”uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli mamakaci iyo ufrosi. saomrad mamakaci midio<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> ara qali, miwas mamakaci xnav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amuSaveb<strong>da</strong>, im dros, roca qali<br />
Sin rCebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs uvli<strong>da</strong>.”<br />
”qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi ar sargebloben erTnairi SesaZleblobebiT, samsaxureobriv<br />
Tu sxva romelime sferoSi. Tanasworoba iluziaa <strong>da</strong> Sors aris realobisgan.<br />
Cven zustad un<strong>da</strong> ganvsazRvroT ras niSnavs Tanasworoba, radgan<br />
arsebobs SesaZlebloba orive sqesi Tanaswori iyos, magram saamiso samoqmedo<br />
asparezi <strong>da</strong> pirobebi ar arsebobs.” parlamentis wevri, nika rurua.<br />
qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi kanonis mixedviT Tanaswori arian, magram bevrma imaTgan<br />
vinc Cven gamovkiTxeT aRniSna gansxvaveba kanoniT gansazRvrul <strong>da</strong> faqtobriv<br />
Tanasworobas Soris.<br />
26
”kanoniT mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali Tanaswori uflebebiT sargebloben, <strong>da</strong> kanonebi<br />
icaven qals diskriminaciisagan. metic, tradiciulad qals mu<strong>da</strong>m pativiscemiT<br />
epyrobodnen, magram realurad, iseve rogorc yvelgan msoflioSi,<br />
cxovreba mamrobiTi sqesisaa <strong>da</strong> mamakaczea orientirebuli, ase rom qali<br />
aranairad ar aris mamakacis Tanaswori.” - sakonsultacio sabWos wevri, baia<br />
romelaSvili.<br />
<strong>da</strong> mainc, gamokiTxulTagan (interviu) xuTma gamoTqva rwmena, rom Tanasworoba<br />
realurad arsebobs:<br />
”roca me Cems pirad cxovrebas <strong>da</strong> Cems irgvliv a<strong>da</strong>mianebs vakvirdebi, Tanasworobas<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>v yvela sferoSi. Cemi azriT, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs<br />
<strong>genderi</strong>s problema <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi Tanasworni arian” - sajaro<br />
moxele eka zRulaZe.<br />
genderuli stereotipebi<br />
genderuli identuroba qalisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre kacisTvis.<br />
fiqroben, rom qalebs meti siTbo, eqspresiuloba <strong>da</strong> sxvebze zrunva axasiaTebT,<br />
maSin, roca mamakacebi ufro meti SemoqmedebiTobiT, ZalauflebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebulobiT (Deaux & Major, 2000) gamoirCevian. qalebs zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
miiCneven rogorc ufro sxvebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebs, mamakacebs ki ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblebs. amgvari <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba respondentebma (gamokiTxva) samsaxureobriv<br />
winsvlaSi warumateblobis mizezebis Sefasebisas gamoamJRavnes.<br />
maSin, roca gamokiTxulTa umetesoba mamakacebis warumateblobis mizezs<br />
Zalisxmevis ukmarisobas miawer<strong>da</strong> (34.9% Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT 27%-Tan qalebis SemTxvevaSi),<br />
qalebis warumateblobis mizezs ki respondentebi ufrosebis maT<strong>da</strong>mi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT xsnidnen <strong>da</strong> metic, isini varaudobdnen, rom xelmZRvaneli<br />
pirebi maT saTanadod ar afasebdnen (warumateblobis mizezad amas qalebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi 31.3 % <strong>da</strong> kacebis SemTxvevaSi 17 % miiCnev<strong>da</strong>). am Sexedulebas<br />
Tanabrad iziareben mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi. kidev erT stereotips - mamakacebis<br />
siZlierisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis sisustis Taobaze xazi gausva axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalma<br />
axalcixis fokus jgufSi:<br />
”arsebobs stereotipi, rom mamakaci Zlieria <strong>da</strong> qali - susti <strong>da</strong> emociuri.<br />
rac sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom es marTlac asea.”<br />
27
genderuli upiratesobebi<br />
mamakacis qalze upiratesobis cneba sazogadod Warbobs mamakacebSi<br />
(gamokiTxva). mtkicebulebas, rom mamakaci, rogorc wesi, yvelafers qalze<br />
ukeT akeTebs ar eTanxmeba qalebis 69 procenti <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa mxolod<br />
44.7 procenti (genderuli gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovania, Chi square 65.4; df 2,<br />
p
genderuli uTanasworoba mJRavnedeba im normebSi, romlebic aregulireben<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> resursebis ganawilebis Zalauflebas.<br />
pasuxi kiTxvaze - vin wyvets Tu ramdeni Svili un<strong>da</strong> iyolios ojaxma<br />
(gamokiTxva), Tanasworobazea orientirebuli, <strong>da</strong> umravlesoba (88.5 %), miiCnevs,<br />
rom es ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba meuRleebma erToblivad un<strong>da</strong> miiRon.<br />
ojaxSi mamis Zalauflebis zegavlenis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba garkveulwilad<br />
iyofa. respondentTa did nawils (48. 2 %) miaCnia, rom mamebs ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> qondeT dedebze meti Zalaufleba Svilebze, <strong>da</strong> imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
rom mamakacebic <strong>da</strong> qalebic, iziareben am Tvalsazriss, mainc, gamokiTxulTa<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili (46.4%) met Zalauflebas mamakacs aniWebs.<br />
Zalafleba resursebis marTvaze, rogorc sajaro, ise pirad cxovrebaSi,<br />
metwilad kacis upiratesobad aris miCneuli (interviu).<br />
”uTanasworoba, pirvelyovlisa, sakuTrebaze uflebasa <strong>da</strong> resursebis kontrolSi<br />
aisaxeba, resursebs ki umTavresad mamakacebi akontroleben” - interviu<br />
eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan.<br />
”uTanasworoba ZalzeT gavrcelebulia <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. qalebis didi raodenoba<br />
Sromobs iseT sferoebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar aris bevri fuli” - interviu<br />
eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.<br />
qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi ar arian erTsulovanni, im sakiTxSi un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos Tu<br />
ara qals ojaxTan SeTanxmebis gareSe xarjos sakuTari Semosavali (gamokiTxva).<br />
gacilebiT meti qali (70.6 %) mamakacTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (52.2 %) miiCnevs,<br />
rom qali un<strong>da</strong> sargeblobdes am SesaZleblobiT (Chi square 37.6; df23,<br />
p
kidev erTma monawile qalma Tavisufleba TviTSefasebas <strong>da</strong>ukavSira:<br />
”qalebi sakuTar TavSi ar arian <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni <strong>da</strong> amitom uWirT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miReba <strong>da</strong> swored es aris imis mizezi, rom mamakacebs meti<br />
Tavisufleba aqvT.”<br />
ramdenime monawilem, umetesad gogonebma, aRniSnes, rom tradiciebi zRu<strong>da</strong>ven<br />
qalis Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> mxolod Sesabamis aRzr<strong>da</strong>s SeuZlia Secvalos<br />
viTareba <strong>da</strong> mentaliteti.<br />
uTanasworoba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia ojaxSi. fokus-jgufis qali<br />
monawileebi axalcixeSi (fj5) Ciodnen, rom gogonebs saRamos gareT gasvla<br />
ekrZalebaT, rom ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba ufro metad biWebs<br />
eZlevaT <strong>da</strong> rom ojaxSi yvelaferi biWebs ekuTvniT, radgan miiCneven, rom<br />
gogonebi gaTxovdebian <strong>da</strong> maT amitom araferi WirdebaT.<br />
uTanasworobis fesvebi <strong>da</strong> misi mizezebi<br />
genderuli uTanasworobis gamarTleba aris msoflio religiaTa swavlebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi praqtikis nawili (Deckard, 1975). TiTqmis yvela wamyvan religiaSi,<br />
qorwilis dros qali sityvierad, an simbolurad gamoxatavs qmrisadmi<br />
morCilebis mzaobas.<br />
samRvdeloebas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mamakacebi Seadgenen, imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom qalebi<br />
mudmivad arian CarTulni religiur aqtivobebSi.<br />
mamakacurobis mniSvneloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic mJRavndeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
gamoCenil qalebs mamakacis Tvisebebs miaweren sajarod <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisas, an<strong>da</strong><br />
Seqebisas amboben, mamakaciviT irjebao.<br />
”Tavad Tamar mefis SemTxvevaSic, misi saxelis patriarqaluroba TvalSisacemia.<br />
es dResac asea <strong>da</strong> Taobebi <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba am Sexedulebis Secvlas.” -<br />
interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.<br />
stereotipebad kristalizebuli tradiciebi di<strong>da</strong>d ganapirobebs qalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul mdgomareobas.<br />
”stereotipis Sesabamisad, qali pasiuria, <strong>da</strong>usaqmebelia <strong>da</strong> misi upiratesi<br />
samflobelo ojaxia, maSin, rodesac mamakaci profesiuli saqmianobiTaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavabuli.” - interviu parlamentis wevrTan, nika ruruasTan.<br />
qalis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis gamyareba gamudmebiT xdeba kulturisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRzrdis meSveobiT.<br />
30
”Cven patara biWsac ki veubnebiT, ar itiro, biWs tirili ar SeSvenis, Sen<br />
Zlieri un<strong>da</strong> iyo, <strong>da</strong> ase Semdeg...” _ interviu parlamentis wevrTan, guguli<br />
maRraZesTan.<br />
”ganviTarebis zogadi done <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri SeWirveba qveyanaSi aRiqmeba,<br />
rogorc uTanasworobis gamamarTlebeli mizezi. qalebs ara aqvT pirobebi,<br />
rom TavianTi SesaZleblobebi srulad ganaxorcielon” - interviu eqspert-<br />
Tan, Carita jaSTan.<br />
”a<strong>da</strong>mianebi dRes genderul uTanasworobaze ar fiqroben, radgan maT amis<br />
dro ara aqvT, isini xvalindeli sarCos SovniT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni” - interviu<br />
eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan.<br />
mamakacTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT garemo qals gacilebiT naklebad uwyobs xels SesaZleblobebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi. Sesabamisad, qals gacilebiT meti Zalisxmeva<br />
Wirdeba warmetebis miRwevisaTvis.<br />
”sazogadod qalebs gacilebiT meti Zalisxmevis gaReba uwevT sakuTari uflebebis<br />
realizebisaTvis ” - interviu parlamentis wevrTan, guguli maRraZesTan.<br />
uTanasworobis mizezebs ufro xSirad qalebs ukavSireben <strong>da</strong> ara sazogadeobas.<br />
bevri qalebs pasiurobas miawers <strong>da</strong> swored amas miiCnevs uTanasworobis mizezad.<br />
amavdroulad aqtiur qalebs sakmaod uaryofiTad afaseben.<br />
”saqarTveloSi mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis samuSao <strong>da</strong>yofilia sqesis mixedviT. aqtiuri<br />
qalebis mimarT arsebobs skeptikuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba”. - interviu<br />
eqspertTan, xaTuna sanikiZesTan.<br />
qalebs xSirad abraleben, rom isini ufrTxian <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas:<br />
”qals ar miaCnia marTebulad qmars gverdi auaros, an Tun<strong>da</strong>c, Zmas Seepasuxos,<br />
radgan is ufrTxis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas.” - interviu arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.<br />
uTanasworobis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong> uTanasworobis xarisxi asakTan<br />
erTad icvleba. rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebi ufro egalitarul, Tanasworbis<br />
momxre midgomas amJRavneben.<br />
31
”axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taobas Tanasworobis misaRwevad meti saSualebebi aqvs. axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
qalebi dRes ufro aqtiurebi arian, vidre maT asakSi iyvnen Cveni<br />
dedebi”. - intervou parlamentis wevrTan, nika ruruasTan.<br />
”uTanasworobis xarisxi gansxvavebulia regionebis mixedviT, iseve, rogorc<br />
soflisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqis mosaxleobaSi. uTanasworoba bevrad ufro metad igrZnoba<br />
soflebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c eTnikuri umciresobebi cxovroben.” - interviu arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.<br />
ganaTlebis statusi <strong>da</strong> religia xSirad gansazRvravs Tanasworobis mimarT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. mTavar faqtorad aqac sqesi gvevlineba, radgan qalebi<br />
uTanasworobas mamkacebze ufro metad aRiqvamen.<br />
”qalebi xe<strong>da</strong>ven uTanasworobas, mamakacebi ki vera”. - interviu sajaro moxelesTan,<br />
<strong>da</strong>lila xoravasTan.<br />
cvlilebebi TanasworobaSi <strong>da</strong> maTi mizezebi<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius respondetebi aRniSnaven <strong>da</strong>debiT cvlilebebs genderul<br />
TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSi:<br />
”qalebis mosazrebebs sul ufro metad iReben mxedvelobaSi. es xdeba upiratesad<br />
im faqtis gamo, rom ekonomikuri krizisis ganmavlobaSi qalebma<br />
SeZles ojaxebis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena, mamakacebi am dros verafers gaxdnen. dResac ki,<br />
bevr ojaxSi qalebi muSaoben <strong>da</strong> ara mamakacebi”. - interviu mcire biznesis<br />
mflobelTan, marina aRuSaSvilTan.<br />
”Tanasworobis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis cvlileba SeiniSneba mxolod bolo<br />
xanebSi, mas Semdeg roca cota ar iyos samarcxvino gax<strong>da</strong> stereotipuli<br />
azrovnebis gamomJRavneba. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, meti qali gamoCn<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv asparezze.<br />
Tumca, kvlav problemad rCeba is, rom qali amasobaSi bevr tradiciulad<br />
mamakacur rols kisrulobs, rogoricaa, ojaxis rCena, karieraze<br />
zrunva, magram tradiciulad qalis rolebi, rogoricaa ojaxze <strong>da</strong> avadmyofebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> agreTve xan<strong>da</strong>zmulebze zrunva mamakacisaTvis araa sakmarisad<br />
prestiJuli <strong>da</strong> isev qalebs uwevT maTi Sesruleba”. - interviu eqspertTan,<br />
lela xomerikTan.<br />
”qalebis brZola ufro aqtiuri cxovrebisaTvis, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
CarTvisa <strong>da</strong> liderobisaken qveynis evropuli Rirebulebebisaken swrafviTaa<br />
ganpirobebuli”. - interviu sajaro moxelesTan, mamuka axvledianTan.<br />
32
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi<br />
genderuli uTanasworoba, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri cxovrebis<br />
sferoSi, aRiarebulia, rogorc arsebuli realoba, magram ara<br />
rogorc problema. uTanasworoba aRqmulia ufro rogorc kulturuli<br />
memkvidreobis nawili. am mosazrebas iziarebs, rogorc mosaxleoba, aseve xelisufleba.<br />
imis <strong>da</strong>sturad, rom qveyana universaluri faseulobebisaken <strong>da</strong> evropaSi<br />
integraciisaken iswrafvis, saqarTvelos xeli aqvs mowerili im yvela mniSvnelovan<br />
saerTaSoriso dokumentze, romelic miznad isaxavs genderuli<br />
Tanaworobis miRwevas. samarTlebrivi CarCoebi genderulad neitraluria,<br />
isini ar uSveben <strong>genderi</strong>s safuZvelze raime saxis diskriminacias, magram<br />
saerTaSoriso dokumentebisa Tu qveynis kanonebisadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba<br />
formaluri xasiaTisaa, radgan diskriminaciasTan brZolis ZiriTadi saqmianobebi<br />
sabiujeto xarjebiT araa gamyarebuli. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom saer-<br />
TaSoriso organizaciebis (SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaeros ganviTarebis programa) <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT parlamentis sakonsultacio<br />
sabWo moqmedebs Tavis man<strong>da</strong>tis farglebSi, erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>wyebula. Camoyalibebulia, magram moqmedeba ar <strong>da</strong>uwyia<br />
aRmasrulebel organos. politikis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi dokumentebi,<br />
rogoricaa (siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis startegiuli moxseneba <strong>da</strong> evropis samezoblo<br />
politika) genderul problematikaze ar arian fokusirebuli.<br />
ar arsebobs mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo uwyeba, romelsac eqnebo<strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
Tanaswrobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> masze meTvalyureobis gawevis man<strong>da</strong>ti.<br />
winsvla TanasworobasTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis mimarT aRniSna mravalma, konsultaciaSi<br />
monawile pirma. igi cxa<strong>da</strong>d aris gamokveTili axalgazrdebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalaqis mosaxleobaSi.<br />
genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli viTareba calke sakiTxad ar un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ganxiluli,<br />
radgan igi ufro farTo problemis, RirebulebaTa sakiTxis nawilia.<br />
arsebuli mdgomareobis saTave un<strong>da</strong> veZioT qveyanaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
ugulvebelyofaSi, rac gansxvavebul sferoebSi vlindeba <strong>da</strong> asaxulia saer-<br />
TaSoriso <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv orgranizaciaTa mTel rig moxsenebebSi (mag. saxalxo<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcveli moxseneba 2007). manam, sanam ara ekonomikuri efeqtianoba,<br />
aramed a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> misi keTildReoba ar iqceva arc qveynis ganviTerbis<br />
politikis umTavres principad, ar un<strong>da</strong> velodeT mkveTr cvlilebebs<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxSi <strong>da</strong> arc aTaswleulis ganviTarebis<br />
miznebis miRwevas.<br />
33
<strong>genderi</strong> sazogadoebriv sarbielze<br />
Tavi 3<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileoba<br />
niu-iorkSi 2000 wlis 8 seqtembers gancxadebuli aTaswleulis ganviTarebis<br />
rva mizni<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTi, romelic 2015 wlisTvis un<strong>da</strong> iqnas ganxorcielebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelsac saqarTvelom xeli moawera, pir<strong>da</strong>pir genderul Tanasworobas<br />
exeba. miznis amocana 9 moiTxovs qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebisTvis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis<br />
gapirobebas politikis sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul <strong>da</strong> marTvis<br />
yvela doneze ganxorcielebul aqtiobebSi.<br />
monawileoba sajaro cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, politikaSi qveyanaSi Tanasoworobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiis erT-erTi indikatoria.<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Zlier <strong>da</strong>interesebulia politikiT <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT. Tumca problema, romelsac mosaxleobis didi<br />
nawili xSirad quCis saprotesto aqciebSi gamoyavs, sakuTari uZlurebis<br />
grZnobiT aris gapirobebuli, imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom ar aqvs SesaZlebloba<br />
zegavlena moaxdinos qveynisaTvis mniSvenlovani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebaze.<br />
gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis umravlesoba (82.4%)<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebulia politikiT <strong>da</strong> 95.3 procenti regularulad uyurebs axal<br />
ambebs televiziiT. yvelaze popularuli arxi iyo ”imedi”, mas mosdev<strong>da</strong><br />
arxi ”rusTavi 2”.<br />
34
cxrili 3<br />
satelevizio axali ambebis ranJireba popularobis mixedviT<br />
NNo satelevizio axali ambebi<br />
procenti<br />
No 1034<br />
1 qronika (imedi) 89.1<br />
2 kurieri (rusTavi 2) 66.2<br />
3<br />
moambe (sazogadoebrivi<br />
televizia)<br />
axali ambebis gar<strong>da</strong>, telearxi ”imedis” politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>cemebic aseve yvelaze<br />
didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen.<br />
cxrili 4<br />
teleprogramebis ranJireba popularobis mixedviT<br />
35<br />
24.5<br />
4 rusuli tele arxebi 19.4<br />
5 mzera (mze) 18.9<br />
6 adgilobrivi telearxebi 12.7<br />
7 axali ambebi (aWaris televizia) 10.7<br />
8 azerbaijanis tele arxebi 2.4<br />
9 somxuri telearxebi 2.2<br />
10 Turquli telearxebi 0.2<br />
No satelevizio programa<br />
procenti<br />
NNo 1087<br />
1 droeba (imedi) 84.4<br />
2 reaqcia (imedi) 72.1<br />
3 Ria eTeri (imedi) 65.5<br />
4 post skriptumi (rusTavi 2) 51.1<br />
5 Toq-Sou (rusTavi 2) 25.4<br />
6 tabu (mze) 15.4<br />
7<br />
dRis komentari (sazogadoebrivi<br />
televizia)<br />
8.2<br />
8 Ramis saubrebi (sazogadoebrivi televizia) 6.4
gazeTebis mkiTxvelTa raodenoba gacilebiT mcire iyo maTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />
vinc axal ambebs televiziiT adevneb<strong>da</strong> Tvals; gazeTs qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
odnav meti mamakaci kiTxulob<strong>da</strong>, mamakacebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen<br />
gazeTebs rezonansi, 24 saaTi, <strong>da</strong> sxva adgilobriv gazeTebs, qalebi ki ufro<br />
alias <strong>da</strong> kviris palitras kiTxulobdnen.<br />
cxrili 5<br />
gazeTebis popularoba<br />
No gazeTi<br />
procenti<br />
No1087<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesis Semdeg qveynis mosaxleobis yvelaze didi survili<br />
monawileobasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, magram rogorc adrec aRvniSneT,<br />
es moTxovnileba ver kmayofildeba, moqalaqeebi Tavs uZlurad grZnoben<br />
zegavlena moaxdinon mniSvnelovan ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze, rac ganapirobebs<br />
mosaxleobis monawileobas quCis aqciebSi. gamokiTxvisas gacemuli pasuxebis<br />
mixedviT mosaxleobis 57. 8 procenti, rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi, iziareben<br />
mosazrebas, rom saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari sakiTxebis mogvareba<br />
36<br />
mamakacebis<br />
procentuli<br />
maCvenebeli<br />
No479<br />
qalebis<br />
procentuli<br />
maCvenebeli<br />
No608<br />
1<br />
kviris<br />
palitra<br />
22.1 21.0 23.0<br />
2<br />
asaval<strong>da</strong>savali<br />
8.6 8.8 8.4<br />
3<br />
adgilobrivi<br />
gazeTi<br />
6.9 7.5 6.5<br />
4 alia 6.5 5.4 7.3<br />
5 rezonansi 6.2 8.2 4.6<br />
6 24 saaTi 5.5 6.1 5.1<br />
7 qronika 4.2 4.4 4.1<br />
8 sityva <strong>da</strong> saqme 2.3 2.3 2.3<br />
9 axali Taoba 1.7 1.7 1.6<br />
10 axali versia 1.7 1.7 1.8<br />
11 jorjian Taimsi 1.1 0.8 1.3
mxolod xalxis monawileobiT aris SesaZlebeli, Tumca maTgan mxolod mesameds<br />
(29.2%) jera, rom rigiT moqalaqes SeuZlia zegavlena iqonios mTavrobis<br />
mier miRebul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qalebs <strong>da</strong> kacebs monawileobis erTnairi moTxovnileba<br />
gaaCniaT, maT gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT mis ganxorcielebaze. im aqtivobebis<br />
SerCevisas, romelTa ganxorcielebac SesaZleblad miaCniaT sakuTari<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis SemTxvevaSi, qalebi naklebad aqtiur gzebs arCeven,<br />
iseTebs rogoricaa mitingebze <strong>da</strong>swreba (qalebis 20.6% <strong>da</strong> kacebis 17.7%),<br />
peticiaze xelis mowera (qalebis 36.3% <strong>da</strong> kacebis 32.8%), maSin rodesac<br />
mamakacebi upiratesobas quCis aqciebSi (kacebis 18.2 % <strong>da</strong> qalebis 14.8 %)<br />
<strong>da</strong> mitingebSi (kacebis 21.5% <strong>da</strong> qalebis 19.9%) monawileobas aniWeben.<br />
peticiaze xelmowera<br />
Sexedulebebis gamoTqma<br />
mitingebze <strong>da</strong>swreba<br />
Sexvedrebze <strong>da</strong>swreba<br />
monawileoba quCis aqciebSi<br />
media saSualebebSi gamoCena<br />
monawileoba sajaro diskusiaSi<br />
monawileoba arasamTavroba org.<br />
resursebis gacema<br />
monawileoba profkavSiris<br />
saqmianobaSi<br />
nax. 2<br />
uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>rRvevis SemTxvevaSi ganxorcielebuli aqtiobebi<br />
mosaxleobis realuri monawileoba gacilebiT ufro <strong>da</strong>balia, vidre moqmedebis<br />
mzadyofna. rogorc gamoirkva, 2007 wlis ianvri<strong>da</strong>n oqtombramde<br />
gamokiTxulTagan mxolod 7.8 procenti iReb<strong>da</strong> monawileobas koleqtiur<br />
aqciebSi. mamakacebis monawileoba aRematebo<strong>da</strong> qalebisas. aRniSnul periodSi<br />
erTxel mainc mamakacebis 10.7-ma <strong>da</strong> qalebis 5.5 procentma miiRo monawileoba<br />
koleqtiur aqciaSi. (Chi square 9.5;df 2; p
qalebi politikaSi<br />
msoflios masStabiT qalebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni demokratiis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad,<br />
avtoritaruli reJimebis winaaRmdeg gamarTul yvelaze saxifaTo<br />
aqciebSi. (Jaquette & Wolchik, 1998). didi iyo qalebis monawileoba sabWoTa<br />
kavSirisagan saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis moTxovniT organizebuli quCis<br />
aqciebis drosac (sabe<strong>da</strong>Svili, 2007), ”vardebis revoluciis” wina periodis<br />
quCis aqciebSi <strong>da</strong> 2007 wlis oqtomber-noembris aqciebSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi qalebis aqtivoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi istoriuli realobaa.<br />
amasTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze xSirad axseneben Tamar mefes, qal<br />
monarqs, romlis saxelTanacaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli qveynis dideba. qalebi iyvnen<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis moTaveni samxreT saqarTveloSi. muslimani<br />
qalebi icavdnen qalaq axalcixes ruseTis imperiis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos gaer-<br />
Tianebul jarisgan.<br />
dRes mraval qals naxavT manifestaciaSi monawileTa Soris, an winasaar-<br />
Cevno saqmianobiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuls. problema qalebis mcire monawileobaSi ki<br />
araa, aramed igi qalebis interesebsa <strong>da</strong> saqmianobas maT xelT arsebuli<br />
Zalauflebis SeusabamobaSi, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimReb organoSi, maT <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
warmomadgenlobaSia.<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba qal <strong>da</strong> mamakac amomrCevels Tanabar uflebebs<br />
aniWebs. xmis micemisas isini Tanabrad aqtiurni arian, rogorc soflad, ise<br />
qalaqSi (aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi, 2004), Tumca, Tanasworoba<br />
Zalze Sorsaa sasurvelisgan maSin, rodesac saqme exeba imas, Tu<br />
vin aris arCeuli mmarTvelobis nebismier doneze. ga<strong>da</strong>WriT SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom qalebis monawileoba politikaSi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi<br />
Zalze SezRudulia <strong>da</strong> Zlier CamorCeba gaeros mier <strong>da</strong>saxul mizans, gansaz-<br />
Rvruls 30 procentiT.<br />
genders politikaSi ori erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mxare aqvs. erTi - qalis<br />
warmomadgenlobas Seexeba, xolo meore - qalTa problemebze zrunvas.<br />
warmomadgenloba zrdis qalis problemebis ganxilvis <strong>da</strong> aseve genderuli<br />
perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebis albaTobas, Tumca, warmomadgenloba TavisTavad<br />
ver uzrunvelyofs sasurvel Sedegs.<br />
38
”qalTa ubralod saTanado raodenobiT warmomadgenloba politikasa Tu<br />
parlamentSi sakmarisi araa, maSinac ki rodesac es warmomadgenlebi qalTa<br />
moZraobis wevrebi arian. moZraobas un<strong>da</strong> yavdes liderebi, romlebic mondomebulni<br />
iqnebian qalis xma miawvdinon <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s. maT ar un<strong>da</strong> miaCndeT<br />
sircxvilad <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, an parlamentSi qalebis saWiroebebze Riad<br />
saubari. dRes es sakiTxebi marginalizirebulia <strong>da</strong> samarcxvinod iTvleba.” _<br />
interviu eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan.<br />
qalebis monawileobis mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>debiTi zegavlena erTxmad<br />
iqna aRiarebuli yvela eqspertisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri lideris interviuSi <strong>da</strong><br />
im jgufur ganxilvebSi, romelic proeqtis farglebSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. intervius<br />
respondentebma <strong>da</strong> ganxilvebis monawileebma gamoyves ramodenime mizezi,<br />
romelic ganapirobebs politikaSi qalTa monawileobis mniSvnelobas:<br />
demokratiis winapirobebi:<br />
Tanasworoba demokratiis safuZvelia.<br />
”<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> Sedgeba mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebisagan, ase rom oriveni un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyvnen warmodgenilni ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi”. interviu parlamentis<br />
wevrTan, manana naWyebiasTan; nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli<br />
qavTaraZesTan.<br />
”yvelfers ori sawyisi aqvs - mamakacuri <strong>da</strong> qaluri, yvela problema orive<br />
sqess exeba, amitom orives mosazreba un<strong>da</strong> iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.” fj2-is<br />
monawile.<br />
nacionaluri moZraobis wevris, irakli qavTaraZis azriT:<br />
”srulyofili demokratia SesaZleblobas aZlevs sazogadoebis yvela wevrs<br />
gamoxatos Tavisi azri <strong>da</strong> monawileoba miiRos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi. es<br />
niSnavs, rom Tu sazogadoebis naxevari qalebisgan Sedgeba <strong>da</strong> parlamentSi ki<br />
mxolod maTi aTi procentia warmodgenili, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom swor<br />
gzas ar vadgavarT”.<br />
39
qalebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis stili<br />
”bevrs miaCnia, rom qalebi ufro pragmatuli, konstruqtiuli <strong>da</strong> naklebad<br />
araprognozirebadebi arian”. interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, kaxa kukavas-<br />
Tan; qeTi maxaraSvilTan. eqspertTan, marina musxeliSvilTan.<br />
Tumca, zogs emociuroba upiratesobad miaCnia, rac qalis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebaSi ufro did rols TamaSobs.” interviu sajaro moxelesTan, <strong>da</strong>lila<br />
xoravasTan.<br />
sakiTxebi, romelsac qalebi yuradRebas aqceven<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba im sakiTxebze, romlebic tradiciulad qalis problema<strong>da</strong>a<br />
aRqmuli.<br />
”qalebis monawileoba garantia iqneba imisa, rom qalisaTvis mniSvnelovan<br />
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa skolamdeli <strong>da</strong> saskolo ganaTleba, yuradReba mieqceva”.<br />
interviu eqspertTan Carita jaSTan.<br />
TanamSromlobiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
qalebSi ufro maRalia TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobis xarisxi.<br />
”qalebi qmnian ufro TanamSromlobiT atmosferos, rasac Sedegad ufro<br />
gawonasworebuli <strong>da</strong> mSvidobiani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi moaqvs”. mamakaci fj.7-is<br />
monawile.<br />
”qalebi erTmaneTs usmenen <strong>da</strong> es maT ubiZgebs erTad ifiqron problemebze”.<br />
qali fj 4 -is monawile.<br />
aseve gaisma Tumca ki SefarviT sapirispiro, uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
qalebis aqtiuri monawileobis mimarT, rogorc erTma axlagazr<strong>da</strong> kacma<br />
aRniSna jgufuri ganxilvisas axalqalaqSi:<br />
”qals SeuZlia miiRos monawileoba politikaSi, Tu mas ambiciebi ara aqvs”.<br />
(fj 6).<br />
rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv azrs, gamokiTxvis Sedegebi miuTiTeben, rom saxezea<br />
genderuli gansxvaveba qalis politikaSi CarTulobis Taobaze (Chi Square<br />
25.7; df 2; p
Webs mamakacs, Tumca amas mamakacebis ufro didi nawili akeTebs (Chi Square<br />
25.7; df 2; p
saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi kombinirebuli, proporciuli <strong>da</strong> ma-<br />
Joritaruli sistemiT tardeba. qali politikosebisTvis maJoritar deputatad<br />
gasvla ukiduresad rTulia. 2004 wels maJoritaruli wesiT ar-<br />
Ceuli 71 parlamtentis wevri<strong>da</strong>n mxolod sami, anu 4.2 procenti (nino<br />
burjanaZe, sofio larculiani <strong>da</strong> nana patarkaciSvili), xolo 2008 wels<br />
erTi (rusu<strong>da</strong>n kervaliSvili) iyo qali. proporciuli sistemiT qalebis<br />
arCevis Sansebi odnav ukeTesia, Tumca, partiuli siebi qal kandi<strong>da</strong>tebs,<br />
rogorc wesi siis bolo poziciebs uTmoben, ase rom, parlamentSi adgilis<br />
albaToba ufro maRalia, mcire partiuli <strong>da</strong>nawevrebis pirobebSi, rodesac<br />
erT partias aqvs bevri adgili mopovebuli. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom swored<br />
ase mox<strong>da</strong> 2004 wlisa <strong>da</strong> 2008 wlis parlamentSi, proporciuli sistemiT<br />
arCeuli qali deputatebi mxolod 13.3 procents Seadgendnen 2004 <strong>da</strong> 5.3<br />
procents 2008 wels.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali warmomadgenlobis fonze, is Tanamdebobebi, rac qalebs ekavaT, mar-<br />
Tlac STambeW<strong>da</strong>via. 2001 wli<strong>da</strong>n nino burjanaZe parlamentis Tavmjdomare<br />
iyo. 13-<strong>da</strong>n 3 komitets qalebi Tavmjdomareobden; elene TevdoraZe a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo integraciis, xaTuna gogoriSvili saproceduro<br />
sakiTxTa <strong>da</strong> wesebis, xolo nino nakaSiZe evropasTan integraciis komitets<br />
xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>. 25 Tavmjdomaris moadgile<strong>da</strong>n 4 qali iyo (a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo integraciis, evropasTan integraciisa, iuridiul<br />
sakiTxTa <strong>da</strong> sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetebi). nacionaluri moZraobademokratebis<br />
saparlamento umravlesobis fraqcias maia nadiraZe, xolo<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCen Svid fraqcias mamakacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. tradicia gagrZel<strong>da</strong><br />
2008 wlis parlamentSi. rusu<strong>da</strong>n kervaliSvili aris parlamentis Tavmjdomaris<br />
moadgile, xaTuna gogoriSvili saproceduro sakiTxTa <strong>da</strong> wesebis<br />
komitetis Tavmjdomarea, sami deputati - mag<strong>da</strong> anikaSvili, eka xerxeuliZe<br />
<strong>da</strong> xaTuna oCiauri komitetebis (janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
sakiTxTa, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo integraciis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis,<br />
mecnierebis <strong>da</strong> kulturis) Tavmjdomaris moadgileebi arian.<br />
uaxloes wlebSi <strong>da</strong>debiTi cvlilebebi genderuli Tanasworobis sferoSi<br />
mosalodneli araa, radgan sxvaoba u<strong>da</strong>blessa <strong>da</strong> umaRles warmomadgeloba-<br />
Si bolo Txutmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 2.2 procents Seadgens,<br />
amdenad, gaeros mier <strong>da</strong>saxuli mizani 30 procenti sagangebo Zalisxmevis<br />
gareSe, miuRweveli Cans.<br />
42
qalTa sakiTxebis warmoCena politikaSi kidev ufro uaresa<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>yenebuli,<br />
vidre qalebis warmomadgenloba parlamentSi, <strong>da</strong> is Zalian iSviaTad xdeba<br />
parlamentarTa yuradRebis sagani. rogorc sworad SeniSna erT-erTma<br />
gamokiTxulma eqspertma, am sferoSi qali deputatebis aqtioba di<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />
gansxvavdeba maTi mamakaci kolegebisagan.<br />
qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi<br />
parlamentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT viTareba qalTa warmomadgenlobis mxriv adgilobriv<br />
TviTmmarTvelobaSi ukeTesia. 2006 wlis adgilobriv arCevnebSi<br />
arCeulTagan 11.5 (prpocenti) qali iyo. 1998 wli<strong>da</strong>n arCeuli qalebis raodenobam<br />
iklo, rac saarCevno kanonis cvlilebasTan un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
nax. 4<br />
qalebi adgilobriv TviT-mmarTvelobaSi<br />
soflis sakrebuloebis ricxvi, romelic TviT-mmarTvelobis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
safexurs warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebis didi raodenobaa warmodgenili,<br />
2002 wlisaTvis Semcir<strong>da</strong>. imave kanonis Tanaxmad, sakrebuloebi regionebSi<br />
yalibdeba ara pir<strong>da</strong>piri xmis micemis wesiT, aramed rogorc asocirebuli<br />
organo, romelic Sedgeba ufro <strong>da</strong>bali donis, soflis, Temis, <strong>da</strong>bisa, Tu<br />
qalaqis TviT-mmarTvelobis organoebis erTeulebis xelmZRvanelebisagan.<br />
2006 wels adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis organoebis ricxvi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 998-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
75-mde, arCevnebi Catar<strong>da</strong> Sereuli sistemiT - proporciuli <strong>da</strong> maJoritaruliT,<br />
rac imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom gamarjvebisTvis kandi<strong>da</strong>ts xmebis umravlesoba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mieRo. es ki Zalze rTulad misaRwevi amocanaa qalebisaTvis<br />
43
(bagratia, 2006). 2006 wels proporciuli sitemiT arCeuli deputatebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
qalebi 16.3 procents Seadgendnen, maJoritarebi<strong>da</strong>n amis naxevars - 8.3 procents.<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg qveyanaSi samjer Catar<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi. maTSi msgavsi tendencia gamoikveTa:<br />
rac ufro didi <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovania administraciuli erTeuli, miT naklebia<br />
qalebis warmomadgenloba (mag. 1998 wels qalebis warmomadgenloba iyo 15<br />
procenti soflis sakrebuloSi, 13 procenti <strong>da</strong>baTa sakrebuloebSi, 9 procenti<br />
regionul sakrebuloSi <strong>da</strong> 7.4 procenti qalaqis sakrebuloSi).<br />
2006 wlis arCevnebSi arc erTi qali merad ar aurCeviaT. Tbilisis sakrebulos<br />
37 wevrTagan 25 arCeul iqna proporciuli <strong>da</strong> 12 maJoritaruli<br />
sistemiT, maTgan mxolod xuTi iyo qali. metic, 66 gamgebels Soris qalebi<br />
5.5 procents Seadgenen.<br />
2006 wels qalebis yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli iyo konfliqtur<br />
regionebSi (64.3 procenti zemo afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong> 21.4 procenti liaxvis<br />
xeobis saarCevno ubnebSi); amis sapirispirod, qalebis procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali iyo eTnikuri umciresobebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul regionebSi:<br />
marneulSi qalebi mxolod 1.9 procents, xolo bolnisSi - 4.7 procents<br />
Seadgendnen.<br />
mravali gamokiTxuli eqspertisa <strong>da</strong> politikosis azriT qalebis warmomadgenloba<br />
TviT-mmarTvelobaSi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre qalebis<br />
monawileoba parlamentSi.<br />
”Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobSi Caeban,<br />
radgan mosaxleoba ufro <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sakrebulos wevrebTan”. - interviu<br />
sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan.<br />
2006 wlis 5 oqtombris arCevnebamde, arCevnebis mimarT sazogadoebis<br />
cnobierebis donisa <strong>da</strong> TviT-mmarTvelobaSi qalebis rolis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenis mizniT saqarTvelos ramodenime regionSi Caterebul<br />
iqna gamokiTxva. sul gamokiTxul iqna 603 a<strong>da</strong>miani. Sedegebma erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
gamoavlina mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>bali monawileoba adgilobrivi<br />
problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi. mosaxleobis mxolod 13.9 procentma (8.9 %<br />
mamakaci <strong>da</strong> 5.0 % qali) aRniSna sakuTari CarTuloba. kTxvebze, romlebic<br />
qalebis aRmasrulebel organoebSi monawileobas Seexebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
respondentTa naxevrze metma (58.7-ma % - 50.6 % mamakacma <strong>da</strong> 67.4<br />
% qalma) aucileblad, an sasurvelad miiCnia, qalebis warmomad-<br />
44
genlobis gazr<strong>da</strong>. ojaxur valdebulebebi, tradiciebi, survilisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis nakleboba yvelaze xSirad iyo <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli qalis<br />
politikaSi monawileobis <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebel mizezad. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom ufro meti qali (38.4 %), kacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (33. 5 %) aRniSnav<strong>da</strong><br />
valdebulebebs ojaxis winaSe, rogorc qalTa monawileobis<br />
xelSemSlel pirobas. amasTan gamokiTxulTa 53.7 procenti miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong><br />
politikos qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebis gansxvavebul muSaobis stilze. gansxvavebas<br />
kacebze (51.5 %) metad qalebi (60.3 %) aRniSnavdnen.<br />
qalebi (39.7 %) saparlamento, saprezidento Tu adgilobrivi ar-<br />
CevnebSi upiratesobas qal kandi<strong>da</strong>tebs, xolo kacebi _kac (43.9 %)<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebs aniWebdnen. qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebis TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba<br />
(qalebis 29.1% <strong>da</strong> kacebis 28.4%) miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom kandi<strong>da</strong>tis<br />
sqess ar qon<strong>da</strong> raime zegavlena maT arCevanze xmis micemisas.<br />
nax. 5<br />
arCevnebSi kandi<strong>da</strong>tebisadmi upirtaesobis miniWeba maTi sqesis mixedviT<br />
wyaro: adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi adgilobriv qalTa monawileobis<br />
Taobaze mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi (2006).<br />
45<br />
qali respondentebi<br />
kaci respondentebi
qalebi aRmasrulebel organoebSi<br />
2004 wlamde mTavrobaSi orad-ori qali ministri iyo (garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturis). axalma xelisuflebam, romelic 2004 wels movi<strong>da</strong> saTaveSi, xazi<br />
gausva qalis ufro farTo warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas politikur<br />
cxovrebaSi. am gancxadebis kval<strong>da</strong>kval 2004 wlis ministrTa kabinetSi, oTxi<br />
ministri qali Sevi<strong>da</strong> (Tamar lebaniZe, _ garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis ministri, Tamar<br />
suluxia, infrastruqturs ministri, eTer astemirova, _ iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
pirTa <strong>da</strong> gansaxlebis ministri, Tamar beruCaSvili - saxelmwifo<br />
ministri evropasTan inegraciis sakiTxebSi). Semdgom kidev erTi qali -<br />
salome zurabiSvili <strong>da</strong>iniSna sagareo saqmeTa ministrad. amdenad, im dros<br />
ministrTa kabinetis SemadgenlobaSi qalebi 20 procents Seadgendnen. magram,<br />
2007 wlis dekembrisaTvis mxolod ori ministri qali SemorCa mTavrobas<br />
- zinai<strong>da</strong> bestaeva, saxelmwifo ministri samoqalaqo integraciis<br />
sakiTxebSi <strong>da</strong> eka tyeSelaSvili, iusticiis ministri. ukeTesi mdgomareoba<br />
iyo ministris moadgileebTan mimarTebaSi. 46 moadgili<strong>da</strong>n 9 an 19.6 procenti<br />
qali iyo. 2008 wlis noemberSi <strong>da</strong>mtkicebul ministrTa kabinetSi<br />
isev 2 qali ministri iyo, sagareo saqmeTa ministri eka tyeSelaSvili <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikis ministri ekaterine SaraSiZe. 10 saministros TanamSromlebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazRvargareT saqarTvelos diplomatiur warmomadgenelTa Soris qalebi<br />
Seadgendnen 51.8 procents, rac mTliani raodenobis naxevarze metia, magram<br />
am saministroTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi qalebis wils mxolod<br />
27. 8 procenti Seadgen<strong>da</strong> (sociologiuri gamokvlevis angariSi, 2007).<br />
sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ministrTa kabinetSi qalebis ufro farTo<br />
warmomadgenlobis mimarT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT nakleb <strong>da</strong>debiTia, vidre maTi arCeviT<br />
organoebSi warmomadgenlobis mimarT. gamokiTxul eqspertTa <strong>da</strong> politikostTa<br />
umetesobas urCevnia qali ministris moadgiled ixilos <strong>da</strong> ara ministrad<br />
(mag. interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar<br />
JvaniasTan), vinai<strong>da</strong>n maTi azriT, qalebs SeuZliaT yoveldRiuri samuSaos<br />
ukeT warmarTva, maSin rodesac mamakacebs ukeTesi xedva aqvT. sxvebi miiCneven,<br />
rom qalebi ar arian sakmarisad aqtiuri (interviu parlamentis<br />
wevrTan zurab tyemalaZesTan). bevrs miaCnia, rom ministris sqess ara aqvs<br />
mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> rom mTavari profesionalizmia (interviu eqspertTan, marina<br />
musxeliSvilTan). ministris sqesi ki ara, armed mis mier ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebisas genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba miaCnia bevrs mniSvnelovani:<br />
46
”mTvaria gawonasworebuli politikis warmarTva, gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba, problemebis <strong>genderi</strong>s TvalTaxedviT ganxilva. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi sul erTia, mamakacia ministri, Tu qali. amdenad, mTavari amocanaa<br />
strategia agebul iqnes Tanasworobis principze”. _ interviu eqsperTtan,<br />
xaTuna sanikiZesTan.<br />
gamokiTxvis monacemebi miuTiTeben, rom saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi maRali<br />
Tanamdebobebis <strong>da</strong>sakaveblad qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebisaTvis aucilebel maxasiaTeblebs<br />
mosaxleoba erTnairad afasebs.<br />
xuTi<strong>da</strong>n oTxi Tviseba, romelsac umniSvnelovanesad miiCneven - profesionalizmi,<br />
gamWriaxoba, moraluri sispetake <strong>da</strong> poziciis simtkice saerToa<br />
qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebisaTvis. mexuTe mniSvnelovani Tviseba mamakacisaTvis aris<br />
pirovnuli kavSirebi, qalisTvis ki moqniloba. Tumca im TvisebebSi, romlebic<br />
naklen mniSvnelovnad aris Sefasebuli qalebsa <strong>da</strong> kacebs Soris gansxvaveba<br />
ufro gamokveTilia. ase magaliTad, qalis SemTxvevaSi, kargi garegnoba, xolo<br />
kacis SemTxvevaSi, ufrosis mimarT erTguleba <strong>da</strong> partiuli kuTvnilebaa<br />
ufro mniSvnelovani.<br />
profesionalizmi<br />
gamWriaxoba<br />
moraluri sispetake<br />
poziciis simtkice<br />
moqniloba<br />
ganaTleba ucxoeTSi<br />
piradi kavSirebi<br />
axalgazrdoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>msaxureba<br />
ufrosis erguleba<br />
partiis wevroba<br />
nax. 6<br />
saxelmwifo uwyebebSi maRali Tanamdebobis <strong>da</strong>sakaveblad sasurveli Tvisebebi<br />
47<br />
qalisTvis<br />
kacisTvis
<strong>genderi</strong> politikur partiebSi<br />
politikuri partiebis genderuli politika, iseve, rogorc <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
arsebuli interesi <strong>da</strong> yuradReba genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT<br />
garkveulwilad gansazRvravs qalis monawileobas politikur saqmianobaSi,<br />
rogorc erovnul aseve adgilobriv doneebze. qveyanaSi 180 partiaa (saqarTvelos<br />
politikuri landSafti, 2006). TvalsaCino partiaTagan sams qali<br />
xelmZRvanelobs, kerZod, ”win, saqarTvelo”(salome zurabiSvili), ”imedi”<br />
(irine sariSvili) <strong>da</strong> ”qalTa partia” (guguli maRraZe), romelic swored<br />
2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis win iqna Camoayalibebuli. es erTaderTi<br />
qalTa partia, romelmac arCevnebSi monawileoba blokSi, or partiasTan<br />
erTad miiRo.<br />
zusti informacia politikur partiebSi gaerTianebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis saerTo<br />
raodenobaze <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT ki maTSi qalebis raodenobaze ar aris xelmisawvdomi.<br />
gamokiTxul partiul liderTa umetesobam miuTiTa, rom<br />
zustad ar icis partiaSi gaerTianebuli qalebis raodenoba (interviu konservatoruli<br />
partiis liderTan, kaxa kukavasTan, respublikuri partiis<br />
erT-erT liderTan, Tina xi<strong>da</strong>SelTan, mrewvelebis partiis liderTan,<br />
zurab tyemalaZesTan). saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis mixedviT (sumbaZe,<br />
2007), mosaxleobis mxolod 4. 7 procenti (aqe<strong>da</strong>n 5.2 % mamakacebi <strong>da</strong><br />
3.6 % qalebi) aris raime politikuri partiis wevri.<br />
qalebi gaerTianebuli arian partiebSi, magram maT ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d vxvdebiT mmarTvelobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bal doneze <strong>da</strong> maTi warmomadgenloba partiis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
mimReb organoebSi saSualod 9 procentia (saqarTvelos politikuri land-<br />
Safti, 2006).<br />
”qalebi saerTod, iSviaTad iReben monawileobas koncefciis SemuSavebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi. maTi mxolod mcire nawilia dro<strong>da</strong>dro simbolurad<br />
warmodgenilni partiebis maRal eSelonebSi. aseT qalebs mamakaci<br />
kolegebi Cveulebriv axasiaTeben, rogorc mamakacuri TvisebebiT SemkulT <strong>da</strong><br />
maT mimarT aRtacebas gamoxataven amgvari sityvebiT ”mamakacuri”, an ”mamaci”.<br />
- interviu eqspertTan, xaTuna sanikiZesTan.<br />
arsebul viTarebaSic partiebi gansxvavdebian genderuli sakiTxebisadmi<br />
interesisa <strong>da</strong> umaRles struqturebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis mixedviT.<br />
qalebi axal memarjveneTa partiis 4000 aqtiuri wevris naxevars Seadgenen.<br />
isini aseve kargad arian warmodgenlni saparlamento fraqciaSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini<br />
fraqciis mesameds Seadgenen (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, manana naWyebi-<br />
48
asTan). respublikur partias xelmZRvanel organoSi ori qali yavs (interviu<br />
partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xi<strong>da</strong>SelTan). axlad Seqmnili partiis<br />
”Tavisufali saqarTvelo” cxra <strong>da</strong>maarsebels Soris xuTi qalia (interviu<br />
partiis erT-erT liderTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan). leiboristuli partiis<br />
xelmZRvanelobaSi ori qalia (interviu partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan).<br />
mewarmeTa partiis Tbilisis aT raionul organizaciis xelmZRvanelTa naxevars<br />
qalebi Seadgenen (interviu partiis liderTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan).<br />
sxva partiebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ”win saqarTvelos” xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze<br />
yvelaze meti qalia, rac albaT imiT aris gamowveuli, rom partiis lideri<br />
qalia interviu partiis wevrTan, eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan.<br />
2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis politikuri partiebis sia aranairad ar<br />
migvaniSnebs partiuli saqmianobis sa<strong>da</strong>veebSi qalebis monawileobis gazr<strong>da</strong>ze.<br />
arCevnebSi <strong>da</strong>registrirebuli 12 erTeuls Soris, (blokebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
partiebi), qalebis mxolod 9.2 procents ekava partiul siebSi adgilebi<br />
1-<strong>da</strong>n 10-mde, 20.8 procents 11-<strong>da</strong>n 20-mde, xolo 15.0 procents 21-<strong>da</strong>n 30mde.<br />
saerTo jamSi, qalebi partiuli siebis 25.5 procents Seadgendnen, magram<br />
rogorc adrec avRniSneT, Zalze mcire raodenobas qon<strong>da</strong> Sansi yofiliyo<br />
arCeuli. <strong>da</strong>saxelebul maJoritarTa kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi<strong>da</strong>n, qalebi 10.1 procents<br />
Seadgendnen. yvelaze didi raodenoba leiboristulma partiam (10 kandi<strong>da</strong>ti),<br />
blokma, romelSic qalTa partia iyo gaerTianebuli (10 kandi<strong>da</strong>ti)<br />
<strong>da</strong> respublikurma partiam (9 kandi<strong>da</strong>ti) <strong>da</strong>asaxela.<br />
Cans qalebisTvis mxolod ramdenime specifikuri <strong>da</strong> meorexarisxovani samuSaoa<br />
garantirebuli (interviu sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan).<br />
qalebi Cveulebriv CarTulni arian saarCevno procesSi, amowmeben<br />
ra eleqtoratis siebs, kar<strong>da</strong>kar awarmoeben partiis kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis<br />
sareklamo kampaniebs, asruleben mdivnis movaleobas saarCevno komisiebSi<br />
(interviu partiis liderebTan, kaxa kukavasTan <strong>da</strong> zurab tyemalaZesTan;<br />
eqspertebTan, marine TabukaSvilTan <strong>da</strong> xaTuna sanikiZesTan).<br />
amis sapirispirod, axali memerjveneebis partiis saarCevno administraciaSi<br />
mravali qalia. isini administraciis 70 procents Seadgenen<br />
(saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006).<br />
monawileobis gar<strong>da</strong>, partiebis interesi genderTan mimarTebaSi aisaxeba<br />
partiaSi qalTa seqciis arsebobaze, romelic muSaobs qal-amomrCevlebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalTa sakiTxebis lobirebaze.<br />
49
amdenime partias - axal memarjveneebs, mewarmeebs, leiboristebs, konservatorebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> respublikelebs aqvT qalebis ganyofileba (saqarTvelos<br />
politikuri landSafti, 2006), (interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, manana naWyebiasTan,<br />
zurab tyemalaZesTan; respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan,<br />
TinaTin xi<strong>da</strong>SelTan, leiboristuli partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan).<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom mewarmeTa partias 1993 wli<strong>da</strong>n aqvs qalTa seqcia, partiis<br />
wevrebis colebma <strong>da</strong>arses qalTa klubi, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d humanitaruli<br />
moRvaweobiTaa <strong>da</strong>kavebuli (interviu partiis liderTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan).<br />
axal memarjveneebsac 2002 wels, <strong>da</strong>arsebis dRi<strong>da</strong>n aqvT qalTa<br />
klubi. misi mizania partiis eleqtoratis gazr<strong>da</strong>. klubi aseve intensiurad<br />
muSaobs qali politikosebis momzadebaze, raTa isini aqtiurad CaerTon<br />
adgilobriv <strong>da</strong> erovnul politikaSi (interviu partiis wevrTan, manana<br />
naWyebiasTan). leiboristul partiasTan moqmedebs qalTa sabWo. (interviu<br />
partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan).<br />
respublikur partias aqvs ganyofileba, romelic qalTa politikuri saqmianobis<br />
gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong> maTi interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvis strategias ayalibebs (http://<br />
www.republicans.ge/). strategiis mixedviT qalTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes<br />
ganderul sakiTxebze mosaxleobis cnobierebis gazrdiT, partiis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi qalTa monawileobis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, qalTa<br />
problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>WriT <strong>da</strong> politikaSi genderuli komponentis gaZlierebiT.<br />
partiis verc erTma liderma ver migviTiTa maT manifestSi qalTa sakiTxebis<br />
arsebobaze. metic, axali memarjveneebisa <strong>da</strong> leiboristuli partiis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
arc erTi partia ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas qalebze, rogorc eleqtoratze.<br />
isini amis aucileblobas ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven. rogorc erTma mamkacma parlamentis<br />
wevrma aRniSna:<br />
”saqarTveloSi xalxi xmas aZlevs ojaxuri soli<strong>da</strong>robis safuZvelze”<br />
misi gancxadeba savaraudod efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom ojaxSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />
mamakaci iRebs.<br />
saqarTvelos wamyvani politikuri partiebis saqmianobis Seswavlam gamoamJRavna,<br />
rom partiis wevrebi ar arian sakmarisad gaTviTcnobierebuli<br />
genderul sakiTxebSi. maT dRis wesrigSi ara aqvT gaTvaliswinebuli qalebis<br />
politikaSi CarTvis aucilebloba (politikuri landSafti saqarTveloSi,<br />
2006).<br />
50
qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci politikosebis mimarT arsebuli molodinebi<br />
gamokiTxulma eqspertebma <strong>da</strong> politikosebma gamoxates sakuTari molodinebi<br />
qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci politikosebis mimarT (interviuebi). mravali maTgani<br />
aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom isini ar ganasxvavebdnen qal <strong>da</strong> mamakac liderebs sqesis<br />
mixedviT <strong>da</strong> moelodnen, rom rogorc qal, ise mamakac liders eqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa patiosneba, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, goniereba,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan urTierTobis unari, rom eqnebo<strong>da</strong> kargi ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> analitikuri<br />
azrovnebis unari, iqnebo<strong>da</strong> patrioti, gulTan axlos miitan<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
sazrunavs, eqnebo<strong>da</strong> imis swori xedva, Tu ra aris gasakeTebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
eqnebo<strong>da</strong> amisTvis saWiro resursebi (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, qeTevan<br />
maxaraSvilTan; eqspertebTan, lela xomerikTan <strong>da</strong> Carita jaSTan; saxelmwifo<br />
moxelesTan, <strong>da</strong>lila xoravasTan). magram am saerTo molodinebis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aseve <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli iqna calkeuli Tvisebebi, romlebsac respopndentebi<br />
ufro metad qal an mamakac politikosebSi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen.<br />
qali politikosebisgan gansakuTrebiT moelodnen principulobas, xalxis<br />
interesebis msaxurebas, miukerZoeblobas <strong>da</strong> sandoobas, diplomatiurobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> araagresiulobas, simSvides, imas, rom igi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Tbili <strong>da</strong> mzrunveli,<br />
moqnili <strong>da</strong> kompromisebze wamsvleli, rom mas eqnebo<strong>da</strong> mosmenis unari<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTari xedva (interviu sajaro moxelesTan, uruzmak karkusovTan;<br />
mosamarTlesTan, rusu<strong>da</strong>n WanturiZesTan; nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan,<br />
irakli qavTaraZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan; leiboristuli<br />
partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan, arasamTavrobo organizaciis<br />
xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan, profesiuli saswavleblis direqtorTan,<br />
irakli faCuliasTan, sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan;<br />
mcire mewarmesTan, marina aRuSaSvilTan). eqspertebi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni arian,<br />
rom imisTvis, rom qali warmatebuli iyos, man ar un<strong>da</strong> miiCnios sakuTari<br />
sqesi Semaferxebel faqtorad <strong>da</strong> ar un<strong>da</strong> qondes amis gamo arasrulfasovnebis<br />
kompleqsi (interviu sajaro moxelesTan, eka zRulaZesTan). qalSi<br />
Serwymuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos kargi politikosisa <strong>da</strong> kargi diasaxlisis Tvisebebi<br />
(profesiuli saswavleblis mamakaci maswavlebeli). qali qaluri TvisebebiT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos Semkuli <strong>da</strong> arasodes ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aviwydes, rom qalia, (interviu<br />
sajaro moxelesTan, <strong>da</strong>lila xoravasTan; parlamentis wevrTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan).<br />
politikosi qali un<strong>da</strong> iyos Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebuli, igi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom kargi politikosia (interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis<br />
xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan). mamakaci politikosisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
politikosi qalisgan eqspertebi moelian socaluri sakiTxebis wina planze<br />
wamowevas <strong>da</strong> iseTi politikis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, romelic gazrdis socialur<br />
usafrTxoebas (interviu qalTa sabWos mamakac wevrTan). qalebisagan<br />
51
aseve moelian qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvas, mravalSviliani dedebis mimarT<br />
met yuradRebas, qalebis xelSewyobas samsaxureobriv winsvlaSi (interviu<br />
patrulTan, lia barkaulTan).<br />
meores mxriv, mamakaci politikosebisagan moelian rom isini iyvnen qarizmatulni,<br />
principuli, gabeduli, naklebad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli socialur garemocvaze,<br />
mkacrebi <strong>da</strong> swrafi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis unariT Semkulni,<br />
SeeZloT radikaluri reformebis gatareba <strong>da</strong> iyvnen SorsmWvretelni (interviu<br />
nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan; maswavlebelTan,<br />
nana kemulariasTan; sajaro moxelesTan, maka mdivanTan, profesiuli<br />
saswavleblis direqtorTan, zaza ciramuasTan).<br />
a<strong>da</strong>rebs ra, mamakac <strong>da</strong> qal politikosebs, eqsperti Semdeg mosazrebas<br />
gamoTqvams:<br />
”mamakacebs viwro fokusi aqvT, isini ideebs arCeven imis gauTvaliswineblad,<br />
Tu ramdenad aris maTi ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, yuradRebas ar aqceven<br />
garemos, maSin, rodesac qalebi ukeT acnobiereben viTarebas, isini realisturad<br />
azrovneben <strong>da</strong> politikaSi ufro pragmatulni arian”. - interviu<br />
eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan.<br />
52
politikosisaTvis aucilebeli Tvisebebi<br />
gamokiTxvis pasuxebi miuTiTeben, rom respondentebs igive, zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
Tvisebebi mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT rogorc qali, ise mamakaci politikosebisaTvis,<br />
Tumca odnav gansxvavebuli TanmimdevrobiT. yvelaze mniSvnelovnad<br />
miCneulia, rom mamakaci politikosi iyos Zlieri, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli,<br />
gabeduli, gamgebi <strong>da</strong> SeeZlos sakuTari azris gatana. qali politikosi ki,<br />
iyos Zlieri, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, gamgebi, SeeZlos sakuTari azris gatana <strong>da</strong><br />
iyos gabeduli. amave dros arsebobs molodini, rom qali politikosi iyos<br />
ufro TanamgrZnobi, Tbili <strong>da</strong> gamgebi.<br />
Zlieri<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
gamgebi<br />
riskiani<br />
TanamgrZnobi<br />
mzrunveli<br />
Zalauflebis mqone<br />
mosiyvarule<br />
Tbili<br />
agresiuli<br />
rbili<br />
nax. 7<br />
mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali politikosis sasurveli Tvisebebi<br />
53<br />
qali<br />
kaci
politikosebis mimarT ndoba<br />
respondentebs (gamokiTxva) moeTxovebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT xuTamde politikosi<br />
kaci <strong>da</strong> qali, romlebic maTi ndobiT sargeblobdnen. <strong>da</strong>saxelebulTa<br />
Soris qalebze meti (20) mamakaci (23) aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze meti ndobiT mamakaci<br />
politikosebi<strong>da</strong>n sargebloben levan berZeniSvili, mixeil saakaSvili,<br />
zviad ZiZiguri, koba <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili <strong>da</strong> Salva naTelaSvili.<br />
qali <strong>da</strong> kaci respondentebis Sefasebani gansxvavebulia, mamakacebSi yvelaze<br />
meti ndobiT mixeil saakaSvili, xolo qalebSi levan berZeniSvili sargeblobs.<br />
l.berZeniSvili<br />
m.saakaSvili<br />
z.ZiZiguri<br />
k.<strong>da</strong>viTaSvili<br />
S.naTelaSvili<br />
l.gaCeCilaZe<br />
nax. 8<br />
ndobiT aRWurvili mamakaci politikosebi<br />
54<br />
qalebi<br />
kacebi
tabula 6<br />
mamakaci politikosebis ranJireba maT<strong>da</strong>mi gamoxatuli ndobis mixedviT<br />
rangi politikosi<br />
1<br />
berZeniSvili,<br />
levani<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
mamakacebis mier<br />
%<br />
N 0 479<br />
55<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
qalebis<br />
mier<br />
%<br />
N 0 608<br />
sul<br />
%<br />
N 0 1087<br />
10.2 15.5 12.9<br />
2 saakaSvili, mixeili 11.1 9.4 10.1<br />
3 ZiZiguri, zviadi 6.9 11.3 9.4<br />
4 <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili, koba 6.3 8.1 7.3<br />
5<br />
naTelaSvili,<br />
Salva<br />
7.5 5.4 6.3<br />
6.5 gaCeCilaZe, levani 5.0 5.6 5.3<br />
6.5 xainrava, goga 6.1 4.8 5.3<br />
8 oqruaSvili, irakli 4.0 5.3 4.7<br />
9<br />
berZeniSvili,<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTi<br />
3.7 4.8 4.3<br />
10<br />
patarkaciSvili,<br />
badri<br />
2.7 2.0 2.3<br />
11 kukava, kaxa 2.3 3.3 2.8<br />
12 usufaSvili, <strong>da</strong>viTi 1.9 3.1 2.6<br />
13<br />
gamsaxurdia,<br />
konstantine<br />
1.2 2.1 1.7<br />
14 ugulava, gigi 0.8 1.6 1.3<br />
15 subari, sozari 1.2 0.8 1.0<br />
16 maisaSvili, gia 1.0 0.6 0.8<br />
17 gurgeniZe, lado 0.6 1.0 0.8<br />
18 zurabiSvili, <strong>da</strong>viTi 0.2 1.1 0.7<br />
19 subeliani, koba 0.6 0.8 0.7<br />
20 baRaTuria, jondi 0.6 0.8 0.7<br />
21<br />
patiaSvili,<br />
jumberi<br />
0.4 0.6 0.5<br />
22 xaindrava, ivliane 0.6 0.8 0.5<br />
23 wereTeli, gigi 0.4 0.6 0.5
politikos qalTa Soris yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben <strong>da</strong> maRali ndobiT<br />
sargebloben: Tina xi<strong>da</strong>Seli, nino burjanaZe, salome zurabiSvili, elene<br />
TevdoraZe, eka beselia, maia nadiraZe, manana naWyebia, nestan kirTaZe <strong>da</strong><br />
ana doliZe. qalebma <strong>da</strong> mamakacebma erTnairad didi ndoba gamoxates xuTi<br />
qali politikosis mimarT.<br />
T.xi<strong>da</strong>Seli<br />
n.burjanaZe<br />
s.zurabiSvili<br />
f.CixraZe<br />
e.TevdoraZe<br />
nax. 9<br />
ndobiT aRWurvili qali politikosebi<br />
qalebi<br />
kacebi<br />
tabula 7<br />
qali politikosebi, ranJireba maT<strong>da</strong>mi gamoxatuli ndobis mixedviT<br />
rangi politikosi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebli<br />
mamakacebis<br />
mier %<br />
N<br />
56<br />
0 479<br />
N<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
qalbis mier<br />
N0 608<br />
sul<br />
%<br />
N0 1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
11<br />
12<br />
14<br />
14<br />
14<br />
18<br />
18<br />
18<br />
18<br />
18<br />
xi<strong>da</strong>Seli, Tina<br />
burjanaZe, nino<br />
zurabiSvili, salome<br />
CixraZe, fiqria<br />
TevdoraZe, elene<br />
beselia, eka<br />
nadiraZe, maia<br />
naWyepia, manana<br />
kirTaZe, nestan<br />
doliZe, ana<br />
maRraZe, guguli<br />
kalan<strong>da</strong>Ze, nino<br />
aronia, nazi<br />
verulaSvili, eka<br />
sama<strong>da</strong>Svili, salome<br />
gogoriSvili, xaTuna<br />
sariSvili, irina<br />
tlaSaZe, Teo<br />
lazaSvili, naTia<br />
arCvaZe, manana<br />
24.4<br />
20.9<br />
15.4<br />
8.1<br />
3.1<br />
3.1<br />
2.3<br />
1.2<br />
1.2<br />
1.0<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
35.2<br />
30.6<br />
19.7<br />
9.0<br />
5.4<br />
3.9<br />
2.6<br />
1.5<br />
1.3<br />
0.6<br />
1.0<br />
0.8<br />
0.3<br />
0.3<br />
0.3<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
1087<br />
30.4<br />
26.3<br />
17.8<br />
8.6<br />
4.4<br />
3.6<br />
2.5<br />
1.4<br />
1.3<br />
0.8<br />
0.6<br />
0.5<br />
0.4<br />
0.4<br />
0.3<br />
0.09<br />
0.09<br />
0.09<br />
0.09<br />
0.09
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qalebis <strong>da</strong>bali CarTulobis mizezebi<br />
qalebis <strong>da</strong>bali warmomadgenloba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi SeiZleba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezebs mivaweroT. es mizezebi SesaZloa iyos Tavad qalebSi,<br />
anu maT unarebsa <strong>da</strong> survilSi misdion politikur karieras, maT saojaxo<br />
movaleobebSi, SezRudul finansur <strong>da</strong> droiT resursebSi, an<strong>da</strong> ufro far-<br />
Ted, zoga<strong>da</strong>d garemoSi, iseTSi, rogoricaa qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,<br />
saxelmwifo politika <strong>da</strong> kulturuli tradiciebi.<br />
mizezebi, romlebic qalebs miewerebaT<br />
ramodenime respondentma politikur cxvrebaSi CarTvis survilis ar qona <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>bali TviT-Sefaseba, <strong>da</strong>asaxela qalebis mwiri warmomadgenlobis ZiriTad<br />
mizezad (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, elene TevdoraZesTan; respublikuri<br />
partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xi<strong>da</strong>SelTan; eqspertTan, lika na<strong>da</strong>raiasTan).<br />
”mTavari faqtoria qalSi survilis ar qona gaxdes politikosi” –- SeniSna<br />
fokus-jgufis mamakacma monawilem (fj 7).<br />
Tumca es mosazreba uaryo axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis monawile axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
qalma, romelmac aRniSna, rom es qalis brali araa:<br />
”qals ise zrdian, rom mas ar uCndeba politikaSi CarTvis survili. mas uyalibeben<br />
warmodgenas imis Taobaze, rom qalis adgili saxlSia” – (fj6).<br />
fokus-jgufSi msjelobisas qalTa mcire CarTulobis mizezad zogma a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
resursebis nakleboba <strong>da</strong> qalebis mcire SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong>asaxela,<br />
sxvebma ki aRniSnes qalis Tvisebebi - sxvebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, sifrTxile,<br />
riskis gawevis naklebi survili, romlebic qals xels uSlis CaerTos politikaSi,<br />
an warmarTos <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli politika.<br />
”politikaSi qalebi moyavT, isini TviTon ar modian. qarTul politikaSi<br />
ver naxavT qals, romelic politikaSi sakuTari miswrafebis gansaxorcieleblad,<br />
an Tavisi saTqmelis gasaJRereblad movi<strong>da</strong>. amitom isini imeoreben<br />
imaT gzavnilebs, vinc isini politikaSi moiyvana”. - interviu eqspertTan,<br />
lela gafrin<strong>da</strong>SvilTan.<br />
57
amdenime eqspertma <strong>da</strong> politikosma, aseve fokus-jgufis monawileebma miu-<br />
TiTes kidev erT, maTi azriT, Zalze mniSvnelovan resursis simcireze<br />
qalebis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod finansebis ukmarisobaze, rac SeiZleba qalis<br />
politikaSi CarTvis erT-erT mTavari <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebel mizezad iqnes miCneuli<br />
(interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, kaxa kukavasTan;<br />
eqspertTan, lika na<strong>da</strong>raiasTan; arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan,<br />
Tamar JvaniasTan).<br />
mizezebi, romlebic ojaxur cxovrebas miewereba<br />
gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba, aseve fokus-jgufis monawileebi gamoyofdnen<br />
drois naklebobas, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuls saojaxo pasuxismgeblobebTan, rogorc<br />
qalTa <strong>da</strong>bali monawileobis ganmsazRvrel faqtors (interviu parlamenrtis<br />
wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, eqspertTan, lika na<strong>da</strong>raiasTan; arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan; eqspertTan, Carita<br />
jaSTan) (aseve: saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006).<br />
rogorc axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalma aRniSna axalqalaqSi:<br />
”mamakacebs meti dro aqvT, ase, rom maT SeuZliaT qondeT sxvebTan urTier-<br />
Toba <strong>da</strong> iyvnen sazogadoebis nawili. qalebi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si nakleb aqtiuri<br />
arian” - (fj 6).<br />
xazi gaesva imasac, rom mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, qalebs ara aqvT SesaZlebloba<br />
mTeli TavianTi dro <strong>da</strong> energia politikur moRvaweobas <strong>da</strong>uTmon <strong>da</strong><br />
bevri imogzauron (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan).<br />
mizezebi, romlebic garemos miewereba<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebul iqna mizezebis mTeli rigi, romlebic qalTa kontrols ar<br />
eqvemdebareba:<br />
pirvel yovlisa, bevrma qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong>asaxela,<br />
rac saxlSi <strong>da</strong>mxmaris <strong>da</strong>qiravebis saSualebas ar iZleva.<br />
amasTanave, kulturuli tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> stereotipebi, romlebic zRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />
qalis sazogadoebriv sfroSi moRvaweobas iqna <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli erT-erT mTavar<br />
mizezad (interviuebi parlamentis wevrebTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, nika<br />
ruruasTan; eqspertebTan, lika na<strong>da</strong>raiasTan, marine musxeliSvilTan).<br />
aseve, qalTa CarTulobis simciris mizezad <strong>da</strong>saxel<strong>da</strong> qalTa moZraobis <strong>da</strong><br />
aseTi moZraobis gamokveTili lideris ar arseboba. _ interviu eqsperTtan,<br />
Tamar abramiSvilTan.<br />
58
monawileobis gazrdis gzebi<br />
qalTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis gazrdis mTeli rigi saSualebebi<br />
iqna <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli. iseve, rogorc es iyo nakleb CarTulobis mizezebis<br />
Ziebisas, gamosavali SeiZleba napovni iqnes Tavad qalebSi, maT ojaxur Tu<br />
ufro farTed aRebul garemoSi.<br />
qalebi<br />
eqspertebi <strong>da</strong> fokus-jgufis monawileebi pirvel rigSi xazs usvamdnen qalTa<br />
gaaqtiurebis mizniT zomebis miRebis aucileblobas. (interviu nacionaluri<br />
moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qarvTaraZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan,<br />
qeTevan maxaraSvilTan; eqspertTan, nato SavlayaZesTan).<br />
isini agreTve saubrobdnen imazec, rom aucilebelia Tavad qalebma gamoiCinon<br />
iniciativa:<br />
”qalebi ufro aqtiurebi un<strong>da</strong> gaxdnen, isini un<strong>da</strong> SeebrZolon stereotipebs,<br />
warmoaCinon is problemebi, romelTac awydebian, gamoaSkaraon <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
arsebuli usamarTloba <strong>da</strong> uTanasworoba”. - interviu parlamentis wevrTan,<br />
nika ruruasTan.<br />
kvlevisas aSkara gax<strong>da</strong>, rom mis monawileebs qalis SesaZleblobebis ga-<br />
Zlierebis aucilebloba miaCniaT principul sakiTxad.<br />
”muSaoba mosaxleobis doni<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viwyoT, gansakuTrebuli zomebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes miRebuli qalis SesaZleblobebis gasaZliereblad. es ki aucileblad<br />
ganapirobebs qalebis gamoCenas ufro maRal doneze”. - fokus jgufis qali<br />
monawile. (fj 2).<br />
ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> Treningi miCneulia SesaZleblobebis zrdis ZiriTad meqanizmad<br />
_ (interviu eqspertebTan, nato SavlayaZesTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan <strong>da</strong><br />
xaTuna sanikiZesTan).<br />
”ganaTleba aris qalTa gaaqtiurebis saSualeba, rac Sedegad mogvcems maT<br />
ufro aqtiur Cabmas politikur cxovrebaSi”. _ interviu eqspertTan, Tamar<br />
abramiSvilTan.<br />
59
ganaTlebis miRebasTan erTad xazgasmuli iyo qalTa kompetenciis gazrdis<br />
pirobebis Seqmnis aucilebloba:<br />
”qalebs ar akliaT aqtiuroba, magram ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, isini ufro kompetenturi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaxdnen, rac gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. un<strong>da</strong> imarTebodes<br />
Sekrebebi <strong>da</strong> msjelobebi, qalebs aseve un<strong>da</strong> mieceT saSualeba isaubron<br />
farTo auditoriis winaSe”. - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan.<br />
ojaxi<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bevrma respondentma qalis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
CarTvis <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebel erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad qalis saojaxo<br />
saqmeebiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTva <strong>da</strong>asaxela. amdenad, saxelmwifo politikis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />
am tvirTis Semsubuqeba, iseve, rogorc arsebuli stereotipebis Secvla <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxuri movaleobebis meuRleebs Soris ganawileba miCneul iqna qalTa<br />
monwileobis gazrdis efeqtur saSualebad.<br />
”gamosavali aris qalis saojaxo saqmeebis tvirTis Semcireba, es ki SesaZlebelia<br />
imiT, rom saojaxo saqmeebi qalTan erTad mamakacmac itvirTos <strong>da</strong><br />
aseve SesaZlebelia socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT. ar arsebobs imis<br />
gamarTleba, rom qali yvelaze nayofier asakSi Sin zis. magram mas ubralod<br />
uwevs amis gakeTeba, radgan sxva gza ara aqvs. roca pirobebi gaumjobesdeba,<br />
qalebis monawileobac gaizrdeba. aseTi cvlilebis magaliTia arasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> media seqtorebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qals Semosavlis miRebis SesaZleblobebi<br />
eZleva, ris xarjzec mas SeuZlia bavSvs momvleli auyvanos”. - interviu<br />
respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xi<strong>da</strong>SelTan.<br />
”40 wlis asakSi, roca qals reproduqciuli miznebi ukve miRweuli aqvs, is<br />
aqtiurad gamodis sazogadoebriv asparezze. saxelmwifom xelsayreli pirobebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seuqmnas qalebs maTi moRvaweobis gasafarToeblad imiT, rom<br />
uzrunvelyos bavSvis movla. an<strong>da</strong> kacebi un<strong>da</strong> Seexidon qals bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si”.<br />
- interviu eqspertTan, baia romelaSvilTan.<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma xazi gausves finansebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mamakacis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aucileblobas:<br />
”imisaTvis, rom politikosi gaxdes, qals misi qmris an mamis finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
esaWiroeba”. (fj 7)<br />
60
garemo<br />
saxelmwifo politika<br />
diskusiebis monawileebma <strong>da</strong> eqpertebma aRniSnes, rom qalTa monawileobis<br />
gazrdis aucilebel pirobas qalis gaaqtiurebis mimarT saxelmwifos mier<br />
Tanmimdevruli politikis gatareba warmoadgens.<br />
”parlamentSi mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod qalebis raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong> ver moitans sasurvel<br />
Sedegebs. genderuli politika yvela doneze un<strong>da</strong> xorcieldebodes.<br />
genderuli Tanaswrobis miRweva Cven un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viwyoT sabaziso ganaTlebis<br />
sistemaSi mamakaci maswavleblebis raodenobis gazrdiT”. - interviu eqsperTtan,<br />
marine TabukaSvilTan.<br />
stereotopebis Secvla genderuli sakiTxebze TviT-cnobierebis gazrdis<br />
meSveobiT<br />
eqspertebis azriT, qalis monawileobis gazr<strong>da</strong> mxolod maSin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli,<br />
rodesac gaizrdeba genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT sazogadoebis<br />
mgrZnobiaroba <strong>da</strong> Seicvleba is stereotipi, romelic qals warmogvidgens,<br />
rogorc aqtiurs mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod kerZo, arasajaro sferoSi:<br />
”stereotpebi skolaSi un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos, qalis, rogorc lideris rolis<br />
warmoCeniT”. - interviu eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan.<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvla samarTlianobis, Tavisuflebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> liberalizmis xarisxis gazrdiT.<br />
cvlilebebs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si monawileobis gazrdis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad<br />
miiCneven kvlevis monawileebi, rogorc qalebi, aseve kacebi. qveyanaSi vi-<br />
Tarebis Secvla, gansakuTrebiT ki mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobeseba sabolood xels Seuwyobs qalis ufro aqtiur CarTvas sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi. aseve aucilebelia <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> gaxdes ufro tolerantuli<br />
amgvari cvlilebebis mimarT.<br />
”qalebs Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis meti SesaZleblobebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
mieceT imisaTvis, rom gamoxaton sakuTari azrebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>dgan Sesabamisi nabijebi.<br />
Tumca, amis misaRwevad maT stimulireba esaWiroebaT, sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris Camoyalibebis <strong>da</strong> piar-kampaniebis gziT. rac ufro metad CaerTveba<br />
qali politikaSi, miT ukeTesia”. - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan.<br />
61
”qali misi naRvawiT un<strong>da</strong> Sefasdes, rac misi politikuri karieris ganmsazRvreli<br />
gaxdeba, <strong>da</strong> ara fuliT, an piradi kontaqtebiT”. - interviu<br />
eqsperTtan, lika na<strong>da</strong>raiasTan.<br />
asociaciebis <strong>da</strong> moZraobebis Seqmna, partiebSi demokratiis donis amaRleba<br />
eqspertebisa <strong>da</strong> diskusiebis monawileTa TvalsazrisiT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis<br />
qalTa asociaciebis, moZraobebisa <strong>da</strong> klubebis Camoyalibeba xels Seuwyobs<br />
qalebis Cabmas sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi. amdenad es warmoadgens qalTa<br />
monawileobis gaZlierebisaken mimarTul aucilebel nabijs.<br />
”qalTa organizaciebis gaZlierebis <strong>da</strong> fondebis mozidvis Sedegad gamoCndebian<br />
liderebi imaT Soris, vinc warmatebiT moaxerxebs qalTa organizaciebis<br />
saerTo platformis bazaze gaerTianebas, qalTa moZraobis Camoyalibebas,<br />
xels mokidebs qalTa ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> wamoiwyebs sajaro debatebs <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />
Temaze”. - interviu eqsperTtan, lika na<strong>da</strong>raiasTan.<br />
profesiuli gaerTianebebis gaZliereba erT-erT gzad aris <strong>da</strong>naxuli.<br />
”profesiuli kavSirebis gaZliereba droTa ganmavlobaSi win wamowevs qalliderebs,<br />
Tumca amas Wirdeba dro <strong>da</strong> fuli” (fj 2-is monawile).<br />
aseve xazgasmuli iyo politikuri partiebis demokratizaciis <strong>da</strong> maTSi genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis politikis realizaciis aucilebloba:<br />
”aucilebeblia cvlilebebi moxdes politikur partiebSi. Tu maTi mmarTveloba<br />
ar aris demokratiuli, Tu isini ar aZleven qalebs monawileobis<br />
SesaZleblobas, ar un<strong>da</strong> velodoT, rom isini demokratiulad moiqcevian,<br />
maSin rodesac xelSi aiReben Zalauflebas”. - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar<br />
abramiSvilTan.<br />
”politikuri partiebi sazogadoebis, <strong>da</strong> ara romelime kerZo jgufis politikuri<br />
interesebis instrumentebad un<strong>da</strong> iqcnen. amgvari cvlileba kars<br />
gauRebs rogorc mamakacebs, ise qalebs.” - interviu eqspertTan, lela<br />
xomerikTan.<br />
62
qvotirebis SemoReba<br />
qvotebis SemoReba saerTaSoriso masStabiT monawileobis gazrdis yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebul xerxs warmoadgens. igi iTvleba saukeTeso droebiT RonisZiebad<br />
iseTi qveynebisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c demokratia jer srulyofilad araa ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli.<br />
saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aseTi RonisZiebis gatarebis mimarT TiTqmis<br />
erTsulovnad uaryofiTia, mas ewinaaRmdegebian qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci politikosebi,<br />
<strong>da</strong> eqsperti (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, elene TevdoraZesTan, nika<br />
ruruasTan; respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xi<strong>da</strong>SelTan;<br />
nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan). (aseve, saqarTvelos<br />
politikuri lanSafti, 2006).<br />
mravali mosazreba iqna gamoTqmuli qvotirebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca mZafri<br />
winaaRmdegoba, rogorc sakiTxSi garkveul, ise masSi Cauxe<strong>da</strong>v pirebTan,<br />
vfiqrobT ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sabWouri memkvidreobiT un<strong>da</strong> iyos gapirobebuli. sab-<br />
WoTa kavSiris uzenaesi sabWo qvoturi sistemis safuZvelze iyo formirebuli,<br />
rac uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> qalebis <strong>da</strong> aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva profesiisa, Tu asakis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis monawileobas.<br />
winaaRmdegobis erT mizezad uTanasworoba iqna <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli:<br />
”yvelaferi politikur aqtiobazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, ase, rom monawileobis<br />
gasazrdelad xelovnuri wesebis SemoReba ar aris gamarTlebuli, radgan<br />
SesaZleblobebi Tanabaria orive sqesisTvis <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi pirovnebis unarzea<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli” - interviu nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli<br />
qavTaraZesTan.<br />
magram zogi, Tumca qvoturi sistemis SemoRebis winaaRmdegia, magram mainc<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>vs misi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris aucileblobas:<br />
”me qvoturis winaaRmdegi var, magram vaRiareb, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi<br />
es SesaZloa aucilebeli <strong>da</strong> droeibiTi RonisZieba iyos” - interviu arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.<br />
63
isinic ki, vinc parlametSi qvotirebis SemoRebis momxreni arian (palamentis<br />
wevri, kaxa kukava, guguli maRraZe; eqsperti nato SavlayaZe; leiboristuli<br />
partiis wevri, nana devaZe) sakiTxs sifrTxiliT ekidebian <strong>da</strong><br />
miuTiTeben qalTa diskreditaciis safrTxeze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver moxerxdeba<br />
Sesabamisi qal kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis moZieba (interviu eqspertTan, nato<br />
SavlayaZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan, guguli maRraZesTan).<br />
sistemis momxreni ganixilaven sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva modelebs, romelTagan SeiZleba<br />
SeirCes yvelaze misaRebi. aseve aucilebelia Ria diskusiis warmarTva mocemul<br />
sakiTxze (interviu eqspertebTan, lika na<strong>da</strong>raiasTan <strong>da</strong> Tamar abramiSvilTan;<br />
parlamentis wevrTan, kaxa kukavasTan).<br />
”qvoutris SemoReba nayofier Sedegs moitans sanam warmomadgenloba gzas<br />
gaikvalavs. arsebobs mravali modeli, romelTaganac SeiZleba arCevanis gakeTeba,<br />
magaliTad, sistemis <strong>da</strong>nergva saarCevno kanonmdeblobis doneze, an<strong>da</strong><br />
partiebis motivireba im partiebis finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gazrdiT, visac<br />
eqneba <strong>genderi</strong>s TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>balansebuli saarCevno sia” - interviu<br />
eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.<br />
qalebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebSi<br />
samoqlaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s ganmartaven rogorc nebayoflobiTi organizaciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebuli jgufebis seqtori, romelic ganapirobebs sajaro aqciebis<br />
organizebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras (Hawkesworth, 2002).<br />
profesiuli kavSirebi, interesTa jgufebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, sa-<br />
Temo organizaciebi <strong>da</strong> eklesia, politikasTan erTad ganixileba samoqalaqo<br />
seqtoris nawilad <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeTa monawileobis sarbielad.<br />
profesiuli kavSirebi<br />
profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> maTSi gaerTianebis ufleba aRiarebulia<br />
1997 wels miRebuli saqarTvelos kanoniT profesiul kavSirebis Sesaxeb.<br />
kanoni aRiarebs koleqtiuri molaparakebebis warmoebis <strong>da</strong> gaficvis<br />
mowyobis uflebas. saqarTveloSi ZiriTad profesiul kavSirs warmoadgens<br />
saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba (spkg), romelic Sedgeba 26<br />
seqtoris mixedviT <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli kavSirebisagan, sa<strong>da</strong>c sul 261,500 a<strong>da</strong>miania<br />
gaerTianebuli, rac mTeli <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli TanamSromlebis 45 procents<br />
Seadgens. qalebi profkavSiris wevrebis 54 procents Seadgenen. profkavSiris<br />
sawevro ganisazRvreba xelfasis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> is Seadgens mis 1 procents (www.<br />
Gtuc.ge) (interviu profkavSirebis prezidenTTan, irakli petriaSvilTan). es<br />
kavSiri sabWoTa epoqis memkvidre organizaciaa. profkavSirebis realuri<br />
64
zemoqmedeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze sakmaod SezRudulia, Tumca xelmZ-<br />
Rvaneloba, romelic 2006 wels iqna arCeuli winandelze ufro aqtiurad<br />
aris CarTuli mSromelTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSi. spkg-s xelmZRvanelobs<br />
mamakaci <strong>da</strong> mis oTx TanaSemweTagan mxolod erTi, aWaris profesiuli kav-<br />
Siris xelmZRvaneli aris qali. kavSiris komiteti 26 wevrisgan Sedgeba.<br />
isini spkg-s seqtoruli <strong>da</strong> regonuluri organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi<br />
arian. maT Soris mxolod samia qali. qalebi ukeT arian warmodgenilni<br />
kavSirebis moadgileebis doneze, sa<strong>da</strong>c Seadgenen 65 procents. amasTanave,<br />
profkavSirSi moqmedebs qalTa organizacia _ ”qomagi”.<br />
profkavSiri aris saerTaSoriso Tavisufali profesiuli kavSirebis konfederaciis<br />
wevri, romlis xuT prioritets Soris aris Tanasworoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>genderi</strong><br />
(www.icftu.org). Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia, gaeros saagento, romlis<br />
wevric saqarTvelo 1993 wli<strong>da</strong>n aris, akritikebs saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi<br />
arsebul ramdenime muxls <strong>da</strong> xazs usvams imas, rom kodeqsi zedmet<br />
Tavisuflebas aniWebs <strong>da</strong>mqiravebels <strong>da</strong> zRu<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>da</strong>qiravebulis uflebebs,<br />
rac ar aZlevs mSromelebs sakuTari uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis SesaZleblobas (rezonansi,<br />
1 aprili, 2008). kodeqsi gansakuTrebiT agresiulia qalebis mimarT,<br />
radgan sadekreto Svebulebis va<strong>da</strong> Zalze moklea <strong>da</strong> samuSaos usafrTxoeba,<br />
rac samuSaos <strong>da</strong>kargvis risks gulisxmobs, Zalze <strong>da</strong>balia.<br />
meore gavleniani gaerTianeba aris saqarTvelos maswavlebelTa <strong>da</strong> mecnierTa<br />
Tavisufali profesiuli kavSiri, romelic 10700 wevrs aerTianebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c did umravlesobas, 95 procents, qalebi warmoadgenen. kavSiris<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimReb <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel organoebSi saxezea genderuli<br />
uTanasworoba. kavSiris xelmZRvaneli qalia, misi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimReb<br />
organoSic qalebi umravlesobas (70%-s) Seadgenen, 27 <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli muSaki<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mxolod oTxia kaci.<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<br />
saqarTveloSi sakmaod ganviTarebulia arasamTavrobo seqtori. misi ganvi-<br />
Tareba ucxoeli donorebis Zlieri xelSewyobis safuZvelze oTxmoc<strong>da</strong>aTiani<br />
wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo. amJamad qveyanaSi registrirebulia 40, 000 arasamTavrobo<br />
organizacia, Tumca eqspertebis SefasebiT maTgan mxolod 10 procentia moqmedi.<br />
seqtori araTanabra<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli geografiuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />
organizaciaTa umravlesoba de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSia koncentrirebuli. aqvea instituciurad<br />
yvelaze metad ganviTarebuli <strong>da</strong> warmatebuli arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebi. arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa udidesi nawili mravalfunqciuria,<br />
iTavsebs ra mTel rig gansxvavebul saqmianobebs - mag.momsaxurebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofas, garkveuli intersebis lobirebas, politikaSi kvlevebis<br />
warmoeba, monitorings.<br />
65
qalebis sajaro saqmianobaSi Cabma saqarTveloSi saTaves mecxramete saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iRebs, roca ramdenime uwyeba <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong>, romelTa mizani qalebisTvis<br />
ganaTlebis micema iyo <strong>da</strong> romlebsac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamoCenili sazogado moRvaweebis<br />
debi an meuRleebi uZRvebodnen.<br />
aseTi pirveli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ”wmin<strong>da</strong> ninos saqvelmoqmedo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>” 1846<br />
wels Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. mas bevri mimdedvari gauCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qalebis ganaTleba,<br />
qalebisaTvis profesiuli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba, skolebSi<br />
qarTuli enis swavleba, aseve qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis Seqmna<br />
<strong>da</strong> bavSvTa aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si axali meTodebis Semotana maT ZiriTad saqmianobad<br />
iqca (xomeriki <strong>da</strong> javaxiSvili, 2005). mravali axlad Seqmnili organizacia<br />
muSaob<strong>da</strong> maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong> moswavleebis socilur problemebze. amas-<br />
Tan erTad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebi, romlebmac tradiciul saqmianobas<br />
politikuri man<strong>da</strong>ti <strong>da</strong>umates. aseTi iyo ”qalTa wre xonSi”. igi 1903 wels<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qalebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Cabmas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad.<br />
amave dros, Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ramdenime <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> qalebis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad.<br />
1889 wels notio loluas profesiuli saswavlebeli <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong><br />
foTSi. imave periodSi, qalebis saganmanaTleblo saswavleblebSi maswavleblebis,<br />
mdivnebisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa profesiuli momzadeba xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>. seqs<br />
muSakebis warmoebaSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad 1903 wels Seiqmna wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
maria mag<strong>da</strong>lenas saqvelmoqmedo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelmac gaxsna TavSesafari.<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> TavSesafars <strong>da</strong> profesiul momzadebas sTavazob<strong>da</strong> 25 wlamde<br />
asakis qalebs, maT vinc acxadeb<strong>da</strong> survils uari eTqva sxeuliT vaWrobaze.<br />
qalebi aqtiurad arian Cabmulni arasamTavrobo seqtoris moRvaweobaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo seqtorisgan gansxvavebiT, xelmZRvaneloben organizaciebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
maT ufro xSirad ukaviaT xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobebi. 2008 wlis TebervalSi<br />
Catarebulma kvlevam (Mincheva, 2008) gamoavlina, rom qalebi Warbobdnen<br />
mamakacebs rogorc de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi, ase regionebSi arsebul organizaciebSi.<br />
qalebi arasamTavrobo seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa 58 procents Seadgenen<br />
TbilisSi <strong>da</strong> 63.8 procents regionebSi. metic, samecniero xarisxis mqone<br />
TanamSromelTa Soris 65.8 procenti qalia, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
umravlesobas (59.2%) aseve qalebi xelmZRvaneloben.<br />
genderul Tanasworobas mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
donorebis mier ganxorcielebulma politikam xeli Seuwyo qalTa organizaciebis<br />
Camoyalibebas. dResdReobiT qalTa, an qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave<br />
samoc<strong>da</strong>aTamde arasamTavrbo ogranizacia funqcionirebs, magram ar arsebobs<br />
mamakacis problemebze fokusirebuli organizacia.<br />
66
ogorc es samoqalaqo seqtorisTvis Cveuli praqtikaa, qalTa sakiTxebze<br />
momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebi erTdroulad ramdenime sferoSi<br />
muSaoben <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmianobiT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli, iseTiT, rogoricaa<br />
momsaxureoba, konsultireba, Treiningi, kvleva <strong>da</strong> a.S. maTi umravlesoba<br />
muSaobs socialur problemebze, ganaTlebaze <strong>da</strong> gendrze.<br />
socialuri<br />
problemebi<br />
ganaTleba<br />
<strong>genderi</strong><br />
janmrTeloba<br />
gansakuTrebuli<br />
jgufebi<br />
nax. 10<br />
qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweobis sferoebi<br />
67
qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweoba mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar Cans.<br />
rogorc erT-erTma respondentma aRniSna, didia imis saWiroeba, rom resursebi<br />
ufro efeqturad iqnes gamoyenebuli:<br />
”SeiniSneba pasiuroba, Cven xSirad vsaubrobT warumateblobebze, rac garkvveuli<br />
saxiT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze miuTiTebs. me moviTxov, rom gansakuTrebuli<br />
sifxizle <strong>da</strong> kritikuloba gamoviCinoT <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
organizaciebis resursbi maqsimaluri efeqturobiT movixmaroT.” -interviu<br />
eqspertTan, nino cixisTavTan.<br />
2004 wels, UNIFEM-is mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, qalebma Seqmnes samSvidobo qseli,<br />
saxelwodebiT qalTa erToba mSvidobisaTvis, romelmac asze meti monawile,<br />
organizacia, Tu calkeuli a<strong>da</strong>miani gaaerTiana. misi mizani Semdegnairad<br />
ganisazRvra:”pozitiuri <strong>da</strong> mdgradi mSvidobis miRweva qalebis monawileobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> genderuli Tanasworobis saSualebiT”. Zaladobisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis erovnuli<br />
qseli ukve wlebis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebs qveyanaSi. magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
mravalgzisi mcdelobisa, qalTa organizaciebma ver moaxerxes Zalisxmevis<br />
gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong> erTiani, mZlavri, sicocxlisunariani moZraobis Camoyalibeba.<br />
Tumca 2000 wels euTo _ demokratiuli institutebisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
ofisis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
koalicia. amJamad masSi 80 organizaciaa gaerTianebuli.<br />
gaeros ganviTarebis programa gansakuTrebul interess iCens qalebis sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi CarTvis mimarT. am sferoSi mraval saqmianobas warmarTavs<br />
proeqti ”<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika samxreT kavkasiaSi”. proeqtis Tana<strong>da</strong>mfinanseblebi<br />
arian SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (SIDA)<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavaroba. igi xorciledeba erToblivad, gaeros ganviTarebis<br />
fondisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos parlamentis mier. proeqtis mizania wvlili<br />
Seitanos genderuli politikis gansazRvraSi, mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros qalTa politikaSi<br />
monawileobas, ufro zustad ki, gazardos qalTa SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong><br />
monawileoba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebaSi.<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxva tipis organizaciebi<br />
saTemo organizaciebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis raodenobas. isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d soflad funqcionireben. saTemo<br />
organizaciebis ganviTareba baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT saqarTvelos<br />
milsadenis mSeneblobebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. bolo xanebSi, saTemo organizaciebi<br />
CarTuli arian adgilobrivi ganviTarebis gegmebis SemuSavebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
amdenad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis karg magaliTs iZlevian.<br />
68
qalebi aqtiurad arian CarTuli saTemo organizaciebis muSaobaSi <strong>da</strong> xSirad<br />
uZRvebian kidec maT. qalTa iniciativis TvalsaCino nimuSia Telavis raionis<br />
sofel vardisubnis saTemo organizacia. am soflis qalebi matylis sabnebs<br />
keraven. samwliani gamocdilebis safuZvelze maT SeZles kerZo seqtorisagan<br />
kontraqtebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
interesTa jgufebi <strong>da</strong> momxmarebelTa kavSirebi jer kidev iSviaTobas warmoadgenen,<br />
Tanac arsebuli organizaciebi ar gamoirCevian aqtiurobiT. qalebs<br />
iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobebze am seqtorSi. profesiuli asociaciebi<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciis kidev erTi formaa. profkavSiris<br />
msagavsad, am organizaciebs xangrZlivi tradicia aqvT. sabWoTa epoqaSi maT<br />
sakmao gavlenac qon<strong>da</strong>T, isini gankargavdnen did qonebas <strong>da</strong> maRali presti-<br />
JiT sargeblobdnen. am kavSirebis umetesobas mamakacebi Tavmjdomareoben,<br />
erTis gamoklebiT, esaa mweralTa kavSiri, romelis Tavmjdomarec qalia.<br />
eTnikur safuZvelze Seqmnili organizaciebi aseve saTemo organizaciebis<br />
nawils warmoadgenen. maTi, rogorc eTnikur warmomavlobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
ogranizaciebis mTavari mizania TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba <strong>da</strong> eTnikur sam-<br />
SoblosTan kavSirebis gamyareba, iseve, rogorc integracia saqarTveloSi.<br />
amasTanave, arsebobs ramdenime sportze an hobize <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli organizacia.<br />
maTi umravlesoba, safexburTo federaciis msgavsad, mxolod mamakacebs aer-<br />
Tianebs.<br />
religiuri institutebi<br />
sazogadod, miCneulia rom qalebi mamakacebze ufro religiurebi arian.<br />
qalebi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mrevlis ufro did nawils<br />
Seadgenen. Cveni gamokiTxvis respondentTa umravlesoba (91.1%) qarTuli<br />
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevlia. marTlmadideblebis gar<strong>da</strong> respondentTa<br />
Soris sxva aRmsareblobis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi iyvnen 3.9 procenti muslimebi,<br />
2.9 procenti gregorianelebi, 0.8 procenti kaTolikebi. gamokiTxulTa 1.4<br />
procenti sxva aRmsareblobas ganekuTvenbo<strong>da</strong>. mamakacebze (8.7%) sagrZnoblad<br />
metma qalma (22.1%) miuTiTa, rom icav<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan religiur<br />
ritualebs.<br />
qveyanaSi arsebobs mTeli rigi monastrebisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c berebi <strong>da</strong> monazvnebi moRvaweoben.<br />
magaliTisTvis, mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiaSi 11 monasteria mamakacebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> 8 qalebisTvis. qveyanaSi aseve moqmedebs sasuliero akademia <strong>da</strong><br />
seminaria. am saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi ganaTlebis miReba mxolod<br />
mamakacebs SeuZliaT. qalebs ganaTlebis miReba SeuZliaT 1988 wels <strong>da</strong>arsebul<br />
saRvTismetyvelo institutSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sami kaTedraa: fsiqologiis<br />
69
<strong>da</strong> religiis, xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong> religis istoriis, xatebis restavraciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis. aq studentTa 80.0 procents qalebi Sedgenen.<br />
registraciis wesebis Tanaxmad (ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> 2005 wels), religiuri sazogadoebebi<br />
SeiZleba regisrtrirebul iqnen iusticiis saministroSi. am<br />
xnisaTvis registrirebulia 14 aseTi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> (magaliTad, meSvide dRis<br />
adventistebi). maT wevrebs ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalebi Seadgenen, Tumca sazogadoebebs<br />
mamakacebi xelmZRvaneloben.<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi<br />
qalebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis mizans qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi genderuli Tvalsazrisis<br />
gaTvaliswineba warmoadgens. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia cnobierebis amaRlebiT<br />
<strong>genderi</strong>s sakiTxebSi, rac Tavismxriv SeiZleba warmoadgendes sajaro<br />
sferoSi qalebis ufro sruli warmomadgenlobis Sedegs. Tumca, am miznisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad, qalis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Cabma TavisTavad un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganixilebodes, rogorc mizani.<br />
analizi cxa<strong>da</strong>d miuTiTebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebul genderul uTanasworobaze. im dros, roca<br />
mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis interesi sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisa <strong>da</strong> politikis<br />
mimarT mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, is zegavlena, rac maT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebisas gaaCniaT, Zlier gansxvavebulia, mamakacebi qalebze<br />
Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad met Zalauflebas floben.<br />
arCeviT <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis struqturebSi qalebis ufro meti warmomadgenlobis<br />
aucilebloba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli. magram aseve xSirad<br />
vlindeba sazogadoebriv asparezze qalis aqtiuri CarTulobis mimarT Rrmad<br />
fesvgadgmuli diskriminacia.<br />
kulturuli stereotipebi, cnobierebisa <strong>da</strong> mgrZnobiarobis nakleboba,<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisTvis saWiro Tanmimdevruli saxelmwifo<br />
politikis arqona, drois, aseve SesaZleblobebis <strong>da</strong> motivaciis ukmarisoba<br />
qalebSi, maTi <strong>da</strong>bali CarTulobis mizezebad aris aRiarebuli.<br />
situaciis mkveTrad gaumjobesebis mizniT saWiroa ganxorcielebul iqnes rigi<br />
RonisZiebebi:<br />
imis gamo, rom Tanabari monawileoba warmoadgens genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
mxolod erT-erT fasads, qalTa CarTuloba ganxilul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis mTlian konteqstSi.<br />
mTavar sakiTxs warmoadgens genderuli sakiTxebisadmi sazogadoebis mgrZno-<br />
70
iarobis gazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si qalis adgilis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis<br />
Secvla. am miznis miRwevis saSualebebi Semdegia:media kampaniebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sajaro cxovrebis yvela doneze genderuli Tanasworobis propagan<strong>da</strong>,<br />
formaluri ganaTleba sabavSvo baRi<strong>da</strong>n umaRlesis CaTvliT. genderuli<br />
perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ga<strong>da</strong>sinjuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, maswavleblebma<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaiaron specialuri Treningi, skolebSi <strong>da</strong> sabavSvo baRebSi un<strong>da</strong> iqnen<br />
moziduli mamakaci maswavleblebi,<br />
Camoyalibebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes grZel-vadiani saxelmwifo politika. un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos<br />
mTavrobis mier miRebuli genderuli Tanasworobis samoqmedo gegmis<br />
ganxorcieleba.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sinjul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan SesatyvisobaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes moyvanili Sromis kodeqsi, raTa qalebs mieceT SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielon<br />
Tavis movaleobebi orive, kerZo <strong>da</strong> sajaro sferoebSi.<br />
amJamad qalTa monawileobis Zlieri sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
gareSe SeuZlebelia sajaro sferoSi arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobis<br />
Semcireba. qvotirebis sistemis Semotana warmoadgens monawileobis<br />
gazrdis pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> swraf saSualebas. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sabWouri warsuliT<br />
gapirobebuli qvotirebis sistemisadmi arsebul Rrmad gamj<strong>da</strong>r uaryofiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Sesacvlelad un<strong>da</strong> wamowyebul iqnes sajaro diskusiebi,<br />
warmodgenili un<strong>da</strong> iqnes qvotirebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva modelebi <strong>da</strong> kritikulad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ganxiluli <strong>da</strong>grovili saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.<br />
qalTa monawileobis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWer erT SesaZlo gzas warmoadgens politikuri<br />
partiebis stimulireba, raTa maT saarCevno siebis pirvel aTeulsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> oceulSi Seiyvanon qalebi. stimulireba SeiZleba gamoixatos maTTvis<br />
ufaso satelevizio drois gamoyofiT partiis saqmianobis propagandisaTvis,<br />
partiis wevrebis, qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebis, ufaso TreningiT.<br />
qalebis unarebisa <strong>da</strong> motivaciis gazr<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> moxdes qalebis metad CarTviT<br />
formalur ganaTlebis sistemaSi <strong>da</strong> specialur Treningis programebSi. maT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mieceT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> mediaSi gamoCenis SesaZlebloba.<br />
mniSvnelovania qals SevuqmnaT pirobebi, raTa mas gamounTavisufldes dro<br />
sazogadoebrivi aqtivobisaTvis. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia qalis ekonomikuri<br />
pirobebis gaumjobesebiT, imiT, rom qals mieces saSualeba iqiraos<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxmare, SeiZinos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis momsaxureba <strong>da</strong> agreTve, ojaxur cxovrebaSi<br />
mamakacis ufro metad Cabmis meSveobiT.<br />
qalebis klubebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva nebayoflobiT organizaciebSi gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebis <strong>da</strong>winaureba sabolood gazrdis qalTa monawileobas. momgebiani<br />
iqneba qalTa organizaciebis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, gansakuTrebiT soflad<br />
<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresobebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul adgilebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebloba<br />
71
imuSaon mamakacebis gverdigverd, sakmaod SezRudulia.<br />
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebam <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom qalTa moZraobebi, romlebic<br />
politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis ibrZvian, met warmatebas aRweven vidre arsebul<br />
institutebSi integrirebuli qalTa jgufebi. es gapirobebuli un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos moZraobebSi arsebuli didi kritikuli masiT <strong>da</strong> maT xelT arsebuli<br />
SesaZleblobiT Camoayalibon <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli strategiebi <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
miznebi (Gelb, 1989). ase, rom qalebis mZlavri moZraobis Camoyalibebam<br />
SeiZleba radikaluri cvlileba moitanos, magram rogorc adrec SevniSneT,<br />
dRemde es mcdelobebi saqarTveloSi warumatebeli rCeba. erTianoba Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>efuZnos erTi, an ori konkretuli miznis miRwevas.<br />
72
Tavi 4<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmeba<br />
siRaribe aRiarebulia, rogorc qveynis erT-erTi mTavari problema. msoflio<br />
sasursaTo programaSi (2008 wlis maisi) warmodgenili gaeros gaTvlebiT,<br />
saqarTvelo win uswrebs mxolod socialurad Raribi qveynebis<br />
um<strong>da</strong>bles kategorias. gamoTvla efuZneba sursaTze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli Semosavlis<br />
wilis gansazRvras (alia, maisi, 27-28 2008). 2005 wels qveynis mosaxleobis<br />
39.4 procenti siRatakis zRvars miRma iyo. siRaribis done soflis mosaxleobaSi<br />
ufro maRali iyo (41.7%) qalaqis (37.1 %) mosaxleobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
(saqarTvelo: siRaribis Semcirebis strategiis dokumenti. Sualeduri<br />
angariSi, 2006).<br />
demografia erT-erTi aspeqtia, romelic ekonomikaze axdens gavlenas. 13<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi, or aRweras Soris, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Semcir<strong>da</strong><br />
1, 088.000-iT, 5,443.400-<strong>da</strong>n 1989 wels 4,355,400-mde 2002 wels.<br />
msoflio bankis moxsenebis ”wiTli<strong>da</strong>n ruxisken (2007), mixedviT qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
perspeqtiva <strong>da</strong>mZimebulia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mosalodneli<br />
17 procentiani klebiT 2002-2025 wlebSi. 2025 wels 65 welze meti asakis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mosaxleobis 18 procenti iqneba, maSin rodesac 2002 wels isini 13<br />
procents Seadgendnen. mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>bereba did zewolas moaxdens saxelmwifos<br />
xarjebze, gansakuTrebiT sapensio <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>zmulebze xangrZlivi movlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>safaravi xarjebis gamo.<br />
siRaribes saqarTveloSi ramdenime Tavisebureba gamoarCevs sxva, tradiciulad<br />
Raribi qveynebisagan. 1990 wlis ekonomikuri krizisis win, iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom sabWoTa respublikebs Soris saqarTveloSi iyo cxovrebis yvelaze<br />
maRali done. es iyo qveyana, sa<strong>da</strong>c Zalian maRali iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianTa wili. amdenad, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>balma Semosavalma<br />
ver Secvala a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitali _ ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> janmrTeloba,<br />
magram <strong>da</strong>bali Semosavalis zegavlena sul ufro TvalSisacemi xdeba. <strong>da</strong><br />
mainc, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone mSoblebi, ufro <strong>da</strong>bali ganaTlebis<br />
mqone mSoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, kvlavindeburad faseulad miiCneven TavianTi<br />
Svilebis unarebis ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> am gziT cdiloben Searbilon<br />
siRaribis Sedegebi.<br />
mTavroba siRaribes ebrZvis programis: gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo siRaribis<br />
gareSe 2008-2012, aseve qveynis ekonomikis zrdisa <strong>da</strong> siRaribis sawinaaRm-<br />
73
dego socialuri programebis ganxorcielebis meSveobiT.<br />
erT-erTi aseTi programaa saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmareba siRaribis zRvars qvemoT<br />
myof ojaxebisTvis. 2008 wlis aprilisaTvis, 467 749 ojaxma, romelTa wevrebis<br />
saerTo raodenoba 1, 486 281-is tolia, mimarTa programas <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
moTxovniT. es niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ojaxebis 39.8 procenti<br />
Tavs Raribad miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebas iTxovs. am ojaxebis 28.8<br />
procentma <strong>da</strong>xmareba miiRo. did ojaxebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, mcire zomis ojaxebi<br />
bevrad uares mdgomareobaSi arian. im ojaxebis 59.6 procenti, vinc miiRo<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba, erTi an ori wevrisgan Sedgeba.<br />
wveri; 8,30%<br />
wveri;<br />
wveri;<br />
wveri;<br />
an meti<br />
wveri; 4,00%<br />
nax. 11<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmareba Rarib ojaxebs<br />
(2008 wlis aprilis monacemebi) wyaro www.ssa.gov.ge<br />
genderuli uTanasworoba Tavs iCens ekonomikaSi. qalebis raodenoba Warbobs,<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>xmarebis momTxovnTa Soris (55.3 % qali <strong>da</strong> 44.7 % mamakaci),<br />
ise maT Soris, vinc saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmareba miiRo (56.7 % qali <strong>da</strong> 43.3 %<br />
mamakaci).<br />
qveynis mdi<strong>da</strong>r a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris mxolod TiTo-orola qalma SeZlo simdidris<br />
TviTon <strong>da</strong>groveba. qalebis mamakacebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiTaa gapirobebuli. xelfasi zrdis qalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobas.<br />
74<br />
wveri;<br />
wveri;
ogorc erTma Cvenma respondentma SeniSna:<br />
”bolo wlebSi qalaqad mravali ojaxis Semosavali qalze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> es xels uwobs Tanasworobas; mamakacis Tanasworad fulis qona niSnavs<br />
Tanaswori Tavisuflebis qonas” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis<br />
xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.<br />
erTerTma studentma gogonam aseTi mosazreba gamoTqva jgufur ganxilvisas<br />
(fj 7):<br />
”rogorc ki qali ojaxSi Semomtanad iqceva, ojaxis Zalauflebis struqturas<br />
is gansazRvravs, anu socialuri statusi qmnis gansxvavebas”.<br />
siRaribis Sedegebi mravalmxrivia. siRaribe sul ufro metad aris gagebuli,<br />
rogorc ZiriTadi SesaZleblobebis SezRudva <strong>da</strong> ara ubralod, rogorc<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali Semosavlis qona. magram, siRaribis mravalganzomilebiani xasiaTis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Semosavali mis umTavres komponentad rCeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki Semosavali samuSaozea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
siRaribis msgavsad, umuSevrobac bevrad ufro metia, vidre ubralod Semosavalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva. <strong>da</strong>saqmeba statusis maCvenebelia. samuSaos gar<strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>srul<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians drois Rirseulad <strong>da</strong>xarjvis cota alternativa gaaCnia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmeba zegavlenas axdens a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavmoyvareobaze, TviT-Sefasebaze, cxovrebiT<br />
kmayofilebaze <strong>da</strong> TviTefeqturobaze, anu moqmedebis ganxorcielebis<br />
unaris qonis aRqmaze, aseve socialur urTierTobebze, ojaxur cxovrebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> prestiJze (Sullivan, 2004; Lauer, 1998).<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi CarTulni arian <strong>da</strong>saqmebis, rogorc formalur, aseve araformalur<br />
sferoSi. sqesis mixedviT diferenciacia exeba ara marto aqtiobis<br />
sferos-sajaro mamakacebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> kerZo qalebisaTvis, aramed aseve segregacias<br />
sferoebis SigniT. <strong>da</strong>saqmebaSi aRiniSneba segregacia profesiebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
TanamdebobebSi, aseve <strong>da</strong>saqmebis formalur, araformalur sferoebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebaSi.<br />
samsaxuris povna, an misi Seqmna TiTqmis yvelgan ufro Znelia qalisTvis,<br />
vidre kacisTvis. imisaTvis, rom qalma Tavisi adgili <strong>da</strong>imkvidros, rogorc<br />
muSa Zalam, mas kacTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro didi brZola <strong>da</strong> ufro meti<br />
faruli, Tu xiluli <strong>da</strong>brkolebebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva uwevs. finansurma gaWirvebam<br />
qalebs biZgi misca Cabmuliyvnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. mZime<br />
75
viTarebis gamo maT itvirTes pasuxismgebloba uzrunveleyoT TavianTi ojaxebi<br />
saarsebo minimumiT. qalebma mamakacebze adre gaacnobieres, rom aRar<br />
<strong>da</strong>brundebo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mier samsaxuriT uzrunvelyofis dro <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
maT Tavad un<strong>da</strong> ezrunaT sakuTar momavalze. qalebi mamakacebze gacilebiT<br />
moqnilebi aRmoCndnen profesiis Secvlis TvaslazrisiT, maT ar iTakiles<br />
sakuTari kvalifikaciisaTvis Seuferebeli saqmis keTeba, umuSevrobas amjobines<br />
arakvalificirebuli samuSaos Sesruleba _ quCaSi sigaretebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
yvavilebis gayidva, TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n saqonlis Camotana, mawvnis gakeTeba <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
qalaqSi gayidva, bavSvebis momvlelebad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlageblebad muSaoba, mcire<br />
biznesis wamowyeba. ase gaikvlia bevrma qalma gza axal ekonomikur realobaSi,<br />
xSirad profesiisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari miswrafebebis <strong>da</strong>Tmobis xarjze.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis arafomalur sferoSi qalebi raodenobrivad Warboben mamakacebs.<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>bali samuSao usafrTxoebis fonzec ki, arafomraluri<br />
struqturebSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofebian.<br />
es Seexeba samuSao Zalis sakmaod did nawils - wvril movaWreebs,<br />
Sinamosamsaxureebsa <strong>da</strong> ZiZebs, romelTa umravlesoba qalebi arian.<br />
”qalebis didi raodenoba muSaobs <strong>da</strong>saqmebis araformalur seqtorSi,<br />
romelic arc regulirdeba <strong>da</strong> arc kontrolirdeba. swored aq vawydebiT<br />
diskriminaciis sastik formebs, seqsualur Zaladobasa <strong>da</strong> mtrul garemos” -<br />
interviu eqspertTan, Tamar sabe<strong>da</strong>Svilan.<br />
meores mxriv, mamakacebi metad arian warmodgenilni formalur seqtorSi.<br />
formalur seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTagan qalebi 47.5 procents, xolo mamakacebi<br />
52.5 procents Seadgenen. meti a<strong>da</strong>miania <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli kerZo seqtorSi (77.0%)<br />
sazogadoebriv seqtorTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (23.0%). qalebi ukeT arian warmodgenilni<br />
saxelmwifo seqtorSi (<strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalTa 25.8 procenti), vidre mamakacebi<br />
(<strong>da</strong>saqmebul mamakacTa 20.5 procenti) (qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi, 2006).<br />
saxelmwifo seqtorTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT kerZo seqtori ufro maRali xelfasis<br />
miRebis SesaZlebloba iZleva, magram qalebi orive seqtorSi mamakacebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>bal xelfasis iReben. statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, 2005 wels<br />
saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSave qalebis xelfasi saSualod 89.3 lari iyo,<br />
xolo mamakacebis 184.1 lari. qalebis saSualo Semosavali kerZo seqtorSi<br />
Seadgne<strong>da</strong> 134.7 lars, xolo mamakacebisa - 210.6 lars. genderuli gansxvavebebi<br />
ufro mkveTria saxelmwifo seqtorSi (94.8 lari), Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT kerZo<br />
seqtorTan (75.9 lari), rac albaT kerZo seqtorSi arsebuli samuSaos Sesrulebis<br />
xarisxze orientirebuli midgomiT aixsneba.<br />
Cveni gamokiTxvis <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli respondentebis 58.3 procenti kerZo seqtorSi<br />
muSaobs, 33.4 procenti TviT-<strong>da</strong>saqmebulia, 12.5 procenti saxelmwifo samsax-<br />
76
urSia <strong>da</strong> 8.3 procenti ki - arasamTavrobo organizaciebSia gaerTianebuli.<br />
samuSaos usafrTxoeba qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>balia. saerTaSoriso Sromis organizaciam<br />
(ITUC CSI IGB 2007 – profesiuli kavSirebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevebis wliuri<br />
mimoxilva) sastikad gaakritika saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, romelic<br />
ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> 2006 wels. organizacia mas saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Rvevad miiCnevs. mis mixedviT kodeqsi nergavs ”<strong>da</strong>iqirave-gaagde”-s politikas,<br />
radgan <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli SeiZleba samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n gaTavisuflebul iqnes yovelgvari<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebis gareSe.<br />
miCneulia, rom axali Sromis kodeqsi ukan ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijia wina kodeqsTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT qalebis uflebebis TvalsazrisiTac. winamorbedi kodeqsis<br />
Tanaxmad, momuSave dedebs, romelTac yav<strong>da</strong>T 3 wlamde asakis bavSvi, neba<br />
eZleo<strong>da</strong>T samsaxurSi erTi saaTiT gvian misulyvnen <strong>da</strong> erTi saaTiT adre<br />
<strong>da</strong>emTavrbinaT muSaoba. es muxli axal kodeqsSi aRar aris. moqmedi kodeqsis<br />
Tanaxmad meZuZur de<strong>da</strong>s mxolod erTi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saaTi eZleva SesvenebisTvis.<br />
SezRudulia fuladi kompensacia sadekreto Svebulebisas. xelfasis<br />
odenobisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, qals ar SeuZlia miiRos 150 larze meti TveSi,<br />
rac Seadgens 600 lars mTeli sadekreto SvebulebisTvis.<br />
”es demografiuli problemisTvis didi <strong>da</strong>rtymaa, qalebi, romlebsac didi<br />
xelfasi aqvT <strong>da</strong> Svilis yolas ganizraxaven, aRar iReben sadekreto Svebulebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> muSaoben bavSvis gaCenis dRemde. es ki ueWvelad aryevs rogorc<br />
dedis, ise bavSvis janmrTelobas.”- interviu profesiuli kavSirebis TavmjdomaresTan,<br />
irakli petriaSvilTan.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmeba statusis niSania, is aseve aZlevs a<strong>da</strong>mians saSualebas gaeqces<br />
yoveldRiur problemebs, Caebas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, <strong>da</strong>amyaros socialuri<br />
kavSirebi, moaxdinos TviTrealizacia <strong>da</strong> amdenad xels uwyobs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri kapitalis ganviTarebas. samuSao, rogorc mamakacis,<br />
ise qalis identurobis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. gamokiTxvis<br />
Sedegebma uCvenes, rom pir<strong>da</strong>piri kavSiri arsebobs <strong>da</strong>saqmebasa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiT<br />
kmayofilebas, bedierebas, TviTSefasebasa <strong>da</strong> optimizms Soris rogorc mamakacebSi,<br />
ise qalebSi. magram <strong>da</strong>saqmeba maic ufro mniSvnelovania mamakacisaTvis.<br />
amaze isic miuTiTebs, rom <strong>da</strong>saqmeba kacebze ufro met zegavlenas<br />
axdens, vidre qalebze, Tumca, tvirTis gaormagebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, <strong>da</strong>saqmeba<br />
qalebzec <strong>da</strong>debiTad moqmedebs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmeba cxovrebiT kmayofilebasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli: <strong>da</strong>saqmebul mamakac-<br />
Ta 34.0 procenti <strong>da</strong>usaqmebelTa 23.0 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebul<br />
qalTa 24.3 procenti <strong>da</strong>usaqmebel qalTa 19.2 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, cxovrebiT<br />
kmayofilia.<br />
77
<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli mamakacebis 57.1 procenti <strong>da</strong>usaqmebelTa 47.3 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebis 58.0 procenti <strong>da</strong>usaqmebel qalebis 50.0<br />
procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Tavs ufro bednierad grZnobs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli mamakacebis 65. 2 procents <strong>da</strong>usaqmebel 58.9 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebis 51.1 procents <strong>da</strong>usaqmeblebis 46.8 procent-<br />
Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, maRali TviT-Sefaseba aqvs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli mamakacebis 52.2 procenti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usaqmebeli mamakacebis 48.9<br />
procneti optimistia. <strong>da</strong>saqmebli qalebis 54.9 procenti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usaqmebeli<br />
qalebis 50.4 procenti optimistur ganwyobas inarCunebs.<br />
qalebis wilis zr<strong>da</strong> samuSao ZalaSi TvalSisacemia msoflios yvela regionSi<br />
(Pollert & Fodor, 2005), <strong>da</strong> mainc, qalebisTvis samsaxuris Sovna ufro<br />
Znelia. gaCn<strong>da</strong> iseTi koncefciebi, rogoricaa qorwinebis barieri <strong>da</strong> orsulobis<br />
barieri, rac niSnavs, rom gaTxovil <strong>da</strong> orsul qalebs samsaxurSi<br />
miRebaze uars eubnebian <strong>da</strong> gaTxovil qalebsa <strong>da</strong> dedebs samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n wasvlisken<br />
ubiZgeben.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulma qalebi ki SeiZleba ori saxis, horizontaluri <strong>da</strong> vertikaluri<br />
segregaciis msxverplni gaxdnen.<br />
horizontaluri segregacia<br />
arsebobs tradiciulad qalisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciulad mamakacis profesiebi. sqesis<br />
mixedviT profesiuli segregacia gavrcelebulia mTel msoflioSi. ase<br />
magaliTad, aSS-Si qalebi iseT profesiiT muSaoben, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebi 70 procents<br />
Seadgenen, xolo mamakacebi ki iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c 70 procents mamakacebi Seadgenen.<br />
2002 wels, <strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalTa mesamedze meti koncentrirebuli iyo<br />
Semdeg profesiul kategoriebSi: maswavlebeli, mdivani, menejeri <strong>da</strong> administratori,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis sferos profesiebi, sacalo vaWroba, sabanko saqme<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zRveva. (Convey, et al., 2005). viTareba metnaklebad msgavsia globalurad:<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebis sami meoTxedi mTel msoflioSi 7 profesiaSi<br />
moRvaweobs: meddebi, mdivnebi/mbeW<strong>da</strong>vebi, saxlebis momvlelebi, buRaltrebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> molareebi, <strong>da</strong>mlageblebi, momvlelebi, mkeravebi (Wharton, 2004).<br />
sqesis mixedviT profesiuli segregacia mTel rig faqtorebze, maT Sorisa<br />
ekonomika, socialur <strong>da</strong> kulturul maxasiaTeblebze aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
qalebisTvis mamakacuri profesia ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba, maSin, rodesac<br />
mamakacebis naklebobaa. es gamovlin<strong>da</strong> yvela qveyanaSi omis periodSi <strong>da</strong><br />
axlac TvalSi sacemia qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>balia Sobadoba. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli Tanasworuflebianoba aseve amcirebs segregacias.<br />
78
saqarTveloSi monacemTa arseboba ar iZleva zusti <strong>da</strong>skvnebis gakeTebis<br />
saSualebas profesiuli segregaciis Taobaze magram Cveni <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis safuZvelze<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSic zemoT naxsenebi saqmianobebiT<br />
umetesad qalebi arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni.<br />
qalebis samsaxureobrivi miRwevebi ufro metad xelovnebasTan <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebasTanaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. amas nawilobriv a<strong>da</strong>sturebs saqarTvelos sabWoTa<br />
enciklopedia, romelic 1975-1987 wlebSia gamoqveynebuli <strong>da</strong> aseve, ”vin vin<br />
aris”, romelic 2006 wels gamoqyveyn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saqarTvelos sabWoTa enciklopediaSi 321 qarTveli qalia CamoTvlili. maT<br />
Soris naxevarze meti (59.9%) xelovnebis warmomadgenelia, 14.6 procenti<br />
mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sferoSi, xolo qalebis 6.2 procents warmoebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli qalebi Seadgenen.<br />
79
jan<strong>da</strong>cva,<br />
gmirebi,<br />
warmoeba,<br />
mecniereba <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTleba,<br />
politika,<br />
sporti,<br />
nax. 12<br />
saqarTvelos sabWoTa enciloklopediaSi moRvaweobis sferos mixedviT<br />
qalebze Sesuli statiebis ganawileba<br />
wyaro: m. maisuraZe, gamouqveynebeli angariSi<br />
”vin vin aris” Seicavs monacemebs 227 qalze. aqac, qalebis udides wils<br />
(42.7%) xelovnebis <strong>da</strong> samecniero sferos (21.6%) warmomadgenlebi Seadgenen<br />
80<br />
sxva,<br />
xelovneba,
sporti,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cva,<br />
politika,<br />
Jurnalisti,<br />
mecniereba,<br />
nax. 13<br />
qalebi ”vin vin aris”- is mixedviT, 2006<br />
sxva,<br />
qalebis saSualo Semosavali mamakacebis Semosavalze mcirea. amis mizezi isaa,<br />
rom is sferoebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebi muSaoben, nakleb anazRaurebadia. mamakacebi<br />
ufro maRalanazRaurebad, ufro prestiJul profesiebs irCeven. magaliTad,<br />
notariusebs Soris Zalze cotaa mamakacebi. rogorc erTma Cvenma respondentma<br />
aRniSna amis mizezi is aris, rom:<br />
”es ar iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> mainca<strong>da</strong>mainc prestiJul profesiad <strong>da</strong> arc maRal<br />
kvalifikacias moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.”<br />
”mamakaci mu<strong>da</strong>m maRal anazRaurebad samuSaos eZebs, radgan ojaxi un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos.<br />
ekonomikuri SeWirvebis dros qalebma moaxerxes sakuTari adgilis<br />
povna, <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen <strong>da</strong>bal anazRaurebad samsaxurebs, xolo mamakacebis<br />
didma nawilma amjobina Sin <strong>da</strong>rCena <strong>da</strong> colis xarjze cxovreba. ”interviu<br />
qalTa sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan.<br />
qalebis saqmianobis sferoebi, anu ganaTlebis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, sastumroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
restornebis, _ is sferoebia, sa<strong>da</strong>c saSualo anazRaureba yvelaze <strong>da</strong>balia.<br />
ase magaliTad, saSualo yovelTviuri xelfasi ganaTlebis sferoSi 2007<br />
wlis meore kvartalSi iyo 147.3 lari, jan<strong>da</strong>cvaSi - 183.3 lari <strong>da</strong> sastumroebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> restornis momsaxurebaSi 344.4 lari. yvelaze maRali xelfasebi<br />
finansur saqmianobas (943.8 lari) <strong>da</strong> wiaRiseulis mopovebas (644.8 lari)<br />
ukavSirdeba. es tradiciulad mamakacis saqmianobebia. imave periodSi qalis<br />
saSualo Semosavali iyo 211.2 lari, xolo mamakacisa - 320.9 lari (statis-<br />
81<br />
xelovneba,
tikis departamenti). Tumca, im saqmianobebSic ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c mamakacebi arian<br />
wamyvan poziciebze, qalebs mamakacebze naklebs uxdian. amis erT-erT mizezad<br />
SeiZleba miviCnioT is faqti, rom qalebis, karieraSi saojaxo movaleobebis<br />
gamo xSiria wyveta. Sromis bazarze <strong>da</strong>brunebisas isini veRar aRweven iseT<br />
winsvlas, rogorc mamakacebi. <strong>genderi</strong>s sferos eqspertebi profesiebSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul<br />
genderuli uTanasworobis uaryofiT Sedegebze saubroben:<br />
”genderuli wonasworoba imas niSnavs, rom mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali erTnairad arian<br />
warmodgenilni. ganaTlebis sistemaSi kacebis didi naklebobaa, rac Zalian<br />
cudia. saubari jansaR atmosferoze SeuZlebelia iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>rRveulia<br />
genderuli balansi. es imas niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> qalebs,<br />
an mamakacebs SeuZliaT ama Tu im sferos monopolizireba, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
arc mamakaci <strong>da</strong> arc qali ar aris Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi.” - interviu<br />
eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan.<br />
”Cven ukmayofilo varT Cveni mamakacebis Cauxe<strong>da</strong>vobiT <strong>genderi</strong>s sakiTxebSi,<br />
magram amasTanave, vaRiarebT, rom maT qalebi zrdian, radgan CvenSi bavSvebs<br />
dedebi <strong>da</strong> bebiebi zrdian, sabavSvo baRebSic yvela maswavlebeli qalia,<br />
igive viTarebaa <strong>da</strong>wyebiT skolebSi. aucilebelia mamakaci maswavleblebic<br />
CaerTon saqmeSi, <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi klasebis doneze. es Zalian mniSvnelovania.” - interviu<br />
eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan.<br />
aris SemTxvevebi, roca qali mamakacis profesiaSi axerxebs SeWras. rogorc<br />
Cvenma respondentma taqsis mZRolma qalma gviTxra:<br />
”taqsis mZRoli umuSevrobis gamo gavxdi. samuSao ver viSovne <strong>da</strong> Cemma mezobelma<br />
taqsis mZRolebma mirCies muSaoba taqsis mZRolad <strong>da</strong>mewyo, radgan<br />
Zlieri qali var. ase rom, Cemi xasiaTis gamo ga<strong>da</strong>vwyvite es saqmianoba<br />
wamomewyo.”<br />
iseT sferoebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sertifikatis aReba <strong>da</strong> amisTvis gamocdebis Cabarebaa<br />
savaldebuloa, aSkarad igrZnoba qali TanamSromlebis ricxvis mateba. 257<br />
mosamarTli<strong>da</strong>n 126 qalia, Tumca sasamarTlos samive Tavmjdomare mamakacia.<br />
genderuli balansi sasamarTlos TavmjdomareebSi ukeTesia saubno sasamarTloebis<br />
doneze, sa<strong>da</strong>c 56 Tavmjdomari<strong>da</strong>n 26 qalia. presasTan urTierToba<br />
mTlianad qalebs eTmoba <strong>da</strong> yvela spikeri mosamarTle qalia.<br />
82
vertikaluri segregacia<br />
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom qalebs <strong>da</strong> kacebs <strong>da</strong>winaurebis gansxvavebuli<br />
SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT. msoflio masStabiT mcirea qalebis raodenoba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimRebTa Soris. am mxriv arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens<br />
gamonakliss. gamokiTxvam (sociologiuri gamokiTvis angariSi, 2007), romelic<br />
gaerom Caatara saukeTeso genderuli Tanasworobis mqone organizaciebis<br />
gamosavlenad uCvena, rom didia sxvaoba <strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalTa procentul<br />
maCvenebelsa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimReb Tanamdebobebze arsebul qalTa<br />
procentul maCvenebels Soris.<br />
farmakologia<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cva<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRveva<br />
sabanko sistema<br />
vaWroba<br />
komunikacia<br />
kvebisa <strong>da</strong> sasmelebis<br />
warmoeba<br />
mZime mrewveloba<br />
samSeneblo kompaniebi<br />
gasamarTi sadgurebi<br />
nax. 14<br />
wyaro: saukeTeso genderuli maCvenebelis mqone organizaciis gamosavlenad<br />
Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokiTxvis angariSi (2008)<br />
83<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
mimRebebi<br />
TanamSromlebi
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferoSi mamakacuri kulturaa gamefebuli. amis erTi mizezi isaa,<br />
rom mamakaci mamakacurad iqceva rogorc tradiciulad mamakacis, ise tradiciulad<br />
qalis profesiaSi moRvaweobisas, maSin rodesac qali CveulebrivaT<br />
mamkacurad iqceva mamakacur profesiebSi (Wharton, 2004).<br />
samsaxurebrivi winsvla qalisTvis ufro rTulia, vidre mamakacisTvis. im<br />
sirTules, romelsac saukeTeso monacemebis mqone qalebi awydebian maRalanazRaurebad<br />
samuSaoze <strong>da</strong>sawinaureblad, didi xnis win ewo<strong>da</strong> ”minis Weri”-<br />
uxilavi barieris arseboba, romelic winsvlis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva.<br />
mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT xdeba, rodesac isini tradiciulad qalebis<br />
saqmianobas ewevian, egreT wodebul ”minis eskalators” isini zemoT ayavs.<br />
mamakacma respondentma gagviziara qalur profesiaSi muSaobis gamocdileba:<br />
”me ukve cameti welia Jurnalisti var. vmuSaobdi JurnalebSi, radioSi,<br />
gazeTebSi <strong>da</strong> televiziaSi. iq yvelgan qalebi umravlesobas Seadgenen. maxsovs,<br />
radioSi Cemi ufrosi qali iyo <strong>da</strong> roca iq <strong>da</strong>viwye muSaoba, Zalian<br />
uxaro<strong>da</strong>, rom rogorc iqna mamakaci TanamSromeli gauCn<strong>da</strong>. TanamSromlebic<br />
Zalian gaxarebulebi iyvnen rom iq mivedi, <strong>da</strong> me TviTonac bednieri viyavi.<br />
mamakac Jurnalistebs qon<strong>da</strong>T privilegiebi mxolod imitom, rom mamakacebi<br />
iyvnen.” - interviu Jurnalist aleko elisaSvilTan.<br />
qalebis samsaxureobriv winsvlaze msjelobisas wamoiWra qalis mier samsaxureobrivi<br />
winsvlis <strong>da</strong>gegmvis aucileblobis sakiTxi. gamokiTxulTagan zogi<br />
miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> imas, rom aucilebelia qalebma sakuTar karieraze izrunon;<br />
zogma amisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebic wamoayena:<br />
”imisaTvis, rom swori gza <strong>da</strong>anaxo, didi samuSaoa gasawevi, radgan bevrs miaCnia,<br />
rom qali Sin un<strong>da</strong> ijdes, bavSvebi gazardos <strong>da</strong> ojaxs <strong>da</strong> meuRles<br />
mixedos. aseTi warmodgena un<strong>da</strong> mokvdes saqarTveloSi. qali un<strong>da</strong> muSaobdes,<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> es Zalian sasargeblo iqneba qveynisTvisac,<br />
ojaxisTvisac, bavSvebisTvisac <strong>da</strong> meuRleebisTvisac.” - interviu arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.<br />
”qalebis kariera <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia Tavad qalebze <strong>da</strong> maT meuRleebze. Tu qali<br />
gaTxovilia <strong>da</strong> qmari araa winaaRmdegi, <strong>da</strong> Tu qalis saqmianoba ar SeuSlis<br />
xels ojaxis keTildReobas, maSin ratomac ar un<strong>da</strong> imuSaos qalma?<br />
meores mxriv, Tu es ojaxur problemebs warmoSobs, qali un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>fiqrdes<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos Rirs Tu ara karieris gagrZeleba”. - interviu profesiuli<br />
84
saswavleblis direqtorTan, irakli faCuliasTan.<br />
Cvenma gamokiTxvamac <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura qalis muSaobis mimarT arsebuli gansxvavebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. umravlesobas miaCnia, rom yvelasaTvis ukeTesia,<br />
rodesac mamakaci muSaobs <strong>da</strong> qali ojaxs uvlis, magram aq saxezea genderuli<br />
gansxvaveba, ufro meti mamakaci (79.8%) vidre qali (64.7%) fiqrobs ase (Chi<br />
Square 39.9%; df 2; p
espondentebi gansxvavebul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas gamoxatavdnen mamakaci ufrosis,<br />
an qali ufrosis mimarT, magram saerTo jamSi upiratesobas mamakacebTan<br />
muSaobas aniWebdnen.<br />
qalis karieruli winsvlis ZiriTad <strong>da</strong>brkolebad respondentebi (interviu)<br />
ojaxuri movaleobebiT gamowveul drois ukmarisobas miiCneven.<br />
umuSevroba<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZleblobebis simwire qveynis siRaribis mTavar mizezs warmoadgens.<br />
oficialuri statistika 2000 wli<strong>da</strong>n 2006 wlamde periodSi uCvenebs,<br />
rom umuSevroba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mkacri kriteriumis<br />
mixedviT saqarTvelos ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi (15 welze ufrosi<br />
asakis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi) meryeobs 10.3 procenti<strong>da</strong>n 13.8 procentamde (saqarTvelo:<br />
siRaribis aRmofxvris strategiuli dokumenti. Sualeduri angariSi). umu-<br />
Sevrobis es 13.8 procentuli maCvenebeli zustad ar asaxavs <strong>da</strong>saqmebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul viTarebas qveyanaSi, radgan oficialuri kriteriumis mixedviT<br />
TviT-<strong>da</strong>saqmebulad iTvleba yvela, vinc miwis nakveTs flobs. eqspertebis<br />
gamoTvelbiT umuSveroba 2007 wels 35-40 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong> (migraciis<br />
saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2007).<br />
umuSevrobas qveyanaSi Taviseburi xasiaTi aqvs, is yvelaze maRalia umaRlesi<br />
ganaTlebis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris. 2005 wels umuSevari qalebis 39.6 procents<br />
<strong>da</strong> umuSevari mamakacebis 38.4 procents umaRlesi ganaTleba qon<strong>da</strong><br />
(qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi, 2006).<br />
qalebis wili muSa ZalaSi mamakacebisaze naklebs Seadgens (mag. 2001 samuSoa<br />
Zalas Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 1.093.600 kaci <strong>da</strong> 1.019.700 qali, xolo 2006 wels 1.085.900 kaci<br />
<strong>da</strong> 935.900 qali). 2007 welsac ufro meti mamakaci (63.0%) vidre qali (48.0%)<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli.<br />
86
nax.15<br />
umuSevroba ekonomikurad aqtiur mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebSi<br />
(wyaro: statistikis departamenti).<br />
umuSevrobasTan erTad. qveyanaSi Zalze gavrcelebulia arasrulfasovani<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmeba, rac gulisxmobs sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT muSaobas mwiri xelfasisaTvis,<br />
naxevar Statze muSaobas, rodesac a<strong>da</strong>mians sruli Statze muSaoba surs, an<br />
iseT samuSaos Sesrulebas, romelic droebiTi xasiaTisaa, an ar Seesatyviseba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis codnasa <strong>da</strong> unars.<br />
umuSevrobis done Zalze maRali iyo Cveni gamokixvis respondentebs Sorisac.<br />
gamokiTxulTa 61.6 procenti miuTiTebs, rom ar muSaobs. umuSevari qalebis<br />
wili (68.1%) Warbobs umuSevari mamakacebis wils (53.1%). umuSevar respondentebs<br />
Soris 38.1 procentma miuTiTa, rom eZeb<strong>da</strong>, magram ver poulob<strong>da</strong><br />
samuSaos, 9.1 procenti ver poulob<strong>da</strong> samsaxurs, magram arc aqtiurad eZeb<strong>da</strong><br />
mas, 8.3 procents muSaobis dro ar qon<strong>da</strong>, 23.6 procenti pensioneri iyo, 8.9<br />
procenti studenti, 8.3 procenti ver muSaob<strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong> 3.7 procenti<br />
sxva mizezebis gamo. mamakacebi ufro aqtiurebi aRmoCndnen qalebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT: mamakacebi 45.7 procenti, qalebis 33.6 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
aqtiurad eZebdnen samsaxurs. qalebi ufro metad uCiodnen drois naklebobas<br />
- qalebis 11.4 procenti mamakacebis 3.0 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT acxadeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom ar qon<strong>da</strong> dro, rom emuSava.<br />
umuSevrobis uaryofiTi zegavlena izrdeba mis xangrZliobasTan erTad;<br />
misi Sedegebi aseve ufro mZimea pirvelad samuSaos <strong>da</strong>wyebis <strong>da</strong>gvianebisas.<br />
gamokiTxvaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> orive am faqtoris uaryofiTi zegavlena. umuSevarTa<br />
mesamedze metma (37.5%) aRniSna, rom arasdros umuSavia. aseve didi<br />
87<br />
kaci<br />
qali
iyo umuSevarTa Soris im a<strong>da</strong>mianebis wili (30.4%) vinc 10 welze metia<br />
umuSevari. qalebis a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitali kacebisaze ufro Semcirebuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
radgan umuSevari qalebis 72.9 procentma aRniSna, rom saerTod,<br />
an bolo 1 wlis manZilze ar umuSavia. msgavs mdgomareobaSi iyo umuSevar<br />
kacebis 59.2 procenti.<br />
mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi erTnairad uCiodnen umuSevrobas <strong>da</strong> fulis ukmarisobas.<br />
44.5 procentma aRniSna sakuTari umuSevroba, 41.1 procentma ojaxis<br />
wevrebis umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> 72.1 procentma fulis nakleboba, rogorc maT Ziri-<br />
Tadi sazrunavi (respondentebs SeeZloT arCevani gaekeTebinaT 13 CamoTvlili<br />
problemi<strong>da</strong>n).<br />
umuSevroba Semosavlis uqonlobaze gacilebiT metia; umuSveroba <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebulia gariyvasTan <strong>da</strong> izolaciasTan, rac zrdis arajansaRi <strong>da</strong> sarisko<br />
qcevis albaTobas, iseve rogorc avadmyofobas. amitom is xSirad gansaz-<br />
Rvravs ara marto fizikur, aramed emociur sijansaRes. depresia, <strong>da</strong>qveiTebuli<br />
TviT-Sefaseba, sibraze <strong>da</strong> gaRizianeba, sircxvili, seriozuli fsiqikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebebi, an TviTmkvlelobac ki, xSirad swored umuSevrobis Sedegia.<br />
umuSveroba uaryofiTad moqmedebs pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebzec. umuSverobas<br />
moaqvs socialuri kontaqtebis gawyveta <strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrebis mimarT<br />
mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Camoyalibeba.<br />
mravali umuSevari <strong>da</strong> Raribi mamakaci umuSverobas pasuxobs alkoholis<br />
Warbi moxmarebiT, mravali xdeba depresiis msxverpli. <strong>da</strong>naSauli SeiZleba<br />
iqces alternativa. zogierTi qveynis monacemebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans (mag. SvedeTi) kav-<br />
Siri umuSevrobasa <strong>da</strong> axlagazrdebis mier Tambaqos <strong>da</strong> narkotikebis moxmarebasTan,<br />
<strong>da</strong> aseve <strong>da</strong>naSaulis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan (Lauer, 1998).<br />
umuSevrobis es uaryofiTi Sedegebi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi problemebis winaSe ayeneben<br />
qalebsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs. avisonma Seiswavla umuSverobis fsiqikuri janmrTelobaze<br />
zemoqmedeba mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebSi <strong>da</strong> saintereso gansxvaveba<br />
aRmoaCina. umuSevari qalebi ufro metad dganan fsiqikuri <strong>da</strong>rRvevebis<br />
saSiSroebis, gansakuTrebiT SfoTvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>rRvevebis winaSe,<br />
maSin rodesac mamakacebi ufro metad aRmoCndnen midrekili aRmoCndnen alkoholisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> narkotikebis moxmarebasa <strong>da</strong> depresiisadmi (Sullivan, 2004).<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmeba SeiZleba emyarebodes a<strong>da</strong>mianSi arsebul molodinTa Sesabamisi<br />
qcevebis ganxorcielebas. Tu a<strong>da</strong>mians swams, rom SeuZlebelia patiosani<br />
SromiT normaluri cxovrebis donis miRweva, an rom misi samsaxureobrivi<br />
warmateba ufro viTarebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, vidre mis Zalisxmevaze, Sei-<br />
Zleba <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom igi ar <strong>da</strong>iwyebs aqtiurad samuSaos Ziebas <strong>da</strong> Sedegad<br />
umuSevari iqneba. magram Cveni respondentebis SemTxvevaSi imis rwmena, rom<br />
88
patiosani SromiT SeiZleba normaluri cxovrebis donis miRweva ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. rwmena imisa, rom patiosani Sroma nayofs<br />
gamoiRebs, Tumc Zalian <strong>da</strong>bali aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, is meryeobs 27.2 procenti<strong>da</strong>n 29.8<br />
procentamde respodentebSi, <strong>genderi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis statusis mixedviT ar<br />
gansxvavdeba. meores mxriv, sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi rwmena, gansxvavebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebul <strong>da</strong> umuSevar mamakacebSi, magram ara qalebSi. meti <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<br />
mamakaci, (53.8%) umuSevar mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (48.3%) <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia,<br />
rom warmateba ufro a<strong>da</strong>mianis mcdelobazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, vidre viTarebasa<br />
an sxvebze.<br />
kompiuteruli unarebis floba SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>saqmebisTvis kidev erT momgebian<br />
faqtorad ganvixiloT. <strong>da</strong>saqmebul mamakacTa 39.8 procents, umuSevari<br />
mamakacebis 26.3 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba;<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis mixedviT gansxvaveba kidev ufro gamokveTilia qalebis SemTxveva-<br />
Si: <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa 45.0 procents, umuSevrebis 22.1 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba.<br />
umuSevrobis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis gzebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis mcire SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, rac saqarTvelosTvis bolo<br />
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, TviT-<strong>da</strong>saqmeba an samuSaos sxva<br />
qveynebSi Zieba aris is ZiriTadi ori arCevani, romelic Semosavlis povnis<br />
maZiebels gaaCnia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis Seqmna<br />
gamokiTxam aCvena, rom <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTagan yovel mesames (33.4 %) Tavisi biznesi<br />
aqvs, 8.3 procenti muSaobs arasamTavrobo organizaciaSi, romelic<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavad respondentma Camoayaliba.<br />
TanianT karis qalebis ambavi, romlebmac sakuTari biznesi Seqmnes, iniciativis<br />
mniSvnelobis karg magaliTs warmoadgens.<br />
TanianT karis qalebis iniciativa<br />
TanianT kari patara sofelia, sa<strong>da</strong>c ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTamde ojaxi cxovrobs.<br />
is Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n 45 kilometris manZilze, duSeTis Tavzea ganlagebuli.<br />
maRali mdebareoba, sarwyavi wylis ar arseboba ar iZleva komerciuli<br />
miznebiT mosavlis moyvanis saSualebas. aris wlebi, rodesac<br />
ojaxebs Tavis samyofi lobio, kartofili an xorbilic ki ver moyavT.<br />
sabWoTa xanaSi soflis mamakacebi mSeneblobebze muSaobdnen, qalebi ki<br />
89
mezoblad mefrinveleobis fermaze iyvnen <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli. qveyanaSi ganviTarebulma<br />
socio-politikurma cvlilebebma soflis macxovreblebzec iqonia<br />
zegavlena. xalxi <strong>da</strong>rCa usamsaxurod, yovelgvari Semosavlis gareSe.<br />
TanianT karis qalebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes ekonomikuri krizisi<strong>da</strong>n gamosavali gzebis<br />
Zieba. maT wamoiwyes rZiTa <strong>da</strong> mawvniT vaWroba TbilisSi. mZime CanTebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTulebi isini fexiT 3 kilometrs gadiodnen qalaqSi mimaval avtobusze<br />
<strong>da</strong>sajdomad. ase gavi<strong>da</strong> 4 weli <strong>da</strong> Semdeg qalebma ganizraxes kooperireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> avtobusis <strong>da</strong>qiraveba. mas mere avtobuss kviraSi orjer 17 qali<br />
qalaqSi miyavs. qalebma TavianTi klientebis ricxvi gaafarToves <strong>da</strong> gasayidi<br />
produqtic gaamravalferovnes; isini rZisa <strong>da</strong> mawvnis gar<strong>da</strong> ukve yveliT,<br />
kvercxiT <strong>da</strong> agreTve sezonurad xiliTac vaWroben. maT produqciaze moTxovnilebis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad, gaCn<strong>da</strong> rZis SeZenis aucilebloba. maT <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />
rZis Sesyidva sakuTari <strong>da</strong> mezobeli soflebis macxovreblebisgan. momxmareblis<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebam soflelebs stimuli misca sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmianobis wamosawyebad;<br />
ori maTgani keravs zewrebs Tavisi klientebisTvis. sinamdvileSi<br />
qalebis am patara jgufma moaxerxa mTeli soflis stimulireba, imiT, rom<br />
sxvebisgan Sesyidul produqcias yidis. qalebi ojaxebs amarageben sursaTiT,<br />
wamlebiT, sigaretiT <strong>da</strong> tansacmliT. dRes ojaxebs ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalebi inaxaven,<br />
Tumca mamakacebi exmarebian maT, isini mwyemsaven Zroxebs <strong>da</strong> agroveben<br />
Tivas. Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mamakacebis reaqcia meuRleebis iniciativis mimarT gansxvavebuli<br />
iyo. zogierTi nebas ar rTav<strong>da</strong> cols emuSava eWvianobis gamo, magram<br />
fulis Sovnis aucileblobam Tavisi gaitana <strong>da</strong> qmrebma pozicia <strong>da</strong>Tmes.<br />
mamakacebi Seeguen colebis, rogorc ojaxSi mTavari Semomtanis axal rols<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan maTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba colebis mimarT Seicvala. imis gamo, rom<br />
colze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebi gaxdnen, isini naklebad momTxovni arian, Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
Semcir<strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladobac. aseTi masStabis biznesi ar aris sakmarisi<br />
imisaTvis, rom ojaxma normalurad icxovros, magram sakmarisia ZiriTadi<br />
moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad. amasTan es Semosavali qalebs siamayis<br />
grZnobiT avsebs, raki maT SeZles ekonomikuri krizisis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva sakuTari<br />
iniciativis <strong>da</strong> mZime Sromis meoxebiT (fj.1)<br />
90
migracia<br />
migracia, TviT-<strong>da</strong>saqmebis msgavsad warmoadgens umuSevrobisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevis<br />
yvelaze xSirad arCeul saSualebas. SromiTi migracia mWidro<strong>da</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli globalizaciasTan <strong>da</strong> bevr qveyanaSi SeiniSneba. eqspertebis<br />
gamoangariSebiT, bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi milion a<strong>da</strong>mianze metma<br />
<strong>da</strong>tova saqarTvelo (jaSi, 2005). SeuZlebelia im Tanxis gamoTvla, romelsac<br />
saqarTvelo iRebs SromiTi migrantebisgan, radgan sabanko gadmoricxvebTan<br />
erTad Tanxis nawili qveyanas araformaluri gzebiT aRwevs. calsaxaa, rom<br />
mravali ojaxi Tavs mxolod gadmogzavnili fuliT irCens.<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi muSaobis mizniT yvelaze xSirad miemgzavrebian<br />
ruseTis federaciaSi (39.%), aSS-Si (14%), saberZneTSi (14%) <strong>da</strong> germaniaSi<br />
(13%). kvlevam cxadyo, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi (66.0%) gamgzavreba xorcieldeba<br />
naTesavebisa <strong>da</strong> megobrebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT (migraciis saerTaSoriso<br />
organizacia, 2003).<br />
gamokiTxulTa 17.2 procentma (gamokiTxva) ganaxcxa<strong>da</strong>, rom maTi ojaxis wevri<br />
emigraciaSi. ufro xSirad es ojaxis erTi wevria (89.9%), Tumca arian ojaxebi,<br />
romelTa 4 wevri sazRvargareT cxovrobs. Cveni monacemebi im qveynebze,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis yvelaze didi nawili muSaobs emTxveva migraciis<br />
saerTaSorso organizaciis 2003 wlis monacemebs, romlis mixedviTac<br />
migrantTa udidesi nawili ruseTSi cxovrobs (36.1%), Semdeg saberZneTSi<br />
(17.85%) <strong>da</strong> mere aSS-Si (8.9%).<br />
safrangeTi<br />
TurkeTi<br />
germania<br />
ukraina<br />
espaneTi sxva<br />
aSS<br />
nax. 16<br />
qveynebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ojaxis wevrebi imyofebian emigraciaSi<br />
91<br />
saberZneTi<br />
ruseTi
migraciis yvelaze xSirad (65.9%) <strong>da</strong>saxelebul mizezs ojaxis wevris mier<br />
samuSaos Zieba warmoadgens. 13.5 procentma qveyana <strong>da</strong>tova maspinZeli qveynis<br />
moqalaqeze <strong>da</strong>qorwinebis gamo, 9.8 procentma swavlis gasagrZeleblad, 5.6<br />
procentma mkurnalobis mizniT, 5.2 procentma, rogorc ojaxis wevris Tanmxlebma<br />
pirma.<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiT SedegebTan erTad, migracias uaryofiT Sedegebic aqvs, romlebic<br />
aisaxeba migrantebze, maT ojaxebsa <strong>da</strong> samSobloze.<br />
SromiTi migraciis ZiriTad upiratesobas is warmoadgens, rom migrants eZleva<br />
sakuTari Tavis <strong>da</strong> ojaxis rCenis saSualeba. bevr SemTxvevaSi migracia<br />
saSualebas aZlevs a<strong>da</strong>mians ganaviTaros Tavisi unarebi, iswavlos axali ena,<br />
axali cxovrebis wesebi <strong>da</strong> ufro moqnili gaxdes. amave dros, gadmogzavnili<br />
fulis saxiT qveyanac naxulobs mogebas.<br />
magram Znelia imis Tqma, es upiratesobebi ga<strong>da</strong>swonis Tu ara uaryofiT<br />
Sedegebs, radgan saxezea ojaxTan <strong>da</strong>Soreba (2003 wlis migraciis saerTa-<br />
Soriso organizaciis monacemebis mixedviT samuSaod wasuli qalebis 27 procentma<br />
samSobloSi meuRle, xolo 37 procentma Svilebi <strong>da</strong>tova), stresi,<br />
mudmivi <strong>da</strong> droebiTi SromiTi migraciis uaryofiTi gavlena saqarTvelos<br />
demografiul suraTze, rac pir<strong>da</strong>pir aisaxeba mosaxleobis klebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos reproduqciuli resursebis potencialSi, droebiTi migraciis<br />
mudmiv emigraciaSi ga<strong>da</strong>zrdis didi albaToba (migraciis saerTaSoriso<br />
organizacia, 2003).<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba potenciuri migrantebis mimarT gansxvavdeba<br />
migrantebis sqesis mixedviT (gamokiTxva). qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi (65%) erTnairad<br />
miiCneven, rom Sin samsaxuris ver Sovnis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis wevri<br />
mamakaci emigraciaSi un<strong>da</strong> wavides, magram mxolod 23.8 procenti fiqrobs,<br />
rom igive un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTos qalma. qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi am sakiTxs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad<br />
uyureben (Chi Square 9.3; df 2; p
qalebis migracia mamakacebis migraciisagan ramdenime niSniT gansxvavdeba:<br />
qali migrantebis fuladi gzavnilebi saSualod 40 aSS dolariT aRemateba<br />
mamakacebis mier gamogzavnil Tanxas (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia,<br />
2003).<br />
<strong>da</strong>ojaxebuli qalebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis albaToba gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre<br />
mamakacebis (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003). <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sfero,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c qals SeuZlia muSaoba Zlier gansxvavdeba mamakacis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferosgan<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalebze moTxovna dRiTidRe izrdeba. migraciis saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciis (2003) gamokvlevis mixedviT, samuSaod sazRvargareT wasuli<br />
qalebis 33.1 procenti med<strong>da</strong>d, 9.2 procenti ZiZad, , 9.2 procenti Sinamosamsaxured<br />
<strong>da</strong> 5.5 procenti maRaziis gamyidvelad muSaobs 4.3 procenti<br />
mimtanad (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003).<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi<br />
siRaribe qveyanis ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens. misi mTavari mizezi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZleblobebis simcirea. mosaxleoba gamosavals TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> emigraciaSi eZebs. maRali migracia seriozul safrTxes uqmnis qveynis<br />
demografiuli mdgomareobas, romelic ise<strong>da</strong>c cudia <strong>da</strong> romlis gauaresebasac<br />
eqspertebi varaudoben. mosaxleobis zrdis kleba <strong>da</strong> amis Sedegad<br />
asakovani mosaxleobis mateba uaryofiTad zemoqmedebas moaxdens qveynis<br />
ekonomikur mdgomareobaze.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa umravlesoba kerZo seqtorSi muSaobs <strong>da</strong> bevric araformalur<br />
seqtorSia <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli. samuSao adgilebis usafrTxoeba <strong>da</strong>balia.<br />
axali SromiTi kodeqsi ukan ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijad aris miCneuli, radgan is<br />
asustebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa uflebebs <strong>da</strong> reproduqciis motivacias qalebSi.<br />
mosaxleoba mxars uWers mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis sferoebis <strong>da</strong>yofas, sazogadoebrivis<br />
ufro kacis sarbielad, xolo kerZosi ki ufro qalis sarbielad<br />
miiCnevs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebisaTvis. igi mamakacis<br />
identurobisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad kacis reaqcia<br />
umuSevrobaze ufro mwvavea. <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebi awydebian, rogorc horizontalur,<br />
ise vertikalur segregacias. arsebobs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis profesiebi,<br />
mamakacis profesiebi ufro maRali Semosavalis miRebis saSualebas<br />
iZleva. samsaxureobrivi winsvlis miRweva qalisTvis ufro Znelia, vidre<br />
mamakacisTvis. qalebi ufro Warbad arian warmodgenilni <strong>da</strong>saqmebis araformalur<br />
seqtorSi, xolo formalur seqtorSi isini ufro metad sajaro,<br />
vidre kerZo seqtorSi arian warmodgenili.<br />
migraciis zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi feminizacia seriozul safrTxes uqmnis demografiul<br />
mdgomareobas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad saqarTvelos momavals.<br />
93
<strong>genderi</strong> kerZo sferoSi<br />
Tavi 5<br />
<strong>genderi</strong> ojaxur cxovrebaSi<br />
kerZo sfero qalis samyarod aris miCneuli.<br />
”un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes biologiuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, Cvens kulturaSi<br />
mainc, romlebic ganapirobeben imas, rom qalebi ojaxs uvlian, kacebi<br />
ki qveyanas. qalebs Cvens kulturaSi ar moeTxovebaT samSoblos <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong><br />
mtrebTan brZola” - interviu parlamentis wevr, kaxa kukavasTan.<br />
”qali saxlis burjia, is ojaxis siwmindes un<strong>da</strong> icavdes, mamakacebs ar akisriaT<br />
am TvalsazrisiT amxela pasuxismgebloba”. - fokus-jgufis ganxilvis<br />
mamakaci monawile (fj.5).<br />
ojaxi yvela <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebuli universaluri institutia, is aucilebelia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisTvis, radgan is seqsualur, ekonomikur, reproduqciul <strong>da</strong><br />
saganmanaTleblo funqciebs asrulebs.<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli gansxvavebebis gamo Znelia, iseTi gansazRvrebis<br />
moZebna, romelic ojaxis yvela nairsaxeobas moicavs. merdoki (Murdock,<br />
1949. gv.2) ojaxs Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: ”ojaxi socialuri jgufia,<br />
romelsac saerTo sacxovrebeli adgili, ekonomikuri TanamSromloba <strong>da</strong><br />
reproduqcia axasiaTebs. is moicavs orive sqesis mozrdilebs, romelTagan<br />
ors mainc aqvs socialurad <strong>da</strong>Svebuli sqesobrivi urTierToba, erTi an meti<br />
sakuTari, an ayvanili Svili”. msoflioSi ojaxebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipebia gavrcelebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> dRes ojaxis cneba aseve moicavs ojaxs, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi mSobelia,<br />
an homoseqsualur ojaxs.<br />
ojaxSi cvlilebebi xSirad socialur cvlilebebTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, radgan<br />
ojaxi areklavs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si mimdinare cvlilebebs, imisaTvis rom moergos<br />
axal realobas (magaliTad, Le Play, 1855, Durkheim, 1892).<br />
ufro xSirad ojaxebiss kategorizacia xdeba Taobebis mixedviT, erT, or,<br />
sam an oTxTaobian ojaxebad. yvelaze gavrcelebulia orTaobiani ojaxi,<br />
anu nuklearuli ojaxi, romelic mSoblebisa <strong>da</strong> erTi an meti Svilisgan<br />
94
Sedgeba. nuklearuli ojaxi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT axal movlenas warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> is<br />
industrializaciasTan <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis sofli<strong>da</strong>n qalaqSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebasTan<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. is xazs usvams polarizebul genderul rolebs - mar-<br />
Cenali mamis <strong>da</strong> diasaxlisi dedis. nuklearuli ojaxis gverdigverd arsebobs<br />
ojaxis gacilebiT ufro Zveli forma, romelic Cveulebriv sami Taobisagan,<br />
naTesaobiTi (sisxliT monaTesave) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moyvrebuli (qorwinebiT <strong>da</strong>naTesavebuli),<br />
wevrebisagan: bebia-babua, mSoblebi, debi <strong>da</strong> Zmebi, mZaxlebi,<br />
deidebi, mamidebi, biZebi, biZaSvil-dei<strong>da</strong>Svil-mami<strong>da</strong>Svilebi, Zmiswulebi <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva naTesavebisgan Sedgeba.<br />
memkvidreobiTi wesebic gansxvavebulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi <strong>da</strong> isini mamis<br />
an dedis naTesaobis mixedviT dgindeba. ufro xSiria mamis mxriv naTesaobiTi<br />
memkvidreobiToba. gaTxovebis Semdeg qmris ojaxTan cxovreba msoflioSi<br />
yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli formaa.<br />
qarTuli ojaxi tradiciulad patriarqaluri iyo. iq sami, an oTxi Taobis<br />
warmomadgenlebi erTad cxovrobdnen. qalebi gaTxovebis Semdeg sacxovreblad<br />
qmris saxlSi ga<strong>da</strong>diodnen. uxucesi mamakaci ojaxis Tavad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> umaRles avtoritets warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mis cols Zalaufleba qon<strong>da</strong><br />
rZalze, romelsac un<strong>da</strong> ekeTebina de<strong>da</strong>mTilis mier gansazRvruli saojaxo<br />
saqme. bavSvebs TiTqmis ar qon<strong>da</strong>T sityvis ufleba ojaxuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebisas <strong>da</strong> wesiT ufrosebis morCilni un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen. saqarTvelos zog<br />
kuTxeSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> ojaxis Tavi mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis arCevis praqtika. ojaxis<br />
Tavi qali pasuxs ageb<strong>da</strong> yvela im movaleobis Sesrulebaze, rac tradiciulad<br />
qalis saqmianobad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. is ojaxis wevr qalebs avaleb<strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmes, im dros, roca mamakaci kacebs Soris anawileb<strong>da</strong> saqmes <strong>da</strong><br />
iReb<strong>da</strong> ojaxisTvis mniSvnelovan ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs (gogiCaiSvili, 1976).<br />
qveyanaSi bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri Zireuli socialuri,<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri cvlilebebi ojaxur cxovrebazec aisaxa.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slam <strong>da</strong> socialisturi sistemis <strong>da</strong>sasrulma cxovrebis<br />
TiTqmis yvela sferoze moaxdina gavlena <strong>da</strong> axal realobebTan morgebis<br />
aucilebloba warmoSva. sistemis <strong>da</strong>sasruli aRiniSna organizaciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmoebebis didi umravlesobis <strong>da</strong>xurviT, ramac masobrivi umuSevroba<br />
gamoiwvia. umuSevroba TiTmis yvela ojaxs Seexo <strong>da</strong> warmoqmna gaRaribebulTa<br />
didi armia. im cxovrebis Semdeg, romelsac SeZlebuls vera, magram<br />
usafrTxos mainc uwodebdiT, axali realobebis pirispir mdgomma ojaxebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis gzebis Zieba. qalebi ufro swrafad moergnen situacias.<br />
95
viTarebis <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis pasiurobisgan gamomdinare, maT sakuTar Tavze aiRes<br />
ojaxebis ZiriTadi saarsebo minimumiT uzrvunvelyofa.<br />
”mravali welia ojaxebs qalebi arCenen. qalebma ojaxebi SimSils ga<strong>da</strong>arCines<br />
mamakacebma veraferi gaawyves <strong>da</strong> qalebma itvirTes yvelaferi. axlac<br />
ki, bevr ojaxSi qali muSaobs <strong>da</strong> ara kaci”. interviu mewarme marina<br />
aRuSaSvilTan.<br />
”Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom qalebs muSaoba ar SeuwyvetiaT, zogi vaWrobiT aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli, zogi ojaxebSi muSaobs. ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad es qalebi<br />
arasdros amboben uars samuSaoze, ar uCivian <strong>da</strong>bal anazRaurebas” - interviu<br />
eqsperTTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.<br />
siRaribem aiZula mosaxleoba samuSaos ZiebaSi qveyana <strong>da</strong>etovebina. migraciis<br />
uaryofiTi zegavlena ojaxze xangrZlivi xasiaTisaa. mamis Tu dedis ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
wasvla aiZulebs Sin <strong>da</strong>rCenil mSobels aseve aiRos meore mSoblis roli.<br />
gamokiTxuli ojaxebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba<br />
siRaribe qveynis umwvaves problemad rCeba, rasac Cveni gamokiTxvac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs.<br />
ufuloba (72.0%), sakuTari umuSevroba (44.5%) <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxis wevris umuSevroba (40.5%) respondetebis umravlesobisTvis, kacebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalebisTvis erTnairad, ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens.<br />
gamokiTxulTa ojaxebis Semosavali <strong>da</strong>balia. ojaxebis umravlesobis yovelTviuri<br />
Semosavali 51-<strong>da</strong>n 500 laramdea.<br />
96
201-500 lari;<br />
500 larze<br />
meti;<br />
nax. 17<br />
ojaxebis yovelTviuri Semosavali<br />
gasakviri araa, rom gamokiTxulTa mexuTedi (20.5%) acxadebs, rom maT uWirT<br />
sursaTis SeZena, 31,1 procenti ambobs, rom fuli marto sakvebze yofnis, mesameds<br />
(33.6%) fuli sakvebis <strong>da</strong> tansacmlis SesaZenad Zlivs yofnis, 13.8 procents<br />
SeuZlia nivTebis SeZenac <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sasvenebla<strong>da</strong>c wasvla, <strong>da</strong> mxolod 1.0<br />
procenti miuTiTebs, rom SeuZlia sazRvargareT gamgzavreba <strong>da</strong> manqanisa Tu<br />
saxlis SeZena. Cvens moTxovnaze SeefasebinaT TavianTi ojaxis keTildReoba,<br />
mxolod respodentebis mier miTiTebuli ojaxis Semosavlis fonze, mxolod<br />
Zalian mcire nawilma (23.9%) sakuTar ojaxs Raribi uwo<strong>da</strong>. amas SeiZleba<br />
ori axsna moeZebnos: siRaribis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi xasiaTi - masobrivi siRaribis<br />
fonze a<strong>da</strong>mianebi sakuTar mdgomareobas ver aRiqvamen, rogorc ”Zalian mZimes”<br />
<strong>da</strong> meore is, rom maT ar surT aRiaron siRaribe masTan asocirebuli<br />
sircxvilisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcirebis gamo.<br />
umuSevrobis an arasrulfasovani <strong>da</strong>saqmebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi ojaxebis<br />
naxevars umsubuqdeba imis xarjze, rom Tavad awarmoebs sursaTs miwis nakveTze.<br />
is faqti, rom mosaxleoba didwilad gaRatak<strong>da</strong> bolo xanebSi, ganapirobebs<br />
siRaribis saerTo xasiaTs saqarTveloSi. es axlad gaRaribebuli<br />
mosaxleoba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sazogadoebis yvelaze ganaTlebul nawils Seadgens,<br />
vinc ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobas did Rirebulebas aniWebs. amasTan,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom maT qonebis didi nawilis gayidva moux<strong>da</strong>T, bevri kvalac<br />
inarCunebs binas an saxls.<br />
97<br />
50 lari;<br />
51-200 lari;
gamokiTxulTa didi umravlesoba (93.6%) flobs binas an saxls, sa<strong>da</strong>c is mudmivad<br />
cxovrobs. ojaxebis umravlesobas aqvs feradi televizori (81.9%) <strong>da</strong><br />
macivari (74.1%). gamokiTxulTa 15.5 procents biznesis saSualeba gaaCnia.<br />
saxli an bina<br />
feradi televizori<br />
macivari<br />
miwis nakveTi<br />
gamaTbobeli<br />
wylis gamacxelebeli<br />
video<br />
manqana<br />
agaraki<br />
kompiuteri<br />
nax.18<br />
sakuTreba<br />
ojaxebis 74.7 procents aqvs raRac Semosavali samuSao<strong>da</strong>n, naxevarze meti<br />
(51.6%) <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebasa an pensiaze, ojaxebis 14.3 procents<br />
naTesavebi exmarebian, 10.5 procents aqvs bankis an kerZo piris sesxi, 9.8<br />
procents aqvs Semosavali sasoflo sameurneo produqciis gayidvi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
ufulobis SemTxvevaSi ojaxebi upirveles yovlisa ekonomias akeTeben remontze<br />
(67.1%), xangrZlivi moxmarebis nivTebze (mag. aveji 60.9%), <strong>da</strong> tansacmelze<br />
(36.5%); ukanaskneli, razec ekonomia SeiZleba gaswion, aris sakvebi<br />
(92.5%), jan<strong>da</strong>cva (84.0%) <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba (36.5%).<br />
socialurma cvlilebebma gavlena moaxdina ara marto ekonomikur mdgomareobaze,<br />
aramed aseve ojaxebis Semadgenlobasa <strong>da</strong> mis Zalauflebis struqturaze.<br />
98
ojaxis tipi <strong>da</strong> Semadgenloba<br />
bolo wlebSi sagrZnoblad iklo ojaxSi bavSvebis raodenobam. ekonomikur<br />
pirobebis zemoqmedeba mravalferovania <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d swored isini SeiZleba<br />
CavTvaloT klebis ZiriTad mizezad. klebas pirvelyovlisa ganapirobebs<br />
bavSvis aRzrdisTvis aucilebeli resursebis uqonloba; is, rom migracias<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d reproduqciul asakis mosaxleoba ganicdis; <strong>da</strong> aseve <strong>da</strong>qorwinebis<br />
asakis gazr<strong>da</strong>. pirveli qorwinebis saSualo asaki 25.0-<strong>da</strong>n 2001 wels 25.6mde<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> 2007 wels qalebSi <strong>da</strong> 28.8-<strong>da</strong>n 2001 wels 29.4-mde 2007 wels<br />
mamakacebSi (statistikis departamentis mier mowodebuli monacemebi, 2007<br />
wels). qalis asakis mateba <strong>da</strong>qorwinebisas uaryofiTad moqmedebs Sobadobaze,<br />
radgan rogorc 2006 wlis statistikuri monacemebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, axalSobilTa<br />
naxevari (51.3%) modis 25 wlamde asakis dedebze. 2001 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebulTa ricxvi cvalebadobs, 2004 wels aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> mateba, romelsac<br />
kleba moyva.<br />
nax. 19. cocxlad SobilTa raodenoba sqesis mixedviT<br />
wyaro: statistikis departamenti (2007)<br />
99<br />
gogoebi<br />
biWebi
cvlilebebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, qarTuli ojaxebi kvlavac inarCuneben tradiciul<br />
niSnebsa <strong>da</strong> Tvisebebs.<br />
Cveni gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia mravalTaobiani<br />
ojaxi. respondentTa naxevari (51.7%) cxovrobs sam Taobian, xolo 1.5<br />
procenti ki oTx Taobian ojaxad. es gacilebiT ufro maRali maCvenebelia<br />
evrogaerTianebis qveynebis monacemebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c 1999 wels aseTi<br />
ojaxebi 10.0 procents Seadgendnen (Eurostat, 2001). Cveni gamokiTxvis monacemebis<br />
mixedviT nuklearuli ojaxebi 39.4 procents Seadgenen <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
matebis tendencia aSkaraa axalgazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalaqelebs Soris. ZiZis<br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebisTvis saWiro Tanxis simcirisa <strong>da</strong> ipoTekuri sesxis aRebis Sesa-<br />
Zleblobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, axalgazr<strong>da</strong> wyvilebi saqarTveloSi sul ufro<br />
xSirad irCeven calke, mSoblebisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebas.<br />
Taoba<br />
marto<br />
Taoba<br />
nax. 20<br />
ojaxis Semadgenloba Taobebis mixedviT<br />
gamokiTxulebi asaxeleben 1-<strong>da</strong>n 10 ojaxis wevrs. ufro xSirad ojaxebi oTxi<br />
wevrisgan Sedgeba (23.6%), maSin, roca respondentebis 1.5 procenti marto<br />
cxovrobs, es ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xan<strong>da</strong>zmuli qalebi arian. orwevriani ojaxebi 18.1<br />
procents Seadgens, samwevriani - 19.7 procents, xuTwevriani - 19.2 procents,<br />
eqvswevriani - 10.8 procents, Svidi <strong>da</strong> meti wevriani ojaxi yavs 7.1 procents.<br />
100<br />
Taoba<br />
Taoba
saerTo jamSi respondentebma <strong>da</strong>asaxeles 3,333 ojaxis wevri, maT Soris<br />
qalebi (52.6%) Warboben mamakacebs (47.3%). rac Seexeba ojaxis wevrebis<br />
urTierTobas respondentebTan, yvelaze xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebul ojaxis wevrebs<br />
Soris iyvnen Svilebi (33.3%) <strong>da</strong> mSoblebi/de<strong>da</strong>mTil-mamamTili (19.0%).<br />
<strong>da</strong>/Zma;<br />
bebia/babua;<br />
SviliSvili;<br />
mSobeli/meuRlis<br />
mSobeli;<br />
sxva;<br />
nax. 21<br />
ojaxis wevrebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba respondentTan<br />
Svilebi ara marto yvelaze mravaricxovan kategorias Seadgendnen, aramed<br />
gamokiTxul respondentTa umetesobam (58.4%) ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom cxovrobs sul<br />
mcire, erT SvilTan erTad<br />
Svili<br />
mSobeli/meuRlis mSobeli<br />
rZali/siZe<br />
SviliSvili<br />
meuRle<br />
<strong>da</strong>/Zma<br />
babua/bebia<br />
sxva naTesavi<br />
sxva aranaTesavi<br />
nax. 22<br />
ojaxebis wili, romelTac yavT am nusxaSi Seyvanili kategorii<strong>da</strong>n erTi<br />
wevri mainc<br />
101<br />
meuRle;<br />
siZe/rZali;<br />
Svili;
ojaxebis umravlesobis Tavs mamakacebi warmoadgenen, xolo is ojaxebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ojaxis Tavi qalia gamokiTxulTa ojaxebis erT mexuTeds Seadgens (21.8%).<br />
respondetTa 55.7 procenti <strong>da</strong>ojaxebulia, 25.0 procenti arasodes yofila<br />
<strong>da</strong>ojaxebuli, 4.0 procenti gayrilia, 12.0 procenti qvrivia <strong>da</strong> 3.2 procenti<br />
Tanacxovrobs. <strong>da</strong>ojaxebulTagan <strong>da</strong>qorwinebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli asaki<br />
23 welia (igi meryeobs 14-<strong>da</strong>n 56-mde). qalebi ufro adreul asakSi Txovdebian,<br />
umetesad 22 wlisebi (asaki 14-<strong>da</strong>n 56 wlamde meryeobs), kacebi 25 wlis<br />
asakSi ojaxdebian (asaki meryeobs 16-<strong>da</strong>n 50- wlamde). umravlesoba (67.9%)<br />
ambobs, rom siyvaruliT <strong>da</strong>qorwin<strong>da</strong>, 26.5 procenti ki miuTiTebs, rom garigebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>ojax<strong>da</strong>, 5.6 procenti ar iZleva kiTxvaze pasuxs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>ojaxebulTa 5.0 procents ar yavs Svili, <strong>da</strong>narCenebi miuTiTeben, rom<br />
yavT 1-<strong>da</strong>n 8 Svilamde, ufro xSirad ori Svili, amaTgan mSoblebis 23 procenti<br />
miuTiTebs, rom yavs 6 welze naklebi asakis Svili. am asakis bavSvebis<br />
mSoblebis naxevarze mets Svilebi saxelmwifo (75.5%) an kerZo baRSi <strong>da</strong>yavs.<br />
16 procents surs bavSvis sabavSvo baRebSi miyvana, magran ver axerxebs, xolo<br />
32.7 procents ar surs, rom misma Svilma sabavSvo baRSi iaros. survilis<br />
ar qona SeiZleba mivaweroT imas, rom dedobriv zrunvas upiratesoba mieni-<br />
Weba, Tumca ki ar arsebobs imis sabuTi, rom dedis mzrunveloba ukeTesia<br />
profesionalur movlaze, an sxva saxis, ara ojaxis wevrebis mier gaweul<br />
mzrunvelobaze (Convay,AAhern & Steuernagal, 2005).<br />
bavSvis sabavSvo baRSi wayvanis SeuZlebloba de<strong>da</strong>s xels uSlis <strong>da</strong>saqmdes<br />
anazRaurebad samsaxurSi <strong>da</strong> aseve xSirad ubiZgebs axalgazr<strong>da</strong> wyvilebs<br />
mSoblebTan <strong>da</strong> bebia-babuasTan erTad cxovrebisaken, raTa maT <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
gauwion bavSvis movlaSi.<br />
Zalauflebis struqtura.<br />
mamakaci ojaxSi meti ZalauflebiT sargeblobs, vidre qali. mamakacis<br />
Zalauflebas xSirad aRweren, rogorc qmrebis/mamebis ”kanonier Zalauflebas”<br />
ganaxorcielon kontroli colebsa <strong>da</strong> Svilebze (Blood & Wolfe, 1960).<br />
uTanasworoba xSirad ekonomikur <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas efuZneba <strong>da</strong> vlindeba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis uflebaSi, Tavisuflebis xarisxSi, memkvidreobis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis marTebulad miCneul qcevebsa <strong>da</strong> siwmindis normebSi.<br />
102
qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci xSirad Tanxmdebian, rom ojaxis Tavi mamakaci un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong><br />
rom mis Zalauflebas mTeli ojaxi pativs un<strong>da</strong> scemdes.<br />
”qveynis msgavsad, ojaxsac un<strong>da</strong> yavdes lideri <strong>da</strong> is mamakaci un<strong>da</strong> iyos” –<br />
SeniSna axalqalaqSi axalgazr<strong>da</strong> vaJma.<br />
”me minaxavs qalebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom qali qmarze win<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> wasuliyo, ar un<strong>da</strong> SewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> Zmebs.” - interviu eqspert-<br />
Tan, Tamar JvaniasTan.<br />
Zalaufleba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi vlindeba.<br />
”ar arsebobs Tanasworoba saxlSi miRebul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebSi. qals Seu-<br />
Zlia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRos iseT sakiTxebze, romlebic did <strong>da</strong>finansebas<br />
ar moiTxovs, magaliTad, tansacmlis SeZenaze, an SvilisTvis sabavSvo baRis<br />
SerCevaze <strong>da</strong> sxva, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu manqanaa SesaZeni, an bina, bolo<br />
sityva mamakacs ekuTvnis” - interviu eqsperTtan, Tamar sabe<strong>da</strong>SvilTan.<br />
eqspertebis mier gamoTqmul azrs exmianeba Cveni gamokiTxvis monacemebi. respondentTa<br />
azriT, qalebs meti eTqmiT imis Taobaze, Tu sad <strong>da</strong>xarjon fuli<br />
yoveldRiuri saWiroebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> vize un<strong>da</strong> iqorwinon maTma Svilebma, maSin,<br />
roca mamakacebi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs iReben imis Taobaze, Tu sad un<strong>da</strong> wavides<br />
ojaxi an ra un<strong>da</strong> SeiZinos man.<br />
ojaxSi qalebi, sul erTia, axalgazrdebi arian isini, Tu xanSi Sesulebi, bevrad<br />
naklebi TavisuflebiT sargebloben, vidre Sesabamisi asakis mamakacebi.<br />
rogorc ganacxa<strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis monawile qalma:<br />
”Txovdebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebac mTavrdeba”.<br />
gamokiTxulTa naxevarze metma (52.6%) qalma <strong>da</strong> 27.0 procentma mamakacma<br />
respondentma gviTxra, rom maT ojaxis wevrebTan SeTanxmeba sWirdebaT <strong>da</strong>bnelebis<br />
mere gareT gasvlisTvis. qalebi umetes SemTxvevaSi uTanxmdebodnen<br />
meuRleebs (47.0%) mSoblebs 26.5%) an Svilebs (11.8). mamakacebi ki ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
meuRleebs (53.1%) an mSoblebs (33.8%). komunikaciis SesaZleblobac TavisuflebasTanaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. qalebze (50.2%) met mamakacs (59.1%) aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
mobiluri telefoni (gamokiTxva).<br />
103
gansxvavebulia aseve umwikvloebis sakiTxic. qalebs mamakacebze gacilebiT<br />
ufro metad akontroleben.<br />
”gogonebi ikribebian, seirnoben <strong>da</strong> erTobian im quCaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c cxovroben, magram<br />
isini ar un<strong>da</strong> miefaron ojaxis Tvals.” - gviTxra axalqalaqSi fokusjgufis<br />
monawile qalma.<br />
mamakacebs meti seqsualuri Tavisufleba eZlevaT. gamokiTxvis monacemebma<br />
gamoavlina, rom mamakacebic <strong>da</strong> qalebic (89.9%) miiCneven, rom gaTxovebamde<br />
qalma Tavi un<strong>da</strong> Seikavos seqsualuri kavSirisgan. magram qalebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kacebis pozicia gansxvavebulia motacebasTan mimarTebaSi. mamakacebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (66.7%) met qals (74.8%) miaCnia, rom qali ar un<strong>da</strong> gayves colad<br />
gamtacebels, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT Soris <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong> seqsualuri<br />
kavSiri (Chi-Square 8.4, df.2, p
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (44.2%) met mamakacs (64.7 %) aqvs<br />
regularuli an araregularuli sakuTari Semosavali (Chi Square 36.6; df 2;<br />
p
ojaxze msjelobisas me-20 saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi vaJa-fSavela wer<strong>da</strong>: ”qali<br />
ojaxis baton-patronia. mas didi gavlena aqvs axalgazrdebze <strong>da</strong> moxucebze.<br />
bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>, rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mis xelSia, is gansazRvravs<br />
bavSvis beds. bavSvis momavalic imazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, rogor gamowrTvnis<br />
is Tavisi Svilebis sulsa <strong>da</strong> gonebas. amitomaa aucilebeli, de<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebuli<br />
iyos, sTesos sikeTe, icodes rogor aRzardos Svilebi, riT emsaxuros,<br />
amrigad mas SeuZlia gaanadguros an aaRorZinos Tavisi eri”.<br />
(obolaZe, 1990. gv.31-32,).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad globaluri tendenciisa meti genderuli Tanasworobisaken ojaxebSi,<br />
mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis rolebi qarTul ojaxebSi Zalze diferencirebuli<br />
rCeba. qalebi bevrad ufro arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni yoveldRiuri saojaxo saqmiT,<br />
vidre mamakacebi, maSinac ki, rodesac qalebs anazRaurebadi samuSao aqvT<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakacebs ki ara. qalis Sroma ojaxSi umetesad SeumCnevali rCeba <strong>da</strong><br />
is ar aris imdenad <strong>da</strong>fasebuli, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mamakacis Sroma saxlis gareT.<br />
metic, bevr qals ormagi tvirTi awevs saojaxo saqmis gaZRola <strong>da</strong> ojaxis<br />
rCena maSin rodesac mamakacebi ar iReben tradiciulad qalis movaleobebad<br />
miCneul pasuxismgeblobebs.<br />
”<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulia Sexeduleba, rom qalis adgili Sinaa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom saojaxo saqme did dros moiTxovs, qalis Zalisxmeva araa<br />
aRiarebuli” - aRniSna axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis Sexvedraze axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
qalma.<br />
”qalebi mu<strong>da</strong>m CrdilSi arian, mamakacebi ar afaseben qalis Sromas” - ganacxa<strong>da</strong><br />
axalqalaqSi axalgazr<strong>da</strong> vaJma.<br />
bevr <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, metwilad soflad <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresobiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul<br />
raionebSi, kacisTvis sircxvilad iTvleba tradiciulad qalis saqmis<br />
keTeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kacebi am saqmes xSirad akeTeben kidec, isini<br />
Cveulebriv eridebian amis gaxmaurebas.<br />
saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebze siaruli <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobaze zrunva is saqmianobebia,<br />
romelsac ojaxis wevrebis umravlesoba eweva. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma<br />
aCvena, rom qalebi yoveldRiur saojaxo saqmeSi metad arian Cabmulni, vidre<br />
mamakacebi. mamakacTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gacilebiT meti qali amzadebs saWmels,<br />
exmareba Svilebs saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebis momzadebaSi, zrunavs ojaxis wevrebis<br />
janmrTelobaze, Svilebisa <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>zmulebis CaTvliT, wyals ezideba <strong>da</strong><br />
uvlis saqonels, maSin, roca mamakacebi zrunaven saxlis gasaTbobi sawvaviT<br />
momaragebaze, saxlis SekeTebasa <strong>da</strong> miwis nakveTis <strong>da</strong>muSavebaze.<br />
106
wylis motana<br />
miwis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba<br />
saqonlis movla<br />
saxlis gaTboba<br />
wylis mozidva<br />
saxlis SekeTeba<br />
sayidlebis gakeTeba<br />
saWmlis momzadeba<br />
moxucebze zrunva<br />
janmrTvelobaze zrunva<br />
bavSvebisTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba saSinao<br />
<strong>da</strong>valebaSi<br />
bavSvebze zrunva<br />
nax. 23<br />
mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis mier Sesrulebuli saSinao saqmeebi<br />
socialuri aqtioba <strong>da</strong> emociuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gamovlena qals mamakacze metad<br />
axasiaTebs, maSin rodesac mamakacebi qalebze metad monawileoben jgufur aqtiobebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro xSirad <strong>da</strong>dian wveulebebze.<br />
emociuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
emociuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris micema<br />
gaziareba<br />
eklesiaSi siaruli<br />
stumrad siaruli<br />
wveulebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>svenebis organizeba<br />
monawileoba jgufur aqtiobebSi<br />
saojaxo ritualebis mowyoba<br />
nax. 24<br />
mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis socialuri aqtioba<br />
107<br />
qalebi<br />
kacebi<br />
qali<br />
kaci
ojaxis kavSiri saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebTan arcTu xSiria <strong>da</strong> metwilad<br />
is skolebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
oficialur struqturebTan kavSiri mamakacis aqtivobebis sferoSi Sedis.<br />
rogorc gamokiTxvis zemoTmoyvanili Sedegebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, mamebi ar arian mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc<br />
Cabmuli Svilebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si, bevri maTgani arc maTi movliT aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> arc saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebebis momzadebaSi exmareba maT. kulturaTaSorisma<br />
gamokvlevam gamoavlina ojaxSi emociuri siaxlovis saerTo<br />
<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebisaTvis specifiuri maxasiaTeblebi: axalgazrdebi emociur<br />
siaxloves yvelaze metad de<strong>da</strong>sTan, Semdeg <strong>da</strong>-ZmasTan, <strong>da</strong> yvelaze naklebad<br />
mamasTan grZnoben (Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006).<br />
fokus-jgufis axalgazr<strong>da</strong> monawileebma Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> regionebSi xazi gausves<br />
mamis mniSvnelobas aRzrdis procesSi <strong>da</strong> amave dros sinanuli gamoxates<br />
mamebis mcire monawileobis gamo.<br />
”mamis roli aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si mniSvnelovania; de<strong>da</strong> ver SeZlebs Svilebis kargad<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>s, Tu mama sustia <strong>da</strong> aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si ar ereva” - axalcixis fokus-jgufis<br />
monawile qali.<br />
”mama bavSvis pirovnebas ayalibebs. mamebi qaliSvilis mimarT meti siyvaruliT<br />
gamoirCevian, dedebi ki vaJis mimarT. aris sakiTxebi, romlebic de<strong>da</strong>s<br />
ukavSirdeba <strong>da</strong> sakiTxebi, romlebic ufro mamasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. mama<br />
Svils aswavlis rogor moiqces, rogori pirovneba un<strong>da</strong> iyos, de<strong>da</strong> ki alerss,<br />
siTbos <strong>da</strong> cxovrebas aswavlis.” - axalgazr<strong>da</strong> vaJi (f.j.7)<br />
”mama <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan ufro axloa <strong>da</strong> is aswavlis bavSvs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan<br />
urTierTobas” - axalcixeSi fokus-jgufis monawile vaJi.<br />
axalgazrdebi miuTiTebdnen, rom bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si mamis CarTva iwyeba bavSvis<br />
momwifebisas, 15 wlis asakSi. mama exmareba bavSvs Rirebelebebis Camoyalibebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTar TavSi rwmenis gaRvivebaSi.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis dro Zalze faseul resurss warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia drois<br />
saerTo maragis gazr<strong>da</strong>, misi Seqmna (Jacobs & Garson, 2004). amdenad is, Tu<br />
rogor anawilebs an xarjavs dros a<strong>da</strong>miani, bevrs mogviTxrobs imaze, Tu<br />
rogor cxovrebas eweva is. Cveni gamokiTxvis im nawilSi, romelic drois<br />
gamoyenebas exebo<strong>da</strong>, Cven vTxovdiT respondentebs aeRweraT Tu riT iyvnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebulni ukanaskneli 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, wina dRis dilis 6 saaTi-<br />
108
<strong>da</strong>n intervius micemis dRis dilis 6 saaTamde. miRebuli pasuxebi Seesatyviseba<br />
zemoTganxilul qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis mier Sesrulebul saqmianobas.<br />
qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT kacebi metxans iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavebuli samsaxurSi <strong>da</strong> metad<br />
iyvnen CarTuli Tavisufali drois aqtiobebSi, xolo qalebi saSinao saqmeebiT,<br />
bavSvebze zrunviTa <strong>da</strong> religiuri ritualebis aRsrulebiT iyvnen ufro<br />
metad <strong>da</strong>kavebuli.<br />
sxva<br />
bavSvebis movla<br />
nakveTze muSaoba<br />
cxovelebis movla<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong><br />
religiuri ritualebis<br />
Sesruleba<br />
produqtebis yidva<br />
recxva<br />
samzareulos <strong>da</strong>sufTaveba<br />
Wama <strong>da</strong> sma<br />
muSaoba <strong>da</strong>matebiT samuSaoze<br />
muSaoba ZiriTad samuSaoze<br />
televizoris yureba<br />
tualeti<br />
Zili<br />
nax. 25<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis mier gaweul saqmianobebze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli dro<br />
109<br />
qali<br />
kaci
drois gamoyenebis Seswavla yvela qveyanaSi sirTules awydeba. nebismieri<br />
TviT-aRweraze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli instrumentis msgavsad isic garkveul miker-<br />
Zoebas eqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong> amdenad ar warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>xarjuli droisa Tu<br />
saqmianobis zust asaxvas. rogorc es naxaz 25-<strong>da</strong>n Cans, yvela respondenti<br />
ar aRwer<strong>da</strong> imas, rasac un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, rom akeTb<strong>da</strong>, magaliTad, eZina,<br />
Wam<strong>da</strong>. respondentebisTvis siZneles warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> imis Tqma, Tu zustad ra<br />
dros xarjavdnen yovel calkeul saqmianobaze. am SezRudvebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
is dro, romelsac respondentebis TqmiT isini andomebdnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saqmianobis Sesrulebas mainc iZleva faseul informacias mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. qalebsa <strong>da</strong> kacebs Soris statistikurad<br />
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> im droSi, romelsac isini andomebdnen<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmianobas: mamakacebi ufro met dros uTmobdnen samsaxurs <strong>da</strong><br />
televizoris yurebas, xolo qalebi saWmlis momzadebas.<br />
110
tabula 8<br />
mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis mier sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmianobaze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli dro<br />
Asaqmianoba<br />
mamakacis<br />
mier<br />
<strong>da</strong>xarjuli<br />
dro<br />
wuTebSi<br />
111<br />
qalis mier<br />
<strong>da</strong>xarjuli<br />
dro<br />
wuTebSi<br />
gansxvavebis<br />
statistikuri<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
p<br />
df F<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
Zili<br />
Tavis movla<br />
356.0<br />
32.8<br />
362.4<br />
ar aris<br />
mniSvnelovani<br />
ar aris<br />
mniSvnelovani<br />
televizoris<br />
yureba<br />
161.8 150.3
gar<strong>da</strong> saSinao saqmisa, qals xSirad samsaxuric aqvs <strong>da</strong> amdenad ormagi tvir-<br />
Ti awevs - rogorc ojaxis marCenalis, ise dedis <strong>da</strong> diasaxlisis, maSin, roca<br />
mamakacs mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod erTi - marCenalis roli akisria.<br />
”qalebi TavianT Semosavals mamakacebs uziareben, magram mamakacebi ar iziareben<br />
qalis tvirTs” - SeniSna axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalma (f.j.7).<br />
saSinao saqme araprestiJulia, amdenad kacebs ar surT Tavis Tavze qalis<br />
saqmeebis aReba.<br />
”qali kisrulobs mamakacis saqmes, romelic fulTan <strong>da</strong> prestiJTanaa <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli, xolo mamakacebi uxalisod ekidebian saojaxo movalobebs, iseTs,<br />
rogoricaa mag. bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>, rac prestiJulad ar iTvleba <strong>da</strong> am<br />
TvalsazrisiT araferi icvleba” - interviu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan.<br />
is, rom mamakacs ar surs qalis roli ikisros, mxolod saqarTvelosTvis<br />
araa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. rogorc j. georgasi (Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006.<br />
gv.49) aRniSnavs, ”<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis modernizaciis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, qmrebi<br />
uars amboben miexmaron qals saojaxo saqmeebSi”.<br />
27 qveyanaSi Catarebulma ojaxebis kulturaT-Soriso gamokvlevam cxadyo,<br />
rom dedebi mamebze met saSinao samuaos asruleben. gamokvlevam isic uCvena,<br />
rom tradiciuli ojaxuri faseulobebi - ufrosebis pativiscema, naTesauri<br />
kavSirebis mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Zalaufleba ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
imaze, Tu ramdenad SeZlebulia <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. Rarib <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si metia<br />
tradiciuli Rirebulebis pativiscema <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis Zalafuleba. amis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSireuli religiasTan.<br />
zogi religia meti Tanasworobas uSvebs, zogi ki naklebs. musulmanuri<br />
religia di<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli patriarqalur <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebTan ojaxSi<br />
(Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006).<br />
saqorwilo ritualebi ojaxis stabilurobis, rZlis miRebis <strong>da</strong> misi mosalodneli<br />
qcevis bevr simbolur gamoxatulebas areklaven. muslimani mesxebis<br />
saqorwino rituali, im xalxis, romelic saqarTvelos samxreT nawili<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iyo deportirebuli 1944 wels, <strong>da</strong> romelic <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> samSobloSi aTiode<br />
wlis win, cxa<strong>da</strong>d miuTiTebs im morCilebaze, romelsac rZlisgan moelian.<br />
112
muslimani mesxebis saqorwino ceremonia saqarTveloSi<br />
qorwineba Zalian mniSvnelovan ritualad iTvleba <strong>da</strong> mas yvela didi<br />
yuradRebiT <strong>da</strong> sizustiT asrulebs.<br />
qorwili tardeba rogorc sasiZos, ise patarZlis ojaxebSi, Tumca patarZals<br />
SeuZlia mxolod mcire zomis wveuleba moawyos.<br />
qorwili Semdegi ritualebisagan Sedgeba: sasiZos misvla patarZlis<br />
saxlSi <strong>da</strong> misi miReba; de<strong>da</strong>mTilis misvla <strong>da</strong> misi miReba; saCuqrebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />
patarZlisaTvis <strong>da</strong> maTi sajaro <strong>da</strong>Tvaliereba; patarZlis wardgena<br />
sasiZosTvis; patarZlisa <strong>da</strong> sasiZos gamosvla stumrebTan; gamaspinZleba <strong>da</strong><br />
cekva; patarZlis <strong>da</strong> sasiZos saxlSi Sesvla; saqorwilo tortis <strong>da</strong>Wra<br />
<strong>da</strong> beWdebis gacvla.<br />
sufras sefaSi Slian - Ria cis qveS sagangebod ga<strong>da</strong>xurul adgilze,<br />
Cveulebrivad ezoSi. sagangebo taxti axal <strong>da</strong>qrowilebulTaTvis sefis<br />
boloSi idgmeva. sefa morTulia feradi buStebiT <strong>da</strong> xelovnuri<br />
yvavilebiT. qalebs qorwilze feradi kabebi, umetesad wiTeli <strong>da</strong> Ria<br />
feris windebi acviaT. qorwili cocxali musikis TanxlebiT mimdinareobs.<br />
Tanamedrove simRerebisa gar<strong>da</strong>, aseve sruldeba xalxuri musika zurnadudukis<br />
TanxlebiT. musikosebs qiraoben, ufro xSirad azerbaijanSi.<br />
qorwilze mesxur <strong>da</strong> qarTul saWmels amzadeben. patarZlis saxlSi misvlisas<br />
siZe <strong>da</strong> misi mayari SeyavT oTaxSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c tkbileuliT gawyobili<br />
sufraa. de<strong>da</strong>mTili <strong>da</strong> misi Tanmxlebi pirebi ezoSi Sedian, awyoben tkbileuls<br />
miwaze <strong>da</strong> mis garSemo cekvaven. maT xelSi xiliT <strong>da</strong> tkbileuliT<br />
savse wiTeli bafTebiT gakruli patara CanTebi <strong>da</strong> fuTebi uWiravT,<br />
xolo ufro mozrdil CanTebSi patarZlis saCuqrebi awyvia. mere qalebi<br />
oTaxSi Sedian <strong>da</strong> iatakze jdebian. isini erTmaneTs i<strong>da</strong>yvze xelis gulebs<br />
adeben misalmebis niSnad. rodesac oTaxSi xan<strong>da</strong>zmuli qali Semodis,<br />
yvela qali fexze dgeba <strong>da</strong> mas egebeba. bolos oTaxSi saxe<strong>da</strong>faruli,<br />
TeTrebSi gamowyobili patarZali Semodis gaTxovili naTesavis, ”ianga”-s<br />
TanxlebiT, romelic mas exmareba ceremoniis ganxorcielebaSi. saCuqrebis<br />
gaxsnisas patarZali saxes aCens, saCuqrebis <strong>da</strong>Tvalierebis mere ki<br />
isev malavs <strong>da</strong> gadis im oTaxSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas sasiZo elodeba. mas oTaxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
zurna-dudukis TanxlebiT acileben. amis mere nefe-patarZali gamodian<br />
oTaxSi xelismomkideebTan <strong>da</strong> uaxloes naTesavebsa <strong>da</strong> megobrebTan erTad.<br />
qalebi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTs moaqvs torti <strong>da</strong> yvela sefasken miemarTeba. adre<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> axal<strong>da</strong>qorwinebulebis <strong>da</strong>grexili xis totebis (an xmlebis)<br />
TaRqveS gatarebis wesi. mesxebs ara aqvT Tamadis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis tradicia, magram<br />
axla, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gavleniT, xan<strong>da</strong>xad sufras Tama<strong>da</strong><br />
xelmZRvanelobs. Wama-smas cekva mosdevs. saqorwilo sufras axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
113
mamakacebi emsaxurebian. qorwilze Cveulebriv orasamde a<strong>da</strong>miania miwveuli,<br />
yvela asakis bavSvis CaTvliT.<br />
amis mere axal<strong>da</strong>qorwinebulebi, uaxloesi megobrebisa <strong>da</strong> naTesavebis TanxlebiT<br />
gadian sefi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> saxlSi brundebian, sa<strong>da</strong>c tkbileuliTa <strong>da</strong><br />
sasmelebiT sagangebod gawyobili sufra elodebaT. SemoaqvT saqorwilo<br />
torti, romelic wiTeli bafTebiTaa galamazebuli. bafTebis boloebze<br />
saqorwilo beWdebia mimagrebuli. patarZali bafTebs makratliT Wris <strong>da</strong><br />
amis mere nefe patarZali erTmaneTs TiTze beWeds Camoacmeven. Semdeg<br />
oriveni erTad Wrian torts <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs tortis patara naWers awodeben.<br />
amas <strong>da</strong>mswreni taSiTa <strong>da</strong> milocvebiT egebebian. <strong>da</strong>Wril torts stumrebs<br />
urigeben. amis Semdeg axlad<strong>da</strong>qorwinebulebi aRar gadian gareT. isini Sin<br />
rCebian <strong>da</strong> isveneben.<br />
axal<strong>da</strong>qorwinebulebi patarZlis saxlSi ar aTeven Rames erTad, stumrebs<br />
SeuZliaT dilamde <strong>da</strong>rCena.<br />
meore dRes siZe <strong>da</strong> misi mayari Sin brundeba <strong>da</strong> elodeba patarZals,<br />
romelic Sin siZis mamam an misma romelime mamakacma naTesavma un<strong>da</strong> miiyvanos.<br />
siZis qali naTesavebi, romlebmac Rame patarZlis saxlSi gaaTies, Tan<br />
axlavan patarZals. patarZlis naTesavebs Tan miaqvT aseve saCuqrebi siZis<br />
ojaxis wevrebisTvis. patarZlis saxlSi sagangebod mzaddeba oTaxi siZis<br />
mamis misaRebad. swored aq xorcieldeba saCuqris ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong> sarZlos<br />
SeZenis rituali. patarZali saxes ifaravs <strong>da</strong> kvlav 'ianga'-s TanxlebiT<br />
Sedis oTaxSi. siZis naTesavebs ori xonCa uWiravT xaWapuriT, tkbileuliT,<br />
xiliTa <strong>da</strong> TavsafrebiT savse. xonCis kideebSi sami sanTeli anTia. ori patara<br />
gogona iRebs xonCebs <strong>da</strong> samjer TavszemoT atrialebs. amis Semdeg gogonebs<br />
TavSalebs aZleven <strong>da</strong> xonCi<strong>da</strong>n saWmels stumrebs sTavazoben. erT-erTi<br />
gogona midis patarZalTan <strong>da</strong> Tmas varcxnis; amisTvis is saCuqars iRebs. meore<br />
gogona patarZals marjvena xelze iniT wertils axatavs <strong>da</strong> isic iRebs<br />
saCuqars. ianga, romelic mu<strong>da</strong>m patarZlis gverdiTaa, am wertils mowmends<br />
patarZals. amis mere is siZis ojaxis wevrebisgan iRebs saCuqrebs. Semdeg<br />
iwyeba patarZlis yidvis rituali, romelic dolisa <strong>da</strong> zurnis TanxlebiT<br />
mimdinareobs. patarZali kvlav ifaravs saxes. is misma Zmam an sxva naTesavma<br />
vaJma un<strong>da</strong> gayidos. patarZali TavSals Zmas welze axvevs, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
misi Zma asaxierebs qamris Sekvrasa <strong>da</strong> Sexsnas. am moZraobebs mosdevs<br />
TavSalSi fulis Cadeba, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>ecema patarZlis qal naTesavebs. amieri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
patarZali gayidulad iTvleba <strong>da</strong> mamamTils igi manqanisken miyavs.<br />
mas ianga <strong>da</strong> siZis qali naTesavebi miyvebian. kvlav meordeba yidvis rituali.<br />
mamakaci manqanis win dgeba <strong>da</strong> ar rTavs misi <strong>da</strong>Zvris nebas. mas fuls aZleven<br />
<strong>da</strong> is iqamde ar uSvebs manqanas <strong>da</strong>iZras, sanam ar <strong>da</strong>kmayofildeba micemuli<br />
114
TanxiT. adre arsebob<strong>da</strong> Wi<strong>da</strong>obis tradicia. de<strong>da</strong>s ara aqvs ufleba qaliSvls<br />
<strong>da</strong>emSvidobos <strong>da</strong> mamasac ekrZaleba qaliSvilTan miaxloeba. marto<br />
biZa emSvidobeba mas. Semdeg qalebi manqanaze ferad TavSlebs amagreben,<br />
patarZali saxes aCens <strong>da</strong> manqana midis.<br />
mogvianebiT tardeba religiuri rituali, romelsac patarZali mxolod<br />
mcire xniT eswreba imis saTqmelad, rom Tanaxmaa gaTxovdes. aranairi werilobiTi<br />
sabuTi ar formdeba.<br />
patarZali Sedis qmris saxlSi. mas nefe egebeba <strong>da</strong> tkbileuls ayris. aqvea<br />
de<strong>da</strong>mTilic. saxlSi Sesvlisas patarZali TavSalze <strong>da</strong>gebul TefSs fexiT<br />
amtvrevs. de<strong>da</strong>mTili agrovebs natexebs, TavSalSi axvevs <strong>da</strong> Sin Seaqvs. mamamTils<br />
patarZali saxlSi Seyavs. saxlis karTan patarZali, romelsac saxe<br />
kvlav <strong>da</strong>faruli aqvs <strong>da</strong> Tavi TeTri <strong>da</strong> wiTeli TavsafrebiT aqvs Semkuli,<br />
iangas TanxlebiT xvdeba Tavis muls an qal xelismomkides. patarZals<br />
Taflian Tass sTavazoben, romelSic is TiTs awobs <strong>da</strong> samjer usvams saxlis<br />
kedels tkbili urTierTobis niSnad. saxlSi Sesvlisas mis Tavze <strong>da</strong>nebs ga<strong>da</strong>aWdoben<br />
<strong>da</strong> xmamaRla amboben, rom ena un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imoklos, raTa de<strong>da</strong>mTils<br />
ar Seepasuxos. amis mere puris naWrebs welze gamoabamen ojaxuri simtkicis<br />
niSnad. mamamTili brinjs ayris mas keTildReobis niSnad <strong>da</strong> eubneba, rom<br />
yvelaferi, rac mas ekuTvnis, amieri<strong>da</strong>n misicaa. de<strong>da</strong>mTili <strong>da</strong>locavs rZals.<br />
mere is miyavT qmarTan <strong>da</strong> is saxes gamoaCens. qorwili iwyeba <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebi cal-calke magidebze sxdebian. ianga patarZalTan sami dRe rCeba.<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi<br />
socialur cvlilebebTan Sesagueblad ojaxi, rogorc instituti, cvlilebebs<br />
ganicdis. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slas mravalmxrivi, xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> mZime<br />
Sedegbi moyva. cvlilebebTan morgebis aucileblobam gamoiwvia ojaxis Semadgenlobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> struqturis gar<strong>da</strong>qmna, genderuli urTierTobebis Secvla.<br />
<strong>da</strong> mainc, miuxedvad imisa, rom qalma ojaxis materialurad uzrunvelyofis<br />
funqciac ikisra, rolebis ZiriTadi ganawileba, kacis, rogorc marCenalis <strong>da</strong><br />
qalis, rogorc ojaxze mzrunvelis ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCa. problemas, genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis TvalTaxedvi<strong>da</strong>n rolebis ganawileba ki ar warmoadgens, aramed<br />
is, rom qalis mier saxlSi Sesrulebuli samuSao ar aris <strong>da</strong>fasebuli.<br />
115
Tavi 6<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri kapitali<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis keTildReoba di<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli imaze, Tu ra a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong><br />
socialur kapitalis mflobelia is. am kapitalis done <strong>da</strong> Semadgenloba<br />
gansxvavebulia mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalisaTvis.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitali, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianis janmrTelobas <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebas gulisxmobs<br />
gansazRvravs Sromis <strong>da</strong> sicocxliT tkbobis unars <strong>da</strong> amdenad<br />
uaRresad mniSvnelovania ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisTvis. karg ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobas<br />
SeuZlia ara mxolod pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT gauumjobesos a<strong>da</strong>mians cxovrebis xarisxi,<br />
aramed aseve gazardos mis mier fulis Sovnis SesaZlebloba. meore ga<strong>da</strong>r-<br />
CenisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet faqtors socialuri kapitali warmoadgens, romelic<br />
ganisazRvreba a<strong>da</strong>mianis sxvebTan urTierTobis unariTa <strong>da</strong> maTTan kavSiriT,<br />
<strong>da</strong> im mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriTa, romliTac is sargeblobs.<br />
janmrTeloba<br />
janmrTeloba albaT SeiZleba a<strong>da</strong>mianis yvelaze did simdidred CaiTvalos.<br />
respondetTa (gamokiTxva) udidesma umravlesobam (97.1%) is sakuTari<br />
cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad aRiara. saSualod qalebs ukeTesi janmrTeloba<br />
aqvT <strong>da</strong> mamakacebze metxans cxovroben.<br />
saqarTveloSi 2001-2007 wlebSi sicocxlis mosalodnelma xangrZlivobam 4.4<br />
wliT moimata. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zr<strong>da</strong> aisaxa, rogorc qalebze aseve<br />
kacebze, Tumca qalebis SemTxvevaSi is ufro mniSvnelovania. amiT aixsneba<br />
gansxvaveba mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis sicocxlis xangrZliobas Soris, romelic 6.6<strong>da</strong>n<br />
8.9 wlamde meryeobs.<br />
116
tabula 9<br />
sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba <strong>da</strong>badebisas<br />
wlebi jami mamakacebi qalebi gansxvaveba<br />
2001 71.5 68.0 74.8 6.8<br />
2002 71.5 67.9 74.8 6.8<br />
2003 72.1 68.7 75.3 6.6<br />
2004 71.6 67.9 75.1 7.2<br />
2005 73.8 69.9 77.4 7.5<br />
2006 74.3 69.8 78.5 8.7<br />
2007 75.1 70.5 79.4 8.9<br />
wyaro: statistikis departamenti<br />
sikvdilianoba mamakacebSi ufro maRalia, vidre qalebSi.<br />
tabula 10<br />
sikvdilianobis sixSire<br />
Ywlebi mamakacebi qalebi jami<br />
2004 24,642 24,151 48,793<br />
2005 21,091 19,630 40,721<br />
2006 22,458 19,797 42,255<br />
2007 22,091 19,797 42,255<br />
wyaro: statistikis departamenti<br />
sikvdilianoba orive sqesisTvis yvelaze maRalia 70-74 wlis asakSi. 2007<br />
wels, sikvdilianobis SemTxvevaTa 18.5% am asakobriv jgufebSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
117
nax. 26<br />
sikvdilianoba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT<br />
mamakacebis <strong>da</strong> qalebis sikvdilis mizezi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d erTnairia, magram gansxvavebulia<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>avadebebis wili qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebis sikvdilis<br />
mizezebSi. gulisa <strong>da</strong> sisxlZarRvovani sistemis <strong>da</strong>avadebebi, kibosTan erTad<br />
sikvdilis yvelaze xSir mizezs warmoadgenen. qalebSi ufro maRalia sisxlZarRvovani<br />
sistemis <strong>da</strong>avadebebi. genderTan <strong>da</strong>akavSirebuli Tavisebureba<br />
isaa, rom gul-sisxlZarRvTa <strong>da</strong>vadebebi mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, qalebTan<br />
ufro xan<strong>da</strong>zmul asakSi vlindeba (Convay, Ahern & Steuenagel, 2005).<br />
kibo admianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mkvlelia <strong>da</strong> igi garkveulwilad gender-<br />
Tan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. genderuli gansxvaveba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirea, rodesac<br />
kibos monacemebs erTianad ganvixilavT. gansxvaveba ikveTeba, rodesac kibos<br />
misi gavrcelebis ares mixedviT ganvixilavT. qalebSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia<br />
sasqeso organos <strong>da</strong>avadeba, mkerdisa <strong>da</strong> momnelebeli sistemis kibo,<br />
xolo mamakacebSi - momnelebeli sistemis, sasunTqi gzebisa <strong>da</strong> saSarde<br />
gzebis kiboa ufro gavcelebuli. meti mamakaci iRupeba tramvebis <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
garegani mizezebiT.<br />
118<br />
kacebi<br />
qalebi
sisxlZarRovani<br />
sistemis <strong>da</strong>avadeba<br />
neoplazmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>udgeneli<br />
tramvebi<br />
sasunTqi sistemis<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebaSi<br />
momnelebeli<br />
sistemis <strong>da</strong>avadeba<br />
sxva mizezebi<br />
nax. 27<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis gamomwvevi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>avadebis wili mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebSi<br />
2007 wels<br />
wyaro: statistikis departamenti<br />
mosaxleobis janmrTeloba Zlier gauares<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdgom.<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis yvela obieqti gamovi<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos sakuTrebi<strong>da</strong>n. jan<strong>da</strong>cva,<br />
romelic ufaso iyo sabWoTa periodSi, fasiani gax<strong>da</strong>. janmrTelobisTvis<br />
gamoyofili sabiujeto saxsrebi Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Seadgina 7.3 aSS dolari kacze<br />
2001 wels, maSin, rodesac msoflio jan<strong>da</strong>cvis organizaciis mier gansaz-<br />
Rvruli minimaluri xarjebi 60 aSS dolars Seadgens. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis saerTo<br />
xarjebi TiTo kacze qveyanaSi aris 108 sd (saerTaSoriso dolari), aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saxelmwifo faravs 38 procents, anu 41 sd-s. latviaSi amis Sesatyvisi ricxvebia<br />
509sd <strong>da</strong> 52.0 procenti anu 267 sd; holandiaSi saerTo Tanxa Seadgens<br />
2612 sd-s, sai<strong>da</strong>nac saxelmwifo faravs 63 procents, anu 1654 sd-s. amgvarad,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvaze gamoyofili biujeti Seadgens saerTo erovnuli produqtis<br />
6.4 procents latviaSi, 8.9 procents holandiaSi <strong>da</strong> mxolod 3.6 procents<br />
saqarTveloSi (globaluri iniciativa fsiqiatriisaTvis - Tbilisi, 2009).<br />
gaRatakebul mosaxleobas ar qon<strong>da</strong> eqimebisTvis Tanxis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualeba.<br />
amis gamo xalxma mkurnalobis Taobaze rCevisTvis mimarTa <strong>da</strong> isev mimarTavs<br />
megobrebs <strong>da</strong> afTiaqarebs. nebismieri wamlis SeZena, fsiqonevrologiuris<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>, receptis gareSe SeiZleba. amgvari mkurnaloba xSirad pacientis janmrTelobis<br />
mdgomareobis gauaresebas iwvevs. bevri, gansakuTrebiT Raribi <strong>da</strong><br />
soflis macxovrebeli ar flobs informacias im saxelmwifo programebze,<br />
romelic ufaso samedicino momsaxurebas ganapirobebs <strong>da</strong> amdenad, ekonomikuri<br />
barierebi, informaciis simciresTan erTad, ganapirobebs imas, rom a<strong>da</strong>-<br />
119<br />
qalebi<br />
kacebi
mianebi ar mimarTaven samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs. isini iq Cveulebriv maSin<br />
midian, roca <strong>da</strong>avadeba garTulebulia <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi aRar eqvemdebareba<br />
mkurnalobas.<br />
ojaxis erTi wevris avadmyofobam SeiZleba Zalian xangrZilivi zemoqmedeba<br />
iqonios ojaxis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, radgan ”usafrTxoebis bade”<br />
Zalze ”Txelia”, igi mosaxleobis mxolod Zalze mcire nawilze <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
momsaxurebis mcire raodenobazea gansazRvruli. saxelmwifo programebis<br />
SezRuduli raodenoba, rogoricaa wlamde asakis bavSvis janmrTeloba,<br />
imunizacia, antenataluri movla, garkveuli saxis invalidebi <strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebis mkurnaloba, rogoricaa tuberkulozi, kibo, fsiqozi, malaria,<br />
Sidsi <strong>da</strong> sxva, ufaso mkurnalobas ganapirobebs. magram am <strong>da</strong>avadebebis<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki pacientebs xSirad uwevT <strong>da</strong>matebiT fulis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>. saxelmwifos<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>zRveva qveyanaSi mosaxleobis<br />
mxolod mcire nawils faravs, magaliTad iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirebs.<br />
zogierTi <strong>da</strong>mqiravebeli aseve faravs <strong>da</strong>zRvevas. Zalian cota a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs<br />
kerZo <strong>da</strong>zRveva. gamokiTxulTa mxolod 5.3 procenti sargeblobs janmrTelobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRveviT (gamokiTxva).<br />
janmrTelobaze zrunva qalis sazrunav sferod aris miCneuli, raki Cveulebriv<br />
qali zrunavs ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobaze.<br />
”roca kaci avad xdeba, Cveulebriv qali zrunvas mis janmrTelobaze. magram<br />
rodesac qali xdeba avad, kacebi iSviaTad iReben pasuxismgeblobas mis janmrTelobaze”<br />
- interiu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan.<br />
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis aRqma winaaRmdegobaSi modis qalis ukeTesi<br />
janmrTelobis zogad tendenciasTan. gamokiTxul mamakacTa (gamokiTxva) ufro<br />
didi nawili (45.9%), qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (31.85%) (Chi-Square 23.7; df 2,<br />
p
im 464 respondenti<strong>da</strong>n, vinc iavadmyofa <strong>da</strong> ar mimarTa eqims, 71.6 procentma<br />
miuTiTa, rom eqims ufulobis gamo ar mimarTa.<br />
statisitkuri monacemebi miuTiTebs, rom yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia<br />
sasunTqi gzebisa <strong>da</strong> momnelebeli sistemis <strong>da</strong>avadebebi.<br />
sasunTqi gzebis sistema<br />
monelebis sistema<br />
sisxlZarRovani sistema<br />
sxva<br />
infeqcia<br />
Sardis <strong>da</strong> sasqeso sistema<br />
travma<br />
kani<br />
nerveuli sistema<br />
Tvali<br />
nax. 28<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>avadebis wili 2007<br />
wyaro: Sromis, janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri usafrTxoebis saministro<br />
121
janmrTelobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul saWiroebebs Soris genderuli gansxvaveba<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d reproduqciasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. qalebi reproduqciuli jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
momsaxurebas 15 - <strong>da</strong>n 44 wlamde saWiroeben. antenataluri samedicino<br />
momsaxureba albaT reproduqciuli janmrTelobis prevenciuli zomebis<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia, radgan mas xangrZlivi Sedegebi aqvs<br />
rogorc dedis, ise bavSvis janmrTelobaze. orsulobas <strong>da</strong> bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebis<br />
xarjebs saxelmwifo programa faravs, Tumca antenataluri momsaxureba ar<br />
gulisxmobs ganmeorebiT eqoskopia garTulebis SemTxvevaSi. amitom, yvelaze<br />
meti riskis Semcveli SemTxvevebi uyuradRebod rCeba.<br />
2007 wels 639 bavSvi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala prenataluri periodis garTulebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili anomaliebis gamo. viTareba sikvdilianobis TvalsazrisiT gamoswor<strong>da</strong><br />
2005 welTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, rodesac 915 bavSvi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala.<br />
winsvla ar SeiniSneba ojaxuri <strong>da</strong>gegmvis TvalsazrisiT. abortebis ricxvi<br />
maRalia <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d matebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba<br />
nax. 29<br />
abortebis raodenoba 2000-2007 wlebSi (aTasebSi)<br />
wyaro: qali <strong>da</strong> kaci saqarTveloSi, 2008<br />
abortebis (76.4%) umravlesoba 20-34 wlis asakis qalebze modis.<br />
122
nax. 30<br />
abortebis wili asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT<br />
bevri iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli qalis janmrTelobis problema uwinaresad<br />
reproduqcias ukavSirdeba.<br />
”iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul qalebs bevri ginekologiuri problema SeeqmnaT<br />
im abortebis gamo, romelTa gakeTeba xSir SemTxvevaSi arasamedicino<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi moux<strong>da</strong>T. bavSvis aRzrdis saSulebis ar qonis gamo qalebs<br />
eSino<strong>da</strong>T bavSvis gaCena.” - interviu saxelmwifo moxelesTan, <strong>da</strong>lila xoravasTan.<br />
sqesobrivi gziT ga<strong>da</strong>mdebi <strong>da</strong>avadebebi, maT Soris, aiv/Sidsi, genderTanaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. es <strong>da</strong>avadebebi ufro mamakacebTan aris gavrcelebuli. sifilisisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gonoreas axali SemTxvevebis sixSiris dinamikas wlebis mixedviT<br />
araTanmimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs. yvelaze meti SemTxveva 2005 wels, xolo<br />
yvelaze cota 2007 wels <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
123
nax. 31<br />
sifilisisa <strong>da</strong> gonoreis axali SemTxvevebi<br />
wyaro: Sromis, janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro<br />
reproduqciuli janmrTelobis gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, SidsiT inficirebulTa<br />
ricxvi saqarTveloSi 2005 wels 50-s Seadgen<strong>da</strong> erT milion<br />
mosaxleze, rac ufro maRali maCvenebelia regionis sxva qveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
is 20-is tolia azerbaijanSi, <strong>da</strong> odnav ufro maRali somxeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
30-is tolia.<br />
Sidsis registrirebuli SemTxvevebis ricxvi swrafad izrdeba<br />
nax.32<br />
aiv-as <strong>da</strong> Sidsis axali SemTxvevebi<br />
wyaro: qali <strong>da</strong> kaci saqarTveloSi, 2006 <strong>da</strong> 2008<br />
124<br />
kacebi<br />
qalebi<br />
aiv kacebSi<br />
aiv qalebSi<br />
Sidsi kacebSi<br />
Sidsi qalebSi
2008 wlis agvistosaTvis, 1726 SemTxveva aRinusxa, aqe<strong>da</strong>n inficirebulTa Soris<br />
75.6 procenti kacia, maTi asaki 29-<strong>da</strong>n 40 wlamdea.<br />
avadmyofobis ga<strong>da</strong>mdebi mizezebi kacebSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d (50.8%) saziaro ineqcias<br />
ukavSirdeba <strong>da</strong> is upiratesad narkomanebSia gavrcelebuli, xolo qalebTan<br />
gavrcelebis upirates wyaros (31.6%) sqesobrivi urTierToba warmoadgens.<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebulTa sikvdilianoba 371-s utoldeba.<br />
mamakacebi tuberkuloziT qalebze ufro metad avaddebian. aRiniSneba tuberkulozis<br />
SemTxvevabis mateba. 2006 weli gamonaklisi iyo, roca SemTxvevaTa<br />
ricxvma odnav iklo. 2007 wels, tuberkulozis 6,450 SemTxveva <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mamakacebTan infeqciis farTod gavrcelebis erT-erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos<br />
is, rom cixis, sa<strong>da</strong>c tuberkulozi Zalze gavrcelebulia, ZiriTad binadrebs<br />
mamkacebi Seadgenen.<br />
nax.33 tuberkulozis SemTxvevebi<br />
wyaro: statistikis departamenti<br />
125<br />
kacebi<br />
qalebi
fsiqikuri aSlilobebi msoflioSi avadmyofobis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes<br />
warmoadgens. maTi uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis siZliere ganisazRvreba ara mxolod<br />
im tanjviT, romelsac <strong>da</strong>avadebuli a<strong>da</strong>miani ganicdis, aramed aseve<br />
maTi zemoqmedebiT avadmyofis ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze. stigmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri sirTuleebis gamo fsiqikuri aSlilobebis registrirebul<br />
SemTxvevaTa raodenoba bevrad Camouvardeba realurad arsebul SemTxevaTa<br />
raodenobas. 2007 wels fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone 106,921 a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo registrirebuli<br />
saqarTveloSi (globaluri iniciativa fsiqiatriaSi - Tbilisi,<br />
2008). saqarTveloSi fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi erT avadmyofze gamoyofili<br />
Tanxis odenoba Zalze mcirea <strong>da</strong> is 0.9 saerTaSoriso dolars Seadgens.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebisTvis, somxeTSi es cifri 5.5-ia, bulgareTSi 12, safrangeTSi<br />
ki 90. fsiqikuri <strong>da</strong>avadebis registrirebuli SemTxvevebis ricxvi matulobs.<br />
aRricxvaze ayvanilTa Soris Warboben mamakacebi. genderuli gansxvaveba<br />
SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom Sizofreniis SemTxvevaSi ufro xSirad mimarTaven<br />
samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebas, vidre Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad mZime aSlilobebis<br />
dros, Sizofrenia ki mamakacebSi ufroa gavrcelebuli.<br />
nax. 34<br />
fsiqikuri aSlilobis axali SemTxvevebi<br />
wyaro: qali <strong>da</strong> kaci saqarTveloSi, 2006 <strong>da</strong> 2008<br />
126<br />
kacebi<br />
qalebi
fsiqiatriuli problemebis bunebac gansxvavebulia mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
”maniakalur-depresiuli fsiqozebi, depresia <strong>da</strong> isteria ufro Warbobs qalebSi,<br />
xolo mamakacebSi - Sizofrenia”. - interviu fsiqiatr maia xun<strong>da</strong>ZesTan.<br />
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi seriozul <strong>da</strong>brkolebas uqmnis a<strong>da</strong>mians imuSaos<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tkbes cxovrebiT. is xSirad socialur izolacias <strong>da</strong> depresias iwvevs.<br />
2004 wlis monacemebiT 213, 184 fizikuri, gonebrivi an qronikuli <strong>da</strong>avdebiT<br />
gamowveuli SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piria registrirebuli saqarTveloSi,<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>nac 13.9 procenti invalidobis pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba<br />
(”Zalian mZime”), 65.6 procenti meores (”mZime”) <strong>da</strong> 15.5 procenti ki mesames<br />
(”saSualo”).<br />
Tumca, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianTa realuri raodenoba<br />
bevrad aRemateba oficialur monacemebs <strong>da</strong> igi eqspertebis SefasebiT<br />
400,000 un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />
SezRudul SesaZleblobebis mqoned pirvelad cnobil pirTa Soris qalebi<br />
mcire odenobiT (51.8% 2007 wels) Warboben kacebs.<br />
SezRuduli<br />
SesaZlebloba;<br />
omis veterani;<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n invalidi;<br />
nax. 35<br />
invalidoba mizezebis mixedviT<br />
samsaxureobri vi travma;<br />
qronikuli <strong>da</strong>avadeba;<br />
838,130 a<strong>da</strong>miani, anu qveynis mosaxlebis 19.2 procenti iRebs rva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis<br />
pensias saxelmwifosgan. qali pensionerebis raodenoba TiTqmis orjer (64.6%)<br />
aRemateba mamakac pensionerTa raodenobas (35.4%).<br />
127
nax. 36<br />
mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali pensionerebis procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
wyaro: statistikis departamenti<br />
pensionerebis umravlesoba (70.3%) iRebs xadnazmulobis pensias.<br />
bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
invalidoba;<br />
marCenal<strong>da</strong>karguli; samxedro;<br />
avadmyofoba;<br />
sqema 37<br />
pensiebis struqtura<br />
sxva;<br />
128<br />
represirebuli;<br />
kaci<br />
qali<br />
xan<strong>da</strong>zmuloba;
mosaxleobis garkveul umweo nawils saxelmwifo aZlevs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas.<br />
2007 wels 12,306,400 lari iqna gamoyofili <strong>da</strong> eqvs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebaze iqna <strong>da</strong>niSnuli. maTgan yvelaze didi wili (52.3%) martoxela<br />
pansionerebze modis.<br />
invalidebi;<br />
ojaxebi ayvanili<br />
SvilebiT;<br />
invalidi<br />
bavSvebi;<br />
nax. 38<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebis struqtura 2007 wels<br />
qveyanaSi sul oTxi moxucTa <strong>da</strong> SezSezRudulTa TavSesafaria. 2007 wels iq<br />
637 a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo ganTavsebuli. sul 1,182,200 lari, anu 1855 lari (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
1,300 aSS dolari) sulze weliwadSi iyo maTze gamoyofili.<br />
janmrTelobis politika araproporciula<strong>da</strong>a fokusirebuli mkurnalobaze,<br />
prevencia ki faqtiurad ugulvebelyofilia. Sedegad mosaxleobaSi ar<br />
arsebobs saTanado codna janmrTelobis sakiTxebsa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis jansaR<br />
stilze.<br />
mamakacebi qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro arajansaR cxovrebas ewevian. mamakacebis<br />
79.7 procenti <strong>da</strong> qalebis 19.4 procenti Rebulobs sam Wiqa alkoholur<br />
sasmels regularulad (Chi-Square 2.8; ; df 3, p
qalis reproduqciul sistemaze <strong>da</strong> mas SeuZlia orsulobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
garTulebebis gamowveva, aseve nayofierebis Semcireba. (Convay, Ahern<br />
& Steuernagel, 2005).<br />
amave dros, varjiSis an zoga<strong>da</strong>d fizikur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis Zalze <strong>da</strong>bal fonze<br />
kacebi qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mainc ufro metad varjiSoben (26.7% mamakacebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> 12.3% qalebi) (Chi-Square 38.7; df 3, p
saqarTveloSi ojaxuri Zaladoba farTod araa gavrcelebuli <strong>da</strong> amdenad<br />
ver xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen kanonis SemoRebis aucileblobas, magram iyo ufro ukiduresi<br />
mosazrebebic. rogorc erTma respondentma aRniSna:<br />
”ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> ojaxur Zaladobaze kanonis miRebis saWiroeba. Tu mamakaci<br />
aRiarebulia ojaxis Tavad, xolo qali mas emorCileba, aranairi problema<br />
aRar warmoiSva. policieli ver uSvelis ojaxur Zaladobas” - interviu<br />
mamakac notariusTan.<br />
informacia ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis zust raodenobaze ar arsebobs.<br />
2007 wels, policiam aRnusxa ojaxuri Zaladobis 2388 SemTxveva, maTTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
493 aRmkveTi brZanebuleba gamovi<strong>da</strong> (subari, 2008).<br />
1999 <strong>da</strong> 2005 wlebSi Catarebulma saqarTvelos reproduqciuli janmrTelobis<br />
kvlevam gamoavlina, rom am saxis Zaladoba miCumaTebulia. aseve aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom aRnusxuli ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis ricxvi bolo 12 Tvis<br />
ganmavlobaSi (2.0%) <strong>da</strong> mTeli siscocxlis ganmavlobaSi (5%) gacilebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>balia sxva qveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. es <strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebeli nawilobriv Sei-<br />
Zleba aixsnas saqarTveloSi arsebuli ufro mkacri kulturuli SezRudvebiT,<br />
romlebic xels uSlian qals Tavi aRiaros Zaladobis msxverplad.<br />
rac Seexeba Cveni gamokiTxvis respondentebs mamakacebze (24.4%) meti qali<br />
(31.5%) aRiarebs, rom icnobs ojaxebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c qmari fizikur Seuracxyofas<br />
ayeneben cols (Chi-Square 6.9; df 2, p
kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis aRmofxvris, mis msxverplTa <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 2006 wlis maisSi. am kanonis miReba win<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijs warmoadgens ZaladobasTan brZolaSi, magram misi mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri<br />
sistemis amoqmedebis gareSe misi qmedunarianoba eWvs iwvevs.<br />
kanoni moiTxovs TavSesafrebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri samsaxurebis Camoyalibebas.<br />
saxelmwifos mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli TavSesafrebis gaxsna <strong>da</strong>gegmili iyo 2008<br />
wlis ianvarSi, magram es ar ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. dRemde orad-ori TavSesafari<br />
funqcionirebs de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi, romelTac saerTaSoriso organizaciebis <strong>da</strong>finansebiT<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi uZRvebian, am TavSesafrebis SesaZleblobebi<br />
Zalze mwiria.<br />
”am kanonis miRebis mere bevri sarCeli Sevi<strong>da</strong> administraciul sasamarTloSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcveli <strong>da</strong> aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis moTxovniT. gacilebiT meti sarCelia<br />
Sesuli Tbilisis sasamarTloebSi raionulebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom raionebSi meti Zaladobrivi <strong>da</strong>naSauli xdeba” - interviu mosamarTlesTan,<br />
rusu<strong>da</strong>n WanturiZesTan.<br />
qalis mimarT ganxorcielebul sisxlis samarTlis sxva <strong>da</strong>naSaulebSi wamyvani<br />
adgili gaupatiurebas <strong>da</strong> motacebas ukavia. 2007 wels 258 gaupatiurebis<br />
SemTxveva an mcdeloba iyo registrirebuli. es monacemi orjer<br />
aRemateba im 180 SemTxvevas, romelic wina wels <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>. 2006, 326, xolo<br />
2007 wels 238 motacebis SemTxveva iqna aRnusxuli. zoga<strong>da</strong>d SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom rogorc samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavi sistema, aseve sazgadoeba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Semwynareblur<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas avlens am tipis <strong>da</strong>naSaulis mimarT. xSirad<br />
mxareebi SeTanxmebas aRweven <strong>da</strong> Sedegad SemTxveva sasamarTlomde ar midis.<br />
2007 wels 258 registrirebuli SemTxvevi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod 89 iqna ganxiluli<br />
sasamarTloSi <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n 35 SemTxvevaSi iqna kanon<strong>da</strong>mrRvevi <strong>da</strong>mnaSaved<br />
cnobili.<br />
kerZo sfero araa erTaderTi adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRiniSneba qalis winaaRmdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSauli. mas xSirad vawydebiT samuSao adgilebSi. <strong>da</strong>saqmebis araformaluri<br />
seqtori, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebi didi raodenobiT muSaoben, saxelmwifos<br />
mier arc regulirdeba <strong>da</strong> arc kontrolirdeba.<br />
”qalis diskriminacia aSkaraa ZiZebis, <strong>da</strong>mlageblebis, quCis gamyidvelebis <strong>da</strong><br />
sezonuri muSakebis SemTxvevebSi. qalebs ara aqvT didi arCevani. isini iZulebulni<br />
arian, imoqmedon viTarebis Sesatyvisad, romelime ”quCis avtoritetis”<br />
an policielis CareviT; maT ician, rogor <strong>da</strong>icvan Tavi” - interviu<br />
eqspertTan Tamar sabe<strong>da</strong>SvilTan.<br />
132
trefikingi diskriminaciis kidev erT ukidures formas warmoadgens. ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobis gauaresebasTan erTad gaizar<strong>da</strong> trefikingisa <strong>da</strong> prostituciis<br />
SemTxvevebi. 2007 wels registrirebuli iyo 29 trefikingis SemTxveva,<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n 14 qalis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.<br />
prostitucia kanoniT akrZaluli araa, mxolod saroskipos mowyoba <strong>da</strong><br />
bavSvTa prostituciaa <strong>da</strong>sjadi (sanikiZe, l. <strong>da</strong> sxvebi, 2006).<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSauli iwvevs ara marto msxverplis, aramed aseve <strong>da</strong>mnaSavis a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
kapitalis Semcirebas. <strong>da</strong>naSauli gacilebiT maRalia mamakacebSi, qalebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> is dRiTidRe matulobs. 2006 wels <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> 228 qalis<br />
mier Cadenli <strong>da</strong>naSauli <strong>da</strong> 17,575 mamakacis mier Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSauli, maSin,<br />
rodesac 2007 wlis pirveli rva Tvis ganmavlobaSi qalebis mier Cadenil<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSaulTa raodenobam ukve 254-s miaRwia, mamakacebisam ki - 15,422 ( Sinagan<br />
saqmeTa saministros mier 02.10. 2007 <strong>da</strong> iusticiis saministros mier 17.10 2007<br />
mowodebuli informacia).<br />
patimarta ricxvi saqarTveloSi Zalze didia. 2007 wlis ivlisisTvis maTi<br />
raodenoba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 401 a<strong>da</strong>mians yovel 100,000 mosaxleze. sxva qveynebSi<br />
Sesabamisi ricxvebi aseTia: 760 aSS-Si, 528 ruseTSi, 202 azerbaijanSi, 104<br />
somxeTSi, 112 TurqeTSi, 163 bulgareTSi <strong>da</strong> 92 saberZneTSi. 2003-<strong>da</strong>n 2006<br />
wlamde <strong>da</strong>patimrebul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa ricxvma imata rogorc mamakacebSi, ise<br />
qalebSi, magram mateba ufro metad qalebSi mox<strong>da</strong>, ramac gazar<strong>da</strong> qalebis<br />
wili cixeSi. 2003 wels, 147 qali patimrobaSi myofTa (6137) 2.4 procents,<br />
xolo 2004 wels, 191 qali patimarTa (7750) 2,5 procents, 2006 wels ki, 323<br />
qali patimarTa (9064) 3,6 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. 2007 wlis oqtombrisaTvis<br />
14,519 mamakaci <strong>da</strong> 577 qali iyo cixeSi; kidev 8562 mamakaci <strong>da</strong> 211 qali imyofebo<strong>da</strong><br />
winaswar patimrobaSi. amdenad, qalebi Seadgendnen msjavrdebulTa<br />
3.8 procents, 2.5 procenti ki sasamarTlos ganCinebas elo<strong>da</strong>. Se<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis<br />
qali patimrebis wili a.S.S.-Si 2002 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, 6.8 procents<br />
Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
578 patimar qze xelmisawvdomi informaciis safuZvelze, patimari qalebis<br />
yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli, 42.6 procenti modis ekonomikur<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSaulze, rogoricaa qurdoba, 41.0 procenti narkotikebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSaulze <strong>da</strong> 7.4 procenti ZaladobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul <strong>da</strong>naSaulze.<br />
133
sxva;<br />
narkotikebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSauli;<br />
qrTami; 1,90%<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRveva;<br />
nax. 39<br />
qalebis mier Cadenil <strong>da</strong>naSaulis struqtura<br />
ganaTleba<br />
ganaTleba a<strong>da</strong>mianis mniSvnelovan resurs warmoadgens. es upiratesoba,<br />
romelic SeiZleba miewerebodes konkretul a<strong>da</strong>mianebsa Tu a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
jgufebs. ganaTleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianma SeiZleba gansxvavebulad gamoiyenos,<br />
gamomdinare misi socializaciisa <strong>da</strong> arsebuli mxar<strong>da</strong>Weri<strong>da</strong>n airCios<br />
garkveuli kariera (Convey, Ahern, Steuernagel, 2005). meritokratiul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si,<br />
anu, iseTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>miani misi codnis, unarebis, SesaZleblobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara eTnikuri warmomavlobis, gavleniani megobrebisa Tu sqesis mixedviT<br />
fasobs, <strong>da</strong> rogoriskenac saqarTvelo, miiswrafis rom iyos ganaTleba did<br />
Rirebulebas warmoadgens. ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba cxovrebis xarisxis<br />
erTerTi Zireuli ganzomilebaa.<br />
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli viTareba tradiciulad kargi<br />
iyo. is erT-erT ZiriTad Rirebulebad aris miCneuli. bavSvis janmrTeloba,<br />
ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> kargi ganaTleba ojaxis umniSvnelovanes mizans warmoadgens,<br />
romlis misaRweva<strong>da</strong>c ojaxi mzad aris bevr rameze uari Tqvas (Hentschel,U.,<br />
Sumbadze, N. & Schoon, I. 2001).<br />
134<br />
Tavisuflebis<br />
ukanono<br />
SezRudva;<br />
Zaladobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSauli<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSauli;
saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis mixedviT saqarTvelos ganaTlebis maRali maCveneblebi<br />
aqvs. am mxeriv kargi mdgomareobaa genderul TanasworobasTan<br />
mimarTebaSic. ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 2” <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi ganaTlebis<br />
sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs, magram arsebuli viTarebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare - 2003 wels <strong>da</strong>wyebiT klasebSi Caricxuli iyo Sesabamisi asakis<br />
bavSvebis 97.3 procenti, mizani saqarTvelosTvis Secvlil iqna <strong>da</strong> aseTi<br />
formulireba SeiZina: ”saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemebis ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli qyeynebis sistemebTan <strong>da</strong>axloeba xarisxis zrdisa <strong>da</strong> instituciuri<br />
ganviTarebis meSveobiT” (”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi,<br />
2004).<br />
2007-2008 saswavlo wels saqarTveloSi funqcionireb<strong>da</strong> 1462 skola, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
614,666 moswavle swavlob<strong>da</strong>. kerZo skolebi 10.0 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> iq<br />
moswavleTa 6.2 procenti swavlob<strong>da</strong>. qveyanaSi skolaTa 16.1 procents (396<br />
skola) araqarTuli skolebi Seadgenen. iq qveynis moswavleTa 12.4 procenti<br />
(76,295 moswavle) swavlobs. qarTuli saskolo sistema samdoniania:<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiTi (pirveli-mexuTe klasi), sabazo (meeqvse-merve klasi) <strong>da</strong> saSualo<br />
(mecxre-meTormete klasi). <strong>da</strong>wyebiT klasebSi aris moswavleTa 41.4 procenti,<br />
sabazoSi 27.6 procenti, xolo saSualoSi 30.9 procenti. araqarTul<br />
skolebSi Tanafardoba cota gansxvavebulia, iq moswavleTa wili <strong>da</strong>wyebiT<br />
klasebSi ufro maRalia, xolo sabazo <strong>da</strong> saSualo klasebSi ki ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali vidre mTlianad qveynaSi.<br />
nax. 40<br />
moswavleTa raodenoba doneebis mixedviT<br />
135<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiTi<br />
sabazo<br />
saSualo
gamokiTxvis monacemebi asaxaven mosaxleobis ganaTlebis maRal dones. respondentebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT naxevars (mamakacebis 46.7% <strong>da</strong> qalebis 46.5%)<br />
umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. gamokiTxulTa <strong>da</strong>axloebiT mesamedi<br />
(30.1%) miuTiTebs, rom SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba, maTgan 55.0 procenti<br />
internetis momxmarebelia.<br />
respondentebi, qalebi <strong>da</strong> kacebi erTnairad (70.8%) ganaTlebis micemis upiratesobas<br />
erTnairad niWieri qaliSvilisa <strong>da</strong> vaJiSvilis yolis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
vaJiSvils aniWeben. genderuli gansxvaveba SeimCneva im SemTxvevebSi, roca<br />
Svilebs gansxvavebuli monacemebi aqvT. mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (73.7%) ufro<br />
meti qalia (79.2%) imis momxre, rom qaliSvils misces ganaTleba, rodesac<br />
gogona Zmaze ufro niWieria (Chi-Square 7.6; df 2, p
2007 wels universtitetebSi miRebuli studentebi<strong>da</strong>n (37,455 a<strong>da</strong>miani gaer-<br />
Tian<strong>da</strong> sabakalavro <strong>da</strong> samagistro programebSi) 64.6 procenti Cairicxa<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> 35.4 procenti ki kerZo universitetSi.<br />
ganaTlebis reformis mizani, rogorc es aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebSia<br />
asaxuli, aris evropul <strong>da</strong> amerikul saganmanaTleblo sistemebTan harminizacia.<br />
saqarTvelo gax<strong>da</strong> boloniis procesis monawile, rac iTvaliswinebs<br />
arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis Secvlas, ise rom miRweul iqnes xarisxebis<br />
saerTaSoriso aRiareba, sabakalavro <strong>da</strong> samagistro kursebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />
samecniero xarisxebis erTiani sistemis <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />
studentebis raodenoba TiTqmis orjer metia saxelmwifo universitetebSi,<br />
kerZo universitetebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, rogorc bakalavriatis (63.9 % saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>da</strong> 36.1% kerZo universitetebSi), aseve samagistro (64.4% saxelwifo<br />
<strong>da</strong> 35.6% kerZo universitetebSi) programebSi. samagistro programaSi miRebuli<br />
studentebis raodenoba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> mTlianad miRebuli studentebis<br />
10.2 procents.<br />
universitetis kurs <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli <strong>da</strong> studenti qalebis ricxvi odnav Warbobs<br />
mamakacebisas. 2007-2008 akademiuri wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong><br />
kerZo universitetebSi CaricxulTagan qalebi Seadgenen 56.5 procents sabakalavro,<br />
55. 3 procents samagistro, 42.2 procents profesiuli ganaTlebis<br />
programebSi <strong>da</strong> 67.5 procents doqtoranturaSi.<br />
<strong>genderi</strong> zegavlenas axdens profesiis SerCevaze. ufro meti qalia pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur<br />
profesiebSi, enaTmecnierebaSi <strong>da</strong> JurnalistikaSi, Tumca dRiTidRe<br />
matulobs qalebis raodenoba iuridiul profesiaSi.<br />
rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo universitetebSi bevrad ufro meti TanamSromelia<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli. pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri Statis umravlesoba (71.1%) saxelmwifo universitetebSi<br />
muSaobs. qalebi (54.9%) Warboben mamakac profesorebs. es<br />
Zalian maRali maCvenebelia aSS-s universitetebis profesorTa genderuli<br />
ganawilebasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTac ki. magram amerikis msgavsad, qalebis ufro didi<br />
nawilia koncentrirebulia Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bal akademiur Tanamdebobebze.<br />
saqarTvelos univesitetebSi qalebi asistent-profesorebis 66.7 procents<br />
(45.0% aSS-Si), asocirebuli profesorebis 50.8 procents (35.3% aSS-Si) <strong>da</strong><br />
sruli profesorebis mxolod 30.2 procents (20.8% aSS-Si) Seadgenen.<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli ori samecniero xarisxi, mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>tis <strong>da</strong><br />
doqtoris Secvala erTma, doqtoris xarisxma. adre miniWebuli kandi<strong>da</strong>tis<br />
137
xarisxi doqtorisas gautol<strong>da</strong>. 2007 wels doqturanturis studentTa Soris<br />
qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen (59.9%). bevr disciplinaSi xarisxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis procedurebi jer kidev Camoyalibebis safexurzea. amas miewereba<br />
2007 wels sadoqtoro naSromis <strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebeli - 44. doqtoris<br />
xarisxis miniWebulTa Soris 59.1 procents qalebi Seadgenen.<br />
saganmanaTleblo sistemis reformam mkvlevarTa ricxvis mkveTri Semcireba<br />
gamoiwvia. mkvlevarTa Taobaze arsebuli uaxlesi monacemebi 2005 wels<br />
miekuTvneba. amasTan, monacemebi, romelic ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministrom<br />
<strong>da</strong> statistikis departamentma mogvawo<strong>da</strong>, yvela SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
emTxveva erTmaneTs. arsebobs 66 mkleviTi instituti, romelTa samecniero<br />
kvlviTi Stati 2005 wels TanamSromelTa 58.4 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. bolo<br />
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mecnier muSakebis ricxvi TiTqmis ganaxevr<strong>da</strong>, 6860<br />
mecnier muSaki<strong>da</strong>n 1994 wels, is <strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> 3976-mde 2005 wels (ganaTlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros monacemebi). mecnier muSaki qalebis ricxvma mamakacebis<br />
ricxvze metad iklo. 2003 wels qalebi samecniero Statis 61.9<br />
procents Seadgendnen, 2005 wels ki 50.5 procents (wyaro:qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci,<br />
2006).<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom nebismier samsaxureobriv garemoSi samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Txovna<br />
qalebs ufro metad emuqrebaT, qalebis samsaxureobriv winsvlas <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>brkolebas uqmnis ”minis Weri”. akademiur ierarqiaSi qalebs ufro <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
safexuri ukaviaT. 2005 wels qalebi samecniero kvleviTi Statis mecnierebaTa<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT naxevars, magram mecnierebaTa doqtorTa<br />
mxolod meoTxeds Seadgendnen.<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis 135 wevri<strong>da</strong>n mxolod cxra aris qali (n. javaxiSvili -<br />
eqsperimentuli morfologia, a. kalan<strong>da</strong>Ze - enaTmecniereba <strong>da</strong> literatura, q.<br />
lomTaTiZe, enaTmecniereba <strong>da</strong> literatura, T. yauxCiSvili - filologia, e. qemerteliZe<br />
- farmakologia, m. lorTqifaniZe - istoria, m. andronikaSvili - enaTmecniereba,<br />
T. dekanosiZe - fiziologia <strong>da</strong> eqsperimentuli medicina, <strong>da</strong> m. SaniZe<br />
- ena <strong>da</strong> literature. wyaro: www.acnet.ge.<br />
138
nax. 42<br />
mecnier-muSakebis raodenoba kvleviT institutebSi<br />
mamakaci mkvlevarebi yvela qveyanaSi qal mkvlevarebze ufro produqtuli<br />
arian. makobis mixedviT (Maccoby, 1963) amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos motivaciis<br />
an drois nakleboba, an raime saxis SezRudva. Tumca monacemebi uCvenebs,<br />
rom is qalebi, visac ojaxi ar yavs, ar gansxvavdebian maTgan, vinc <strong>da</strong>ojaxebulia,<br />
roca saqme produqtulobas exeba. amdenad, drois ukmarisoba<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos amis mizezi. mecnieruli produqtuloba ufro mkvlevaris<br />
analitikuri SesaZleblobebiT ganisazRvreba. mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis inteleqt<br />
Soris mTlianobaSi gansxvaveba ar aris, magram arsebobs mkveTri gansxvaveba<br />
zogierTi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. mamakacebi qalebze ukeTesi analitikuri<br />
unariT gamoirCevian, maT sivrculi azrovnebis ukeTesi unari aqvT, naklebad<br />
arian velze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> nakleb rigidulebi arian (Witkin, 1954).<br />
mamakacebi bunebiT qalebze ufro agresiulebi arian, rac dominantobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> iniciativaSi vlindeba. qalebi informacias gansxvavbulad arTmeven Tavs;<br />
maTi azrovneba naklebad analitikuria, is ufro globaluri <strong>da</strong> konser-<br />
139<br />
xarisxis gareSe<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>ti<br />
doqtori
vatulia. qalebi aseve ufro metad inrteresdebian sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebis SexedulebebiT,<br />
imiT, Tu ras fiqroben maTze sxvebi <strong>da</strong> metad eqcevian sxvaTa<br />
azris gavlenis qveS, ufro metad eqvemdebarebian viTarebis moTxovnebs.<br />
socialuri kapitali<br />
socialuri kapitali socialur qselSi wevrobiT miRebul sikeTes gulisxmobs<br />
(Narayan, 2000). es metad mniSvnelovani resursia, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxuli miznis miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi erTiandebian<br />
socialur qselebSi raTa <strong>da</strong>ikmayofilon Tavis moTxovnilebebi, aisrulon<br />
survilebi <strong>da</strong> sxvebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT TavisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxadon Sez-<br />
Ruduli resursebi. socialuri qseli ganisazRvreba im a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT, visTanac<br />
pirovneba uSualod urTierTobs <strong>da</strong> am a<strong>da</strong>mianebis urTierTkavSirebiT (Boissevain,<br />
1974). qselis wesebi urTierTgacvlas gulisxmobs, ase rom, gar<strong>da</strong><br />
imisa, rom qselis wevroba resursia, is mis wevrebisgan aseve moiTxovs maT<br />
xelT arsebuli resursebis gaziarebas.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi moelian sakuTari garemocvisgan <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, rogorc mwvave krizisis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, aseve yoveldRiuri problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi. imis aRqma,<br />
rom mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera ar arsebobs, an am mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris realurad ganuxorcieleba<br />
uaryofiTad moqmedebs sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, fsiqikur <strong>da</strong> fizikur<br />
janmrTelobaze (Lynch, 1979; Uchino, Cacioppo & Kiecolt-Glazer, 1996). amgvarad<br />
socialuri kapitali mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli meore resursTan -<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianur kapitalTan.<br />
socialuri qselis wevrebs ramdenime gziT SeuZliaT stresis uaryofiTi zegavlenis<br />
Sesusteba: maT SeuZliaT uSualod imoqmedon stresorze an a<strong>da</strong>mianze,<br />
romelic stresul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. maT SeuZliaT Secvalon<br />
pirovnebis mier safrTxis aRqma, SeuZliaT gaaZlieron a<strong>da</strong>mianis unari moerios<br />
stress, SeuZliaT a<strong>da</strong>mians yuradReba ga<strong>da</strong>ataninon problemi<strong>da</strong>n sxva<br />
rameze (Wallston, Alagna, & De Vellis, 1983). zogadod, qselis wevrebs SeuZliaT<br />
materialuri, sainformacio <strong>da</strong> emociuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gaweva (Walker, Wasserman<br />
& Wellman, 1994).<br />
qselebi SeiZleba iyos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis mqone.<br />
ego-qselebi mxolod im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aerTianebs, romlebTanac a<strong>da</strong>mians axlo,<br />
emociurad <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli urTierTobebi aqvs. ego-qseli gansxvavdeba sxva,<br />
potenciurad ufro farTe qselebisgan urTierTobebis tipebis mixedviT, mag.<br />
megobruli an profesiuli qselebi.<br />
qseli SeiZleba ganvixiloT misi wevrebis raodenobis anu qselis zomis<br />
140
mixedviT; urTierTobis tipis mixedviT-naTesauri/aranaTesauri, megobruli,<br />
kolegialuri, <strong>da</strong> a.S.; emociuri siaxlovis mixedviT - emociuri manZili,<br />
qselis wevris mimarT; qselis simWidrovis mixedviT - qselis wevrebis urTierkavSiris<br />
xarisxi; kontaqtis sixSiris mixedviT - pirispir <strong>da</strong> arapirispir<br />
kontaqtebis (telefoni, el.fosta <strong>da</strong> skaipi) raodenoba nebismier qveyanaSi,<br />
drois nebismier istoriul monakveTSi <strong>da</strong> nebismieri a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis, socialuri<br />
qseli Rirebul resurss warmoadgens, magram qselis Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
funqciebi mravali faqtoris zegavlenas ganicdian, iqneba es sazogadoebrivi,<br />
rogoricaa kultura, socialuri samsaxurebi, socio-ekonomikuri, aseve demografiuli,<br />
Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTelebi, rogoricaa sqesi, asaki, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
kapitali.<br />
kulturebi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebul iqnen, rogorc gansxvavebuli maTi wevrebis<br />
urTierTkavSiris odenobiT <strong>da</strong> wevrebis mier sakuTari jgufis mniSvnelobis<br />
Sefasebis mixedviT (Triandis, 1987). socialuri qselebi ufro mniSvnelovania<br />
koleqtiuri kulturebisTvis, romlis wevrebi ufro zrunaven<br />
urTierTobebze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs Soris <strong>da</strong> aseve jgufis SigniT arsebul<br />
urTierTobebze, vidre individualur kulturebisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c Rirebulebebi<br />
ufro metad piradi miznebis miRwevasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. socialur<br />
qselebs meti funqciebi aqvT <strong>da</strong> amave dros, ufro mniSvnelovania a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis iseT qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar aris kargad ganviTarebuli<br />
socialuri samsaxurebi, radgan iq qselis wevrebs uwevT mTeli rigi iseTi<br />
funqciebis, rogoricaa patara bavSvebis, avadmyofebisa <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>zmulTa<br />
movla sakuTar Tavze aReba socialurad ufro maRali usafrTxoebis mqone<br />
saxelmwifoSi am funqciebs Tavis Tavze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samsaxurebi iReben. istoriuli<br />
xana socialuri qselis formirebis kidev erTi faqtoria. socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis periodSi, romlis drosac izrdeba stresis<br />
zewola a<strong>da</strong>mianze, rodesac Cndeba cvlilebebisadmi morgebis saWiroeba,<br />
izrdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba socialur qselebze. demografiuli <strong>da</strong><br />
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />
mdgomareoba Zlier zemoqmedebas axdenen socialur qselebze. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
kapitali aseve axdens gavlenas socialur kavSirebze, radgan janmrTeloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganaTleba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis moTxovnilebebs <strong>da</strong><br />
mis SesaZleblobas wamoiwyos, an SeinarCunos urTierToba.<br />
socialuri qseli a<strong>da</strong>mianis sasicocxlo ciklTan erTad icvleba. asakTan<br />
erTad garkveukl perio<strong>da</strong>mde matulobs urTierTobaTa ricxvi, romelic piks<br />
adreul mozrdilobaSi aRwevs. asakTan erTad aseve icvleba urTierTobebis<br />
moTxovnileba, emociuri, fizikuri <strong>da</strong> xSirad ekonomikuri resursebis<br />
141
gamofitva, sicocxlis bolomde <strong>da</strong>rCenili dro amcirebs ara Tu axali<br />
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis survils, aramed arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCunebis<br />
survilsac ki. qalebis qselebi, mamakacebis socialur qselebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro didi zomisaa, ufro Rrma <strong>da</strong> mravalferovania. amasTan<br />
mamakacebi naklebad elian socialuri qselis wevrebisgan <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebze nakleb arian kmayofili megobrebisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT (Shmitt<br />
& Kurdek, 1985).<br />
qarTli kultura im kulturaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTa wevrebi<br />
Zlier arian erTmaneTze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli (Georgas, Berry, & Kagitsibasi, 2006).<br />
amdenad, socialuri qselebi Zalze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben admianebis<br />
cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong> garkveulwilad enacvlebian kidec qveyanaSi arsebul Zalze<br />
sust ”sociluri usafrTxoebis” sistemas. socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma,<br />
romelic qarTulma <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m bolo aTweliwadnaxevarSi gamoca<strong>da</strong>, meti<br />
moTxovnebi wauyena socialur garemos.<br />
bevri ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena moxerx<strong>da</strong> im mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri sistemis wyalobiT, romelic<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebis istoriul tradiciebSi Rrma<strong>da</strong>a gamj<strong>da</strong>ri. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
arsebobs <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebi,<br />
yvelaze ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jamsac ki. rodesac gamokiTxulebs vTxovdiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT yvelaze didi uxerxuloba, romelsac ganicdian ekonomikuri<br />
gaWirvebis Jams, yvelaze xSiri pasuxi exebo<strong>da</strong> socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
gawevis SeuZleblobas, Tavyrilobaze <strong>da</strong>swrebis SeuZleblobas transportirebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis ar qonis gamo.<br />
ojaxebi Cveulebriv finansur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uweven erTmaneTs ojaxis wevris<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebisas an qorwilSi. soflad erTmaneTs aseve xSirad uweven <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
saxlis aSenebaSi <strong>da</strong> saojaxo, Tu sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi,<br />
rac ”nadis” saxeliT aris cnobili. sanaTesaos gazr<strong>da</strong> naTlobis meSveobiTac<br />
xorcieldeba. naTlia bavSvisTvis mniSvnelovan a<strong>da</strong>mianad iTvleba. is eswreba<br />
bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebis dReebsa <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan ojaxur Sekrebebs. naTlia<br />
valdebulia saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvs <strong>da</strong>xmareba gauwios <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebi<br />
aCuqos (Sumbadze, 2006).<br />
ojaxebis kulturaTSoriso gamokvleva cxa<strong>da</strong>d a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, Tu raoden<br />
afasebs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> saqarTveloSi ojaxur <strong>da</strong> megobrul urTierTobebs.<br />
27 qveynis respondentTa Soris saqarTvelos respondentebi meore adgilze<br />
aRmoCndnen axlo naTesavebTan urTierTobis sixSiris mixedviT <strong>da</strong> pirvelze<br />
ojaxis wevrebTan emociuri siaxlovis mixedviT (Georgas, Berry, & Kagitsibasi,<br />
2006).<br />
142
sqesi <strong>da</strong> asaki did zegavlenas axdens socialur qselebis Camoyalibebaze.<br />
saqarTvelos zr<strong>da</strong>sruli mosaxleobis ego-qselebis kvlevisas (Sumbadze,<br />
1999) gamovlin<strong>da</strong> sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis zegavlena qselis TiTqmis yvela maxasiaTebelze.<br />
yvela asakSi qalTa qselebi zomiT bevrad aRemateba Sesabamisi asakis<br />
mamakacebis socialur qselebs. naTesauri <strong>da</strong> aranaTesauri urTierTobebi<br />
TiTqmis Tanabra<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili ego-qselebSi. aranaTesauri urTierTobebi<br />
klebulobs asakTan erTad, amasTan qalebi ufro meta naTesaur kavSirebs<br />
asaxeleben, vidre mamakacebi. asakTan erTad qalebTan matulobs, xolo mamakacebTan<br />
ki klebulobs naTesauri kavSirebis raodenoba. qalebi agreTve<br />
met megobars asaxeleben, vidre mamakacebi, Tumca orives, mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, megobrebis raodenoba asakTan erTad klebulobs.<br />
mamakacebisaTvis socialur qselTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT saukeTeso periodi Cans<br />
18-<strong>da</strong>n 25 wlis asakia. am dros maT yvelaze <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli <strong>da</strong> axlo<br />
urTierTobebi aqvT. qalebisTvis ki es ufro rTuli xanaa, rodesac isini<br />
naklebad arian kmayofili TavianTi urTierTobebiT <strong>da</strong> meti siRrmisaken<br />
miiltvian urTierTobebSi. 26 - 45 wlebs Soris xdeba ufro xSirad ojaxis<br />
Seqmna <strong>da</strong> profesiuli ganviTareba, swored am asakobrivi jgufis socialur<br />
qselebSi aris warmodgenili yvelaze meti raodenobiT ojaxis wevrebi <strong>da</strong><br />
TanamSromlebi. adreul mozrdilobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, cxovrebis am periodSi<br />
qalebi ufro kmayofilebi arian Tavisi Rrma urTierTobebiT. saSualo mozrdiloba<br />
Cans, qalebisTvis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebel periods warmoadgens.<br />
gviani mozrdiloba, 45-<strong>da</strong>n 65 wlis asaki, xasiaTdeba fizikuri resursebis<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi SemcirebiT. gare samyarosgan gamocalkeveba, rac am asaks<br />
axasiaTebs, Tavs iCens socialuri garemos Semcirebasa <strong>da</strong> ego-qselis wevrebisgan<br />
distancirebaSi. qalebi ufro momaval Taobaze axdenen koncentrirebas,<br />
met mzrunvelobas iCenen SviliSvilebis mimarT. isini ufro kmayofilebi<br />
arian naTesauri kavSirebiT. igive periodi mamakacebisTvis gamoirCeva<br />
uaryofiTi urTierTobebis simravliT <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebis ze<strong>da</strong>pirulobiT.<br />
dro qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis resursebze gansxvavebul zemoqmedebas axdens.<br />
kacebis tradiciuli resursebi, rogoricaa profesiuli ganviTareba<br />
<strong>da</strong> finansuri mdgradoba izrdeba gviani mozrdilobis pirvel naxevramde<br />
mainc, xolo qalebis resursebi, rogoricaa fizikuri momxiblveloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> profesiuli ganviTareba asakTan erTad klebulobs, an<br />
ufro neli tempiT viTardeba, imis gamo, rom isini met dros uTmobdnen<br />
ojaxs cxovrebis ufro adreul periodSi. amiT aixsneba is, Tu ratomaa<br />
Zneli qalisTvis maRali Tanmdebobis <strong>da</strong>kaveba an ganqorwinebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi xelaxla gaTxoveba.<br />
143
ZiriTadi sakiTxebSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri kapitali di<strong>da</strong>d gansazRvravs a<strong>da</strong>mianis keTildReobas,<br />
mis sesaZleblobas imuSaos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tkbes cxovrebiT. qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian im Tvisebebisa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebis mixedviT,<br />
rac a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong> socialuri kapitalTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg mosaxleobis janmrTeloba Zlier gauares<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saxelmwifo programebisa <strong>da</strong> janmrTlobis <strong>da</strong>zRvevis mcire moculobis<br />
gamo a<strong>da</strong>mianebi jan<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs xSirad mxolod maSin mimarTaven,<br />
rodesac gankurneba ukve SeuZlebelia. janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvaze biujetSi<br />
Zalze mcire Tanxaa gamoyofili <strong>da</strong> isic TiTqmis mTlianad mkurnalobazea<br />
mimarTuli, xolo prevenciuli medicina saxsrebis gareSea <strong>da</strong>rCenili.<br />
qalebis ganaTlebis done qveyanaSi aRemateba mamakacebisas. ganaTlebis nebismier<br />
doneze qali studentebi raodenobrivad Warboben mamakac studentebs.<br />
qalebis wili aseve metia umaRles saswavleblebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur Stats Soris,<br />
Tumca met mamakacs ukavia ufro maRali akademiuri Tanamdeboba.<br />
mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis socialuri kapitali gansxvavebulia mozrdilobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
safexurze, urTierTobebiT mamakacebi yvelaze metad kmayofilni<br />
arian adreuli, xolo qalebi ki saSualo mozrdilobis periodSi.<br />
144
Tavi 7<br />
win ga<strong>da</strong>sadgmeli nabijebi<br />
genderuli uTanasworoba qveyanaSi aRiarebulia, rogorc arsebuli realoba,<br />
magram ara rogorc problema. mas miiCneven ufro kulturuli memkvidreobis<br />
nawilad <strong>da</strong> amdenad, misi Semcirebis nebismieri mcdeloba aRiqmeba,<br />
rogorc tradiciuli RirebulebebisTvis safrTxis Semqmneli. genderuli<br />
uTanasworoba Rrma<strong>da</strong>a fesvgadgmuli, Tumca yovelTvis ar aris cxadia <strong>da</strong><br />
advilad amosacnobi.<br />
qveynis a<strong>da</strong>mianis sayovelTao uflebebis pativiscemisa <strong>da</strong> evropasTan integraciisken<br />
miswrafebis demonstrirebas warmoadgens is, rom saqarTvelo aris<br />
genderul Tanasworobaze mimarTuli TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani saerTa-<br />
Soriso dokumentis xelmomwerTa Soris. qveynis kanonmdebloba <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />
TvalsazrisiT neitraluria <strong>da</strong> ar iZleva sqesis nia<strong>da</strong>gze diskriminaciis<br />
saSualebas, magram saerTaSoiso dokumentebis Tu kanonebis ganxorcieleba<br />
umetesad formalur xasiaTis atarebs, xolo diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli<br />
saqmianobebi ar aris gamagrebuli arc samoqmedo gegmebiT <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
biujetiT. qveynis mTavari politikuri dokumentebi, rogoricaa ”saqarTvelo<br />
siRaribis gareSe” <strong>da</strong> ”evropuli samezoblo politika” ar arian fokusirebuli<br />
genderul sakiTxebze. aseve ar arsebobs mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo<br />
uwyeba, romlis misiac genderuli Tanasworobis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriTa <strong>da</strong> monitoringiT<br />
ganisazRvreba. parlamentSi parlamentis Tavmjdomaris xelmZRvanelobis<br />
qveS genderuli Tanasworobis sakonsultacio sabWos Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos parlamentis mier genderuli Tanasworobis koncefciis miReba<br />
winga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijebad aris miRebuli, magram aRmasrulebel doneze, genderuli<br />
sakiTxebis komisiis umoqmedebobis gamo genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
koncefciis ganxorcieleba nakleba<strong>da</strong>a mosalodneli.<br />
viTarebis gasaumjobeseblad uaRresad mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis cnobierebis<br />
Secvla, qalis Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebisTvis<br />
saTanado mniSvnelobis miniWeba.<br />
Camoyalibebul <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ufro efeqturi saxelmwifo<br />
politika, romelic gamiznuli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevaze.<br />
genderuli Tanasworoba ar un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ganxiluli izolirebulad, radgan is<br />
faseulobebis ufro farTe speqtris nawilia. magram, sanam irRveva a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebi, sanam a<strong>da</strong>miani, misi keTildReoba <strong>da</strong> uflebebi ar gaxdeba qveynis<br />
ganviTarebis politikis wamyvani principi, Cven ar un<strong>da</strong> velodeT radikalur<br />
145
cvlilebebs arc genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis <strong>da</strong> arc aTaswleulis<br />
ganviTarebis miznebis miRwevis gzaze.<br />
genderuli uTanasworoba Tavs iCens rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise kerZo sarbielze.<br />
es ori sfero ar aris erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli, <strong>da</strong> cvlileba<br />
erTSi sabolo jamSi iwvevs clilebas meoreSi. sazogadoebrivi sarbieli<br />
mamakacis prioriteta<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli, qalisad ki - kerZo. magram uTanasworoba<br />
xSirad swored kerZo sferoSi ufro vlindeba. problemas Tavad<br />
uTanasworobaze metad warmoadgens is Rirebuleba, romelic am or sferos<br />
miewereba. samuSao saxlis gareT, romelsac tradiciulad mamakaci asrulebs,<br />
ufro meta<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>fasebuli, vidre qalis saxlSi Sroma.<br />
bolo TxuTmeti weli aRiniSna <strong>da</strong>debiTi cvlilebebiT genderuli TanasworobasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. es cvlilebebi gapirobebul iyo ara saxelmwifo<br />
politikiT, aramed socialuri cvlilebebiT <strong>da</strong> mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobasTan<br />
morgebis aucileblobiT. am mdgomareobam aiZula qalebi aqtiurad<br />
Cabmuliyvnen Semosavlis momtan SromiT saqmianobaSi. ekonomikurma<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobam, rac Zalauflebis myar safuZvels warmoadgens, gazar<strong>da</strong><br />
qalis resursebi <strong>da</strong> is sazogadoebriv sferoSi ufro maRal safexurze<br />
aiyvana. cvlilebis kidev erT Zlier faqtors modernizacia <strong>da</strong> informaciis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba warmoadgens, rac televiziis, internetis <strong>da</strong> skaipis meSveobiT<br />
xorcieldeba. maT mniSvnelonad Secvales Sexedulebebi, mraval<br />
sakiTxTan, maT Soris genderTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli gendruli samarTlianobis misaRwevad. qvemoT<br />
CamoTvililia zogierTi is nabiji, romelic am mimarTulebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli. aq ar iqneba saubari iseT aSkara <strong>da</strong> farTo masStabis<br />
RonisZiebebze, rogoricaa siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zleva an usafrTxoebis qselis Seqmna,<br />
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ufro specifiur RonisZiebebze, romelTac<br />
SeuZliaT wvlilis Setana genderuli Tanasworobis saqmeSi, Tanasworobis<br />
mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis SecvlaSi, qalTa monawileobisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianur kapitalis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>Si, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebis saWiroebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaSi.<br />
qvemoT warmogidgenil mosazrebaTa nawili imeorebs rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs warmodgenils<br />
dokumentSi ”qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis aRmofxvris<br />
komitetis <strong>da</strong>skvniTi SeniSvnebi: saqarTvelo (2006).” Cven ga<strong>da</strong>vwyviteT aq<br />
maTi moyvana, radgan isini mxolod nawilobriv aris gaTvaliswinebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
amdenad problemebi ar moxsnila.<br />
146
Tanasworobis miRwevaze gaTvlili RonisZiebebi mraval moqmed pirs gulisxmobs<br />
- saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, eklesias, zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
mosaxleobas, donor organizaciebs. isini un<strong>da</strong> vrceldebodnen, rogorc<br />
qalebze, aseve kacebze. maT gansaxorcieleblad gamoyenebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualeba, rogoricaa beWdvTi <strong>da</strong> eleqtronuli media, sazogadoebrivi<br />
Sekrebebi, saganmanaTleblo masalebi, <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
zogadi xasiaTis zomebi<br />
• Seicvalos <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Tanasworobis mimarT<br />
albaT yvelaze fun<strong>da</strong>menturi cvlileba, rac un<strong>da</strong> moxdes, aris mosaxleobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Secvla Tanasworobis mimarT. <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Secvla<br />
rTuli <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi procesia, romelic moiTxovs mravalmxriv <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebul<br />
RonisZiebebs, romlebSic Sedis saxelmwifo politika, kanonmdebloba,<br />
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis amaRleba <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> arasaxelmwifo<br />
institutebis mizan<strong>da</strong>saxuli qmedebebi.<br />
• termini ”genderuli Tanasworoba” Seicvalos terminiT ”genderuli<br />
samarTlianoba”<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis cnebis mimarT arsebuli uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
gamo <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis ideisadmi winaaRmdegobis Semcirebis mizniT,<br />
SesaZloa ufro Sedegiani aRmoCndes terminis ”genderuli Tanasworoba”, rac<br />
faqtiurad niSnavs genderul Tanasworobas socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis,<br />
Secvla terminiT ”genderuli samarTlianoba”.<br />
• Camoyalibebul iqnes saxelmwifo politika ufro meti genderuli<br />
samarTlianobis misaRwevad, rogorc ojaxze mimarTul politikis nawili<br />
arsebuli demografiuli problemis pirobebSi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnis<br />
qveynis ganviTarebas, un<strong>da</strong> Camoyalibdes <strong>da</strong> prioritetulad gamocxaddes<br />
ojaxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri sagangebo politika. genderuli samarTlianoba ojaxis<br />
funqcionirebis fun<strong>da</strong>ments warmoadgens. politikam un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos dedisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> bavSvis janmrTeloba, ojaxisadmi ”megobruli” samuSao garemo, bavSvis<br />
movlis SesaZleblobebi. xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas mamis rolis mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong><br />
un<strong>da</strong> moxdes misi popularizacia. eklesia <strong>da</strong> media un<strong>da</strong> CaerTon ojaxze<br />
mimarTuli politikis ganxorcielebaSi. Secvlil un<strong>da</strong> iqnes Sromis kodeqsi<br />
ise, rom man ki ar SezRudos, rogorc amas momqmedi kodeqsi akeTebs, aramed<br />
stimuli misces mosamsaxure qalis reproduqciul aqtiobas.<br />
147
• Seiqmnas instituciuuri meqanizmebi meti genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
misaRwevad<br />
genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikisa <strong>da</strong> programebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebis mizniT mTavrobaSi Seqmnil iqnas mudmivmoqmedi organo.<br />
aseve saxelmwifo politikisa <strong>da</strong> misi ganxorcielebis monitoringis mizniT<br />
Camoyalibebul iqnes arCeviTi organo, romelSic sxvebTan erTad Sevlen<br />
aRmasrulebebli xelisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi, arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtoris <strong>da</strong> eklesiis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
• uzrunvelyofil iqnes gendruli samarTlianoba ganaTlebis<br />
sistemaSi<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom genderuli Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba adreul<br />
asakSi xdeba ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> skolaSi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces<br />
genderuli samarTlanobis uzrunvelyofas skolaSi. amisaTvis skolis maswavlebleblebma<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaiaron momzadeba genderul mgrZnobiarobis gazrdisTvis,<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebi un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ga<strong>da</strong>sinjuli, raTa maTSi gaparuli<br />
ar iyos genderul uTanasworobaze mimaniSnebeli masala. <strong>da</strong>nergil un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes specialuri programebi, romlebic gamiznuli iqneba konfliqtebis, maT<br />
Soris ojaxuris, araZaladobriv ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis swavlebaze, aseve ojaxur Rirebulebebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze. swavlebisas xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas mSoblis rolis<br />
mniSvnelobas, gansxvavebuli azris Rirebulebas <strong>da</strong> mis pativiscemas, genderul<br />
gansxvavebebs.<br />
• uzrunvelyofil iqnes sqesis mixedviT gancalkevebuli informaciis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba<br />
regularulad un<strong>da</strong> Segrovdes, sqesis mixedviT un<strong>da</strong> iqnes warmodgenili <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebisaTvis miwodebuli informacia qveynis mTavar indikatorebze,<br />
maT Soris a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganviTarebaze (ixile CEDAW, 2006. muxli.10). miRebul<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnes kanoni statistikis Sesaxeb, romelSic xazgasmuli iqneba sqesis<br />
mixedviT gancalkevebuli informaciis warmodgenis aucilebloba. yovelwliurad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnes gamoqveynebuli angariSi genderul sakiTxebze. mxar<strong>da</strong>Weril<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnes kvlevebi genderul sakiTxebze, genderuli diskriminaciis<br />
gamovlenaze, maskulinobasa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa problemebze -sferoze, romlic<br />
naklebad aris nakvlevi.<br />
• xeli Seewyos genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebas (meinstrimings)<br />
genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba miznad un<strong>da</strong> iqnes <strong>da</strong>saxuli <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebuli<br />
yvela mniSvnelovan programebsa <strong>da</strong> did organizaciebSi (ixile<br />
CEDAW, 2006. muxli 12). genderuli cnebebi un<strong>da</strong> iqnen Semotanili <strong>da</strong><br />
148
gendruli cnobiereba un<strong>da</strong> gaZlierdes erTnairad, rogorc kacebSi, aseve<br />
qalebSi.<br />
qalebis monawileoba sazogadoebriv sarbielze<br />
viTarebis analizi aSkarad miuTiTebs gendrul uTanasworobaze saqarTvelos<br />
moqalaqeTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
arCeviT <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel struqturebSi qalebis ufro didi warmomadgenlobis<br />
saWiroeba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli. qalebis monawileoba<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aucilebelia qveynisTvis mniSvnelovani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebisas genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis. maSin,<br />
rodesac kacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi Tanabar interess iCenen sazogadoebriv movlenebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikis mimarT, maTi gavlena ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaze Zlier<br />
gansxvavebulia - mamakcebi qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad ufro didi<br />
Zalauflebas floben.<br />
kulturuli stereotipebi, arasaTanado genderuli ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> mcire<br />
genderuli mgrZnobiaroba, saWiroebis arasaTanado aRqma <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis misaRwevi Tanmimdevruli saxelmwifo politikis ararseboba<br />
erTis mxriv, <strong>da</strong> meores mxriv drois ukmarisoba, qalebis arasakmarisi motivacia<br />
<strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi, qalTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSo monawileobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali donis mizezebad aris aRiarebuli.<br />
monawileobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria SesaZleblobebi. SesaZleblobebis<br />
mniSvnelobaze calsaxa miniSnebas iZleva <strong>da</strong>kvirveba qalTa moRvaweobaze<br />
post-sabWoTa periodSi. sistemis rRvevis Sedegad, rogorc ki<br />
gaixsna ”SesaZleblobebis fanjara”, qalebi maSinve gamoCndnen sazogadoebriv<br />
sarbielze. mas mere, qalebis aqtioba <strong>da</strong> miRwevebi gamoikveTa religiur<br />
sferoSi, qveynis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi, arasamTavrobo seqtorisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> araformaluri ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi.<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalis monawileobis gasaZliereblad mTeli rigi<br />
RonisZiebebis gatarebaa saWiro.<br />
• Secvlil un<strong>da</strong> iqnes arsebuli Sexeduleba, romelic qalis adgils<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>vs kerZo, xolo kacis adgils sajaro sferoSi<br />
cvlilebis mZlavr iaraRad un<strong>da</strong> iqces qalis maRal Tanamdebobebze <strong>da</strong>niSvna,<br />
misi metad warmoCena sazogadoebriv sferoSi media kampaniebis meSveobiT,<br />
gendruli Tanasworobis ideis propagandiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela<br />
doneze <strong>da</strong> formaluri ganaTlebis sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
skolamdeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli umaRlesi ganaTlebiT.<br />
149
• Seqmnil un<strong>da</strong> iqnes SesaZleblobebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
qalis monawileobisaTvis<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas pirobebi, romlebic qals saSualebas miscems gamonaxos dro<br />
sazogadoebrivi aqtiobebisaTvis. es un<strong>da</strong> moxdes ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT,<br />
rac qals miscems <strong>da</strong>mxmares <strong>da</strong>qiravebis an momsaxurebis SeZenis<br />
saSualebas. Secvlili un<strong>da</strong> iqnes Sromis kodeqsi <strong>da</strong> igi SesabamisobaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
movides saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan, raTa gaizrdos Sromis usafrTxoeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa uflebebi. Seqmnil un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ”ojaxisadmi megobruli”<br />
samuSao garemo, rac gulisxmobs samuSao saaTebis SerCevis SesasZleblobas,<br />
iseTis rogoricaa naxevar Statze muSaoba, mokle samuSao dRe, mSoblebis<br />
Svebuleba <strong>da</strong> Sini<strong>da</strong>n muSaobis SesaZlebloba. ga<strong>da</strong>dgmul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes nabijebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis araformaluri seqtoris regulirebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> imis uzrunvelsayofad,<br />
rom iq <strong>da</strong>culi iqnes a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Sromis usafrTxeba.<br />
• xeli Seewyos qalTa SesaZleblobebis gazr<strong>da</strong>s, raTa uzrunvelyofil<br />
iqnes maTi CarTva sajaro cxovrebaSi<br />
qalTa SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba un<strong>da</strong> moxdes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis klubebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva nebayoflobiTi organizaciebis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> maT saqmianobaSi qalTa<br />
Cabmis meSveobiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania xeli Seewyos qalTa organizaciebs<br />
soflad <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresobebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul raionebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
meti SezRudvebi arsebobs qalis mamakacis gverdigverd muSaobaze. uwyveti<br />
ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva unarebis SesaZenad<br />
kursebis organizeba qalebs <strong>da</strong>exmarebaT upasuxon uaxles gamowvevebs.<br />
qali un<strong>da</strong> iqnes mxar<strong>da</strong>Werili <strong>da</strong> man un<strong>da</strong> SeiZinos liderobis unarebi,<br />
raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes misi politikaSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba.<br />
qalebs un<strong>da</strong> mieceT maRal profesiuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba,<br />
risi gakeTebac maT ver moaxerxes ufro adre ojaxuri movaleobebis,<br />
muSaobis wyvetisa, Tu ufros asakSi muSaobis <strong>da</strong>wyebis gamo.<br />
• arCeviT <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel organoebSi qalTa monawileobis aqtiuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
qalebis politikaSi CarTvis dinamika saswrafo sakanonmdeblo zomebis gatarebisaken<br />
gvibiZgebs. un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos msjeloba qvotirebis sistemis SemoRebis<br />
Taobaze. aucilebelia qvotebi,s rogorc droebiTi saSualebis SemoReba.<br />
ganxorcielebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes im partiebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, romlebic qalebs<br />
saarCevno siis ze<strong>da</strong> nawilSi warmoadgenen.<br />
• zewolis jgufebis Seqmna qalTa monawileobis gazrdis, genderuli<br />
perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebis <strong>da</strong> Sromis usafrTxoebis miRwevis<br />
mizniT.<br />
arsebobs bevri qalTa arasamTavrobo organizacia, magram isini ufro qalebis<br />
150
organizaciebs warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> ara organizaciebs qalebisaTvis. maTi Zalisxmeva<br />
<strong>da</strong> resursebi gafantulia. qalTa mZlavri moZraobis Camoyalibebam<br />
SeiZleba sakmao zewola ganaxorcielos <strong>da</strong> radikalur cvlilebs miaRwios.<br />
aseTi moZraobis Seqmna SeiZleba erTi, an ori konkretuli miznis miRwevas<br />
emsaxurebodes. profesiuli kavSirebi ufro metad un<strong>da</strong> gaaqtiurdnen, raTa<br />
koleqtiuri molaparakebebis gziT SeZlon Sromis usafrTxoebis arsebuli<br />
donis amaRleba.<br />
• gazrdil iqnes qalis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong> ojaxebs<br />
mieceT TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZlebloba<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. sagangebo<br />
Zalisxmevaa saWiro, raTa gaizardos qalis mier Semosavlis mopovebis<br />
unari. qalebisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes iafi kreditebi <strong>da</strong><br />
sabanko sesxebi (ixile CEDAW, 2006 muxli 28). aseve mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras saWiroebs<br />
mcire <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri bizensi. gapirobebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
produqciis gayidvis SesaZleblobebi.<br />
• un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes mcdeloba, raTa miRweul iqnes genderuli wonasworoba<br />
im profesiebSi, romlebSic tradiciulad <strong>da</strong>rRveulia balansi<br />
ekonomikuri saSualebebiT <strong>da</strong> propagandis meSveobiT gamagrebulma saxelmwifo<br />
politikam xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seuwyos mamakacebis Cabmas tradiciulad qalis<br />
profesiebSi <strong>da</strong> qalebisa - mamakacis profesiebSi. (ixile CEDAW, 2006. muxli.18).<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitali<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitali mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli pirovnebis keTildReobasTan,<br />
mamakacisa Tu qalis SesaZleblobasTan qondes normaluri cxovrebis pirobebi,<br />
samuSao <strong>da</strong> kmayofilebis grZnoba. janmrTelobis sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong> sicocxlis<br />
xangrZlivoba mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia: qali ukeTesi<br />
janmrTelobiTa <strong>da</strong> meti sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT gamoirCeva. mamakacisa <strong>da</strong><br />
qalis janmrTelobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saWiroebebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia.<br />
ganaTleba aris sfero, sa<strong>da</strong>c genderuli Tanasworoba miRweulia.<br />
viTarebis gasaumjobeleblad Semdegi nabijebi un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli.<br />
151
• meti yuradReba mieqces janmrTelobis prevencias <strong>da</strong> moxdes cxovrebis<br />
jansaRi wesis propagan<strong>da</strong><br />
janmrTelobaze mimarTuli biujetis simwiris pirobebSi prevencia gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens. janmrTelobis politika metad un<strong>da</strong> iyos mimarTuli<br />
prevenciaze. media kampaniebis meSveobiT mosaxleobas un<strong>da</strong> miewodos<br />
informacia fizikur varjiSis sargebelze, janmrTeli cxovrebis wesze <strong>da</strong><br />
janmrTeli kvebis principebze. xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seewyos mosaxleobis sportSi Cabmas.<br />
yvela donis saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs un<strong>da</strong> qondeT sportuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazebi, yvela moswavle <strong>da</strong> studenti saswavlebelSi un<strong>da</strong> eswrebodes<br />
sportis gakveTilebs. sportuli <strong>da</strong>rbazebiT sargebloba mTeli ojaxis mier<br />
ekonomikurad un<strong>da</strong> iyos waxalisebuli.<br />
• <strong>da</strong>xmareba gaewios kacebs umuSevrobasa <strong>da</strong> omTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
stresis zemoqmedebis <strong>da</strong>ZlevaSi<br />
mamakacebi qalebze ufro mgrZnobiareni arian ekonomikuri krizisis mimarT,<br />
radgan maT fsiqologiurad ufro metad awevT ojaxis Senaxvis tvirTi. amas-<br />
Tan samuSao mamakacis me-koncefciis ufro centralur nawils warmoadgens.<br />
amdenad umuSevroba, an arasrulfasovani <strong>da</strong>saqmeba Zalze uaryofiTad moqmedebs<br />
mamakacis TviT-Sefasebaze, fsiqologiur keTildReobasa <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobaze,<br />
xSirad xels uwyobs mis narkotikze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas, alkoholizms,<br />
Tambaqos didi raodenobiT moxmarebasa <strong>da</strong> sisxlis samarTlis <strong>da</strong>naSaulebebsac<br />
ki. Sesaswavlia umuSevrobis zemoqmedeba mamakacze. programebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes ganxorcielebuli, raTa Semcirdes umuSverobis mavne zemoqmedeba. aseve<br />
SesamuSavebelia politika, romelic xels Seuwyobs samewarmeo saqmianobis<br />
ganviTarebas, sabanko kreditebis gacemas <strong>da</strong> profesiul ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebas. 2008<br />
wlis agvistoSi ruseTis samxedro Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmam mamakacebSi sircxvilis grZnoba<br />
warmoSva, raki maT ver SeZles ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> qveynis <strong>da</strong>cva. im mosaxleobisaTvis,<br />
vinc samxedro moqmedebebis msxverpli gax<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>uyovnelbliv un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganxorcieldes programebi SemuSavebuli calke mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalisaTvis.<br />
• xeli Seewyos imis gacnobierebas, rom ojaxuri Zaladoba miekuTneba<br />
ara kerZo, aramed sazogadoebriv sferos<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis mimarT mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, rogorc Si<strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxuri problemis, un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos mis <strong>da</strong>naSaulad aRqmiT. un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes<br />
kanonis moTxovnebi <strong>da</strong> gaixsnas TavSesafarebi Zaladobis msxverplTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi SvilebisaTvis. mkurnaloba <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri konsultaciebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
CautardeT moZaladeebs Zaladobis msxverplT un<strong>da</strong> CaurtardeT Treiningi<br />
mzadyofnaze <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis aridebis xerxebze.<br />
152
• Seiqmnas pirobebi kanon<strong>da</strong>mrRvevis qalebis maTi ojaxebisagan<br />
izolaciis efeqtis Sesamcireblad.<br />
gatardes sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi romelic qal patimrebs ojaxis<br />
wevrebTan meti kontaqtis saSualebas micems.<br />
gansxvavebuli jgufebi<br />
genderul TanasworobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli viTareba gansxvavebulia kompaqturad<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebul eTnikur, javaxeTis somex <strong>da</strong> qvemo qarTlis azebaijanul<br />
umciresobebTan. qarTuli enis arcodna, eTnikur qarTvelebTan yoveldRiuri<br />
kontaqtis simciris fonze ganapirobebs informaciis xelmisawvdomobis simcires<br />
<strong>da</strong> moiTxovs met Zalisxmevas genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis.<br />
genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT specifiuri problemebis mqone kidev erT jgufs,<br />
romelic gaizar<strong>da</strong> 2008 wlis ruseTis agresiis Sedegad, iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />
pirebi warmoadgenen.<br />
xeli Seewyos qalebis genderul Tanasworobasa <strong>da</strong> integracias eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul regionebSi<br />
sagangebo zomebi un<strong>da</strong> iqnes miRebuli genderuli Tanasworobis gasazrdelad<br />
<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresobebis integraciisaTvis. enis codna integraciis mniSvnelovan<br />
faqtors warmoadgens. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mamakacebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT bevrad ufro naklebi qali flobs mSobliuris gar<strong>da</strong> raime sxva<br />
enas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces qalebisTvis saxelmwifo enis<br />
swavlebas. eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebi metad un<strong>da</strong> iqnen<br />
CarTuli qalTa organizaciebis mier ganxorcilebul swavlebaSi. xeli un<strong>da</strong><br />
Seewyos iseT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebis organizacias, rogoricaa<br />
qalTa klubebi, an kafeebi.<br />
• genderuli sakiTxebi gaTvaliswinebul iqnes iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />
pirebis mimarT politikis gansazRvrisas<br />
iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli qalebis Cabma iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirTa<br />
mimarT politikis Camoyalibebis procesSi <strong>da</strong> konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi xels<br />
Seuwyobs genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebas maT problemebis mogvarebis<br />
strategiisa <strong>da</strong> taqtikis gansazRvrisa.<br />
153
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concept in cross-cultural psychology. In C.Bagley and K.Verma (eds.), Personality,<br />
cognition, and values: Cross-cultural perspectives on childhood and adolescence,<br />
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social support and psychological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying<br />
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analysis. p.53-78. Thousands Oaks,Ca: Sage.<br />
Wallston, B.S., Alagna, S.W., & DeVellis, R.F. (1983). Social support and physical<br />
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159
<strong>da</strong>narTi I.<br />
eTnikur umciresobaTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Tanasworobis mimarT<br />
qvemoT warmodgeenilia kompaqturad <strong>da</strong>saxlebul erovnebiT azerbaijanel<br />
<strong>da</strong> somex respondentTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebi im sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba yvela sxva respondent-<br />
Tan.<br />
mtkiceba respondentebi<br />
erovnuli<br />
umciresobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebul<br />
regionebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saqarTveloSi qalebi <strong>da</strong> kacebi<br />
Tanasworni arian<br />
qalebis politikasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi ufro matad<br />
CarTviT qveyana mxolod moigebs<br />
mamakacebs, rogorc wesi, yvelaferi<br />
qalebze ukeTesad gamosdiT<br />
Tu ojaxs erTi Svili un<strong>da</strong><br />
yavdes, jobia is kaci iyos<br />
qmarma un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos is, Tu<br />
ramdeni Svili un<strong>da</strong> yavdes ojaxs<br />
qals ojaxTan SeTanxmebis gareSe<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos sakuTari Semosavlis<br />
ZiriTadi nawili<br />
Tu cols samsaxuri aqvs, qmars<br />
ki ara, qmarma Tavis Tavze un<strong>da</strong><br />
aiRos saojaxo saqmeebis ZiriTadi<br />
nawilis gakeTeba<br />
Tu qmari msaxurobs <strong>da</strong> Zalian<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebulia, coli ki ara, colma<br />
Tavis Tavze un<strong>da</strong> aiRos im saojaxo<br />
saqmeebis keTeba, rolebsac<br />
Cveulebriv kaci akeTebs<br />
160<br />
yvela<br />
sxva<br />
mniSnelobis<br />
done, hikvaRrati<br />
kvadrati, Tavisuflebios<br />
xarisxi<br />
% %<br />
31.1 46.6*
qali ufro bavSvis gazrdisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxlis movliT un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> ara profesiuli<br />
winsvliT<br />
areTanxmeba, rom kaci imiT<br />
fasobs, Tu ra warmateba<br />
aqvs samsaxurSi <strong>da</strong> ara imiT,<br />
Tu rogori ojaxi aqvs<br />
qali imiT fasobs, Tu rogori<br />
ojaxi aqvs <strong>da</strong> ara imiT,<br />
ra warmateba aqvs samsaxurSi<br />
gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
xSirad qalic <strong>da</strong>mnaSavea,<br />
radgan Tavis saqcieliT<br />
iwvevs mamakacs<br />
gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
qalma un<strong>da</strong> mimarTos policias<br />
motacebis SemTxvevaSi qali<br />
colad un<strong>da</strong> gayves momtacebels<br />
Tu mamakacma ver iSovna samsaxuri<br />
is 2-3 wliT samuSaod<br />
un<strong>da</strong> wavides qveyni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tu qalma ver iSovna samsaxuri<br />
is 2-3 wliT samuSaod<br />
un<strong>da</strong> wavides qveyni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
colis Ralatis SemTxvevaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saSvebia qmris mier colis<br />
fizikuri Seuracyofa<br />
161<br />
73.3 54.5*
<strong>da</strong>narTi II.<br />
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia 1975-1987 wlebis gamocema<br />
saukune<br />
N saxeli tomi gv. periodi<br />
aqtivobis sfero<br />
saukune<br />
1 abakelia Tamar 1 12 1905-1953 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
2 abaSiZe Tamar 1 20 1892-1960 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
3 abaSiZe leila 1 20 1929- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
4 abaSiZe taso 1 21 1881-1958 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
abaSiZe wereTeli<br />
5<br />
1 21 1810- 19 revolucioneri<br />
qeTevan<br />
avaliSvili-<br />
6<br />
1 115 1851-1900 19 Teatris moRvawe<br />
xerxeuliZe qeTevan<br />
sportsmeni,<br />
7 aleqsandria nana 1 296 1949- 20<br />
moWadrake<br />
aleqsi-mesxiSvili<br />
8<br />
1 302 1898- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
barbare<br />
aleqsi-mesxiSvili<br />
9<br />
1 302 1896-1956 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
nino<br />
aleqsi-mesxiSvili<br />
10<br />
1 302 1900- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
nino<br />
11 aleqsiZe irine 1 303 1914- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
12 aleqsiZe neli 1 303 1921- 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
13 amiranaSvili medea 1 396 1930- 20 musikosi<br />
14 amirajibi sofio 1 397 1847-1906 19 mTargmneli<br />
andronikaSvili elo<br />
15<br />
1 450 1883-1956 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
(elene)<br />
16 andronikaSvili ira 1 450 1908-1960 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
andronikaSvili<br />
17<br />
1 451 1862-1941 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
qeTevan<br />
andronikaSvili<br />
18<br />
1 451 1754-1782 18 didgvarovani<br />
qeTevan<br />
19 anjafariZe veriko 1 504 1900- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
20 arjevaniSvili mariam 1 619 1918-1958 20 musikosi<br />
21 asaTiani TinaTin 1 621 1918- 20 mecnieri<br />
22 axvlediani elene 2 102 1901-1975 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
23 banovani despine 2 194 1880-1934 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
24 baraTaSvili marika 2 199 1908- 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
25 barbale 2 203 - - RvTaeba<br />
26 bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe vera 2 206 1899-1970 20 mecnieri<br />
27 baqraZe Tamar 2 241 1907- 20 Teatros moRvawe<br />
baqraZe-de<strong>da</strong>briSvili<br />
28<br />
2 241 1969-1942 20 eqimi<br />
mariam<br />
29 baR<strong>da</strong>vaZe ekaterine 2 247 1916-1975 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
30 baxtaZe qsenia 2 256 1899- 20 agraruli muSaki<br />
baxutaSvili-<br />
31<br />
2 256 1879-1950 20 musikosi<br />
Sulgina olRa<br />
32 bereJiani <strong>da</strong>ria 2 317 1897- 20 eqimi<br />
33 bokeria mariam 2 447 1900-1975 20 eqimi<br />
34 bolqvaZe Tamar 2 457 1904-1972 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
35 bolqvaZe TinaTin 2 457 1918- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
36 boWoriSvili luba 2 495 1914-1952 20 mecnieri<br />
37 boWoriZe babe 2 495 1861-1946 20 revoliucioneri<br />
38 boWoriZe mariam 2 195 1885-1930 20 revoliucioneri<br />
39 bregvaZe nani 2 512 1936- 20 musikosi<br />
40 buaCiZe sofio 2 547 1912- 20 eqimi<br />
162
41 burbuTaSvili TinaTin 2 574 1921- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
42 gabaraSvili Tamar 2 602 1937- 20 musikosi<br />
43 gabaSvili ekaterine 2 603 1851-1938 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
44 gabaSvili ciala 2 605 1908- 20 arqiteqtori<br />
45 gabunia nato 2 609 1859-1910 19 Teatris moRvawe<br />
46 gabunia olia 2 609 1885-1919 20 revolucioneri<br />
47 gamrekel-Toreli nino 2 666 1882-1935 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
48 gamyreliZe aleqsandra 2 668 1940- 20 mrewvelobios muSaki<br />
49<br />
50<br />
51<br />
gandegili (domenika<br />
erisTavi)<br />
gariyuli (TaTeiSviliratianisa<br />
mariami)<br />
gafrin<strong>da</strong>Svili nona<br />
2<br />
3<br />
3<br />
677<br />
6<br />
20<br />
1864-1929<br />
1883-1960<br />
1941-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mwerali, poeti<br />
mwerali, poeti<br />
sportsmeni, moWadrake<br />
52 gelovani evgenia 3 39 1926- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
53 gvaramaZe elene 3 132 1913- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
54 gverwiTeli rusu<strong>da</strong>n 3 141 1909- 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
55 gogitiZe qeTevan 3 199 1946- 20 agraruli muSaki<br />
56 gokieli elene 3 206 1918- 20 sportsmeni, moWadrake<br />
57 gociriZe leila 3 239 1924- 20 musikosi<br />
58 guguSvili eTer 3 289 1925- 20 mecnieri<br />
59<br />
60<br />
gulbaTi-gruzinskaia<br />
olRa<br />
guramiSvili-WavWavaZe<br />
olRa<br />
3<br />
3<br />
298<br />
311<br />
1846-1913<br />
1842-1927<br />
19<br />
20<br />
sazogado moRvawe,<br />
ganmanaTlebeli<br />
sazogado moRvawe,<br />
ganmanaTlebeli<br />
61 guranduxti 3 311 922-957 10 politikosi<br />
62 guranduxti 3 312 1014-1027 11 politikosi<br />
63 guranduxti 3 312 11 12 politikosi<br />
64 <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili mariam 3 337 1907-1975 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
65 <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili meri 3 337 1924- 20 musikosi<br />
66<br />
67<br />
68<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTaSvili nino<br />
<strong>da</strong>li<br />
dgebuaZe-fularia<br />
mariam<br />
3<br />
3<br />
3<br />
338<br />
350<br />
416<br />
1882-1958<br />
-<br />
1887-1969<br />
20<br />
-<br />
20<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
RvTaeba<br />
mwerali, poeti<br />
69 dekanosiZe Tamar 3 444 1922- 20 mecnieri<br />
70<br />
71<br />
demuria mariam<br />
dolaberiZe iamze<br />
3<br />
3<br />
468<br />
607<br />
1860-1910<br />
1939-<br />
19<br />
20<br />
sazogado moRvawe,<br />
ganmanaTlebeli<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
72 doliZe olRa 3 610 1904- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
73 donauri elene 3 618 1890-1955 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
74 donJaSvili Tina 3 623 1916- 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
75<br />
76<br />
77<br />
dumbaZe nino<br />
ekaterine <strong>da</strong>diani<br />
eliava lia<br />
3<br />
4<br />
4<br />
651<br />
62<br />
125<br />
1919-<br />
1816-1882<br />
1934-<br />
20<br />
19<br />
20<br />
sportsmeni, moWadrake<br />
didgvarovani<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
78 erisTavi Tamar 4 194 1932- 20 werali, poeti<br />
79<br />
erisTavi-xoStaria<br />
anastasia<br />
4 195 1868-1951 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
80 vaCnaZe natalia 4 332 1904-1953 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
163
81 vaxvaxiSvili Tamar 4 335 1893-1977 20 musikosi<br />
82 virsalaZe anastasia 4 418 1883-1968 20 musikosi<br />
83<br />
84<br />
virsalaZe elene<br />
virsalaZe eliso<br />
4<br />
4<br />
418<br />
419<br />
1911-1977<br />
1942-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mecnieri<br />
musikosi<br />
85<br />
86<br />
virsalaZe TinaTin<br />
vouba aleqsandra<br />
4<br />
4<br />
419<br />
459<br />
1907-<br />
1931-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mecnieri<br />
agraruli muSaki<br />
87<br />
88<br />
89<br />
zaaliSvili irine<br />
TavaZe iulia<br />
TaTriSvili nino<br />
4<br />
4<br />
4<br />
468<br />
562<br />
574<br />
1909-1976<br />
1916-<br />
1908-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mecnieri<br />
agraruli muSaki<br />
mecnieri<br />
90<br />
91<br />
92<br />
Tamar batoniSvili<br />
Tamari<br />
Tamar gurji-xaTuni<br />
4<br />
4<br />
4<br />
579<br />
579<br />
579<br />
1791-1857<br />
1160-1213<br />
1236- 46<br />
19<br />
13<br />
13<br />
revolucioneri<br />
didgvarovani<br />
didgvarovani<br />
93 Tamari 4 580 1746- 18 politikosi<br />
94 TarxniSvili Tamar 4 590 1913- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
95 TarxniSvili Tamar 4 590 1891-1969 20 musikosi<br />
96 TaqTaqiSvili Tamar 4 591 1928- 20 musikosi<br />
97 TayaiSvili sesilia 4 594 1906- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
98 Tbileli marine 4 595 1920- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
99 TeTraZe Tamar 4 638 1922- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
100 TeTraZe nunu 4 638 1911- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
101 Tekle batoniSvili 4 644 1776-1846 19 werali, poeti<br />
102 TvaliaSvili ekaterine 4 672 1924- 20 mrewvelobis muSaki<br />
103 TvaliaSvili Tamar 4 672 1905- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
104<br />
105<br />
ToiZe aleqsandra<br />
TulaSvili ana<br />
4<br />
5<br />
690<br />
8<br />
1907-<br />
1874-1956<br />
20<br />
20<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
musikosi<br />
106 TumaniSvili TinaTin 5 9 1892-1967 20 pe<strong>da</strong>gogi<br />
107 TumaniSvil-wereTeli 5 10 1849-1932 19 mwerali, poeti<br />
anastasia<br />
108 TurmaniZe lamara 5 11 1921- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
109 ianvaraSvili barbale 5 48 1908- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
110 ianqoSvili naTela 5 50 1918- 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
111 iaSvili lili 5 65 1920- 20 musikosi<br />
112 iaSvili marine 5 65 1932- 20 musikosi<br />
113<br />
114<br />
115<br />
116<br />
117<br />
ioseliani elene<br />
ioseliani nana<br />
iremaZe qeTevan<br />
isakaZe liana<br />
iSxnelebi debi<br />
5<br />
5<br />
204<br />
204<br />
218<br />
227<br />
288<br />
1923-<br />
1962-<br />
1912-1945<br />
1946-<br />
1904-1973<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
sportsmeni, moWadrake<br />
mwerali, poeti<br />
musikosi<br />
musikosi<br />
118<br />
119<br />
kakabaZe alde<br />
kakabaZe eTeri<br />
5<br />
322<br />
322<br />
1932-<br />
1926-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
saxviTi xelovneba<br />
saxviTi xelovneba<br />
120 kakabaZe-RuduSauri 5 323 1916- 20 eqimi<br />
margalita<br />
121 kalan<strong>da</strong>Ze ana 5 327 1924- 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
122 kandelaki qeTevan 5 365 1911- 20 eqimi<br />
123 kaxiZe medea 5 452 1930- 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
124 kezeli Tamar 5 458 1909- 20 mecnieri<br />
125 kemularia-naTaZe luba 5 466 1891- 20 mecnieri<br />
126 kverenCxilaZe zinai<strong>da</strong> 5 494 1932- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
127 kiknaZe Tamar 5 513 1906- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
164
178 nestan-<strong>da</strong>rejani<br />
dedofali<br />
7 396 1554- 16 didgvarovani<br />
179 nefariZe venera 7 397 1923- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
180 nikolaZe rusu<strong>da</strong>n 7 432 1884-1981 20 mecnieri<br />
181 nino wm. 7 438 - 4 RvTaeba<br />
182 ninoni (mataraZe nino) 7 439 1900- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
183<br />
184<br />
niJaraZe luba<br />
nodia dinara<br />
7<br />
442<br />
457<br />
1927-<br />
1931-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
eqimi<br />
saxviTi xelovneba<br />
185 oraxelaSvili mariam 7 553 1887-1937 20 revolucioneri<br />
186<br />
187<br />
orbeliani elisabed<br />
orbeliani manana<br />
7<br />
7<br />
557<br />
558<br />
1871-1942<br />
1808-1870<br />
20<br />
19<br />
mwerali, poeti<br />
didgverovani<br />
188 orbeliani nino 7 558 1835-1919 19 mwerali, poeti<br />
189<br />
190<br />
orjonikiZe iza<br />
Jvania Tamar<br />
7<br />
8<br />
590<br />
249<br />
1938-<br />
1909-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mwerali, poeti<br />
mecnieri<br />
191<br />
192<br />
193<br />
JRenti ana<br />
ramiSvili nino<br />
rusu<strong>da</strong>ni<br />
8<br />
8<br />
8<br />
263<br />
299<br />
515<br />
1895-1976<br />
1910-<br />
1194-1245<br />
20<br />
20<br />
13<br />
eqimi<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
didgvarovani<br />
194<br />
195<br />
rusu<strong>da</strong>ni<br />
ruxaZe zoia<br />
8<br />
8<br />
515<br />
519<br />
-<br />
1923-1944<br />
12<br />
20<br />
politikosi<br />
revolucioneri<br />
196<br />
197<br />
salia nino<br />
samukaSvili nino<br />
8<br />
9<br />
691<br />
37<br />
1898-<br />
1914-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mecnieri<br />
mTargmneli<br />
198<br />
199<br />
200<br />
sarsania qsenia<br />
safarova-abaSiZe mako<br />
svaneli valentine<br />
9<br />
9<br />
9<br />
109<br />
150<br />
311<br />
1903-1971<br />
1860-1940<br />
1905-1971<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
agraruli muSaki<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
201<br />
202<br />
sixaruliZe mariam<br />
sixaruliZe qsenia<br />
9<br />
414<br />
414<br />
1907-<br />
1909-1976<br />
20<br />
20<br />
agraruli muSaki<br />
musikosi<br />
203<br />
204<br />
205<br />
206<br />
solomonia eTer<br />
soselia olRa<br />
sofio<br />
soxaZe ekaterine<br />
9<br />
9<br />
9<br />
457<br />
476<br />
478<br />
501<br />
1931-<br />
1905-<br />
(1826-28)<br />
1907-1984<br />
20<br />
20<br />
19<br />
20<br />
saxalxo gmiri<br />
mecnieri<br />
politikosi<br />
musikosi<br />
207<br />
208<br />
209<br />
sturua lia<br />
sxuluxia vinari<br />
takiZe <strong>da</strong>rejan<br />
9<br />
9<br />
587<br />
632<br />
643<br />
1939-<br />
1942-<br />
1920-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mwerali, poeti<br />
agraruli muSaki<br />
agraruli muSaki<br />
210<br />
211<br />
212<br />
213<br />
214<br />
tatiSvili cisana<br />
tuRuSi naTele<br />
ugreliZe mariam<br />
uznaZe medea<br />
uznaZe nino<br />
9<br />
10<br />
10<br />
10<br />
10<br />
664<br />
81<br />
100<br />
115<br />
115<br />
1937-<br />
1931-<br />
1885-1960<br />
1913-<br />
1837-1878<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
19<br />
musikosi<br />
musikosi<br />
eqimi<br />
mecnieri<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
215 uruSaZe venera 10 182 1909- 20 mTargmneli<br />
216<br />
217<br />
uruSaZe naTela<br />
faCuaSvili nana<br />
10<br />
10<br />
182<br />
243<br />
1923-<br />
1943<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mecnieri<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
218<br />
219<br />
220<br />
foCiani latavra<br />
foCxiZe JuJuna<br />
focxveraSvili aleqsandra<br />
10<br />
10<br />
10<br />
386<br />
386<br />
387<br />
1939-<br />
1925-<br />
1900-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
saxviTi xelovneba<br />
musikosi<br />
221<br />
222<br />
223<br />
focxveraSvili naTela<br />
qadeiSvili guguli<br />
qavTaraZe gulnara<br />
10<br />
10<br />
10<br />
387<br />
441<br />
442<br />
1920-1963<br />
1925-<br />
1921-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
musikosi<br />
agraruli muSaki<br />
musikosi<br />
224 qaTamaZe nino 10 443 1956 20 musikosi<br />
225 qasraSvili mayvala 10 492 1941- 20 musikosi<br />
226 qeTevan batoniSvili 10 498 1764-1840 19 mwerali, poeti<br />
227 qeTevan dedofali 10 498 -1624 17 sxva<br />
165
228 qemaSvili vera 10 499 1929- 20 saxalxo gmiri<br />
229 faCuaSvili nana 10 243 1943 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
230 foCiani latavra 10 386 1939- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
231 qemerteliZe eTer 10 499 1926- 20 mecnieri<br />
232 qveliZe lamara 10 512 1937- 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
233 qiqoZe natalia 10 538 1869-1952 20 revolucioneri<br />
234 qiqoZe-miqelaZe TinaTin 10 538 1916- 20 mTargmneli<br />
235<br />
236<br />
quTaTelaZe TinaTin<br />
quCukaSvili qeTevan<br />
10<br />
10<br />
568<br />
578<br />
1910-<br />
1915-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
arqiteqtori<br />
mwerali, poeti<br />
237 RviniaSvili ana 10 588 1904-1981 20 mecnieri<br />
238 Rlonti Tamar 10 595 1904-1985 20 eqimi<br />
239<br />
240<br />
RoRoberiZe lana<br />
RoRoberiZe-lundbergi<br />
10<br />
10<br />
598<br />
598<br />
1928-<br />
1897-1978<br />
20<br />
20<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
mTargmneli<br />
elene<br />
241 yanCeli salome 10 622 1921-1985 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
242 yauxCiSvili TinaTin 10 631 1919- 20 mecnieri<br />
243 yifiani barbare 10 654 1879-1967 20 mecnieri<br />
244 yifiani nino 10 655 1867-1937 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
245 yifiani nora 10 655 1917- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
246<br />
247<br />
yifSiZe elene<br />
yufunia Tamar<br />
10<br />
10<br />
656<br />
665<br />
1925-<br />
1901-1985<br />
20<br />
20<br />
Teatris moRvawe<br />
agraruli muSaki<br />
248 SeverzaSvili Tamar 10 670 1901-1955 20 musikisi<br />
249 Sakirbaia ekaterine 10 677 1907-1979 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
250 SalikaSvili ana 10 678 1919- 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
251<br />
252<br />
SalutaSvili nadeJ<strong>da</strong><br />
SanSiaSvili cisia<br />
10<br />
10<br />
679<br />
684<br />
1918-<br />
1921-<br />
20<br />
20<br />
mecnieri<br />
saxviTi xelovneba<br />
253 SaraSeniZe TinaTin 10 686 1919-1983 20 mecnieri<br />
254 SaSikaSvili nevrestan 10 695 1901-1979 20 eqimi<br />
255 Sac-mSveliZe mina 10 696 1897- 20 eqimi<br />
256 Sengelaia ariadna 10 715 1937- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
257 Sengelaia-abaSiZe 10 716 1942- 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
loreta<br />
258 Sewiruli luba 10 727 1917- 20 eqimi<br />
259 Sildeli meri 10 745 1915-1982 20 musikosi<br />
260 SiukaSvili van<strong>da</strong> 11 9 1905- 20 musikosi<br />
261 Smerlingi rene 11 14 1901-1967 20 mecnieri<br />
262 SoTaZe leila 11 16 1930- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
263 SuSaniki 11 60 - - RvTaeba<br />
264 Caxava medea 11 91 1921- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
265 CerqeziSvili elisabed 11 103 1940- 20 saxalxo gmiri<br />
266 CerqeziSvili nanuli 11 103 1921- 20 mrewvelobis muSaki<br />
267 Cibur<strong>da</strong>niZe maia 11 117 1961- 20 sportsmeni, moWadrake<br />
268 CikvaiZe elene 11 118 1910- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
269 CitiSvili manana 11 141 1954- 20 mwerali, poeti<br />
270 CixlaZe mariam 11 144 1911- 20 mrewvelobis muSaki<br />
271 CixlaZe medea 11 144 1928- 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
272 CijavaZe elene 11 145 1883-1969 20 mecnieri<br />
166
273 Coxeli elene 11 152 1914- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
274 CxaiZe lamara 11 172 1941- 20 agraruli muSaki<br />
275 CxaiZe tatiana 11 172 1920- 20 agraruli muSaki<br />
276 CxaiZe Sura 11 172 1923-1978 20 agraruli muSaki<br />
277 CxeiZe nino 11 174 1881-1963 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
278 cecxlaZe Tea 11 205 1919- 20 mecnieri<br />
279 ciskariZe violeta 11 225 1921- 20 mecnieri<br />
280 ciciSvili Tamar 11 236 1908- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
281 ciciSvili nino 11 236 1888-1970 20 mecnieri<br />
282 comaia nadeJ<strong>da</strong> 11 241 1904-1973 20 musikosi<br />
283 cqitiSvili eTer 11 246 1913- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
284 cxakaia qsenia 11 247 1900-1982 20 mecnieri<br />
285 ZigraSvili leila 11 273 1926- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
286 waqaZe TinaTin 11 301 1912- 20 mecnieri<br />
287 wereTeli Tamar 11 307 1900-1968 20 musikosi<br />
288 wereTeli TinaTin 11 307 1933-1980 20 mecnieri<br />
289 wereTeli nino 11 308 1902-1939 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
290 weroZe duduxana 11 310 1918- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
291 wverava elene 11 311 1909-1985 20 eqimi<br />
292 wignaZe vera 11 314 1924- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
293 wivwivaZe <strong>da</strong>li 11 316 1942 20 agraruli muSaki<br />
294 wuwunava cecilia 11 352 1892-1956 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
295 Wabukiani Tamar 11 375 1907-1978 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
296 WavWavaZe Tamar 11 377 1896-1968 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
297 WeliZe meri 11 390 1923- 20 mecnieri<br />
298 Wiaureli sofiko 11 397 1937- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
299 WiraqaZe nino 11 401 1951- 20 musikosi<br />
300 WiWinaZe dodo (Tamar) 11 403 1926- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
301 Wyonia lamara 11 410 1930- 20 musikosi<br />
302 xaraZe ana 11 435 1905-1977 20 mecnieri<br />
303 xaraZe nadeJ<strong>da</strong> 11 436 1913- 20 musikosi<br />
304 xaraZe rusu<strong>da</strong>n 11 436 1909-1965 20 mecnieri<br />
205 xvitia marine 11 477 1947- 20 musikosi<br />
306 xideSeli anastasia 11 479 1916- 20 mecnieri<br />
307 xabulava nino 11 512 1917-1935 20 mfrinavi<br />
308 xunwaria rusu<strong>da</strong>n 11 517 1949- 20 musikosi<br />
309 javaxiSvili natalia 11 528 1882-1950 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
310 javaxiSvili nino 11 528 1914- 20 mecnieri<br />
311 javriSvili rusus<strong>da</strong>n 11 530 1918- 20 saxviTi xelovneba<br />
312 Jandieri irine 11 538 1940- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
313 jafariZe aleqsandra 11 543 1895-1974 20 sportsmeni,<br />
moWadrake<br />
314 jafariZe barbare 11 543 1886-1959 20 revolucioneri<br />
315 jafariZe medea 11 544 1923- 20 Teatris moRvawe<br />
316 jafariZe qeTevan 11 546 1901-1968 20 musikosi<br />
317 jiqiZe eTer 11 568 1926- 20 mecnieri<br />
318 jorjaZe barbare 11 573 1811-1895 19 mwerali, poeti<br />
319 joxaZe maka 11 577 1948- 20 mecnieri<br />
320 juReli medea 11 580 1925- 20 sportsmeni<br />
321 hajibeili (valeria) 11 610 1914- 20 arqiteqtori<br />
167
<strong>da</strong>narTi III.<br />
genderul sakiTxebze momuSave organizaciaTa nusxa:<br />
organozaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>arsebis<br />
TariRi<br />
1 avangardi 2002<br />
2<br />
ak. werwTlis saxelobis<br />
quTaisis saxelmwifo<br />
geografiis institutTan<br />
arsebuli kvleviTi<br />
centri genderul<br />
sakiTxebSi<br />
3 amag<strong>da</strong>ri 1996<br />
direqtori sakontaqto informacia<br />
anJele<br />
torua<br />
1999 ia iaSvili<br />
nino<br />
SioSvili<br />
4 asociacia aTinTi 2005 maia julakiZe<br />
5<br />
asociacia <strong>genderi</strong><br />
socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebisTvis<br />
6 asociacia _ feniqsi 2000<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
asociacia<br />
fiqris gora<br />
asociacia<br />
qarTuli<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menti<br />
afxazeTis avtonomiuri<br />
respublikis qalTa sabWo<br />
2001 Carita jaSi<br />
2002<br />
1992<br />
1994<br />
iunona<br />
margalitaZe<br />
<strong>da</strong>li<br />
korkomaSvili<br />
neli<br />
javaxiSvili<br />
roza<br />
kuxalaSvili<br />
10 aWara 2005 zoia doliZe<br />
168<br />
saqarTvelo,gali,6800; janaSias q.2<br />
mob.:(995 99) 322887,<br />
(995 99) 556110<br />
e-mail: maikokv@hotmail.com<br />
madle-kv@yandex.ru; ktk2@nrc.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, quTaisi, 4600,<br />
ak. werwTlis saxelobis quTaisis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />
geografiis kaTedra,<br />
Tamar mefis quCa #59<br />
tel.:(995 231) 41629; 40280;<br />
e-mail: ia.iashvili@hotmail.com<br />
geogender@mail.ru<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0190<br />
leoniZis q.2<br />
tel.; (995 32) 921773<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 921773<br />
mob.: (995 99) 945498<br />
e-mai: nini@ip.osgf.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, gori, 1400<br />
WavWavaZis, 60/5<br />
tel.; (995 270) 75735<br />
mob.: (995 99) 732351<br />
e-mail:atinati_05@mail.ru<br />
mjulakidze@mail.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179<br />
kekeliZis q. #19<br />
tel.:(995 32) 233638<br />
mob: (995 77) 419032<br />
e-mail: charita@access.sanet.ge<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi,0171<br />
bendelianis q.4 bina,4<br />
tel.:(995 32) 335017<br />
mob.: (995 99) 105217<br />
e-mail: phoenix@posta.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, kaspi, 2600<br />
kostavas q.37<br />
mob.:(995 99) 221952<br />
faqsi:(8 271) 22435<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0186<br />
qavTaraZis q.16<br />
tel:(995 32) 393967<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 306252<br />
mob.: (995 99) 510909<br />
e-mail: gefoun<strong>da</strong>cion@mail.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179<br />
pekinis q.4<br />
tel.:(995 32) 722438<br />
mob.: (995 99) 291279<br />
email: rozakukhalashvili@rambler.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, baTumi, 6000<br />
WavWavaZis q.19<br />
tel.:(995 88222) 32044<br />
mob.: (995 99) 701141<br />
e-mail: zdolidze55@mail.ru
11<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
de<strong>da</strong>Ta xel-<br />
Sewyobis<br />
asociacia<br />
1994<br />
169<br />
maia<br />
sarTania<br />
12 banovani 2001 rusu<strong>da</strong>n dvali<br />
13 biliki 1997<br />
14<br />
galis raionis qalTa<br />
sabWo<br />
marika<br />
mRebriSvili<br />
1999 Tina qecbaia<br />
15 ganaTleba mSvidobisaTvis 2003 eka fircxalava<br />
16<br />
genderuli ganviTarebis<br />
asociacia 1997<br />
nani<br />
WaniSvili<br />
17 dvrita_qalTa kavSiri 2004 nana CikvaiZe<br />
18 domusi 1997-2007<br />
19<br />
ebrael qalTa<br />
gaerTianeba lea<br />
1998<br />
20 vejini 1999-2000<br />
qeTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>dunaSvili<br />
marina<br />
solomoniSvili<br />
laura<br />
xaritonaSvili<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0162<br />
wavwavaZis q.41<br />
tel.: (995 32) 221020<br />
mon.: (995 93) 397882<br />
e-mail: ymsa@mail.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0194<br />
gamrekelis q.6<br />
tel.:(995 32) 380061; 388507<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 388507<br />
mob.: (995 99) 653496<br />
e-mail: dvaliruso@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo,gori,1400<br />
rusTavelis. 19a<br />
tel.:(995 270) 75410<br />
faqsi:(995 270) 77291<br />
mob.:(995 99) 534035, 226910<br />
e-mail: contact.biliki.ge<br />
web-site: www.biliki.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, gali, 6800<br />
vaCaxias q.22<br />
tel.:(995 215) 31089<br />
(995 32) 594566 (Tbilisi)<br />
faqsi: (995 215) 30118<br />
mob.: (995 99) 147489<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105<br />
iaSvilis q.# 22<br />
tel.:(995 32) 934033; 252095<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 934033<br />
mob.: (995 77) 496646<br />
e-mail: ekaterinepirtskhalava@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0179<br />
atenis q.20<br />
tel.:(995 32) 222066<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 998769<br />
mob.: (995 99)258175<br />
e-mail: nani.chanishvili@access.sanet.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, duSeTi, 1800,<br />
26 maisis q.17<br />
tel.:(995 246) 22579<br />
mob.: (995 99) 260959<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0160<br />
gamsaxurdias q.37<br />
tel.:(995 32) 372819<br />
mob.: (995 99) 943070<br />
e-mail: <strong>da</strong>dunashvili@yahoo.com<br />
web-site: www.wocg.org.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105<br />
lermontovis q.12<br />
tel.:(995 32) 990827<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 990827; 720017<br />
mob.: (995 93) 500775<br />
e-mail: Leasol@hotmail.com<br />
Leasol@usa.net;<br />
msolomonishvili@yahoo.com<br />
web-site: www.itic.org.ge/lea<br />
saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1507<br />
sofeli vejini<br />
mob.:(995 99)157025<br />
e-mail: vedjini2000@yahoo.com
21 Tanaziari 2000 xaTuna beWvaia<br />
22<br />
Tanamedrove qali <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxi<br />
23 iberiana 2003<br />
24 imedi 1999<br />
25<br />
26<br />
27<br />
28<br />
invalid meomarTa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>Rupul mebrZolTa<br />
meuRleTa kavSiri<br />
invalid qalTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> invalid<br />
bavSvTa mSobelTa<br />
asociacia<br />
iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
qalTa asociacia Tanxmoba<br />
kavSiri<br />
qalebis iniciativa<br />
TanasworobisaTvis<br />
1995 irma xabazi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rejan<br />
bregvaZe<br />
qristina<br />
kilanova<br />
1997 manana mebuke<br />
1998 madona xarebava<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
iulia<br />
xaraSvili<br />
lela<br />
gafrin<strong>da</strong>Svili<br />
29 kavkasiis qalTa qseli 1997 nino cixisTavi<br />
30<br />
31<br />
keTili nebis organizacia<br />
xidi 21-e<br />
2000<br />
marina<br />
axvlediani<br />
mandilosani 1993 lia oqropiriZe<br />
170<br />
saqarTvelo, zugdidi, 2100<br />
kostavas q.58<br />
tel.:(995 815) 52365<br />
e-mail: tanaziari@hotmail.com<br />
web-site: www.tanaziari.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi,<br />
Ciqovanis q.29<br />
tel.:(995 32) 530033<br />
mob.: (995 99) 222400<br />
e-mail: irmakhabazi@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi<br />
erisTavis Cixi,1<br />
tel.:(995 32) 395770, 670556<br />
e-mail:iberiana21@yahoo.com<br />
iberiana@posta.ge<br />
web-site: iberiana.itp.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, zugdidi, 2100,<br />
rusTavelis gamz. 89, sarT. 3,<br />
mob.:(995 99) 919322<br />
e-mail: q_kilanova@posta.ge<br />
Kristina_kilanova@yandex.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0154<br />
qedias q.7<br />
tel.:(995 32) 356609; 340283<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 340283<br />
mob.: (995 77) 440022; 783840<br />
e-mail: dt_wife@yahoo.com;<br />
Manana@mail.ru<br />
saqarTvelo zugdidi 2100<br />
rusTavelis q.51<br />
tel.: (995 215) 50139<br />
faqsi: (995 215) 50139<br />
mob.: (995 77) 454588<br />
e-mail: madona_k@gol.ge<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0102<br />
marjaniSvilis q.21<br />
tel.:(995 32) 964458<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 964458<br />
mob.: (995 99) 900444; 570798<br />
e-mail: idpwa@gol.ge<br />
Julia.kharashvili@unv.org.ge<br />
web-site: www.idpwa.org.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0193<br />
merab aleqsiZis, #1<br />
tel.:(995 32) 375238<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 334163<br />
mob.: (995 99) 243416<br />
e-mail: lelag@@gol.ge<br />
wie@ip.osgf.ge<br />
web-site: www.osgf.ge/wie<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105,<br />
maCablis q. #5<br />
tel.:(995 32) 999987; 939178<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 939178<br />
mob.:(995 99) 202889<br />
e-mail: CWN@access.sanet.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, rusTavi, 3700<br />
me-20 mikr.,korp. 1, bina 123<br />
tel.:(995 24)177430<br />
mob.:(995 93) 370445<br />
e-mail: alex.barbara@mail.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, gori, 1400<br />
samefos q.42<br />
tel.:(995 270) 72429
32<br />
martoxela<br />
mSobelTa<br />
asociacia<br />
1995<br />
171<br />
maia<br />
kuprava-<br />
SarvaSiZe<br />
33 mTiani regionis qalebi 2000 rusu<strong>da</strong>n nakani<br />
34 miteveba 2000 leila Toria<br />
35<br />
36<br />
momavlis<br />
imediT<br />
mravalerovani<br />
saqarTvelos qalebi<br />
2003 qeTi axobaZe<br />
2002<br />
ala beJenceva;<br />
leila<br />
suleimanova<br />
37 peoni 1998 nato SavlayaZe<br />
38 ruduneba 2001 sofio SarabiZe<br />
39<br />
40<br />
41<br />
42<br />
samoqalaqo kulturis<br />
saerTaSoriso centri _<br />
qalTa jgufi<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
azerbaijanel qalTa<br />
kavSiri<br />
saqarTvelos eqim qalTa<br />
asociacia<br />
saqarTvelos qal<br />
invalidTa asociacia<br />
2002 lela xomeriki<br />
2000<br />
leila<br />
suleimanova<br />
1999 nino Jvania<br />
1998<br />
manana<br />
galuaSvili<br />
faqtiurad ar arseboben<br />
saq. Tbilisi 0102<br />
winamZRvriSvilis q.40<br />
mob.: (995 99) 572507<br />
e-mail: spage@gol.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, zemosvaneTi, 3200,<br />
mestia stalinis Cixi,1<br />
mob.:(995 99) 549142<br />
e-mail: ruso_nakani@ramble.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0154<br />
wereTlis pros., korp.6, bina13<br />
tel.:(995 32) 350216; 347427;<br />
mob.: (995 99) 987077<br />
e-mail: miteveba@hotmail.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179<br />
WavWavaZe 27/29, bina 25<br />
tel.:(995 32) 343393; 355781<br />
mob.: (995 77) 741564<br />
e-mail: ketevena2001@yahoo.com<br />
ketevana@mail.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi,<br />
winamZRvriSvilis # 30<br />
tel.:(995 32) 910760<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 910760<br />
mob.: (995 93) 205065; 304434<br />
e-mail: iartbil@yandex.ru<br />
lsuleimanova@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0177<br />
antonovskaias q.#9<br />
tel.:(995 32) 506064, 398934<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 506064<br />
saqarTvelo, ambrolauri, 0400<br />
javaxiZis q.5 tel.:(995 239)21504<br />
faqsi: (995 239) 01504<br />
mob.: (995 99) 505560<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0112<br />
baqos q.20a<br />
tel.:(995 32) 940296<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 953873<br />
e-mail: ikhomeriki@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo, marneuli, 3000<br />
gorgaslis q.#3, b.3<br />
tel.:(995 257) 24733; 24540<br />
faqsi:(995 257) 24733<br />
mob.: (995 93) 205065<br />
e-mail: azeriwoman@yahoo.com<br />
lsuleimanova@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179<br />
abaSiZis 14<br />
tel.:(995 32) 252724<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 227403<br />
mob.: (995 99) 574968<br />
e-mail: n_zhvania@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0108<br />
Zmebi zubalaSvilebis q. 34<br />
tel.:(995 32) 920911<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 920911<br />
mob.: (995 99) 973006<br />
e-mail: gdwia@access.sanet.ge<br />
gdwia@gol.ge<br />
web-site: www.gdwia.gol.ge; www.itic.org.ge
43<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
qal-mecnierTa asociacia<br />
2000<br />
avelina<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTuliani<br />
44 saxli 2000 marti rusu<strong>da</strong>n fxakaZe<br />
45 siksa 2002 maka kobrava<br />
46 sociumi 1999<br />
47 fondi taso 2007<br />
48 qali <strong>da</strong> axali saukune 2000<br />
49<br />
qalTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
informaciis saerTaSoriso<br />
centri<br />
1993<br />
maia gogolaZe<br />
<strong>da</strong> manana<br />
jinWaraZe<br />
marina<br />
TabukaSvili<br />
izol<strong>da</strong><br />
baRaTuria<br />
Tamar<br />
abrmiSvili<br />
50 qali _ demokratebi 2001 marina modebaZe<br />
172<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0108<br />
rusTavelis gamz.52<br />
mecnierTa akademiis Senoba<br />
tel.:(995 32) 234270, 982976<br />
mob.: (995 77) 722744<br />
e-mail: avelina@hepi.edu.ge;<br />
gvalia@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi, 0801<br />
ingoroyvas q.26<br />
tel.:(995 32) 989080<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 932635<br />
mob.; (995 99) 452554<br />
e-mail: sakhli13@hotmail.com<br />
saxli@gol.ge<br />
web-site: www.saxli.gol.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, rusTavi 3700<br />
me-15 mikr., saxli 10<br />
tel.:(995 24) 153500<br />
mob.: (995 93) 281676<br />
e-mail: makakobrava@yahoo.co.uk<br />
saqarTvelo. Coxatauri,4800<br />
bendelianis q.10<br />
mob.:(995 99) 297461<br />
(995 99) 262727<br />
e-mail: maia_gogoladze@yahoo.com<br />
tan_mem@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0108<br />
r.TabukaSvilis q.15<br />
tel.:(995 32) 920595<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 920595<br />
mob.: (995 95) 424279<br />
e-mail: info@taso.org.ge<br />
web-site: www.taso.org.ge<br />
saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0171<br />
doliZis q,korp. 26,bina 20<br />
tel.:(995 32) 364671; 333215<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 333215<br />
mob.: (995 99) 335040<br />
e-mail : jishkarianiguran<strong>da</strong>@yahoo.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105<br />
baraTaSvilis q.6/10<br />
tel.: (995 32) 999253; 989217<br />
faqsi: (995 32) 935902<br />
mob.: (995 99) 337508<br />
e-mail: tamar@caucasus.net<br />
web-site: www.civil.ge<br />
saqarTvelo,axalcixe,0800<br />
Tbilisis q.9<br />
mob.:(995 99) 548344<br />
e-mail: marinamodebadze@ramble.ru
51<br />
qalTa iniciativebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri jgufi<br />
2000<br />
173<br />
irma inariZe<br />
eka<br />
aRdgomelaSvili<br />
52 qalebi momavlisTvis 1998 xaTuna sanikiZe<br />
53<br />
54<br />
55<br />
56<br />
57<br />
58<br />
qalTa organizacia -<br />
parozi<br />
qalTa politikuri<br />
resurs centri<br />
qalTa sabWo_raionuli<br />
organizacia kaspi<br />
qalTa saerTaSoriso<br />
resurs centri<br />
qalTa sainformacio<br />
centri<br />
qalTa saqvelmoqmedo<br />
fondi _ favoriti<br />
2000 narine ginosiani<br />
1998-2000 nana mJavanaZe<br />
2002 <strong>da</strong>li korkomaSvili<br />
1998 lika na<strong>da</strong>raia<br />
2000-2003 elene ruseckaia<br />
2000 xaTuna qaTamaZe<br />
59 qalTa centri 1996 ia verulaSvili<br />
saqrTvelo,Tbilisi,0194<br />
fanaskertelis q.19/98<br />
tel.:(995 32) 361968<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 331917<br />
mob.: (995 99) 915000<br />
e-mail:wisg@caucasus.net<br />
web-site: www.women.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179<br />
barnovis q.#44<br />
tel.:(995 32) 221752<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 221750<br />
mob.: (995 99) 561183<br />
e-mail: Lsanikidze@hotmail.com<br />
wfgeorgia@hotmail.com<br />
saqarTvelo, q. nino wmin<strong>da</strong>,<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi<br />
Tavisuflebis #37<br />
tel.:(995 262) 22656;<br />
faqsi:(995 262) 22656<br />
mob.: (995 99) 54911<br />
e-mail: nginosian@gmail.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 0179<br />
TayaiSvilis q.3<br />
mob.:(995 99) 901240<br />
e-mail: wprc@wprc.org.ge<br />
web-site: www.wprc.org.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, kaspi 2600<br />
kostavas q.37<br />
tel.:(995 271) 22448<br />
faqsi:(995 271) 22435<br />
mob.: (995 99) 221952<br />
e-mail: fiqris_gora@mail.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179<br />
TayaiSvilis q.3<br />
tel.:(995 32) 224018<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 250836<br />
mob.: (995 99) 512514<br />
e-mail:wprc@wprc.org.ge<br />
web-site: wprc.org.ge<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0102<br />
winamZRvriSvilis q.40<br />
tel.:(995 32) 952934<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 942699<br />
mob.: (995 93) 724313<br />
e-mail: wicmika@ginsc.net<br />
wicmika@caucasus.net<br />
web-site: www.wicge.org<br />
www.nasilie.net, www.ginsc.net<br />
www.youthkot.net, www.antitraf.net<br />
saqarTvelo, baTumi,6000<br />
ximSiaSvilis q.13<br />
tel.:(995 222) 22603; 73142<br />
faqsi:(995 222) 73142; 72217<br />
mob.: (995 77) 440646<br />
(995 99) 558852<br />
e-mail:favorite@posta.ge<br />
khatuna_k@hotmail.com<br />
maikokatamadze@yahooo.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179<br />
WavWavaZis 15<br />
tel.:(995 32) 233299<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 233299<br />
mob.: (995 99) 565506<br />
e-mail:grc@access.sanet.ge<br />
web-site: www.womancenter.org.ge
60<br />
61<br />
qalTa xelovnebis<br />
saerTaSoriso kavSiri<br />
qalTa xma<br />
1998 qeTevan mirianaSvili<br />
2003<br />
jil<strong>da</strong> niblaZexaritonaSvili<br />
62 qali <strong>da</strong> janmrTeloba 2000 ZiZia RuduSauri<br />
63<br />
qarTvel qalTa<br />
asociacia<br />
2004<br />
64 qarTlis de<strong>da</strong> 1997<br />
eva<br />
lomTaZe<br />
prez: asmaT<br />
beJaniSvili<br />
65 SuSaniki 1996 susana xaCaturiani<br />
66<br />
67<br />
68<br />
centri_<br />
qalebi <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba<br />
Zaladobisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
erovnuli qseli<br />
Zaladobisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
erovnuli qselis<br />
kaxeTis regionaluri<br />
komiteti<br />
2002 Sorena doliZe<br />
2003 nato SavlayaZe<br />
2005<br />
jil<strong>da</strong> niblaZexaritonaSvili<br />
174<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105,<br />
WavWavaZis q. 68,<br />
sanapiros 2a<br />
e-mail: wcnu@hotmail.com<br />
wcnu1302@yahoo.com<br />
web-site: -<br />
saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1500<br />
ninoSvilis q.13<br />
tel.:(995 253) 22947<br />
faqsi:(995 253) 22947<br />
mob.: (995 99) 512025<br />
e-mail:gil<strong>da</strong>avng@yahoo.com<br />
gil<strong>da</strong>@ramble.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, rusTavi, 3700<br />
megobrobis 1, 47<br />
tel.:(995 24) 175862; 574681<br />
faqsi:(995 24) 175862<br />
mob.: (995 99) 543238<br />
e-mail:<br />
w_and_h2000@yahoo.com<br />
w_and_h2000@mail.ru<br />
saqarTvelo,lagodexi 2700<br />
26 maisis q.23<br />
faqsi:(995 254) 50181<br />
mob.: (995 93)952004<br />
e-mail: lag.gal.organizacia@ramble.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, gori, 1400<br />
aRmaSeneblis, 127<br />
tel.:(995 270) 75884<br />
mob.: (995 93) 768902, 946281<br />
e-mail: kartlisde<strong>da</strong>@hotmail.com<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0168<br />
qeTevan wamebulis pr.8<br />
tel.:(995 32) 968933<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 331705<br />
mob.: (995 93) 397170<br />
e-mail:shishanik1996@mail.ru<br />
shushanik1996@rambler.ru<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0106<br />
gamsaxurdias q, kvat.1<br />
(iuridiuli misamarTia)<br />
mob.:(995 99) 234348<br />
e-mail: cwd.et.cavcasus.net<br />
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0177<br />
antonovskaias q.#9<br />
tel.:(995 32) 506064, 398934<br />
faqsi:(995 32) 506064<br />
e-mail: antiviolence@avng.ge<br />
saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1500<br />
ninoSvilis q.13<br />
mob.:(995 99) 512025<br />
e-mail: gil<strong>da</strong>avng@yahoo.com<br />
gil<strong>da</strong>@rabmle.ru
<strong>da</strong>narTi IV.<br />
respodentTa nusxa:<br />
No saxeli <strong>da</strong> gvari organizacia <strong>da</strong> Tanamdeboba TariRi<br />
1 abramiSvili Tamar<br />
2 aRoSaSvili marine<br />
eqsperti; qalTa ganaTlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> informaciis saerTaSoriso<br />
centri<br />
axalcixis No1sajaro skolis<br />
buRalteri, kerZo mesakuTre<br />
175<br />
12.10.07<br />
30.11.07<br />
3 axvlediani mamuka Tbilisis meria; vice meri 26.11.07<br />
4 barkauli lia patruli 26.11.07<br />
5 gafrin<strong>da</strong>Svili lela<br />
eqsperti; kavSiri<br />
qalebis iniciativa<br />
TanasworobisaTvis<br />
17.10.07<br />
6 devaZe nana leiboristuli partia, wevri 5.11.07<br />
7 elisaSvili aleko<br />
radio Tavisufleba, Jurnalisti<br />
23.04.08<br />
8 notariusi 20.09.07<br />
9 zRulaZe eka<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa ministris<br />
moadgile<br />
30.11.07<br />
10 TabukaSvili marine eqsperti; fondi taso 15.10.07<br />
11 TevdoraZe elene<br />
12 Turnava naTia<br />
saqarTvelos parlamenti.<br />
komitetis Tavmjdomare<br />
kerZo ekonomikuri kompaniis<br />
menejeri<br />
13.10.07<br />
27.11.07<br />
13 kemularia nana 52-e sajaro skola, pe<strong>da</strong>gogi 29.11.07<br />
14 kikaCeiSvili lana mari broses sax. skola, pe<strong>da</strong>gogi 29.11.07<br />
15 kukava kaxa saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 9.10.07
16 mama a<strong>da</strong>mi<br />
samebis sakaTedro taZari,<br />
moZRvari<br />
176<br />
02.05.08<br />
17 maRraZe guguli saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 13.10.07<br />
18 maxaraSvili qeTevan saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 27.10.07<br />
19 mdivani maka saxelmwifo ministris mrCeveli 5.11.07<br />
20 menTeSaSvili eliko taqsis mZRoli 3.12.07<br />
21 mesxi mari eqsperti trefikingis sferoSi 23.10.07<br />
22 musxeliSvili marina partia win saqarTvelo, wevri 14.11.07<br />
23 na<strong>da</strong>raia lika<br />
qalTa saerTaSoriso resurs<br />
centri, eqsperti,<br />
16.10.07<br />
24 naWyebia manana saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 19.10.07<br />
25 petriaSvili irakli<br />
26 Jvania Tamar<br />
saqarTvelos profkavSirebis<br />
gaerTianeba, prezidenti<br />
samarTliani arCevnebi.<br />
direqtori<br />
27.11.07<br />
31.10.07<br />
27 romelaSvili baia qalTa sabWo, wevri 30.10.07<br />
28 rurua nika<br />
saqarTvelos parlamenti,<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis<br />
komitetis Tavmjdomaris<br />
moadgile<br />
12.11.07<br />
29 sabe<strong>da</strong>Svili Tamar eqsperti 25.04.08<br />
30 sanikiZe xaTuna qalebi momavlisTvis eqsperti; 23.10.07<br />
31 sajaia ruslan iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli piri 28.01.08<br />
32 tyemalaZe zurab saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 24.10.07<br />
33 faCulia irakli<br />
34 qavTaraZe irakli<br />
profesiuli swavlebis<br />
xelmZRvaneli<br />
nacionaluri moZraoba,<br />
saerTaSoriso mdivani<br />
13.11.07<br />
25.10.07
35 qaTamaZe Tamazi<br />
36 qarqusovi uruzmaki<br />
37 RurWumeliZe manana<br />
38 SavlayaZe nato<br />
39 ciramua zaza<br />
turizmis prof. saswavleblis<br />
centri ikarosi, pe<strong>da</strong>gogi<br />
ekonomikis saministro, ministries<br />
moadgile regionaluri<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi<br />
saqarTvelos pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mecnierTa Tavisufali<br />
profkavSiri, Tavmjdomare<br />
Zaladobisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis erovnuli<br />
qseli; qalTa klubi _ peoni,<br />
eqsperti;<br />
prof.swavlebis centri,<br />
direqtori<br />
177<br />
20.11.07<br />
28.11.07<br />
1.03.08<br />
17.10.07<br />
13.11.07<br />
40 cixisTavi nino kavkasiis qalTa qseli, eqsperti 18.10.07<br />
41 WanturiZe rusu<strong>da</strong>ni<br />
saapelacio sasamarTlo,<br />
mosamarTle<br />
25.10.07<br />
42 xi<strong>da</strong>Seli Tina respublikuri partia, wevri 19.10.07<br />
43 xelaia vardo iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli piri 28.01.08<br />
44 xomeriki lela<br />
45 xorava <strong>da</strong>lila<br />
46 xun<strong>da</strong>Ze maia<br />
47 jaSi Carita<br />
samoqalaqo kulturis<br />
saerTaSoriso centri, eqsperti<br />
janmrTelobis, socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
Sromis saminitro, afxazeTis<br />
ganyofilebis ufrosi<br />
globaluri iniciativa<br />
fsiqiatriaSi, fsiqiatri<br />
asociacia <strong>genderi</strong> socialurekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebisTvis,<br />
eqsperti<br />
28.11.07<br />
26.11.07<br />
19.11.07<br />
12.11.07
<strong>da</strong>narTi V.<br />
fokus jgufebis nusxa:<br />
No jgufebi Semokleba<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
TanianTkaris<br />
TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebis<br />
jgufi<br />
adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis qalTa<br />
forumi<br />
iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
pirTa jgufi. fotoxma.<br />
fj1<br />
fj2<br />
178<br />
Catarebis<br />
adgili<br />
sofeli<br />
TanianTkari<br />
qorTiard<br />
merioti<br />
TariRi<br />
8.08.07<br />
15.10.07<br />
fj3 zugdidi 20.10.07<br />
4 marneulis axalgazdoba fj4 marneuli 26.11.07<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
axalcixis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis studentebi<br />
axalqalaqis<br />
axalgazrdoba<br />
Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis<br />
sax. saxelmmwifo<br />
universitetis studentebi<br />
Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis<br />
sax. saxelmmwifo<br />
universitetis studentebi<br />
iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
pirTa jgufi; fotoxma<br />
fj5<br />
axalcixis<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
universiteti<br />
30.11.07<br />
fj6 axalqalaqi 01.12.07<br />
fj7<br />
fj8<br />
Tbilisis iv.<br />
javaxiSvilis<br />
sax. saxelmmwifo<br />
universiteti<br />
Tbilisis iv.<br />
javaxiSvilis<br />
sax. saxelmmwifo<br />
universiteti<br />
27.12.07<br />
09.01.08<br />
fj9 zugdidi 28.01.08
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