#3 (39), marti, 2005
#3 (39), marti, 2005
#3 (39), marti, 2005
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sfdbceakt,f<strong>#3</strong> (<strong>39</strong>), <strong>marti</strong>, <strong>2005</strong>03Tamar kinwuraSvilimarTlmsajulebislogika15maiko oqruaSvilidasjadia Tu araeqspresiuli qmedeba22saxelmwifosazRvrebs gareSe30kote kublaSvilisasamarTlo dacvisZiriTadi uflebaTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)2
Tamar kinwuraSvilimarTlmsajulebislogikasityvis Tavisuflebada qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikaamboben, karg iurists ori ram moeTxoveba _ logikis unarida imis codna, Tu sad romeli kanoni unda eZebo. am orikomponentis aucileblobaSi sityvis TavisuflebasTandakavSirebuli qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikis gacnobacdagarwmunebT, romelic erTgvari testia logikaSi. testispasuxebis saZebnelad, albaT, mizanSewonilia gamoxatvisTavisuflebis maregulirebel saerTaSoriso standartebsCavxedoT. da ara imitom, rom yvelafris gasaRebi sadRacCvengan Sorsaa. ubralod imitom, rom gamoxatvis TavisuflebaTavisi bunebiT universaluri uflebaa, romelic geografiulisazRvrebiT ar izRudeba da misi regulireba saerTa-Soriso samarTals eqvemdebareba. adamianis uflebaTa universalurideklaraciis me-19 muxli calsaxad gansazRvravs, romazrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs adamianisTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)3
abramias deputat nestan kirTaZis korufciaSimxilebis 3 , xolo moqalaqe klaraSukvans politikuri Sexedulebis gamoTqmisgamo 4 , aRmkveTi RonisZieba miusajes daSemdeg pirobiTi sasajeliT Seucvales.rvawliani periodis ganmavlobaSi cxrasisxlis samarTlis saqmidan mxolod klaraabramiasa da klara Sukvanis zemoxsenebulsaqmeebze gamoitana sasamarTlom saboloogadawyvetileba sisxlis samarTlis saqmisaRZvris Sesaxeb, kanonis moTxovnaTa darRveviT;erTjer qalaqis prokuraturam lavrentinaWyebiasa da klara abramias saqmeze,rac sabolood gaauqma kidec generalurmapro-kuraturam da ganmcxadeblis moTxovnaarc sasamarTlom daakmayofila; erTjerraionulma da saolqo sasamarTloebmasaqmeze buaCiZe l. lomsaZis winaaRmdeg,rodesac sisxlis samarTlis damnaSavedcnes piri im gancxadebebis gamo, romelicmxareebs Soris sajaro polemikis dros gamoiTqva.aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba sabolooduzenaesma sasamarTlom procesualuridarRvevebis motiviT 2004 wlis dasawyisSigaauqma.aseTi statistikis miuxedavad, arsebulipraqtika iZleva imis Tqmis safuZvels, romsisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis„gamyinavi efeqti“ mainc moqmedebda.sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 148-e muxlSiarsebuli norma, Tavisi bunebidanTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)5
03-684436003-574712303-736954603-612006003-574444603-612778703-542662503-751558803-575055203-561434203-751790703-575178403-575062603-5757473077-769454502-600521203-547730603-547718903-547718903-547352509-7421913 אחוזה 45 רעננה 4320809-7401052 הסדנא 8 רעננה 4365103-613088803-5747123052-280797403-635995303-673272803-677686203-612333803-693530003-751303003-600501203-561432503-752022503-575178303-575022503-5758075077-769454503-670270103-732681003-600521103-540689603-547718803-547718803-547101103-547361509-744559009-740105109-765945809-745604303-687529403-607622003-629510803-629982903-528481603-692901203-5467216זילבראבידורבירןבן יצחקוינינגררוםלויברונופרץציונילויכהנאאילוןגולניברעםחזנייסלוביץארגמןעזרמאירוביץבלאושטייןגולדברגטליתמן צביסבזרורףסלעבן יצחקעבדתהורנשטייןצחיבארלנצנרפרס שרמןיהבצרפתי מיכאלאפימירבליאורהירוןאוריקובימאירמירימשהיואביצחקיואביריבאביתראיילתאילוןנירויוי חביבהאמיריונהצפורתיעקבתקוהנילופארנעםגליתאלישישלומיאליהודבאוריהמרדכיחיה קורינהמנחםמאיהז`בוטינסקי 33 רמת גן 52511נווה יעקב 7 רמת גן 52303עמק האלה 31 רמת גן 52621רמת גן 52181אבא הלל 7 רמת גן 52522פנחס רוטנברג 29 רמת גן 52296אבא הלל - 14 אונגר רמת גן 52506גרשום 4/2 רמת גן 64238ז'בוטינסקי 134 רמת גן 52602ז`בוטינסקי 7 רמת גן 52520אמיר 16/4 רמת גן 52336הבונים 5 רמת גן 52462ז'בוטינסקי 33 רמת גן 52511ביאליק 164 רמת גן 52523אבא הלל 7 רמת גן 52522אבא הלל 7 רמת גן 52522שאנן 22/7 רמת גן 52452טבנקין 18/42 רמת גן 52302תובל 22 רמת גן 52522נחל שורק 5 רמת השרון 47200סוקולוב 81 רמת השרון 47238סוקולוב 81 רמת השרון 47238גולן 4 רמת השרון 47213חט` אלכסנדרוני 5/16 רמת השרון 47307בנטוב מרדכי 22 רעננה 43229רמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת גןרמת השרוןרמת השרוןרמת השרוןרמת השרוןרמת השרוןרעננהרעננהרעננהרעננהתל אביב-יפותל אביב-יפותל אביב-יפותל אביב-יפותל אביב-יפותל אביב-יפותל אביב-יפו09-7456042 אחוזה 68 רעננה 4320903-687965503-609068303-525954503-620407403-528694903-609269203-6041468הגדוד העברי 26 תל אביב-יפו 66852מנחם בגין 148 תל אביב-יפו 64921העבודה 3 תל אביב-יפו 63821שנקין 22 תל אביב-יפו 65231שד' חן 6 תל אביב-יפו 64071שאול המלך 8 תל אביב-יפו 64733ירמיהו 36 תל אביב-יפו 62594avidor.meirav@gmail.commor-ron.adv@barak.net.ilyaron-bi@zahav.net.ilu.w.law@bezeqint.netlevy@zh-law.combrunolaw@gmail.commperez7@walla.comyoav@tzionitax.comaalevy@smile.net.ilkahana.law@bezeqint.netyariveilon@walla.comgolani_evi@walla.combalaw1@bezeqint.netelomir@012.net.ilniryaslovitzh@gmail.comvivi.argaman@bezeqint.netamirezer2@walla.cominfo@goldberg-law.co.ilinfo@goldberg-law.co.ilshlotik@netvision.net.ilnsabzerou@gmail.comrefadv@bezeqint.netgalitsela@gmail.comshlomism@walla.co.ilhglaw@goldmail.net.iltsahilaw@walla.co.ilhaia_p@bezeqint.netmyahav11@walla.commayamichael@gmail.com
axali kanonis miRebamde sasamarTloebmaTerTmet saqmeSi 5 gamoitanes gadawyvetilebabodiSis moxdis dakisrebis Sesaxeb damxolod xuT SemTxvevaSi gadasinjes aseTikanonSeusabamo gadawyvetilebebi zemdgommainstanciebma.swored arsebuli maxinji pratika gaxdasafuZveli imisa, rom axal kanonSi Caidospecialuri norma (17-e muxlis me-3 punqti),romelic krZalavs piris iZulebas, moixadosbodiSi. aRniSnul normas iTvaliswinebssaqar-Tvelos konstituciac, romlis me-19muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebeliaadamianis iZuleba, gamoTqvas sakuTarimrwamsisa da Sexedulebebis sawinaaRmdegomosazrebebi.mamuka nozaZisa da `TrialeTis~ saqmezekanonmdeblobis reformirebis Semdeg gamotaniligadawyvetileba wamoWris, erTismxriv, mosamarTleTa korpusis gadasinjvis,xolo, meores mxriv, axali kanonmdeblobispopularizaciis aucileblobis sakiTxs.politikuri koniunqturis gavlenaaRniSnuli periodis sasamarTlo praqtikayvelaze naTlad asaxavs qveyanaSi ganviTarebulpolitikur cvlilebebs. 2003 wlis23 noembris vardebis revoluciamde telekompania`rusTavi-2~-is eTeriT moZraoba`kmaras~ klipebis translirebis akrZalva,klara Sukvanis saqmis Semdeg, politikurigamoxatvis yvelaze uxeSi xelyofis nimuSiiyo. sasamarTlo xelisufleba politikuridakveTis Semsruleblad mogvevlina, rodesacsaqmeze saqarTvelos antimonopoliurisamsaxuri rusTavi 2-is winaaRmdeg, yovelgvarisamarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe,araeTikurad gamoacxada da akrZala`kmaras~ klipebis Cveneba, aseve aragonivrulifinansuri sanqcia _ 127 716, 96 aSSdolaris ekvivalenti larebSi _ daakisrasainformacio saSualebas. is garemoeba,rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvaqveyanaSi politikuri xelisuflebisSecvlis Semdeg procesualuri darRvevebismotiviT moxda, ukve metyvelebs vake-sabur-Talos raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebispolitikur mizanSewonilobaze.politikuri koniunqturis gavlenisagansasamarTlo Tavisufali arc revoluciisSemdeg aRmoCnda. saqmeze Temur SaSiaSvilidaviT kupreiSvilisa da `axali versiis~winaaRmdeg erTi da igive sasamarTlokolegiis mier drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi(2003 wlis 23 noembramde da 23 noembrisSemdeg) gamotanili gadawyvetileba TvalnaTlivwarmoaCens im saSiS tendencias, romeliceWvqveS ayenebs saerTod sasamarTloxelisuflebis damoukideblobis sakiTxs.Temur SaSiaSvilis saqmeTanamedrove qarTuli sasamarTloebispraqtikaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba iseTikuriozuli gadawyvetileba, rogoricquTaisis saolqo sasamarTlom mocemulsaqmeze gamoitana. Tavad is faqti, romTemur SaSiaSvilis pativisa da Rirsebisgamo, sasamarTloSi daibares daviT mumla-Ze, romelmac misi winamorbedisagan (TemurSaSiaSvilisagan) mxolod imereTSi prezidentissaxelmwifo rwmunebulis uflebamosilebagadaibara, Rimilis momgvrelicaa daim samwuxaro realobis amsaxveli, romlisTanaxmad, revoluciamdec da revoluciisSemdegac sasamarTlo xelisufleba politikurikoniunqturis Sesatyvisad ufromoqmedebda, vidre kanonierebis.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)7
im droisaTvis, roca Temur SaSiaSvilisajaro Tanamdebobis pirs _ imereTSiprezidentis saxelmwifo rwmunebulswarmoadgenda, quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlommiiRo gadawyvetileba, romliTacSaSiaSvilis sasargeblod biznesmen daviTkupreiSvils 1 338 000 aSS dolaris SesabamisiTanxis gadaxda daakisra, am ukanasknelismier gubernatoris mimarT gazeT „axaliversiis“ furclebze gakeTebuli gancxadebebisgamo. es iyo yvelaze didi finansurisanqcia, rac ki difamaciur saqmeebzesasamarTloebs aqamde daukisrebiaT.qveyanaSi politikuri xelisuflebiscvlilebis Semdeg ki, rasac SaSiaSvilisTanamdebobidan wasvla mohyva, uzenaesisasamarTlos miTiTebiT, quTaisis saolqosasamarTlos imave kolegias xsenebuligadawyvetilebis gadasinjva mouwia. quTaisissaolqo sasamarTlom ki am SemTxvevaSi<strong>marti</strong>vi gamosavali ipova _ man ganuxilvelidatova saqme im motiviT, rom TemurSaSiaSvilis uflebamonacvle, daviTmumlaZe procesze ar gamocxadda da ardaakmayofila Temur SaSiaSvilis Suamdgomlobaim sababiT, rom es ukanaskneli saku-Tar pativsa da Rirsebas rwmunebulisrangSi icavda, sarCelis ganxilvis momentisTviski Sesabamisi Tanamdeboba sul sxvapirs, saxeldobr, daviT mumlaZes ekava.aseTma logikam, SesaZloa, iseT absurdulmdgomareobamde migviyvanos, rom prezidentSevardnaZis misamarTiT gavrcelebulicnobebis gamo, mis uflebamonacvle prezidentsaakaSvils mouwios SevardnaZis pativisada Rirsebis dacva, SevardnaZes _gamsaxurdias da a. S.aRniSnuli ganCineba ewinaaRmdegeba aramarto logikas, aramed saqarTvelossamoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobasac.Temur SaSiaSvilis sasarCelo gancxadebamarTalia, saxelmwifo rwmunebulisblankze iyo dabeWdili, magram mosarCledmiTiTebuli iyo fizikuri piri _ TemurSaSiaSvili, gancxadebaSi aseve aRniSnuliiyo mosarClis sacxovrebeli misamarTi. esfaqtobrivi garemoeba Tavidanve gamoricxavdaimis albaTobas, rom sarCeli saxelmwiforwmunebulis saxeliT iyo Setanili.TavisTavad pativi da Rirseba ar SeiZlebaaxasiaTebdes Tanamdebobas, gavrcelebulicnobebis gamo garkveuli fizikuri Tusulieri tanjvebi SesaZloa, miadges mxolodfizikur pirs. gadawyvetilebidangamomdinare bundovani darCa, Tu vis daekisra5 aTasi laris odenobiT baJis gadaxda _Temur SaSiaSvils Tu mis uflebamonacvledaviT mumlaZes, romelmac, SesaZloa, arcki icoda daviT kupreiSvilis mier TemurSaSiaSvilis Sesaxeb gavrcelebulicnobebis Sinaarsi.albaT, saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvilebaimazec, Tu ramdenad kanonieri iyo quTaisissaqalaqo sasamarTlos revoluciamdelidauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, romelicuprecedento finansuri kompensaciis gamosajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis SesaxebsakuTari azris gamoxatvis survilsdaukargavda nebismier adamians. anu saxezeiyo gadawyvetilebis „gamyinavi efeqti“.pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSiunda mieRo is, rom daviT kupreiSvilsa daTemur SaSiaSvils Soris sajaro polemikasadavo sagazeTo publikaciamde gacilebiTadre mimdinareobda da mopasuxis sagazeTogamonaTqvamebi ar warmoadgenda e.w. „pirvelTavdasxmas“ gubernatoris misamarTiT.daviT kupreiSvilis cnobiT, mopasuxe masTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)8
kacis mkvlels, yaCaRsa dabandits uwodebda. sajarointeresis saganze _ silikomanganumisTemaze mxareebsSoris mimdinare sajarodiskusia ukve Tavad ganapirobebdasityvis Tavisuflebisdacvis gacilebiT maRalstandarts. amasTanave diskusiiserT-erTi mxarisTanamdebobrivi statusi amukanasknels Tmenis gacilebiTmet valdebulebasakisrebda.rac Seexeba sakiTxs imisSesaxeb, Tu ra saxis cnobagaavrcela mopasuxem _ faqtiTu mosazreba, unda aRiniSnos,rom daviT kupreiSvilisbraldeba, rom saxelmwiforwmunebuli qarxanaSi 6%-sflobda, mtkicebiT formaSiar iyo gadmocemuli. manmxo-lod is aRniSna, rom„rogorc qarxnis muSebiamboben, Temur SaSiaSviliwilis 6%-s flobda.“mopasuxis mier gavrcelebulicnobebi warmoadgendaara faqtebs, aramed erTSemTxvevaSi _ SefasebiTmsjelobas, meore SemTxvevaSiki _ asaxavda qarxnismuSebSi moarul xmebs.amdenad, im droisaTvismoqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsisme-18 muxli ar iZleodacnobebis uaryofis dakisrebisSesaZleblobas, radganpasuxismgeblobis am formasTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)9
mxolod sinamdvilesTan Seusabamofaqtebis gavrcelebis dros mimarTavdnen.cxadia, calke saubris Temaa is sanqciebi,romelic sasamarTlom mopasuxes daakisra.kerZod, bodiSis moxda, rasac ar iTvaliswinebdada arc amJamad iTvaliswinebs moqmedikanonmdebloba; moraluri zianis kompensaciada kompensaciis odenobad 1 338 000 aSS-isgansazRvra.mocemul SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianisdakisrebis araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobda:gavrcelebuli cnoba ar warmoadgendafaqts, amdenad, ver Selaxavda mosar-Clis pativsa da Rirsebas, xolo mopasuxisbraleul moqmedebaze Tavad mosarClesacki ar hqonia warmodgenili raime argumentisasarCelo gancxadebaSi. rac Seexeba kompensaciisgansazRvras, proporciulobisprincipi am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad darRveuliiyo. mopasuxes marTlac rom gaevrcelebinadifamaciuri cnobebi, anu saxeze romyofiliyo sanqciis dakisrebis kanonierimizani, aseTi zomis sanqciis dakisrebamaSinac ki gaumarTlebeli iqneboda dabevrs daukargavda xelisuflebiswarmomadgenlis gakritikebis survils.aragonivruli finansuri sanqciebis dakisrebissaSiS tendenciaze dawvrilebiT CvenqvemoT visaubrebT. rac Seexeba gansaxilvelsaqmes, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, romam SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis ga<strong>marti</strong>veba iqneboda,Tu problemas martooden `telefonismarTlmsajulebaSi“ davinaxavdiT. sasamarTloxelisuflebis tradiciis ararsebobamgarkveulwilad ganapiroba is, rom mosamarTleTakorpusis nawili Tavadve cdilobsmoargos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebiyoveli morigi saxelisuflebo Zalisinteresebs, rac kidev erTxel cxadyofs,rom kompetenciaze metad xSir SemTxvevaSisaqme isev da isev mosamarTleTa msoflmxedvelobrivproblemasTan gvaqvs.aragonivruli finansurisanqciebizogadad finansuri sanqciebis mkveTrizrdis tendencia, ramac 2003 wlis 23 noembramdeiCina Tavi, ukve imis momaswavebeliiyo, rom im droindeli politikuri xelisuflebaTavisufali sityvis Sezrudvasrepresiuli meTodebiT cdilobda darepresiul aparatad swored sasamarTloxelisuflebas iyenebda.politikuri xelisuflebis survili,sasamarTlos meSveobiT gaekontrolebinasityvis Tavisufleba, CxartiSvili-berZeniSvilissaqmis 6 Semdeg, yvelaze TvalnaTliv2003 wels gamovlinda. swored drois ammonakveTs, anu wina xelisuflebis mmarTvelobiskrizisis periods ukavSirdebayvelaze maRali da aragonivruli finansurisanqciis dakisrebis sami SemTxveva:Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom saqmeSiakaki CxaiZe `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki gogiCaiSvilisada aleqsandre maRlaferiZis winaaRmdegmopasuxeebs daakisra 1 000 000laris gadaxda; quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlomwina TavSi ganxilul saqmeSi TemurSaSiaSvili daviT kupreiSvilisa da `axaliversiis~ winaaRmdeg daviT kupreiSvils _1 338 000 aSS dolaris Sesabamisi Tanxisgadaxda larebSi; vake-saburTalos raionulmasasamarTlom ki saqmeSi saqarTvelossaxelmwifo antimonopoliuri samsaxuri`rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg daavaldebulatelekompania, gadaexada 127 716, 96aSS dolaris Sesabamisi Tanxa larebSi.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)10
cxadia, Tavad dakisrebuli finansuri sanqciebismoculoba gansazRvravs pasuxismgeblobisamgvari formis gonivrulobasacda daniSnulebasac. gamoikveTa saSiSitendencia im mxriv, rom imJamindelmapolitikurma xelisuflebam gansxvavebulazrTan angariSsworebis procesisasamarTlo sistemis xeliT daiwyo.aragonivruli maRali sanqciis dakisrebamSesaZloa, gamoiwvios media saSualebisgakotreba, rac saxifaToa demokratiulisaxelmwifosaTvis. amave dros aseTsanqciebs axlavs „gamyinavi efeqti“, racsxva sainformacio saSualebebsa Tucalkeul individebs sakuTari azrisgamoxatvis survils unelebs. saxelmwifo,romelic dainteresebulia qveynis demokratiuliganviTarebiTa da pluralizmisSenarCunebiT, pasuxismgeblobis amgvarzomebs ar mimarTavs.diskriminaciuli gadawyvetilebavaxtang xmalaZisa da`jorjian Taimsis~ saqmeaRniSnul saqmeze sasamarTlos miermiRebuli gadawyvetileba uprecedentoa immxriv, rom Seuracxmyofelad acxadebskonkretul erovnebas. es gadawyvetilebaaratipiuria qarTuli sasamarTloebispraqtikisTvis im TvalsazrisiTac, romwamoWris sakiTxs, romelic ufro TviTregulirebissferoa, vidre samarTlebrivis.marTalia, jerjerobiT saqarTveloSiTviTregulireba institucionalizebulisaxiT ar arsebobs, magram es srulebiTacar amarTlebs imgvar gadawyvetilebebs,rogoric aRniSnul saqmeze jer krwanisimTawmindisraionulma, xolo SemdegTbilisis saolqo sasamarTloebma miiRes.erT SemTxvevaSi, roca sakiTxi mosarClismier gvaris gamocvlas Seexeboda, gazeTma`jorjian Taimsma~ gaavrcela arasworiinformacia. kerZod, is rom vaxtangxmalaZes gvari hqonda gadakeTebuli dame-8 klasamde igi manukianad iwodeboda.daSvebuli Secdoma sasamarTlo proceszeTavad sainformacio saSualebamac aRiara,Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi arasworicnobis gavrceleba ar SeiZleba gamxdariyoJurnalistis pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli.saqmis ganxilvis momentisTvis moqmedikanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rommopasuxes dakisreboda pasuxismgeblobaaraswori cnobebis gavrcelebis gamo,sadavo cnobebi erTdroulad unda yofiliyosinamdvilesTan Seusabamoc da imavdrouladSeuracxmyofelic. aseTi iyo samoqalaqokodeqsis me-18 muxlis moTxovna.Semdegi SekiTxva, romelzec sasamarTlosunda gaeca pasuxi, iyo is, Tu ramdenadSeiZleba xelyofdes piris pativsa daRirsebas araswori informaciis gavrcelebamis mier sakuTari erovnebis SecvlisSesaxeb. Tuki mosarCle da sasamarTloTvlian, rom TavisTavad somxuri gvarisgadakeTeba qarTul gvarad SeiZleba warmoadgendespativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvel,Seuracxmyofel informacias, maSin isiniapriori amboben, rom somxoba TavisTavadaris sircxvili. amiT ki Tavad avlenen diskriminaciuldamokidebulebas am erovnebiswarmomadgenelTa mimarT da aSkaramoralur zians ayeneben maT.sasamarTlom arasworad daakisra pasuxismgeblobasainformacio saSualebas im zogadimsjelobis gamo, romelic garkveulideputatebis mxridan antiqarTuli politikisgatarebas Seexeboda. publikaciis amTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)11
epizodTan dakavSirebiT mxedvelobaSiamisaRebi is, rom mosarCle am SemTxvevaSicalsaxad identificirebuli ar yofila,anu gazeTs konkretulad masze ar miuTi-Tebia. es garemoeba ki ar iZleoda samarTlebrivsafuZvels imisaTvis, rom pirsedava iseTi gamonaTqvamebis gamo, romleb-Sic igi calsaxad identificirebuli aryofila. xsenebul gamonaTqvamSi mosarCleidentificirebuli kidevac rom yofiliyo,sasamarTlos mainc ar eqneboda mopasuxisaTvispasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisufleba, radganac sadavo fraza warmoadgendaSefasebiT msjelobas, azrs da aramtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb. xolo mosazrebisgamo, rac ar unda kritikuli da miuRebeliiyos igi vinmesTvis, dauSvebelia pasuxismgeblobisdakisreba, radganac azrisTavisuflebas icavs rogorc saqarTveloskonstitucia, aseve evropis adamianisuflebaTa konvencia.zemoT ganxiluli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom saolqosasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gavrcelebulicnobebis uaryofisa da moralurizianis anazRaurebis saxiT 1000 larisdakisrebis Sesaxeb warmoadgenda kanonisuxeS darRvevas. moraluri zianis dakisrebaSesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu gavrcelebulicnobebi laxavs piris pativsa daRirsebas, rasac mocemul SemTxvevaSiadgili ar hqonia.regulirebis ra meqanizmebi moqmedebs iseTSemTxvevaSi, rodesac gavrcelebuli cnobaar Seesabameba sinamdviles, an sxva tipiseTikur problemasTan gvaqvs saqme?unda iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18muxlis me-4 punqti iTvaliswinebs pasuxisuflebas, magram am normis amoqmedebiswinapirobac pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveliaraswori cnobebis gavrcelebis faqtiunda yofiliyo. amdenad, erTaderTigamosavali aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTregulirebismeqanizmebis amoqmedebaa.tradiciuli demokratiisa da zogierTigardamavali demokratiis qveynebSi aprobirebuliasazogadoebis winaSe mediisangariSvaldebulebis sxvadasxva sistema. 7amerikuli modeli iTvaliswinebs calkeulsainformacio saSualebaSi media ombudsmenisinstitutis arsebobas. ama Tu imsainformacio saSualebis ombudsmeniixilavs mkiTxvelTa saCivrebs da axdensreagirebas araswori cnobis gavrcelebisTu sxva eTikuri normis darRvevis faqtze,mkiTxvelis werilis gamoqveynebis an sxvaformiT. evropaSi aprobirebuli modeliSvedur gamocdilebas efuZneba daiTvaliswinebs mkiTxvelTa saCivrebisganxilvas koleqtiuri organos _ presissabWos mxridan. saCivrebis ganxilvasmediisa da sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebisaganSemdgari organo mediis mierveaRiarebuli eTikis kodeqsebis safuZvelzeaxdens 8 . TiTqmis yvela qveynis eTikis kodeqsiiTvaliswinebs iseT normas, rogoricaasizustis dacva da araswori faqtebisgamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxis saSualebasaZlevs mkiTxvels sainformacio saSualebismier daSvebuli uzustobis gamo.Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom am tipis normebssavaldebulo Zala ara aqvT da maTidacva ufro mediis keTil nebazea damokidebuli.swored profesiuli standartisa da eTikurinormebis darRvevis kuTxiT unda ganxiluliyoaRniSnuli dava. saqarTveloSiTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)12
TviTregulirebis institutis ararsebobaki ver gamodgeba Tbilisis saolqo sasamar-Tlos mier gamotanili kanonSeusabamogadawyvetilebis gamarTlebad.araerTgvarovani sasamarTlopraqtikadasasruls unda iTqvas im negatiuritendenciis Sesaxebac, rac sasamarTloebismier kanonis araerTgvarovan interpretaciaSigamoixata. miuxedavad imisa, romsakuTriv saqarTvelos Sida kanonmdeblobaprecedentul samarTals ar iTvaliswinebs,es garemoeba srulebiTac ar ganapirobebskanonis araerTgvarovani interpretaciisdasaSvebobas. yvelaze paradoqsuli, albaT,is aris, rom araerTgvarovan da winaaRmdegobrivpraqtikas xSirad amkvidreben aramxolod sxvadasxva donis sasamarTloinstanciebi, aramed erTi da igive sasamar-Tlos erTi da igive mosamarTleebi. magaliTad,uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo,samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatam(mosamarTleebi _ m. wiqvaZe, l. goCelaSvili,r. nadiriani, m. gogiSvili) droissxvadasxva monakveTSi analogiuri tipissaqmeebze miiRo arsobrivad winaaRmdegobrivigadawyvetilebebi. esenia: vladimerkereseliZe nodar jaianis winaaRmdeg;Tamaz wivwivaZe da saqarTvelos mweralTasaerTo erovnuli kavSiri akaki gogiCaiSvilisada `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg; TamaznadareiSvili jondi baRaTurias winaaRmdeg;ivane CxartiSvili levan berZeniSviliswinaaRmdeg; kaxa TargamaZe, avTandilCxaiZe, vasil daviTaia, zaqaria varaziSvili,nikoloz ivaniSvili, zurab urotaZe, revazmaWavariani `rezonansisa~ da eliso CafiZiswinaaRmdeg.aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi praqtika, rodesacara Tu sxvadasxva sasamarTloebi, erTi daigive mosamarTleebi ar arian SeboWili maTmierve miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT, wamoWriskanonis erTgvarovani gagebis damkvidrebisaucileblobis sakiTxs, rac konstituciuriprincipebis _ Tanasworobisa dawinaswarganWvretadobis dasacavad arissaWiro.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)13
SeniSvnebi:1dawvrilebiT ix. `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba~, tomi I I , Tavisuflebisinstituti, <strong>2005</strong>.2saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos, aWaris a/r umaRlesisasamarTlos, Tbilisisa da quTaisis saolqo sasamarTloebis,Tbilisis raionuli sasamarTloebis, quTaisis, foTis, rusTavissaqalaqo sasamarTloebis, goris, gurjaanis, Coxatauris, xaragaulisraionuli sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili 133, sakonstituciosasamarTlos mier gamotanili erTi gadawyvetileba da prokuraturaSiwarmarTuli erTi saqme.3ix. nestan kirTaZe klara abramias winaaRmdeg.4ix. prokuratura klara Sukvanis winaaRmdeg.5bela SalvaSvili „qarTuli maxvilisa” da jemal davlianiZiswinaaRmdeg (gldani-naZaladevis raionuli sasamarTlo); i. orjonikiZen. xoferiasa da q. qurdovaniZis winaaRmdeg (vake-saburTalosraionuli sasamarTlo); mevlud egrisaSvili mayvala berianiZiswinaaRmdeg (vake-saburTalos raionuli sasamarTlo); Tamaz wivwivaZeda saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiri akakigogiCaiSvilisa da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg(Tbilisis saolqosasamarTlo, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo); telekompania `rioni~telekompania `quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg(quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo);giorgi jiSkariani badri kapetivaZis, daviT liklikaZisa da elisokilaZis winaaRmdeg(quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo); roman kvaWaZe`lanCxuTi Plus~-is, qeTevan da zaza nakaSiZeebis winaaRmdeg(Coxatauris raionuli sasamarTlo); evgeni juRaSvili griSa onianiswinaaRmdeg (krwanisi-mTawmindis raionuli sasamarTlo); aWarissoflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministro avTandil gadaxabaZis,`pres-klub baTumisa~ da `axali versiis~ winaaRmdeg (baTumis saqalaqosasamarTlo); paata SavaZe tariel qaTamaZisa da `aWara P.S.~-iswinaaRmdeg (baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo); nugzar maRularia da`besana da giorgi~ guram ximSiaSvilis winaaRmdeg (baTumis saqalaqosasamarTlo).6ix. ivane CxartiSvili levan berZeniSvilis winaaRmdeg.7ix. `Jurnalisturi eTika da TviTregulirebis meqanizmebi~,Tavisuflebis instituti, 2003.8ix. `mediis TviTregulirebis qrestomaTia~, Tavisuflebis instituti,2004.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)14
maiko oqruaSvilidasjadia Tu araeqspresiuliqmedeba?SeerTebul StatebSi boi-skautebiyovelwliurad aTasobiT gacveTilda gamousadegar droSas wvaven,Sesabamisi ceremoniis TanxlebiT. erTaderTigansxvaveba maTsa da grZelTmian, anarqistdemonstrantebs Soris maTi azrebia.saqarTvelos mTavrobis sakanonmdeblo iniciativa, romelicsaxelmwifo simboloebis dacvis mizniT administraciulizomebis dadgenas iTvaliswinebs, parlamentis iuridiulkomitetSi winaaRmdegobas waawyda. miuxedavad imisa, romsakanonmdeblo organos dRis wesrigidan aRniSnuliproeqtis ganxilva moixsna, Tavad sakiTxis aqtualobidangamomdinare, albaT, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT, rogorcsakuTriv momzadebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, aseve amTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)15
sferos maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso `droSis SebRalva~ da Sesabamisi sasjeli,normebi da rac mTavaria, pasuxi gavceT sxva sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjad danaSaulebTanSedarebiT sakmaod mkacria _SekiTxvas _ SesaZloa Tu ara SeizRudosgamoxatvis Tundac iseTi ukiduresi forma, Tavisuflebis SezRudva or wlamde an tusarogoricsaxelmwifo simboloebis xelyofaa. Roba samidan eqvs Tvemde an or wlamdeTavisuflebis aRkveTa.saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simboloebis `dadgeniliwesis darRveviT gamoyenebisaTvis~ saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisadministaciul samarTladarRvevaTa kodeqsSi 343-e muxlis (ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏSemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi iTvaliswinebda ÂÄÒÁÉÓ ÀÍ ÃÒÏÛÉÓ ÛÄÁÙÀËÅÀ) Tanaxmad:Semdegi saxis pasuxismgeblobas :,, ,, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÂÄÒÁÉÓ ÀÍsaqarTvelos saxelmwifos gerbis,ÃÒÏÛÉÓ ÛÄÁÙÀËÅÀ, _ ÉÓãÄÁÀsaxelmwifo droSisa da saxelmwifoÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÆÙÖÃÅÉÈ ÅÀÃÉÈ ÏÒhimnis dadgenili wesis darRveviTßËÀÌÃÄ ÀÍ ÔÖ ÓÀÙÏÁÉÈ ÅÀÃÉÈ ÓÀÌÉÃÀÍgamoyeneba _ gamoiwvevs moqalaqisÄØÅÓ ÈÅÄÌÃÄ ÀÍÃÀ ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓdajarimebas 50 laris odenobiT,ÀÙÊÅÄÈÉÈ ÅÀÃÉÈ ÏÒ ßËÀÌÃÄ.~xolo Tanamdebobis pirisdajarimebas 100 laris odenobiT.~ aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sisxlis samarTliskodeqsSi Zalian bevri da SeiZleba iTqvas,saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia bevrad ufro seriozuli danaSauli gacilebiTdroSis, himnis da gerbis gamoyenebis wesebi msubuq sasjels iTvaliswinebs, vidre iseTisaxelmwifo organoebSi da Tanamdebobis gamoxatva, rogoricaa saqarTvelos saxelmwifogerbis an droSis SebRalva. gaurkveve-pirebis mier. Tumca Cveni ganxilvis sagans arwarmoadgens kanonmdeblobis es aspeqti. lia, Tu ra gaxda am qmedebis danaSauladSemoTavazebuli cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, Seracxvis da Semdeg aseTi sasjelis dawesebisadministraciuli pasuxismgeblobis subieqti kriteriumi.SeiZleba, gamxariyo nebismieri moqalaqe,romelic gadawyvetda, `dadgenili wesis simboluri gamoxatva gamoxatvis TavisuflebiserT-erTi mniSvnelovani formaa.darRveviT~ gamoeyenebina saxelmwifosimbolika. kanonmdeblobaSi arsad aris simbolizmi ideebis komunikaciis sakmaodmiTiTebuli, Tu ras warmoadgens aRniSnuli Zlieri meqanizmia. simbolur gamoxatvassimbolikis dadgenili wesiT gamoyeneba xSirad Raribi kacis sagazeTo gamocemasCveulebrivi moqalaqisaTvis. Sesabamisad, uwodeben. samxedro bileTis an droSis dawvanebismieri qmedeba, magaliTad, saxelmwifo mediis da sazogadoebis yuradRebas ufrohimnis remiqsuli variantiT Sesruleba, metad izidavs, vidre preskonferenciissaxelmwifo gerbis an droSis motivebze gamarTva. es forma farTod gamoiyenebaraime sxva gamosaxulebis Seqmna, saxelmwifo sxvadasxva demonstraciebis, protestis TudroSis gamosaxulebis tansacmlis, TeTreulis piketirebisas. simboluri gamoxatva verbalurtareba an misi daxeva SeiZleba, administraciuliwesiT dasjadi gamxdariyo. ufro warmoadgens. cxadia, rom simbolurigamoxatvasTan garkveuli qmedebebis naerTsmetic, dRevandeli sisxlis samarTlisgamoxatvac, sxva formebTan erTad, daculiakanonmdeblobiT, dasjadia saxelmwifo saqarTvelos konstituciiT da sityvisa daTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)16
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanoniT. racSeexeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas, ismiskiTxva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba sisxlis samar-Tlis kodeqsSi droSis da gerbis SebRalvisSesaxeb arsebuli norma da administraciulsamarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsSi SemoTavazebulicvlilebebi sityvisa da gamoxatvisTavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonsa da saerTaSorisostandartebs?axlad miRebuli kanoni sityvisa da gamoxatvisTavisuflebis Sesaxeb Seicavs debulebas,romlis mixedviTac, nebismieri norma, romelicam kanoniT dacul uflebebs zRudavs,„viwrod mizanmimarTuli~, „naTeli daganWvretadi~ unda iyos. Tu ras niSnavs esori definicia, advilad gasagebi gaxdeba,evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlosprecedentuli samarTlis gacnobisas.saqmeSi sandi taimsi gaerTianebuli samefoswinaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom daadgina, romkanoni, romelic gamoxatvis da sityvisTavisuflebas zRudavs, imgvarad unda iyosformulirebuli, rom moqalaqes SeeZlosmisi qmedebebis Sedegis winaswar daaxloebiTmainc ganWvreta. swored evropuli precedentulisamarTlidan gaCnda qarTul kanonmdeblobaSimsgavsi testi, romelic avalebskanonmdebels, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebamxolod viwrod formulirebuli, naTeli daganWvretadi normebiT SezRudos.SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi da sisxlis samarTliskodeqsSi droSis SebRalvis Sesaxebarsebuli muxli ki Cvens kanonmdeblobaSiyvelaze farTod formulirebuli normaa.rac Seexeba mis ganWvretadobas, igi adviladdasadgenia: nebismier moqalaqes ecodineba,Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)17
om sakuTari saxelmwifos simbolikassaerTod ar unda Seexos, radgan Tu ras niSnavsdroSis an gerbis SebRalva an saxelmwifosimbolikis dadgenili wesiT gamoyeneba, rogorcukve aRvniSneT, gansazRvruli ar aris.cxadia, sainteresoa saerTaSoriso gamocdilebisgacnoba. miT ufro, rom bevr qveyanaSidroSis, gerbis da sxva saxelmwifo simboloebisada sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis erTmaneTTanSesabamisobis sakiTxi dRemde gadauWrelproblemad rCeba. SeerTebuli StatebissenatSi prezident buSis iniciativa, romelicdroSis SeuracxyofisTvis pasuxismgeblobisdawesebas iTvaliswinebda, samjer Cavarda.safrangeTSi aseTi kanonis miReba SedarebiTadvilad moxerxda, Tumca am nabijs sazogadoebaSiuaryofiTi reaqcia mohyva. qvemoTdetalurad mimovixilavT am sferoSiramdenime qveynis gamocdilebas.safrangeTi2003 wels, rodesac prezidenti SirakisafexburTo matCs eswreboda, igi Seuracxyoim faqtma, rom safrangeTis gundis miermatCis wagebis Semdeg gundis gulSematkivrebmastadionis tribunaze safrangeTisdroSa dawves. Sirakma stadioni swrafaddatova da safrangeTis Sinagan saqmeTaministrs axali sakanonmdeblo iniciativismomzadeba daavala. saxelmwifo himnis dadroSis Seuracxyofa, imJamindeli kanonmdeblobisTanaxmadac isjeboda 6 Tvemde patimrobiTda 6000 frankamde jarimiT. safrangeTSifarTo kampania daiwyes am kanonmdeblobiswinaaRmdeg. maSin opoziciurma partiebmasakonstitucio komisiaSi sarCelic Seitanesda axalgazrdulma jgufebma da organizaciebmademonstraciebi gamarTes. am kanonmdeblobasdRemde aqtiurad akritikeben adamianisuflebebis damcveli jgufebi evropaSi.aSSSeerTebul StatebSi droSis dawvasTandakavSirebul seriozul debatebs 1984 welsdaedo saTave, rodesac dalasSi, texasisStatSi respublikuri partiis erovnuliSekreba gaimarTa. gregori li jonsoni amSekrebasTan dakavSirebul saprotestodemonstraciaSi monawileobda. demonstraciismizani iyo reiganis administraciisa dadalasSi arsebuli ramdenime korporaciispolitikisadmi protestis gamoxatva. demonstrantebidalasis quCebSi politikuri`sloganebiT~ gamovidnen. isini ramdenimeadgilze gaCerdnen, raTa birTvuli omisSedegebis dramatizirebis mizniT sikvdilisinscenireba moexdinaT. demonstrantebmaramdenime adgilze Senobebs saRebavi Seasxesda quCaSi mdgari yvavilebis qoTnebi gadaatriales.aRniSnul qmedebebSi gregori lijonsons monawileoba ar miuRia. demonstraciadasrulda dalasis meriis Senobis win,sadac jonsonma demonstrantebis SeZaxilebisTanxlebiT SeerTebuli Statebis droSascecxli waukida da dawva. demonstraciisdros aravin daSavebula, Tumca iq myofiramdenime adamiani sakmaod SeuracxyofilidarCa droSis dawvis faqtiT. 100 demonstrantidanbrali mxolod jonsons wauyenes.texasis Statis kanonis safuZvelze, pativsacemiobieqtis (am SemTxvevaSi, droSis)SeuracxyofisaTvis sasamarTlom mas orwlianipatimroba miusaja da 2000 dolarianijarimis gadaxda daakisra. saapelacio sasamarTlomZalaSi datova pirveli instanciisgadawyvetileba, Tumca texasis uzenaesmasasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxelmwifos arhqonda ufleba, sisxlis samarTlebrivipasuxismgebloba daekisrebina jonsonisTvis,radgan droSis dawva iyo eqspresiuli qmedeba,romelic pirveli SesworebiT arisdaculi. Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom aseveaRniSna, rom kanoni ar iyo formulirebuliviwrod, mxolod im mizniT, rom daesajaTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)18
gregori li jonsonidroSis dawva, rac safrTxes Seuqmnidasazogadoebriv wesrigsa da simSvides.jonsonis mier droSis dawva ki sazogadoebriviwesrigis TvalsazrisiT safrTxes ar qmnida.mosarClem SeerTebuli Statis uzenaessasamarTlos mimarTa.uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad ganixilasakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad arisdaculi eqspresiuli qmedebebi konstituciispirveli SesworebiT, romelic sityvisa dapresis Tavisuflebis garantiebs adgens.sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTlebrenanma. kerZod, man aRniSna:,,jonsons sisxlis samarTlispasuxismgebloba daakisres droSisdawvisaTvis da ara sityvebisgamoTqmisaTvis. es faqti ramdenadmearTulebs Cvens mier jonsonispasuxismgeblobis gadaxedvis sakiTxs.Tavdapirvelad Cven undadavadginoT, aris Tu ara droSisdawva eqspresiuli qmedeba, romelsacpirveli Sesworeba icavs. Tuki esdadgindeba, Semdgom sasamarTlomiubrundeba im sakiTxs, Tu ramdenadSeeZlo Stats am gamoxatvisakrZalva. sityvasityviT, pirveliSesworeba krZalavs `sityvis~Tavisuflebis SezRudvas. Tumcauzenaes sasamarTlos mravaljeruRiarebia, rom pirveli SesworebiTdadgenili garantiebis moqmedeba armTavrdeba gamoTqmul an dawerilsityvaze. Cven davadgineT, romsaWiroa, qmedeba sakmarisadgajerebuli iyos komunikaciurielementebiT, raTa is pirveli dameToTxmete Sesworebebis dacvis qveSmoeqces. imis gadasawyvetad, Turamdenad saTanado komunikaciurelements Seicavs qmedeba, saWiroadadgindes, arsebobs Tu aragarkveuli `mesijis~ gadacemis mizanida imis albaToba, rom am qmedebismayurebeli pirebi `mesijs~adekvaturad gaigeben.~amis Semdeg sasamarTlom ganixila, Turamdenad amarTlebda Statis interesi _daecva droSa, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobisda eris mTlianobis simbolo _ jonsonisTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)19
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobaSimicemas. sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo isgaremoeba, rom eqspresiuli qmedeba ufrometad SeiZleba SeizRudos, vidre gamoTqmulisityvebi; Tumca, saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba,SezRudos garkveuli qmedeba mxolodimis gamo, rom is eqspresiul elementebsSeicavs. SezRudvis kanonierebis gansasazRvradmniSvneloba eniWeba ara gamoxatvis verbalurTu araverbalur xasiaTs, aramed saxelmwifosinteress, moawesrigos es qmedeba.amrigad, imis gasamarTleblad, rom jonsonissisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobaSeesabameboda konstitucias, saxelmwifosunda eCvenebina, rom moqmedebda legitimurimiznis misaRwevad da dasacavad, rac ar iyodakavSirebuli droSis dawviT gamoxatulpolitikur gancxadebasTan. mosarClem amsaqmeSi warmoadgina ori interesi: pirveli _sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva; da meore _droSis, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis daeris mTlianobis simbolos dacva. pirvelinteresTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos,rom am saqmeSi sazogadoebriv wesrigs safr-Txe ar Seqmnia. mxolod imis albaToba, romauditorias SesaZloa, Seuracxmyofelad mieRogamoxatva da amis gamo safrTxe Seqmnodasazogadoebriv wesrigs, arasakmarisi iyo gamoxatvisSesazRudad. sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom sityvis Tavisuflebis funqciaa diskusiisinicireba. am funqciam SesaZloa, miaRwiospiks maSin, rodesac igi iwvevs xalxis mRelvarebas,gabrazebas da qmnis ukmayofilebas:,,Cven ufleba ar migvicia mTavrobisTvis,rom provokaciuli ideis yovelgvarigamoxatva man areulobis gamomwvevadmiiCnios. amis nacvlad, saWiroa, romganxilul iqnes garemoebebi,romlebSic xdeba gamoxatva dadadgindes, mimarTulia Tu ara esgamoxatva ukanono qmedebis myisierigamowvevisken, an, Tundac, waqezebisken.rac Seexeba arguments, rom jonsonisdasja saWiro iyo droSis, rogorcsimbolos dasacavad, sasamarTloTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)20
adgens: jonsonis dasjaSi igulisxmeba,rom igi daisaja im politikurimesijis gamo, ris gamoxatvasac droSisdawviT cdilobda. dauSvebelia misidasja mxolod imitom, rom misi qmedebaSeuracxmyofelia; radgan saxelmwifosufleba ar aqvs, akrZalos anSezRudos gamoxatva mxolod imitom,rom sazogadoeba aseTi gamoxatviTSeuracxyofilia da mas miuRebladmiiCnevs. Tundac saxelmwifoebriobisiseTi centraluri simbolo, rogoricsaxelmwifo droSaa, ar dgasgamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze maRla.~am gadawyvetilebam amerikul sazogadoebaSidid diskusias daudo saTave. prezidentmabuSma ganacxada, rom sasamarTlo arasworadmoiqca da saxelmwifo droSis dasacavad,saWiro iyo kanonSi Sesworebis Setana. Sesabamisad,1989 wels kongresma miiRo kanoni,romelic dasjadad acxadebda SeerTebuliStatebis droSis ganzrax ganadgurebas,dagdebas, dawvas, iatakze an miwaze ganTavsebas,masze fexiT Sedgomas. rogorc Cans,arsebobda imedi, rom mosamarTleebi brenani,kenedi da skalia, romlebmac warmoadginessasamarTlo gadawyvetileba saqmeze texasijonsonis winaaRmdeg 1 , azrs Seicvlidnen dakanons ZalaSi datovebdnen. Tumca es imedebiar gamarTlda. saqmeSi SeerTebuli Statebiaixmanis winaaRmdeg 2 imave mosamarTleebmaantikonstituciurad cnes 1989 wlis kanoni.mosamarTle brenanma am gadawyvetilebaSiganacxada, rom kanonis realuri mizani komunikaciisda ideebis SezRudva iyo, radganaravin dainteresdeboda raime qsovilis _droSis bediT, romelic adamianebis sakuTrebaa;samagierod, am kanons gamoiyenebdnendroSis meSveobiT Cadenili eqspresiuliqmedebebis dasasjelad.dReisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi kvlavdaiwyo kampania droSis damcavi sakanonmdebloSesworebis misaRebad, rasac adamianisuflebebis damcavi jgufebi aqtiuradewinaaRmdegebian. 3 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,droSis dacvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtebiswardgena ramdenjerme warumatebeliaRmoCnda SeerTebuli Statebis kongresSi dasavaraudod, mis miRebas seriozuliperspeqtivebi ar gaaCnia.* * *dasasruls SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifosimboloebis ganadgurebiT moqalaqemSesaZloa, gamoxatos sakuTari kritikulidamokidebuleba xelisuflebis ama Tu imqmedebis mimarT. demokratiuli saxelmwifoki, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, pluralizmiswaxalisebazea orientirebuli, rac,pirvel rigSi, gansxvavebuli azris sxvadasxvaformiT gamoxatvisTvis xelsayreligaremos Seqmnas gulisxmobs.SeniSvnebi:1ix. `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba~, tomi I,Tavisuflebis instituti, <strong>2005</strong>.2United States v. Eichman. 496 US 310 (1990). DocketNumber: 89-1433. Abstract. Argued: May 14, 1990.Decided: June 11, 19903ixileT amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebis kavSirispeticia http://www.aclu.org/FreeSpeechFreeSpeech.cfm?ID=16355&c=50Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)21
`saxelmwifosazRvrebs gareSe~gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da interneti _amerikuli da evropuli praqtikainternetis gaCenasTan erTad informaciis miRebisa da gavrcelebismeTodebi radikalurad Seicvala. informaciis gadacemis yvelauwindeli saSualebisagan gansxvavebiT, internetis meSveobiT yvelas,visac aqvs kompiuteri da CarTulia qselSi SeuZlia, myisieraddaamyaros kavSiri adamianebTan mTels msoflioSi. internetiurTierTobis unikaluri saSualebaa. misi unikaluroba SemdegTvisebebSi vlindeba:globaluroba _ eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT SeiZleba,gavagzavnoT Setyobineba sxva kontinentze iseve advilad, rogorc,vTqvaT, mezobel SenobaSi. World Wide Web-is qseli xelmisawvdomsxdis aTasobiT gazeTsa Tu informaciis asiaTasobiT sxvawyaros mTels msoflioSi.decentralizacia _ interneti gamiznulia, rogorcdecentralizebuli saSualeba. igi moqmedebs im `sainformaciomodarajeebis~ gareSe, romlebic yovelTvis arian mauwyeblobaSi,sakabelo televiziasa da informaciis TanamgzavriT gadacemisas.yvela masala erTnairad xelmisawvdomia nebismieri adgilidan.saxelmwifo mowyobis an politikuri reJimis formas mniSvnelobaara aqvs.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)22
Riaoba – internetis meSveobiTkompiuterisa da modemis nebismierimflobeli SeiZleba, gaxdes gamomcemeli.telekomunikaciebis sferoSiadgilobrivi xelisuflebis miergatarebuli politika gansazRvravsinternetis xelmisawvdomobis siiafes.informaciuli resursebis Seqmnisa dagavrcelebisaTvis gasawevi xarjebi Zaliandabalia.informaciis siuxve _ internetSiinformaciis SeuzRudavi moculobissacavebi arsebobs. mauwyeblobissaSualebebisagan gansxvavebiT, internetiaraa damokidebuli SezRudulsixSireebze, romlebic nawildebaerTmaneTis konkurent mauwyeblebs Soris.kontroli momxmareblis mxridan _interneti momxmarebels gacilebiTfarTo arCevans sTavazobs, vidresakabelo televizia an mokletalRovaniradio. momxmarebeli SeiZleba,mogzaurobdes saitidan saitzesainformacio resursis momwodeblisa anprovaideris miuxedavad. individualurmamomxmarebelma SeiZleba, gamoiyenosSetyobinebebis daSifvris sakuTariteqnologia.msoflios yvela qveyanaSi cdilobeninternetis kontrolisa da regulirebisarsenalis gazrdas. meTodebi mravalgvaria:pirdapiri TvalTvali, dosieebis Sekreba,interaqtiuroba _ interneti ormxrivkavSirzea gamiznuli. internetis yvelamomxmarebeli SeiZleba iyos rogorcoratori, aseve msmeneli. internetisaSualebas iZleva, ganxorcieldesinformaciis aqtiuri gacvlaerTidan meorisken, erTidanbevrisken da bevridanerTisken.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)23
arasasurveli veb-gverdebis daxurva an maTixelmisawvdomobis SezRudva. lamazi sityvebisukan (rogoricaa magaliTad, wesrigisdamyarebis aucilebloba) imaleba xelisufalTasurvili _ `daicvas~ mosaxleoba`negatiuri informaciisagan~ da aRkveTosnebismieri opoziciuri gamovlineba. samwuxarod,yvelaferi es adamianTa uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis Selaxvis xarjze xdeba. asemagaliTad, CineTsa da indoeTSi saxelmwifoawarmoebs im moqalaqeTa registracias, romlebsacaqvT internetTan dakavSirebisSesaZlebloba, aseve blokaven arasasurvelsaitebs. amas garda CineTSi saxelmwifosmxridan waxalisebulia momxmareblis miersaxelmwifosaTvis pornosaitebis misamarTebismiwodebis praqtika, maTi Semdgomi blokirebismizniT. indoeTSi cdilobdnen internetkafeebismomxmareblebis registraciisSemoRebas, Tumca uSedegod. zog qveyanaSimiiRes kanonebi, romlebic krZalavsgarkveuli xasiaTis masalebis gavrcelebasinternetis meSveobiT. sxvebi cdilobeninternetis xelmisawvdomobis gakontrolebasda moiTxoven saxelmwifos SigniT informaciisdamfiltravi `brandmauerebis~ (Suamavaliserverebis) dayenebas. aris qveynebi, sadacxelisuflebis mier waxalisebulia TviTkontrolisgarkveuli formebi, romelicsinamdvileSi gamiznulia provaideris mierklientis saqcielis gasakontroleblad.interneti Slis barierebs informaciis nakadisTavisuflad gavrcelebis gzaze, is yvelasxva teqnologiaze ukeT iZleva saxelmwifosazRvrebis gadalaxvis saSualebas, anu avrcelebsinformacias da ideebs saxelmwifosazRvrebis miuxedavad. uneburad gaxsendebaadamianis uflebaTadeklaraciis me-19 muxli.swored am muxlSi Camoyalibebuliuflebis realizaciissrulfasovan SesaZleblobasiZleva interneti:,,yovel adamiansaqvs ufleba,Tavisuflad gamoxatossakuTari azri; esufleba moicavsadamianis Tavisuflebas,daubrkolebladmisdevdes Tavismrwamss da moiZios,miiRos da gaavrcelosinformacia da ideebinebismierisaSualebebiT,saxelmwifo sazRvrebismiuxedavad~.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)24
es teqnologia aramarto WeSmaritad globaluria_ is, informaciis, xelovnebis nawarmoebisda sxva inteleqtualuri masalis Seqmnasada gavrcelebaze kontrols calkeuladamianebs gadascems.Tu gaviTvaliswinebT adamianis uflebebisada Tavisuflebebisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSorisoda regionuli dokumentebis formulirebebs,xelisufalTa qmedebebi internetTanmimarTebaSi uTuod SeiZleba gasaCivrdessaerTaSoriso samarTlis normebidan gamomdinare.interneti ar cnobs sazRvrebs,amitom cneba `saxelmwifo sazRvrebismiuxedavad~, romelic figurirebs adamianisuflebebis umniSvnelovanes dokumentebSi,axlebur gaazrebas saWiroebs. maSin, rodesacnebismieri adamiani SeiZleba gaxdes gamomcemeli,informaciis gavrcelebis ufleba axalazrs iZens, vinaidan erT qveyanaSi moqmedmacenzuram SeiZleba, daarRvios meore qveyanaSiadamianis mier informaciis gavrcelebis damiRebis ufleba.internetis decentralizebulobis meSveobiTxelisuflebis mxridan internetis kontrolisbevri saSualeba naklebefeqturi da uazrocki xdeba, radgan momxmarebeli amgvarikontrolisagan Tavis daRwevis bevr meTodsflobs. amasTan erTad, imis gamo, rom momxmarebelimimarTavs teqnikuri saSualebebiskontrols, saxelmwifos mxridan kontrolizogjer aucileblobas aRar warmoadgens.magaliTad, mSoblebs SeuZliaT, Tavad miiRonzomebi sakuTari Svilebis dasacavad. es zomebiSeiZleba moicavdes kontrols, swavlebas daTu es aucilebeli xdeba, gamfiltravi programulisaSualebebis gamoyenebas. amasTan,Tu gaviTvaliswinebT internetis usazRvromoculobas, saxelmwifos Carevis naklebisafuZveli arsebobs samarTlianobis an vinmesreputaciis dacvis mizniT. kargi ideebi imdenadvrceldeba, ramdenadac isini amas imsaxurebs.SeiZleba, magaliTad, Secdomis gasworebada dauyovneblivi pasuxis gacemis uflebisgamoyeneba. swored amitom, internetismeSveobiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas arsebulidanyvelaze srulyofili `ideaTa Tavisufalibazari~, rac xels uwyobs demokratiiswinsvlasa da sxva sasargeblo miznebisganxorcielebas saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe.amerikuli da evropuli midgomebiamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlosmier 1997 wels miRebul RirsaxsovargadawyvetilebaSi, saqmeze reno ACLU-swinaaRmdeg aRiarebulia, rom kongresis miergatarebuli zomebi internetSi uxamsi anaSkarad Seuracxmyofeli masalebis akrZalvismizniT arakonstituciuria, konstituciispirveli Sesworebidan gamomdinare. 1amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kanonmdeblobismixedviT, `uxamsoba~ samarTlebrivi terminia,romelic gamoiyeneba aSkarad seqsualurimasalis mimarT da igi SeiZleba, aikrZaloskonstituciis normebidan gamomdinare. magaliTad,Tavisi arsiT uxamsi da ukanonoa bav-SvTa pornografia. meores mxriv, uxamsi anaSkarad Seuracxmyofeli pornografiulimasala konstituciurad daculia zrdasruladamianebTan mimarTebaSi.saqmeSi reno ACLU-s winaaRmdeg sasamarTlommiiCnia, rom interneti _,,mTels msoflioSi adamianebisurTierTobis unikaluri da sruliadaxali saSualebaa, romlis sainformacioresursebi iseve mravalferovania,rogorc adamianis azrovneba~.sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom es sa-Sualeba Zalian maRal doneze unda iyos da-Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)25
culi da rom kanonis formulirebebi arasakmarisadkonkretulia, raTa daakmayofilossaxelmwifos interesi bavSvTa dasacavad.Tavis mkafiod Camoyalibebul reziumeSi,romelic kargad axasiaTebs amerikul midgomasam sakiTxisadmi, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom,,demokratiul sazogadoebaSi azrisgamoxatvis Tavisuflebis waxalisebisinteresi gadaswonis nebismier jerdaumtkicebel Teoriul mosazrebas,romelic cenzuris sargeblianobasamtkicebs.~im dros, rodesac aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTloaxdenda Tavisi gadawyvetilebis formulirebassaqmeze reno ACLU-s winaaRmdeg,miunhenelma prokurorebma brali dasdesprovaideruli samsaxuris _ CompuServe-isgermanuli ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelsfeliqs zoms kanonsawinaaRmdego masalebisgavrcelebaSi Tanamonawileobis gamo. zomigaasamarTles da damnaSaved cnes imis gamo,rom man kompuservis abonentebisaTvis xelmisawvdomigaxada sami tipis masalebi:gviCvenebs germaniisa da aSS-is sasamarTloebisgansxvavebul midgomebs kibersivrcisreglamentirebisadmi, zog SemTxvevaSikontrasti arcTu ise mkveTria. miuxedavadimisa, rom reno ACLU-s winaaRmdeg saqmemmniSvnelovani precedenti Seqmna, aSS-iskongresi ar wyvetda internetis masalebisSinaarsis reglamentirebis mcdelobebs.grZeldeba sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba,romelic Tavs axvevs skolebs da sajarobiblioTekebs safiltracio programulisaSualebebis gamoyenebis moTxovnas.aSS-Si sasamarTlo devnas internetSiaSkarad seqsualuri masalebis gavrcelebiswinaaRmdegac hqonda adgili. gemaniaSi kimiiRes sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic garkveulvaldebulebebs akisrebda provaiderebs,raTa maT gaekontrolebinaT sainformacioresursebi. magram kanoni ar gulisxmobdaprovaiderebis pasuxismgeblobas im masalebisSinaarsis gamo, romelTac provaiderebimxolod ganaTavseben, amitom, zomis zemoTxsenebuli sabraldebulo ganaCeni gasaCivrda,rogorc axali kanonisadmi Seusabamo.axali ambebi, romelic Seicavdamasalebs bavSvTa pornografiis Sesaxebda aSkarad seqsualur scenebs;internetis momavali da adamianisuflebaTa saerTaSoriso principebikompiuteruli TamaSi, romelic xotbasasxamda hitlers da Seicavda nacistursimbolikas;kompiuteruli TamaSebi ZaladobisscenebiT.zomis devna sasamarTlos mier provaiderebisqmedebebis gamoZiebis kampaniis kulminaciagaxda, ramac ramdenime provaiderisaTviszogierTi saitis xelmisawvdomoba SezRuda.miuxedavad imisa, rom es ori magaliTiramdenad Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTasaerTaSoriso principebs zemoT ganxiluligansxvavebuli midgomebi. cifruliteqnologiebis Suqze adamianis uflebaTafuZemdeblur dokumentebSi mocemuliformulirebebi SesaniSnavad esadageba internetisfunqcionirebas. adamianis uflebaTasayovelTao deklaraciis me-19 muxlSinaxmari gamoTqma _ `nebismieri saSualebiT~aSkarad Seesatyviseba azris gamoxatvisTavisuflebas internetis saSualebiT.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)26
informaciis `moZiebis~ da `gavrcelebis~ufleba, rogorc Cans, pirdapir kavSirSiainternetSi `mogzaurobasTan~ da informaciebissaitebze gadagzavnasTan, raTa is sayovelTaodxelmisawvdomi gaxdes. informaciis`miRebis~ ufleba ki moicavs mis gacvlaseleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT dainformaciis atvirTvas.imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT internetis mimarTazris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sayovelTaodaRiarebuli principis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba,SeiZleba mivmarToT precedentulisamarTlis normebs, romlebic SemuSavebuliaadamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTaevropis konvenciis me-10 muxlis safuZvelze.adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebebi safuZvlianad amyarebsmosazrebas, rom azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebainternetis saSualebiT dacvis umaRlesixarisxiT unda iyos uzrunvelyofili.aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos msgavsad, evropissasamarTlom mkafiod mianiSna, rom me-10 muxliTaRiarebuli azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebisprincipi, sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZlebaiqnes gamoyenebuli masobrivi informaciissxvadasxva saSualebebis mimarT. daSvebuliSezRudvebis xasiaTi da xarisxi damokidebuliakonkretuli masobrivi informaciissaSualebis xasiaTze. kerZod, rodesac xdebagadawyvetilebis miReba me-10 muxlisdebulebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb,,mniSvnelovani faqtoria, Sefasdesgansaxilveli saSualebis potenciurigavlena~. 2sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom masalebi, romlebicar SeiZleba gadaices mauwyeblobis meSveobiT,ar aris aucilebeli, aikrZalos presaSic.interneti, Tavisi Zalmosilebis miuxedavadgamoirCeva zemoqmedebis kidev ufronaklebad uSualo, naklebad wamqezeblurixasiaTiT. ase magaliTad, xalxis masis winwarmoTqmulma Seuracxmyofelma an mgznebaresityvam SeiZleba, safrTxe Seuqmnas sazogadoebrivwesrigs, magram igive Sinaarsis masalaSeiZleba, ar warmoadgendes raime safrTxesinternetSi, sadac mkiTxvelebi gafantulniarian sivrceSi da SesaZloa, droSic.internetis elementebis unikaluroba moiTxovsim ori koncefciis axleburad gaazrebas,romelic sasamarTlos mier me-10 muxlisSefasebas udevs safuZvlad. jer erTi, romgamoxatvis SezRudvisaTvis saWiroa calkeuliqveynebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba,meores mxriv, yovelgvari SezRudva undaiyos `aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~.pirveli principi internetTanmimarTebaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,radgan am saSualebisaTvis saxelmwifosazRvrebi ar arsebobs. amitom, saxelmwifosmxridan SezRudvis zomebi ver iqnebaefeqturi. zogierT saqmeebSi adamianisuflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom uari Tqva,eRiarebina akrZalva garkveuli masalebispublikaciaze, Tu Sesabamisi informaciismiReba sxva saSualebebiT SeuZlebeli iyo.termin `aucilebelia~-s ganmarteba internetsuSualod exeba, radgan Tuki saxelmwifoan provaideri xuravs romelime saits,misi (saitis) masalebis dublireba xSiradxdeba sxva saitebze, romlebsac saxelmwifoan provaideri ver akontrolebs.eWvgareSea, rom odesme arsebul masobrivi informaciissaSualebebs Soris interneti yvelazepluralisturia. misi mravalferovneba,Riaoba da masalebis siuxve gvaiZulebs axleburadSevxedoT konfliqts azris gamoxatvisTavisuflebasa da rasistuli da antidemokratiuligamonaTqvamebis SezRudvas Soris.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)27
daskvnaodesRac iTvleboda, rom saxelmwifosxelewifeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiskontroli sakuTari sazRvrebis farglebSi.Sesabamisad, Tu konkretul qveyanaSiaris SezRudvebis safuZvlebi, is vrceldebarogorc adgilobriv, ise ucxour masalebze,Tundac isini sakuTar qveyanaSi kanonis safuZvelzeiyos gamocemuli. Tu germaniaSivinmes unda gaavrcelos an hqondes sakuTarimoxmarebisaTvis Jurnali, romelic kanonieradaris dabeWdili niderlandebSi, aRniSnuligamocema mainc germaniaSi arsebulinormebis safuZvelze fasdeba. magram esdoqtrina, aSkara winaaRmdegobaSiaterminTan `saxelmwifo sazRvrebismiuxedavad~.erT-erTi mTavari faqtori, romelic uzrunvelyofsazris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasinternetis saSualebiT aris is, rom infor-Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)28
macia aRar aris mibmuli fizikur obieqtebzean geografiul punqtebze. amitom, arc xelisuflebas,arc gamomcemlobas aRara aqvTinformaciis kontrolis is saSualebebi,romlebsac isini Cveulebriv iyenebdnen.rogorc aRniSna mosamarTle martensma(Martens) saqmeSi obzerveri da gardianigaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 3,,dRevandel informaciis saukuneSisaxelmwifo sazRvrebs aRar ZaluZTinformaciisa da ideebis SeCereba~.moamzadafridon sayvareliZemSeniSvnebi:1saqme Reno v ACLU SeiZleba ixiloTmisamarTze: http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/iclp/reno.html2adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlossaqmeTa sruli teqstebis gacnobaSesaZlebelia veb gverdze:http://hudoc.echr.coe.int HUDOC-is Zebnissistemis meSveobiT. sakmarisia SesabamisgrafaSi SevitanoT saqmis dasaxeleba,aplikaciis nomeri, ganaCenis gamotanisTariRi, an nebismieri sxva miTiTebuliinformacia.3ix. `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba~, tomi I,Tavisuflebis instituti, <strong>2005</strong>.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)29
kote kublaSvilisasamarTlodacvisZiriTadi uflebagagrZeleba. dasawyisi ix. `Tavisufleba~ #2(38)3. m. 40 - udanaSaulobis prezumfciarogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTvelos konstitucia me-40 muxliTaRiarebs Tavisufal adamiansa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobaTaganmsazRvrel erT-erT umniSvnelovanes princips _ udanaSaulobisprezumfcias. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 42-e muxliT konstituciaaRiarebs samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTad uflebas damis Semadgenel im calkeul uflebebsa Tu principebs, romlebicadamianis saproceso uflebaTa ZiriTadi birTvia, zRudavs saxelmwifoxelisuflebas da adgens pirovnebisa da xelisuflebisurTierTobis safuZvlebs. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciada gabatonebuli samarTlebrivi Sexeduleba udanaSaulobisprezumfcias miiCnevs samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebisarsebiT, ganuyofel Semadgenel nawilad da erT-erT fundamenturprincipad, xolo saqarTvelos konstitucia xazs usvams am principisgansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da calke, damoukidebelimuxliT aRiarebs mas (m. 40). amave dros, konstitucia iziarebsTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)30
evropuli konvenciis midgomasac, radganme-40 muxliT aRiarebuli udanaSaulobisprezumfcia konstituciur-samarTlebrivad42-e muxliT gansazRvruli samarTlianisasamarTlos uflebis erT-erTi Ziri-Tadi komponentia.konstituciis me-40 muxlis mixedviT:1. adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba,vidre misi damnaSaveoba ardamtkicdeba kanoniT dadgeniliwesiT da kanonier ZalaSi SesulisasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT.2. aravin ar aris valdebuli, amtkicosTavisi udanaSauloba. braldebismtkicebis movaleoba ekisrebabralmdebels.3. dadgenileba braldebulis saxiTpiris pasuxisgebaSi micemis Sesaxeb,sabraldebo daskvna dagamamtyunebeli ganaCeni undaemyarebodes mxolod utyuarmtkicebulebebs. yovelgvari eWvi,romelic ver dadasturdeba kanoniTdadgenili wesiT, unda gadawydesbraldebulis sasargeblod.~udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principiganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsiTac, romelicafarToebs konstituciis me-40 muxlisdebulebis Sinaarss da acxadebs, rombraldebuls ufleba aqvs, uari Tqvasbraldebaze, xolo kanoniT dadgeniliwesiT daudasturebeli eWvi undagadawydes ara marto braldebulis, aramedeWvmitanilis sasargeblodac. 1zemoaRniSnuli debulebebidan gamomdinare,cxadi xdeba, rom udanaSaulobis prezumfciamoqmedebs piris dakavebis momentidansisxlissamarTlebrivi ganxilvis mTeliperiodis ganmavlobaSi. gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovania sasamarTlo stadia, radgannebismieri SeniSvna, romelsac mosamarTlegaakeTebs saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebis anpiris gamarTlebis dros, udanaSaulobisprezumfciis darRvevad CaiTvleba. gardaamisa, marTalia, es principi ZiriTadsaproceso garantias warmoadgens, magrammisi moqmedebisa da gamoyenebis sferogacilebiT farToa. udanaSaulobis prezumfciisdacva Tanabrad savaldebuloarogorc sisxlis samarTlis procesismonawile yvela saxelmwifo organosa damosamarTlisaTvis, ise nebismieri sxvasaxelmwifo organosa da TanamdebobispirisaTvis. anu, iseve rogorc mosamarTleebiTavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebisasar unda eyrdnobodnen winaswar Camoyalibebulazrs braldebulisa Tu gansasjelismimarT, sxva saxelmwifo organoTa Tanamdebobispirebic ar unda gamoTqvamdnenmosazrebebs piris braleulobis Sesaxeb.udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevadunda CaiTvalos iseTi SemTxvevebic,rodesac sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobisasan mis dawyebamde qveyndebamikerZoebuli da araobieqturi sagazeTopublikaciebi, sadac braldebuli ukvedamnaSaved aris Seracxuli. am drossaxelmwifos valdebulebaa, braldebulsSeuqmnas yvela piroba imisaTvis, rom manaseve presis saSualebiT gaabaTilossagazeTo publikaciebis argumentebi.me-40 muxliT adamiani ar aris daculisaxelmwifos im moqmedebebisagan,Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)31
omlebic Tan sdevs sisxlissamarTlebrivdevnas (magaliTad, winaswari dakaveba andapatimreba). magram udanaSaulobisprezumfcia icavs adamians sxva pirTa mierCadenili danaSaulis gamo pasuxismgeblobisdakisrebisagan. garda amisa, udanaSaulobisprezumfciis erT-erTi ZiriTadielementi _ `yovelgvari eWvi _ braldebulissasargeblod~ (in dubio pro reo) _ erTerTiumTavresi kriteriumia mtkicebulebaTaSefasebisas. mosamarTle valdebulia,ar aRiaros iseTi faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebisutyuaroba, rodesac neitralurimxridan obieqturi Sefasebisas rCeba ammtkicebulebaTa utyuarobis eWvi.adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosmravalwliani praqtika adasturebsudanaSaulobis prezumfciis zemoaRniSnulSinaarss. upirveles yovlisa, sasamar-Tlo xazs usvams, rom udanaSaulobisprezumfcia samarTliani sasamarTloganxilvis uflebis Semadgeneli nawilia, 2da acxadebs, rom am principis dacvaevaleba yvela saxelmwifo organosa daTanamdebobis pirs. saqmeSi alene deribemoni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg 3 sasamar-Tlom konvenciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtisdarRvevad miiCnia Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisada kriminaluri policiis direqtorisgancxadeba, romlebmac qalbatoniribemoni mkvlelobis Tanamonawiled dawamqezeblad moixsenies, Tumca am drosqalbaton ribemons oficialurad jerkidev ar hqonda wayenebuli brali da,Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ganxilvac ar iyodawyebuli.udanaSaulobis prezumfciis dacva saWiroagamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotanis drosac.evropulma sasamarTlom udanaSaulobisprezumfciis darRvevad miiCnia avstriiserovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebada aRniSna, rom, roca gamotanilia gamamarTlebeliganaCeni, dauSvebelia erovnulisasamarTlo eyrdnobodes piris braleulobiseWvs da am safuZvliT uari uTxrasmas kompensaciaze. evropulma sasamarTlomxazi gausva, rom, radgan piri gaamarTlesudanaSaulobis prezumfciis principissafuZvelze, anu imis gamo, rom yvela eWvigadawyda misi, rogorc braldebulissasargeblod, erovnulma sasamarTlom arSeiZleba ar daakmayofilos piris moTxovnaim safuZvliT, TiTqos mainc `arsebobseWvi piris braleulobis Sesaxeb~. 4 evropulmasasamarTlom aseve daadgina udanaSaulobisprezumfciis principis darRvevasaqmeSi mineli Sveicariis winaaRmdeg, 5romelSic Jurnalisti sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisgareSe daajarimes ciliswamebisaTvisim safuZvliT, rom igive braldebiTsxva Jurnalists sasamarTlom jarimisgadaxda daakisra. sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom, roca adamians ar eZleva samarTlebrividacvis saSualeba, es niSnavsudanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevas.evropulma sasamarTlom gaafarTova amprincipis moqmedebis sfero da ganacxada,rom zog SemTxvevaSi igi vrceldeba samoqalaqosaqmeebzec, romlebsac sasamarTloganixilavs `sisxlissamarTlebrivis~ konteqstSi(aRniSnulis erT-erTi magaliTiSeiZleba iyos profesiul saqmianobasTandakavSirebuli disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba).6 garda amisa, sasamarTlomgaiTvaliswina udanaSaulobis prezumf-Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)32
ciis is komponenti, romliTac igi icavsadamians sxva piris mier Cadenili danaSaulisgamo pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaganda saqmeSi a. p., m. p. da T. p. SveicariiswinaaRmdeg 7 am principis darRvevad miiCniasaxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesabamisiorganoebis moqmedeba. am organoebmajarimis gadaxda daakisres fizikur pirebs,romlebsac daqiravebuli hqondaT impirTa sacxovrebeli binebi, romlebicdamnaSaved cnes gadasaxadebis gadaxdisaganTavis aridebis gamo.udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principisdarRvevad iTvleba nebismieri SemTxveva,rodesac xelyofilia misi erT-erTiZiriTadi komponenti, romelic acxadebs:`braldebis mtkicebis movaleoba ekisrebabralmdebels.~ upirveles yovlisa, esniSnavs, rom aravin ar aris valdebuli,amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba (me-40 muxlisme-2 punqtis pirveli winadadeba).aqedan gamomdinare, udanaSaulobis prezumfciisdarRveva iqneba nebismieriSemTxveva, rodesac sasamarTlomtkicebis tvirTs braldebis mxridangadaitans dacvis mxareze dagadawyvetilebas daasabuTebs imiT,rom braldebulma ver daamtkicaTavisi udanaSauloba. evropulmasasamarTlom swored am nawilisda, Sesabamisad, udanaSaulobisprezumfciis principis darRvevadaafiqsira saqmeSi telfneriavstriis winaaRmdeg 8 da ganacxada,rom sasamarTlos wevrebiTavisi movaleobis Sesrulebasar unda Seudgnen winaswarCamoyalibebuli azriT, romgansasjelma Caidina misTvis braladSeracxuli danaSauli, maT unda axsovdeT,rom braldebis mtkicebis tvirTi ekisrebabraldebis mxares da yoveli eWvi undagadawydes braldebulis sasargeblod;udanaSaulobis prezumfcia irRveva imSemTxvevaSi, roca mtkicebis tvirTi gadataniliabraldebis mxridan dacvis mxareze.gansaxilvel saqmeSi erovnulma sasamarTloebma,romlebmac ver daadgines primafacie damajerebeli SemTxveva braldebulissawinaaRmdegod, mtkicebis tvirTibraldebis mxridan gadaitanes dacvismxareze, riTac daarRvies udanaSaulobisprezumfciis principi.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)33
4. m. 42, p. 4 - erTi da imavedanaSaulisaTvis orjer dasjisdauSvebloba (ne bis in idem)ne bis in idem, anu erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvisorjer dasjis dauSvebloba asevesaproceso ZiriTadi ufleba da erT-erTiuZvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebriviprincipia. saqarTvelos konstituciaaRiarebs am princips 42-e muxlis me-4punqtiT, romlis mixedviTac, `aravis arSeiZleba ganmeorebiT daedos msjavrierTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis~.aRniSnuli uflebiT daculia nebismierifizikuri piri, miuxedavad misi moqalaqeobisaTu moqalaqeobis arqonisa. daculisikeTe aris erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvisorjer dasjis dauSvebloba. `erTi daigive danaSauli~ niSnavs warsulSiarsebul garemoebebs, romelTa safuZvelzecaRiZra da sasamarTlom ganixilasisxlis samarTlis saqme, xolo sasamarTloganaCenis mixedviT, konkretuli braldebulipiri cnobil iqna damnaSaved anTanamonawiled. anu mocemuli principisamoqmedebis aucilebeli winapirobaakanonis safuZvelze miRebuli da kanonierZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos ganaCenisarseboba. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT axaligaremoebebis gaCena, magaliTad, danaSaulisCadenisaTvis piris dasjidan garkveulidrois Semdeg, danaSaulis msxverplisjanmrTelobis gauareseba an misi gardacvaleba,ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqmisganaxlebis da am `axali~ danaSaulisaTvispiris dasjis safuZvlad. dasjili pirisaTvisdamatebiTi an ufro mkacri sasjelisdakisreba dauSvebelia da ewinaaRmdegebaprincips ne bis in idem. im SemTxvevaSi,rodesac sisxlissamarTlebriv sasjelTanerTad pirs daekisreba disciplinuri sasjelic,magram orive saxis sasjelis safuZvelierTi da igive danaSaulia, aseve saxezegvaqvs ne bis in idem principis darRveva.ne bis in idem principi moqmedebs im SemTxvevaSic,Tu sasamarTlom gamoitana pirisgamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba. dauSvebeliaimave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT axalisaqmis aRZvra da sisxlissamarTlebrividevna. es dadasturebulia saqarTvelossisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis28-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `m~ qvepunqtiT,romlis mixedviTac, sisxlis samarTlissaqme ar SeiZleba aRiZras, xolo aRZruliunda Sewydes, Tu `arsebobs kanonier ZalaSiSesuli ganaCeni imave braldebis gamo andasasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) ganCineba (dadgenileba)imave braldebiT aRZruli sisxlissamarTlis saqmis Sewyvetis Taobaze~. gamonaklisiaSemTxveva, roca saqmeSi gamoikve-Teba da warmoiSoba axali garemoebebi,romelTa samarTlebrivi ganxilva da Sefasebaar momxdara sasamarTlo procesze.ne bis in idem principis amoqmedebis aucilebelwinapirobaSi, romlis mixedviTacunda arsebobdes sasamarTlos kanonierZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeni, igulisxmeba, romes unda iyos saqarTvelos sasamarTloebisgadawyvetileba. anu sxva saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebisgadawyvetilebaTa arsebobaar iwvevs ne bis in idem principis amoqmedebasda pirs SeiZleba, daekisros pasuxismgeblobasaqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT imdanaSaulisaTvis, romelic man ucxosaxelmwifoSi Caidina. amas adasturebsTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)34
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi,romelic acxadebs, rom `saqarTvelosmoqalaqes, agreTve saqarTveloSi mudmivadmcxovreb moqalaqeobis armqone pirs,romlebmac sazRvargareT Caidines amkodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi qmedeba,romelic danaSaulad iTvleba im saxelmwifoskanonmdeblobiT, sadac is Cadenilia,sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobadaekisrebaT am kodeqsiT~. 942-e muxlis me-4 punqtis teqstidan kargadCans, rom ne bis in idem principi absoluturaduzrunvelyofilia, anu konstituciaar adgens am principis SemzRudav farglebs.Sesabamisad, am principis nebismieridarRveva antikonstituciuria da SeuZlebeliamisi konstituciur-samarTlebrivigamarTleba raime safuZvliT.5. m. 42, p. 5 _ araviTari sasjelikanonis gareSe (nulla poenasine lege), kanonis ukuZalabis in idem (sityvasityviT: araviTarisasjeli kanonis gareSe) niSnavs adamianisdasjis dauSveblobas im moqmedebisaTvis,romelic misi Cadenis dros kanoniT ar iyogansazRvruli samarTaldarRvevad.saqarTvelos konstitucia am princips,romelic, imavdroulad, saprocesoZiriTad uflebas warmoadgens, 42-e muxlisme-5 punqtiT aRiarebs: `aravin ar agebspasuxs im qmedobisaTvis, romelic misiCadenis dros samarTaldarRvevad ariTvleboda~. es principi aseve aRiarebuliasaqarTvelos sisxlis samarTliskodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawiliT,romlis mixedviTac, `qmedebis danaSaulebriobada dasjadoba ganisazRvreba sisxlissamarTlis kanoniT, romelic moqmedebdamisi Cadenis dros~.aRniSnuli ZiriTadi uflebiT daculiayvela fizikuri piri, agreTve kerZosamarTlis iuridiuli pirebi. garda amisa,am ZiriTad uflebas safuZvlad udevssamarTlebrivi saxelmwifos samiumniSvnelovanesi principi:a) nulla poena sine legekanonierebis umniSvnelovanesi principi nekanonierebisprincipikanonisaraorazrovnebisada gansazRvrulobisprincipisisxlis samarTliskanonis ukuZalisprincipikanonierebis principis mixedviT, sisxlissamarTlis danaSaulis saxeebi da sasjelimxolod kanoniT unda ganisazRvros; sasjelisgamoyeneba unda moxdes aseve mxolodkanonis safuZvelze, romelic, Tavismxriv, miRebuli da amoqmedebulia konstituciiTada kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilisakanonmdeblo normebis dacviT.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)35
kanonis araorazrovnebisa da gansazRvrulobisprincipi kanonmdeblisagan moiTxovsgasagebi, araorazrovani da konkretulisisxlissamarTlebrivi normebisdadgenas, raTa moqalaqeTaTvis SesaZlebeliiyos kanonis normaTa gageba da amnormaTa Sesabamisad moqmedeba. dauSvebeliasisxlis samarTlis sferoSi analogiisgamoyeneba piris sazianod, Tumca aRsaniSnavia,rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTliskodeqsSi dasaSvebadaa miCneuli analogiapiris sasargeblod, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldessamosamarTleo samarTalSemoqmedebiT,romelsac safuZvlad SeiZlebadaedos kodeqsis 32-e da 38-e muxlebiTaRiarebuli marTlwinaaRmdegobisgamomricxveli da bralis gamomricxvelizekanonuri garemoebebi. 10kanonis araorazrovnebisa da gansazRvrulobisprincipis sawinaaRmdego iqneba,magaliTad, kanonis aseTi norma: `yvelaqmedeba, romelic ar Seesabameba zneobisnormebs, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT~.kanonis ukuZalis principis gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba gaiTvaliswina konstituciiskanonmdebelma da 42-e muxlis me-5punqtis meore winadadebiT aRiara igi:`kanons, Tu is ar amsubuqebs an ar auqmebspasuxismgeblobas, ukuZala ara aqvs~. esprincipi srulad aisaxa da ganimartasaqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTliskodeqsis me-3 muxlSi:`1. sisxlis samarTlis kanons, romelicauqmebs qmedebis danaSaulebriobas, amsubuqebssasjels an sxvagvarad aumjobesebsdamnaSavis mdgomareobas, aqvs ukuZala.sisxlis samarTlis kanons, romelicawesebs qmedebis danaSaulebriobas,amkacrebs sasjels an sxvagvarad auaresebsdamnaSavis mdgomareobas, ukuZala ara aqvs.2. Tu axali sisxlis samarTlis kanoniamsubuqebs sasjels qmedebisaTvis, romlisgamoc damnaSave mas ixdis, es sasjeli undaSemcirdes am sisxlis samarTlis kanonissanqciis farglebSi.3. Tu danaSaulis Cadenidan ganaCenisgamotanamde sisxlis samarTlis kanoniramdenjerme Seicvala, gamoiyenebayvelaze msubuqi kanoni~.konstituciis zemoaRniSnuli debulebidanda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlidanikveTeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovanigaremoeba, kerZod, Tu axali kanoni sxvagvaradaumjobesebs an sxvagvarad auaresebsdamnaSavis mdgomareobas, maSin axal kanonsukuZala eqneba. magaliTad, Tu axalmakanonma daawesa xandazmulobis an nasamar-Tlobis gaqarwylebis axali vadebi an gansxvavebuliwesi, ukuZala eqneba axal normebs,imisda miuxedavad, amsubuqebs Tuamkacrebs igi piris mdgomareobas. es wesisavsebiT Seesabameba konstituciis 42-emuxlis me-5 punqtis debulebas, radgandanaSaulis Camden pirs konstitucia dasisxlis samarTlis kanoni garantiasaZlevs mxolod or SemTxvevaSi. Tu:a) qmedebis danaSaulebriobis dawesebasqmedebis Cadenis Semdeg ar aqvsukuZala;b) qmedebis dasjadobis gamkacrebasqmedebis Cadenis Semdeg ar aqvs ukuZala.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)36
yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi sisxlis samarTliskanons ukuZala aqvs.aRniSnul saproceso ZiriTad uflebaSiCareva dauSvebelia. konstitucia ar adgensam ZiriTadi uflebis SezRudvis raimesafuZvels. igi absoluturad uzrunvelyofiliZiriTadi uflebaa. aseve ar arsebobsam ZiriTadi uflebis koliziuri konstituciuriufleba an samarTlebrivi sikeTe.b) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo dandobis dacvis principikanonis ukuZalis konstituciur princip-Tan erTad aucilebelia samarTlebrivisaxelmwifos erT-erTi ZiriTadi principis_ ndobis dacvis _ ganxilva. es principikonkretulad ar aris miTiTebuli konstituciisromelime muxlSi, magram igisamarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principiserT-erTi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilia,romelic, Tavis mxriv, konstituciiT Seqmniliaxali qarTuli saxelmwifos safuZvelswarmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare,Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia Tavad samar-Tlebrivi saxelmwifos Sinaarsis mokledganxilva da misi mniSvnelobis warmoCena.saqarTvelos konstituciis arc erTimuxli ar Seicavs uSualo miTiTebassamarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principze,magram sakonstitucio samarTali Sedgebaara marto konstituciaSi uSualod mocemulidebulebebisagan, aramed agreTve amdebulebebis Semkvreli, SinaarsobrivadmaTi gamaerTianebeli sayovelTao principebisada ideebisagan, romlebic kanonmdebelmaar daakonkreta arc erT winadadebaSi.saqarTvelos konstituciis mieraRiarebul erT-erT aseT ZiriTad principsganekuTvneba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosprincipi.yvelaze mokle da <strong>marti</strong>vi ganmartebiT,samarTlebrivia saxelmwifo, romelSicsaxelmwifo xelisufleba SezRuduliasamarTliT. ufro konkretulad,samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cnebagadmoscems konstituciis SesabamisadmiRebuli kanonebiT saxelmwifos (aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis) SezRudvis,xolo konstituciiT mTeli saxelmwifoxelisuflebis SezRudvis ideas.saqarTvelos konstitucia preambulaSigarkveviT miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelosmoqalaqeTa uryevi nebaa samarTlebrivisaxelmwifos damkvidreba, ZiriTad nawilSiki upirobod iziarebs samarTlebrivisaxelmwifos zemoaRniSnul fundamenturdebulebas da acxadebs, rom `saxelmwifoxelisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiTdadgenil farglebSi~ (m. 5, p. 1). miuxedavadimisa, rom aRniSnuli debuleba sulramdenime sityvisagan Sedgeba, swored isSeicavs samarTalze orientirebuli saxelmwifosideas. am debulebis ganmartebisSedegad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosprincipi gamoxatulia Semdegi saxiT:kanonmdebloba SeboWilia konstituciiT,ufro konkretulad _ konstituciiTSeqmnili da ganmtkicebuli samarTlebriviwesrigiT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba damarTlmsajuleba ki – konstituciis SesabamisadmiRebuli kanonebiT, anu samarTliT(me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtiT dadasturebuliakonstituciis uzenaesoba damisi upiratesi Zala yvela sxva aqtis mimarT:`saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelm-Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)37
wifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela sxva samarTlebriviaqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias~).aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasekrZaleba Tavisufali, mxolod sakuTariSexedulebebis Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebismiReba. igi aucileblad unda iyosorientirebuli moqmedi samarTlis normebze,gansakuTrebiT _ konstituciasa dakanonebze, es ki, anu kanonis upiratesoba,kanonis normis upiratesi Zala, samar-Tlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebelierT-erTi umTavresi niSania. konstituciiTganmtkicebuli aRniSnuli normaniSnavs, rom kanonis saxiT gadmocemulsaxelmwifos nebas upiratesi Zala aqvsnebismieri sxva formiT gamoxatuli saxelmwifosnebis mimarT (ra Tqma unda, konstituciisgarda). saqarTvelos konstituciisSesabamis muxlebSi miTiTebulia, romadamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudvadasaSvebia mxolod kanonis safuZvelze(magaliTad: m. 19 _ sityvis, azris, sindisis,aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebebi;m. 20 _ piradi cxovrebisa da saqmianobisTavisufleba; m. 21 _ sakuTrebisada memkvidreobis ufleba; m. 22 _ Tavisufalimimosvlisa da sacxovrebeli adgilisTavisufali arCevis ufleba; m. 24 _ informaciisTavisufleba; m. 25 _ Sekrebisa damanifestaciis ufleba da a.S.), anu saxelmwifoxelisuflebis mxridan pirovnebismimarT yovelgvari moqmedebis ganxorcielebis,mis cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSiCarevis aucilebeli winapirobaa kanonisarseboba, rac aseve samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosganuyofeli niSania. aRniSnulidebulebis mixedviT, saxelmwifos (am Sem-TxvevaSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas)SeuZlia moqalaqeTa TavisuflebaSi anmaTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi Carevamxolod maSin, Tu igi kanoniT iqnebauflebamosili.me-5 muxlSi mocemuli umniSvnelovanesidebulebis garda, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosprincipi dakonkretebuliakonstituciis sxva muxlebSic:a) upirveles yovlisa, am mxrivgansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniakonstituciis debulebebi saxelmwifoorganoebis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis,agreTve maTi uflebamosilebebisSesaxeb, romelTa mixedviTac,saxelmwifo xelisufleba safuZvelSivesamarTliT aris SezRuduli;b) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifowarmoudgenelia saxelmwifos ZiriTadikanoniT, anu konstituciiT aRiarebulida ganmtkicebuli adamianis ZiriTadiuflebebis gareSe. konstituciis me-2TavSi mocemulia adamianis ZiriTadiuflebebi, romlebic uSualod moqmedsamarTals warmoadgens da romlebiTacSezRudulia xalxi da saxelmwifoxelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas (m. 7).gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvskonstituciis me-18 da 42-e muxlebisdebulebebs, romlebiTac garantirebuliayoveli adamianis ufleba _ Tavisiuflebebisa da Tavisuflebebisdasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos, aqvemocemulia e.w. saproceso ZiriTadiuflebebi;g) xelisuflebis danawilebis principi(m. 5, p. 4);d) 82-e_91-e muxlebis debulebebi,romlebic gansazRvravs damoukidebelisasamarTlo xelisuflebis Seqmnisa daTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)38
funqcionirebis safuZvlebsa dauflebamosilebebs, agreTve afuZnebsSesabamisi uflebamosilebebiTaRWurvil sakonstitucio kontrolissasamarTlo organos _ saqarTvelossakonstitucio sasamarTlos.samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba SeicavssamarTlianobis ideas. es idea yoveli saxelmwifoebrivimoqmedebis miznad saxavsmaterialuri samarTlianobis miRwevasa daSenarCunebas. samarTlianobis idea moiTxovssamarTlianobisaken swrafvas ara zogadad,aramed yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. esimas niSnavs, rom kanonebi samarTlian normebsunda Seicavdes, samarTlian wesebs undaadgendes da am normaTa gamoyenebas yovelkonkretul SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis organoTaan sasamarTloTa mxriv samarTlian,anu Sinaarsobrivad gamarTul gadawyvetilebamdeda Sedegebamde unda mivyavdeT.Tu ra aris mocemul SemTxvevaSi samarTliani,amis Tqma SesaZlebelia mxolod yvelamniSvnelovani garemoebis gaTvaliswinebisada Sefasebis Semdeg. samarTlianobismoTxovnis darRvevaa, magaliTad, sisxlissamarTlis damnaSavis mimarT misi bralisSeusabamo, zedmetad mkacri sasjelisgamoyeneba, anu Tu ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebulimisi bralis sidide. aseve usamarTloiqneba samxedro piris an sajaro moxelisdisciplinuri wesiT ramdenjerme dasjaerTi da imave samsaxurebrivi gadacdomisaTvisan piris iseTi qmedebisaTvis, romelicerTdroulad samsaxurebriv gadacdomasada sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSaulswarmoadgens, agreTve pirisaTvis erTdrouladdisciplinuri saxdelisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivisasjelis dakisreba.samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, samarTlianobismsgavsad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosprincipis mniSvnelovani Semadgenelinawilia. misi mizania, sazogadoebaSisamarTlebrivi mSvidobisa da stabilurobisuzrunvelyofa. moqalaqeebma undaicodnen, Tu ras SeiZleba daeyrdnon isinida risi ndoba unda hqondeT. samarTlebriviusafrTxoeba niSnavs, rom ar SeiZlebamudmivad ganaxldes yoveli samarTlebrividava da rom samarTlebrivi mSvidobamyardeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ar SeiZlebagasaCivrdes da gadaisinjos mxolod maSin,roca igi usamarTloa; amisaTvis aucilebeliakanoniT gansazRvruli pirobebisSesruleba. kanonmdebelma am sferoSisamarTlianobis idea gamoxata imiT, romdasaSvebad miiCnia sasamarTlos mier ganxilulidavis xelaxali ganxilva da saqmisgadasinjva mxolod ramdenime zustadgansazRvruli garemoebis arsebobisas.amas adasturebs saqarTvelos konstituciis84-e muxlis me-5 punqtic: `sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, Secvla anSeCereba SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTloskanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT~.samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principidangamomdinareobs agreTve Tanazomierebis(igive proporciulobis) principi. amprincipis mixedviT, fizikuri piri daculiunda iyos misi cxovrebisa da saqmianobissxvadasxva sferoSi sajaro xelisuflebiszedmeti, arasaWiro Carevisagan. Tu aseTiCareva gadaudebeli da aucilebelia, masunda hqondes kanoniT gansazRvrulisafuZveli, amasTan, es safuZveli TavisiSinaarsis, formis, miznisa da gavrcelebisTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)<strong>39</strong>
mixedviT, unda iyos sakmarisad gansazRvruli,naTeli da araorazrovani, raTamoqalaqem advilad Seicnos igi. Tanazomierebisprincipi saSualebasa da mizansSoris urTierTobis safuZvelia. ZiriTadiuflebis SezRudva raime saSualebiTdasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rocaigi gamosadegi da aucilebelia dasaxulimiznis misaRwevad. saSualeba gamosadegia,Tu misi daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia dasaxulimiznis miRweva. saSualeba aucilebelia,Tu ar arsebobs sxva gza, romelsac msgavsimoqmedebis Zala aqvs, magram gacilebiTufro naklebad zRudavs ZiriTad uflebas.Sesabamisad, aucilebelia yovelTvisyvelaze ufro rbili, moqnili, araradikalurisaSualebis gamoyeneba. amasTan,yvela SemTxvevaSi, gamoyenebuli saSualebamisaRwevi miznis proporciuli unda iyos.samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principiserT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgenelinawilia udanaSaulobis prezumfcia,romelic ukve ganvixileT da romelicaRiarebulia konstituciis me-40 muxlispirveli da me-2 punqtebiT: `adamianiudanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre misi damnaSaveobaar damtkicdeba kanoniT dadgeniliwesiT da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlosgamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT~; `aravin araris valdebuli, amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba.braldebis mtkicebis movaleobaekisreba bralmdebels~.udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principiTaseve akrZalulia braldebulisaTvissasjelis dakisreba bralis dadasturebisgareSe, anu yoveli sasjelis ucilobeliwinapirobaa bralis arseboba (nulla poenasine culpa), braldebis mtkicebis movaleobaki bralmdebels ekisreba. dauSvebeliapiris dasja, Tu mas brali ar miuZRvis.saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tavisi saerTokoncefciis Sesabamisad, garkveviT aRiarebsxelisuflebis danawilebis princips.yoveli demokratiuli da samarTlebrivisaxelmwifos arsebobis safuZvladmiCneuli es principi gacxadebuliakonstituciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtiT:`saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldebaxelisuflebis danawilebis principzedayrdnobiT~. konstituciis debulebebiTgansazRvrulia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebelda sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTaSeqmnisa da saqmianobis wesi da maTi uflebamosilebebi,rogorc damoukidebelisaxelmwifo xelisuflebebisa. konstituciis82-e muxlis me-3 punqti sasamarTloxelisuflebis Sesaxeb pirdapir miuTiTebs,rom `sasamarTlo xelisufleba damoukidebeliada mas axorcieleben mxolodsasamarTloebi~.Tu xelisuflebis danawilebis principisistoriul ganviTarebas gadavxedavT, misfesvebs isev aristotelesTan vnaxavT.aristotele ganasxvavebda e.w. rCevebis(sadac rCevebs aZleven, bWoben sxvadasxvasakiTbze) xelisuflebas (sakanonmdebloxelisufleba), magistrats (aRmasrulebelixelisufleba) da marTlmsajulebas. jonloki xelisuflebas anawilebda xalxze,parlamentze, monarqsa da adgilobrivTviTmmarTvelobaze (Two treatises of government,1690). Sarl lui monteskies saqveynodcnobil naSromSi _ `kanonTa goni~ (1748) _mocemuli debulebebis Sesabamisad,Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)40
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis dayofa sakanonmdeblo,aRmasrulebel da sasamarTloxelisuflebebad pirvelad gvxvdebapensilvaniis Statis konstituciaSi (1776),Semdeg _ amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiskonstituciaSi (1787), me-18 saukunis boloski mas imeorebs imanuel kanti (`samarTlisTeoriis metafizikuri safuZvlebi~, 1798).xelisuflebis danawileba miznad ar isaxavsmxolod xelisuflebis organizaciulganawilebas sxvadasxva saxelmwifo organoze.is ZiriTadad mimarTulia ZalmomreobiTi,erTpirovnuli, diqtatorulimmarTvelobis safrTxis Tavidan acilebisan Semcirebisken mainc. xelisuflebis uzurpaciisada usamarTlo mmarTvelobis safr-Txe minimumamdea dasuli, rodesac saxelmwifoxelisuflebas axorcielebs ara erTipiri an erTi saxelmwifo organo, aramedroca saxelmwifos amocanebi ganawilebuliasxvadasxva saxelmwifo organos Soris.xelisuflebis organizaciuli danawilebisassaxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqciebi ganawilebuliasxvadasxva organoze imgvarad,rom arc erT maTgans ar SeuZlia legalurad,kanonieri gziT moipovos mTeli saxelmwifoxelisuflebis kontroli. amasTan,erTi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi arSeiZleba iyvnen sxva xelisuflebis Tanamdebobispirebi (xelisuflebis personaluridanawileba). magaliTad, dauSvebeliamoqmedi mosamarTle imave dros iyos parlamentiswevri an ministri, iseve rogorcdauSvebelia, moqmedi saxelmwifo moxeleiyos mosamarTle an parlamentis wevri.xelisuflebis danawilebis principismizania erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelxelisuflebis sam sxvadasxva ganStoebasSoris urTierTkontrolisa da urTierTgawonasworebismeqanizmis (checks andbalances) Seqmna. saqarTvelos konstituciaiziarebs xelisuflebis danawilebisprincipis am ZiriTad ideas da amitomxelisuflebaTa absolutur gayofas ki araxdens, aramed qmnis urTierTkontrolisada gawonasworebis sistemas. konstituciismixedviT, xelisuflebis danawilebis azriaara saxelmwifo xelisuflebis funqciebismkacri gayofa, aramed is, rom sakanonmdeblo,aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo organoebierTmaneTs akontroleben da zRudaven,raTa gawonaswordes saxelmwifosZalaufleba da daculi iyos pirovnebisTavisufleba. aRniSnuli sistema gamoxatuliakonstituciis sxvadasxva muxlSi,magaliTad: parlamenti akontrolebsmTavrobis saqmianobas (m. 48, m. 56, m. 59, m.60, p. 2, m. 64), sasamarTloebi (saerTosasamarTloebi da saqarTvelos sakonstituciosasamarTlo) axorcieleben aRmasrulebelida sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebisaqtebis kontrols kanonebsa dakonstituciasTan maTi SesabamisobisTvalsazrisiT; Tavis mxriv, sakanonmdebloprocesSi monawileobs prezidenti e.w.vetos uflebiT, amave dros, asamoqmedebladxels awers da aqveynebs kanons (m. 68).urTierTkontrolisa da urTierTgawonasworebissistemaSi ZiriTadad erTi xelisuflebisorgano niSnavs an irCevs sxvaxelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirebs da piriqiT.saqarTvelos konstituciis 77-emuxlis Sesabamisad, mTavrobisSemadgenlobas amtkicebs parlamenti, 90-eTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)41
muxlis mixedviT ki, uzenaesi sasamarTlosmosamarTleebs prezidentis wardginebiTirCevs parlamenti.garkveul SemTxvevebSi, xelisuflebisspecifikuri amocanebi SeiZleba aRsasrulebladgadaeces samarTlebrivad TviTmyofadda damoukidebel organos, romelicuflebamosilia moawesrigos SesabamisiurTierTobebi sakuTari pasuxismgeblobi-Ta da Sexedulebisamebr. aseT organoebadsaqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebssaqarTvelos erovnul banksa da kontrolispalatas, romelTa damoukideblobisgarantiebi da uflebamosilebebi aRwerilia95-e da 97-e muxlebSi. am muxlebiTgansazRvrulia, rom erovnuli banki dakontrolis palata TavianT saqmianobaSidamoukidebeli arian. maTTvis gadacemulisaxelmwifoebrivi amocanebis mniSvnelobidangamomdinare da xelisuflebis danawilebisprincipis zemoaRniSnuli niSnisgaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos erovnulibankis sabWosa da saqarTvelos kontrolispalatis Tavmjdomaris TanamdebobebzepirTa gamwesebaSi monawileoben sakanonmdebloda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebi.rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, samarTlebrivisaxelmwifos kidev erTi Semadgeneli nawiliandobis dacvis principi, romelic arsebiTadaadakavSirebuli konstituciis 42-emuxlis me-5 punqtiT aRiarebul sisxlissamarTlis kanonis ukuZalis principTan.Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom ndobisdacvis principi mWidrod aris dakavSirebulisamarTlebrivi saxelmwifos kideverT ZiriTad Semadgenel nawilTan _ samar-Tlebriv usafrTxoebasTan. xSir SemTxvevaSisamarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, upirvelesyovlisa, swored ndobis dacvas niSnavs,kerZod, moqalaqis im ndobis dacvas,rom mis moqmedebas mogvianebiT ar mohyvebamisTvis arasasurveli is samarTlebriviSedegebi, ris gaTvaliswinebacSeuZlebeli iyo moqmedebis ganxorcielebisas.swored aqedan gamomdinare,ndobis dacva exeba ukuZalis mqone da aramomavalSi moqmed samarTlebriv normebs.ndobis dacvis principidan gamomdinare,dauSvebelia e.w. `namdvili ukuZalis~mqone kanonebisa Tu kanonqvemdebareaqtebis miReba. namdvili ukuZala saxezegvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca axali kanoniexeba warsulSi ganxorcielebul da arsebiTadukve damTavrebul moqmedebebs Tugaremoebebs da adgens axal normebs amgaremoebaTa Sesaxeb. aseTia, magaliTad,kanoni, romelic warsulSi ganxorcielebulmoqmedebebze awesebs gadasaxads damoiTxovs maT gadaxdas fizikuri Tuiuridiuli pirebisagan. es kanoni ewinaaRmdegebandobis dacvis princips, radganaryevs moqalaqeTa ndobas samarTlebrivisaxelmwifosadmi da, Sesabamisad, antikonstituciuria.magram xSiria SemTxveva,roca kanonis normebi exeba ara martowarsulSi momxdar an momavalSi gansaxorcielebelmoqmedebebs, aramed awmyoSimimdinare movlenas, romelic warsulSiwarmoiSva, awmyoSi agrZelebs moqmedebasda Sewydeba momavalSi. aseT kanonebsmxolod nawilobriv aqvs ukuZala da maTe.w. `aranamdvili ukuZalis~ mqonenormebi hqvia. magaliTad, kanonma SeiZlebadaawesos amJamad arsebuli sagadasaxadoTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)42
SeRavaTebis momavalSi gauqmebis TariRi.aseTi normebi ZiriTadad ar ewinaaRmdegebandobis dacvis princips, magram mainc,yovel aseT SemTxvevaSi aucilebeliamocemuli konkretuli SemTxvevis garemoebebisSefaseba da imis garkveva, Tu ramdenadmniSvnelovnad Seicvala (gauaresebisTvalsazrisiT) moqalaqis samarTlebrivimdgomareoba. am Sefasebisas gadamwyvetimniSvneloba aqvs moqalaqis interesis(romelsac surs moqmedi normis momavalSiarseboba) Sedarebas saxelmwifos interes-Tan, romelsac garkveuli mosazrebis gamosurs arsebuli normis Secvla.swored samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principisaRniSnul umniSvnelovanes normasefuZneba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsisme-6 muxli, romlis mixedviTac, `kanonebsada kanonqvemdebare normatiulaqtebs ara aqvT ukuqceviTi Zala, garda imSemTxvevisa, roca es pirdapir aris kanoniTgaTvaliswinebuli. ar SeiZleba kanonsmieces ukuqceviTi Zala, Tu igi zianismomtania an auaresebs piris mdgomareobas~.amdenad, ndobis dacvis principisada saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiszemoxse-nebuli muxlis safuZvelzeSeiZleba ganisazRvros kanonis ukuZalisprincipis namdvili Sinaarsi.6. m. 42, p. 7 - kanonis darRveviTmopovebuli mtkicebulebebia) SesavalisaqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlisme-7 punqtis mixedviT, `kanonis darRveviTmopovebul mtkicebulebas iuridiuliTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)43
Zala ara aqvs~. es debuleba meordebasaqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqsis me-7 muxlis me-6 punqtSi dauSualod ukavSirdeba konstituciis me-20muxliT uzrunvelyofil adamianis piradicxovrebis, mimowerisa da sacxovreblisxelSeuxeblobis ZiriTad uflebebs.amasTan, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTliskodeqsi iTvaliswinebs sisxlissamarTlebrivpasuxismgeblobas piradi an ojaxurisaidumlos xelyofis (m. 157), kerZo saubrissaidumloebis (m. 158), piradi mimoweris,telefoniT saubris an sxvagvarixerxiT Setyobinebis saidumloebis (m. 159),binis an sxva mflobelobis xelSeuxeblobis(m. 160) darRvevisaTvis. es pasuxismgeblobaekisrebaT ara marto kerZo pirebs,aramed saxelmwifos warmomadgenel imoficialur pirebsac, romlebic kanonismoTxovnaTa darRveviT iWrebian adamianispirad cxovrebaSi. zemoT ukve aRiniSna,rom adamianis piradi cxovrebis, mimowerisada sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobisZiriTadi uflebebi mxolod kanonis safuZvelzeda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulkonkretul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba SeizRudos,es SezRudva ki saxelmwifom SeiZlebaganaxorcielos mxolod kanoniT dadgeniliwesebis Sesabamisad (rac dawvrilebiTaris aRwerili 46-e muxlis komentarisfarglebSi). yovelive amis erT-erTi mTavarisafuZveli ki konstituciis 42-e muxlisme-7 punqtia, romelic zRudavs saxelmwifosda avaldebulebs mas, saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi, mxolod kanonis moTxovnaTaSesabamisad, da ara sakuTari survilisamebrCaerios adamianTa cxovrebaSi. amavedros, aRniSnuli debuleba afrTxilebssaxelmwifos, rom kanoniT dadgenili wesebisdarRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebasar eqneba iuridiuli Zala da igi pasuxsagebs am darRvevisaTvis, iseve rogorcnebismieri kerZo piri, romelic sxva adamianispirad cxovrebaSi ukanonod Caereva.b) braldebulis gamamarTlebelimtkicebulebebimiuxedavad imisa, rom gansaxilvel sakiTxTandakavSirebiT TiTqos yvelaferinaTeli da garkveulia, mainc unda SevCerdeTkonstituciis 42-e muxlis me-7 punqtisdebulebaze. es norma yuradRebiTunda ganimartos. Tavdapirvelad ise Cans,rom am normiT iuridiuli Zalis armqonedaris gamocxadebuli nebismieri mtkicebuleba,romelic kanonis darRveviT iqnebamopovebuli. konstituciis miRebis SemdegsaqarTvelos sasamarTloTa samarTalSemoqmedebacxadyofs, rom mosamarTleebi,konstituciisa da sisxlis samarTliskanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT, aseT mtkicebulebebsuaryofen, ar miiCneven dasaSvebadda gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ariTvaliswineben maT. roca saqme exebasaxelmwifos (sagamoZiebo organoebis)mier braldebis sasargeblod (anubraldebulis sawinaaRmdegod) kanonisdarRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebebs,bunebrivia, aseTi midgoma aucilebelia dasavsebiT Seesabameba konstituciis moTxovnas.magram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT CvensqveyanaSi konstituciiTa da kanonmdeblobiTaRiarebul samarTalwarmoebis Tanasworobisada SejibrebiTobis princips, esimas niSnavs, rom dacvis mxaresac aqvsufleba da Seecdeba moipovos braldebulisgamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebebi.swored aseT mtkicebulebebze arTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)44
vrceldeba konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-7punqtiT dadgenili zogadi norma, radganam normis mTavari mizania daisajos mxoloddamnaSave; igi ukrZalavs sasamarTlosukanonod mopovebuli mtkicebulebisgamoyenebas swored imitom, rom armoxdes udanaSaulo adamianis dasja.aqedan gamomdinare, roca dacvis mxarewaradgens braldebulis aSkarad gamamarTlebelmtkicebulebebs, romlebic namdviladkanonis darRveviT aris mopovebuli,sasamarTlom unda gamoiyenos es mtkicebulebebida gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, sxvamtkicebulebebsa da garemoebebTan erTad,gaiTvaliswinos maTi mniSvnelobac. magaliTisaTvisSeiZleba warmovidginoTsasamarTlo procesi, romelzec gansasjelsbrali edeba mezoblis mkvlelobaSi,romelTanac mas sxvadasxva sayofacxovreboproblemis gamo metad rTuli dadaZabuli urTierToba hqonda. sasamarTloprocesze dacvis mxares moaqvs mtkicebuleba_ videofiri, romelic ukanonod arismopovebuli. videofiris ukanonobas Tavaddacvis mxarec aRiarebs, radgan acxadebs,rom videofiri moipares im sacxovrebelikorpusis erT-erTi mobinadris binidan,romlis sadarbazosTanac moxda mkvleloba.am mobinadres ki, Tavis mxriv, asevekanonis darRveviT hqonda damontaJebulisadarbazos SesasvlelTan faruli videokamera,romelic afiqsirebda yvelaSemsvlelsa da gamomsvlels, agreTvequCaSi gamvlel moqalaqeebs. am videofirzeaRbeWdili iyo mkvlelobis faqtic da,gviani Ramisa da sibnelis miuxedavad,garkveviT Canda, rom mkvleli sul sxvapiri iyo. bunebrivia, rom aseTi mtkicebuleba,romelic amarTlebs braldebuls,aucileblad unda gamoiyenos sasamarTlomda miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba. TusasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevebSi uars ityvisim (ukanonod mopovebuli) mtkicebulebisgamoyenebaze, romelic aSkarad abaTilebsbraldebas da amarTlebs braldebuls,miviRebT viTarebas, roca realuridamnaSave dausjeli darCeba, udanaSauloadamiani ki usamarTlod daisjeba.aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi 2004 wlis13 Tebervals Sevida damateba, romelicSeesabameba konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-7punqtis debulebis zemoT ganmartebulmoTxovnebs. am damatebis mixedviT,`sisxlis samarTlis procesSi piris Cvenebissarwmunoobis Sesafaseblad dasaSvebiafaruli audio- an videoCanaweri, Tu igidafiqsirebulia: a) farulad im piris mier,romlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli iyo danaSaulida romelic aris saubris an qmedebismonawile; b) teqnikuri saSualebiTSemTxveviT, rac asaxvs ganxorcielebulqmedebas.~ rac Seexeba faruli audio- anvideoCanaweris dasaSvebobis sakiTxs, misi`ganxilva da gadawyveta xdeba sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebiT~. 11am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT metad sainteresoadasavleTis demokratiul saxelmwifoTaSesabamisi kanonmdeblobisa dasasamarTlo praqtikis mokle mimoxilva,rac saSualebas mogvcems SevadaroT isinisaqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlisme-7 punqtis debulebis zemoT mocemulganmartebas. am saxelmwifoebSi mosamarTleebiavtomaturad da formalurad aruaryofen ukanonod mopovebul mtkicebu-Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)45
lebebs. magaliTad, SotlandiaSi moqmedebsZiriTadi principi, romlis mixedviTac,yvela mtkicebuleba dasaSvebia, Tu masSexeba aqvs saqmesTan. inglissa da uels-Sic esaa mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobismTavari kriteriumi. ukanonod mopovebulmtkicebulebas dauSveblad cnobssasamarTlo Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr,magram ara avtomaturad. yovelTvis dauSvebladcnoben mtkicebulebas, romeliczians ayenebs dacvis mxaris interesebs.Zalian gansxvavebulia holandiis kanonmdebloba,sadac ar arsebobs norma,romelic krZalavs kerZo pirebis mierukanonod mopovebuli da saxelmwifoorganoebisaTvis gadacemuli mtkicebulebisdauSveblobas, Tumca holandiaSicsruliad dauSvebelia braldebulispiradi cxovrebisa da interesebis damcvelinormis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebisgamoyeneba sasamarTlos mier.daniaSi kanonis darRveviT mopovebulimtkicebuleba aucileblad ar iwvevs misdauSveblobas. sasamarTlo, rogorc wesi,mas mxedvelobaSi iRebs, magram es ar exebagamoZiebis mier mopovebul mtkicebulebebsda, amasTan, policiis moxele, romelmacukanonod moipova mtkicebuleba,pasuxs agebs amisaTvis. safrangeTSiumTavresia mosamarTlis Sinagani rwmena.mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebisas mosamarTlesargeblobs sruli TavisuflebiT, magramigi ver daeyrdnoba saxelmwifos mierkanonis an braldebulis uflebaTa darRveviTmopovebul mtkicebulebebs.germaniaSic aseve gadamwyvetia mosamarTlisSinagani rwmena, ukanonod mopovebulimtkicebuleba ki avtomaturad dauSvebladar iTvleba. italiaSi mosamarTles SeuZliadaeyrdnos iseT mtkicebulebas, romelickanonSi uSualod ar aris moxseniebuli,Tu igi saqmes uSualod exeba da arxelyofs braldebulis uflebebs. braldebulismier warmodgenili ukanonod mopovebulimtkicebulebebi ki yovelTvisdasaSvebia. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSixSiria SemTxveva, roca sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebasiRebs dacvis mxaris mier ukanonodmopovebul werilobiT da videodokumenturmtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT.g) kerZo saubari da faruli Canawerebigansaxilvel sakiTxs mWidrod ukavSirdebaadamianis piradi cxovrebis sferoSi dakerZo saubrisas gamoyenebuli farulimosmenisa da Canaweris mtkicebulebadaRiarebis problema. zemoT ukve dawvrilebiTaRvwereT saxelmwifos mier adamianebispiradi cxovrebisa da kerZo saubrebismosmenisa da Caweris konstituciuri dasakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi. konstituciisme-20 muxli da kanonmdeblobis zemoTdasaxelebuli debulebebi uzrunvelyofsadamianis piradi cxovrebis, mimowerisa dasacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobas. saxelmwifosam sferoSi SeWra SeuZlia mxolodkanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi dakanoniT dadgenili wesiT. kanonis moTxovnaTadarRveviT adamianis piradi cxovrebidanrame detalebis dafiqsireba dauSvebelia,am gziT mopovebul mtkicebulebebsara aqvT iuridiuli Zala da sasamarTlogadawyvetilebis miRebisas ar gaiTvaliswinebsmaT.sxva viTareba iqmneba kerZo pirebis mxridanindividTa pirad cxovrebaSi Carevisas.adamianis piradi cxovrebis, mimowerisa daTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)46
sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTadiuflebebi, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da icavsindivids saxelmwifosagan. magram, amavedros, es uflebebi (da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisSesabamisi debulebebi) uzrunvelyofsadamianis piradi cxovrebisyovlismomcvel dacvas, romelic mimarTuliakerZo pirebis mxridan Carevis winaaRmdegac.Tu ar arsebobs TviT individisTanxmoba, dauSvebelia romelime fizikuripiri Caerios mis pirad cxovrebaSi, Tvalyuriadevnos mas farulad, mousminos missaubars, farulad Caiweros da a.S. magram,adamianis piradi cxovrebis sferos aseTiyovlismomcveli dacvis miuxedavad, aqacarsebobs gamonaklisi da igi, upirvelesyovlisa, sajaro pirebs exeba.rogorc cnobilia, sajaro pirebis piradicxovrebis mimarT, romlebic mniSvnelovansajaro funqciebs asruleben da, Sesabamisad,gamudmebiT arian sazogadoebisyuradRebis centrSi, Cveulebriv moqalaqeebTanSedarebiT ufro sustad vrceldebaZiriTadi uflebebiT uzrunvelyofilidacva. isini iZulebuli arian, Seeguon ammdgomareobas, radgan es ganpirobebuliamaTive surviliT _ imuSaon mniSvnelovansaxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze da SeasruloniseTi funqciebi, romelTac gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba aqvT sazogadoebisaTvis.aqedan gamomdinare, sajaro pirma undaicodes, rom yoveli Secdoma da am funqciebisarajerovani Sesruleba mkacradiqneba Sefasebuli da gakritikebuli sazogadoebismier presiTa da masobrivi informaciissxva saSualebebiT. swored amitomunda ganvasxvaoT sajaro piris piradiTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)47
cxovreba Cveulebriv moqalaqeTa piradicxovrebisagan. sajaro piris piradicxovrebis sfero misi sacxovrebelisaxlis karis zRurblTan mTavrdeba (amasadasturebs demokratiul saxelmwifoTamravalwliani samarTalSemoqmedeba).rogorc ki am zRurbls gadmoabijebs, igiyvelasaTvis sajaro piria da misi saubrebisaTu saqmianobis mimarT sazogadoebislegitimuri interesi izrdeba. Sesabamisad,kerZo saubari da urTierToba mas SeiZlebahqondes ZiriTadad sakuTar saxlSiTavisi ojaxis wevrebTan da sxva uaxloesnaTesavebTan. magram, roca sajaro pirisamsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisasesaubreba kerZo pirs, aris Tu ara eskerZo saubari da misi piradi cxovrebissfero? ra Tqma unda, ara. sajaro piri amdros Tavis sajaro funqcias asrulebs;amitom es ar aris kerZo saubari da, Sesabamisad,igi ar aris daculi piradi cxovrebis,kerZo saubrisa da mimoweris xelSeuxeblobisZiriTadi uflebebiT. amasTan,saqarTvelos zogadi administraciulikodeqsis Tanaxmad, sajaro piris miernebismieri formiT miRebuli an gacemuliinformacia aris sajaro informacia.aqedan gamomdinare, roca sajaro piri,iqneba es ministri, prokurori, mosamar-Tle Tu vinme sxva, individs saubrisasmosTxovs qrTams da am yvelafers es individifarulad Caiwers, cxadia, rom amCanaweris safuZvelze unda aRiZras sisxlissamarTlis saqme, xolo sasamarTlomunda gaiTvaliswinos misi mniSvnelobagadawyvetilebis miRebisas.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)48
SeniSvnebi:1sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis m. 10.2Barbera, Messegue and Jabardo v. Spain, 6 December, 1988.3Allenet de Ribemon v. France, 10 February, 1995.4Sekanina v. Austria, 25 June, 1993.5Minelli v. Switzerland, 21 February, 1983.6Albert and le Compte v. Belgium, 10 February, 1983.7A.P., M.P. and T.P. v. Switzerland, 29 August, 1997; E.L., R.L. and J.O.-L.v. Switzerland, 29 August, 1997.8Telfner v. Austria, 20 March, 2001.9sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis m. 5 _ `sisxlissamarTlebrivipasuxismgebloba sazRvargareT Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis~.10m. 32 _ sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebasxva marTlzomieri qmedebis dros: `marTlsawinaaRmdegod armoqmedebs is, vinc am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas Caidenssxva iseTi garemoebis arsebobisas, romelic Tumca am kodeqsSisaxeldebiT ar aris moxseniebuli, magram savsebiT akmayofilebs amqmedebis marTlzomierebis pirobebs~.m. 38 _ sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebasxva arabraleuli qmedebis dros: `braleulad ar moqmedebs is,vinc am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas Caidens sxva iseTigaremoebis arsebobisas, romelic Tumca am kodeqsSi saxeldebiT araris moxseniebuli, magram savsebiT akmayofilebs am qmedebisarabraleulobis pirobebs~.11sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, m. 110, naw. 21 da 22.Tavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)49
iuridiulikonsultaciaeleqtronulreJimSiTu Tqveni uflebebiirRveva, gaqvT SekiTxvada gWirdebaT iuristisrCeva, `Tavisuflebisinstitutis~ iuristebida eqspertebi gagiwevenufaso konsultacias.mogvmarTeT Semdeg misamarTze:http://www.liberty.ge/geo/faq_contact.php?from=indexTavisufleba<strong>marti</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>39</strong>)50
sfdbceakt,fTavisuflebis institutis gamocemagamocemulia aSS-is saerTaSorisoganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) damerilendis universitetis IRIS Center-isfinansuri mxardaWeriTvrceldeba ufasodyvela ufleba daculiaredaqtori:Tamar kinwuraSviliredkolegia:akaki minaSviligiorgi melaZelevan ramiSvilimaia oqruaSvilixaTuna kveselavaTbilisi 0108, griboedovis 23tel.: 93 66 15, faqsi: 93 67 84el-fosta: liberty@liberty.gewww.liberty.gedizaini:besik daneliagarekanze:guga kotetiSvilisfoto\ <strong>2005</strong>, Tavisuflebis instituti
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