#2 (38), Tebervali, 2005
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#2 (38), Tebervali, 2005

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sfdbceakt,f<strong>#2</strong> (<strong>38</strong>), <strong>Tebervali</strong>, <strong>2005</strong>04kote kublaSvilisasamarTlo dacvisZiriTadi ufleba19amartia senikultura daadamianis uflebebi33daviT darCiaSvilinacionalizmisparadoqsi48revoluciuri arCevaniliberaluri demokratiissasargeblodTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)2

samarTlianisasamarTloTviT tradiciuli demokratiis qveynebSi eqspertebi bevrsdaoben imis Sesaxeb, arsebobs Tu ara iuridiuli enisinterpretaciis universaluri meTodi. Tumca aseTqveynebSi gadamwyvet rols samarTlebrivi kultura datradicia asrulebs. erTis mxriv, mosamarTleTa korpusisgadawyvetilebebi ar scildeba qveynis samarTlebrivtradicias, meores mxriv, moqalaqeTa erTguleba kanonisuzenaesobisadmi ucvleli Rirebulebaa.gardamavali demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac samarTlebrivinihilizmi sistemis reformirebis kvalobazec ar arisbolomde daZleuli, sistemis cvlilebaze metadaqtualuri isev mosamarTleTa korpusis sakiTxia.,,mosamarTle unda ganamtkicebdes sazogadoebrivrwmenas marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobis,Seuvalobis, samarTlianobis, siwmindisa damiukerZoeblobisadmi~,_ naTqvamia qarTuli samosamarTlo eTikis kodeqsSi.is, Tu ramdenad Seqmnis sasamarTlo gancdas imisa, romCvens uflebebs icavs miukerZoebeli da damoukidebelisasamarTlo, didwilad mosamarTleTamsoflmxedvelobazea damokidebuli. swored amTvalsazrisiT migvaCnia mniSvnelovnad saqarTvelosuzenaesi sasamarTlos axladdaniSnuli Tavmjdomariskote kublaSvilis naSromis gamoqveyneba, romelicerT-erT fundamentur konstituciur uflebas _samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas exeba.winamdebare naSromi aris fragmenti`saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebidan~, romelicIRIS-saqarTvelos proeqtis farglebSia momzadebuli.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)3

kote kublaSvilisasamarTlodacvisZiriTadi uflebasaqarTvelos konstituciiT uzrunvelyofil ZiriTaduflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgiliuWiravs e.w. saproceso uflebaTa ZiriTad bloks, romelicSedgeba me-18, me-40 da 42-e muxle-bisagan. am blokis umTavresiSemadgeneli nawili ki 42-e muxlia, romlis TiToeuli punqtiadamiansa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobaTaumniSvnelovanes principebs Seicavs. esenia: sasamarTlo dacvis,igive samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, ufleba kanoniersasamarTloze, dacvis ufleba, erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvisorjer dasjis dauSvebloba (ne bis in idem); im danaSaulisaTvisdasjis dauSvebloba, romelic misi Cadenis dros danaSauladar iTvleboda (nulla poena sine lege), kanonis ukuZalis principi,SejibrebiTobis, igive saSualebaTa Tanasworobis principi,ukanonod mopovebuli mtkicebulebebis iuridiuli ZalissakiTxi da ukanonod miyenebuli zaralis saxelmwifosaxsrebidan sruli anazRaurebis ufleba. am uflebebs xSiradmarTlmsajulebis ZiriTad uflebebsac uwodeben.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)4

1. sasamarTlo dacvis(samarTliani sasamarTlos)ZiriTadi uflebaI. Sesavali42-e muxlis pirveli punqtis mixedviT,`yovel adamians ufleba aqvs, TavisuflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavadmimarTos sasamarTlos~. sasamarTlosaTvismimarTvis da samarTlebrivi dacvis esZiriTadi norma ganmtkicebulia imavemuxlis me-3 punqtiT, romlis mixedviTac,`dacvis ufleba garantirebulia~, agreTveme-18 muxlis me-2, me-3 da me-5 punqtebiT,romlebic dakavebuli an dapatimrebulipiris uflebebs gansazRvravs:`2. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an piradiTavisuflebis sxvagvari SezRudvadauSvebelia sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebis gareSe.3. ... dakavebuli Tu sxvagvaradTavisuflebaSezRuduli piri undawaredginos sasamarTlos gansjadobismixedviT...~`5. dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirsdakavebis an dapatimrebisTanave ...SeuZlia moiTxovos damcvelisdaxmareba, rac unda dakmayofildes”.adamianis srulyofili da samarTlianidacva uzrunvelyofilia 42-e muxlis me-6punqtiT, romlis mixedviTac, `braldebulsufleba aqvs, moiTxovos Tavisi mowmeebisiseTsave pirobebSi gamoZaxeba da dakiTxva,rogoric aqvT braldebis mowmeebs~. ampunqtSi mocemuli debuleba SejibrebiTobis(igive saSualebaTa Tanasworobis)princips efuZneba. didi mniSvneloba aqvs42-e muxlis me-8 punqtsac, romelicacxadebs, rom `aravin ar aris valdebuli,`1. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs, TavisuflebaTa da TavisuflebaTadasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos.2. yoveli piri unda gansajos mxolodim sasamarTlom, romlisiurisdiqciasac eqvemdebareba misisaqme.3. dacvis ufleba garantirebulia.4. aravis ar SeiZleba ganmeorebiTdaedos msjavri erTi da imavedanaSaulisaTvis.5. aravin ar agebs pasuxs imqmedobisaTvis, romelic misi Cadenisdros samarTaldarRvevad ariTvleboda. kanons, Tu is aramsubuqebs an ar auqmebspasuxismgeblobas, ukuZala araaqvs.6. braldebuls ufleba aqvs, moiTxovosTavisi mowmeebis iseTsavepirobebSi gamoZaxeba da dakiTxva,rogoric aqvT braldebis mowmeebs.7. kanonis darRveviT mopovebulmtkicebulebas iuridiuli Zala araaqvs.8. aravin ar aris valdebuli, miscesTavisi an im axlobelTa sawinaaRmdegoCveneba, romelTa wrec ganisazRvrebakanoniT.9. yvelasaTvis garantirebuliasaxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobisorganoTa da mosamsaxureTaganukanonod miyenebulizaralis sasamarTlo wesiT srulianazRaureba saxelmwifo saxsrebidan.~saqarTvelos konstitucia42-e muxliTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)5

misces Tavisi an im axlobelTa sawinaaRmdegoCveneba, romelTa wrec ganisazRvrebakanoniT.~ swored am da zemoT citirebulidebulebebidan gamomdinare, rogorcukve aRiniSna, sasamarTlo dacvis uflebasxSirad `samarTlian sasamarTloze adamianisZiriTad uflebas” uwodeben.uflebas da mis Semadgenel, masTan SinaarsobrivaddakavSirebul sxva uflebebsac,maT Soris, udanaSaulobis prezumfcias:me-2 punqtis mixedviT, `yvela, visac braladedeba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadena,iTvleba udanaSaulod, sanam misi braleulobadamtkicdeba kanonis Sesabamisad.”zemoTqmulTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebeliais garemoebac, rom adamianis uflebaTada ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvisevropuli konvencia da gabatonebulisamarTlebrivi Sexeduleba samarTlianisasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebis arsebiT,ganuyofel Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevsTavisufal adamiansa da saxelmwifosSoris urTierTobaTa ganmsazRvrel kideverT umniSvnelovanes princips _ udanaSaulobisprezumfcias. saqarTvelos konstituciaxazs usvams am principis gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas da calke, damoukidebelimuxliT aRiarebs mas (m. 40). miuxedavadamisa, mxedvelobaSi unda mivi-RoT, rom 42-e muxlis sxvadasxva punqtSimocemuli debulebebi TavisTavad ZalianmniSvnelovan, udanaSaulobis prezumfciazearanaklebi mniSvnelobis principebswarmoadgenen, magram Sinaarsobrivi urTierTkavSirisgamo isini samarTliani sasamarTlosZiriTadi uflebis frTebqveSaagaerTianebuli. aseTive SinaarsobriviurTierTkavSiridan da konstituciursamarTlebrivierTianobidan gamomdinare,marTebuli iqneba samarTliani sasamarTlosuflebisa da misi Semadgeneli erTerTiZiriTadi principis _ udanaSaulobisprezumfciis erTad ganxilva. am midgomasamyarebs konvenciis me-6 muxlic, romelicmoicavs samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadII. daculi sferorogorc aRiniSna, sasamarTlo dacvis,igive samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebaZiriTadi saproceso uflebaa da warmoadgenssaproceso samarTlis erT-erTumTavres princips, romlis safuZvelzecxorcieldeba materialuri samarTali.fizikuri piris pretenzias samarTliansasamarTlo dacvaze, anu sasamarTlosaTvismimarTvaze xSirad `adamianis uZvelesprocesualur uflebas~ uwodeben. amuflebis mixedviT, yvelas SeuZlia mimar-Tos sasamarTlos da moiTxovos misi saqmissamarTliani sajaro sasamarTlo mosmena,Tu miaCnia, rom saxelmwifom daarRvia misiuflebebi; aravin SeiZleba iyos sasamarTloprocesis SiSveli obieqti, yvelas undahqondes samarTlebrivi SesaZlebloba,procesis mimdinareobisas gamoTqvas TavisiSexeduleba, raTa amiT garkveuli zegavlenamoaxdinos Tavad proceszec dasasamarTlos gadawyvetilebazec. 42-e muxlispirveli punqtiT aRiarebuli sasamar-Tlo dacvis ZiriTadi ufleba formaluradsasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis SesaZleblobasniSnavs, xolo Sinaarsobrivad _ adamianissrulyofil, yovlismomcvel samarTlebrivdacvas uzrunvelyofs. srulyofilida yovlismomcveli dacva ki upirvelesadniSnavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebisyvela im moqmedebisa Tu gadawyvetilebisTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)6

sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebas da samar-Tlebriv Semowmebas, romlebic adamianisuflebebs arRvevs. 42-e muxlispirveli punqti vrceldeba rogorcsamoqalaqo, ise sisxlis samarTlissaqmeTa ganxilvaze. Tavisufali,demokratiuli weswyobilebis arsebobisada gamarTuli funqcionirebisaTvisaRniSnul debulebas fuZemdeblurimniSvneloba aqvs. amas adasturebsadamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTloc, romelmac saqmeze_ `delkuri belgiis winaaRmdeg~ 1 _ganacxada: `demokratiul sazogadoebaSisamarTlian sasamarTlo ganxilvazeuflebas imdenad didi mniSvnelobaeniWeba, rom misi SezRudviTiaxsna-ganmarteba me-6 muxlis pirvelipunqtis WrilSi dauSvebelia~.gansaxilveli ZiriTadi uflebismflobelia yvela fizikuri piriganurCevlad mo-qalaqeobisa. amas-Tan, konstituciis 45-e muxlzedayrdnobiT, romelic dasaSvebadmiiCnevs ZiriTadi uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis gavrcelebas iuridiulpirebze, da samarTliani sasamarTlosZiriTadi uflebis Sinaarsidangamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, misigamoyenebis ufleba aqvT kerZosamarTlis iuridiul pirebsac.samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadiuflebidan gamomdinare, yvelas aqvsufleba, damoukidebel da miuker-Zoebel sasamarTloze. sasamarTlosdamoukidebloba uzrunvelyofiliTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)7

unda iyos saxelmwifos mier SeqmnilisamarTlebrivi sistemiT, romelic gansazRvravssasamarTlos wevrebis daniSvniswess, sasamarTloze zemoqmedebis ganxorcielebisaRmkveT garantiebs, agreTvemosamarTleTa piradi da socialuri usafr-Txoebis garantiebs. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaiTvaliswinebs am moTxovnas da adgensmosamarTlis damoukideblobis garantiebs,romelTa didi nawilic mocemulia saqarTveloskonstituciis mexuTe TavSi _ `sasamarTloxelisufleba~. garda amisa, `saer-To sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ organulikanoni acxadebs, rom `mosamarTleze raimezemoqmedeba an mis saqmianobaSi Careva gadawyvetilebismiRebaze zegavlenis mizniT,akrZalulia da isjeba kanoniT~ (m. 8, p. 2).adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom sasamarTlo unda iyosdamoukidebeli rogorc aRmasrulebelixelisuflebisagan, ise mxareebisagan. 2sasamarTlom aseve gansazRvra `miukerZoeblobis~Sinaarsi da ganacxada, rom `miuker-Zoebloba niSnavs winazraxvis an mikerZoebisuqonlobas. mocemul konteqstSi undaganvasxvaoT: subieqturi midgoma, romelickonkretuli saqmis irgvliv mosamarTlispirad mrwamss asaxavs, da obieqturimidgoma, romelic gansazRvravs, arsebobdaTu ara sakmarisi garantiebi, raTa gamoricxuliyofiliyo nebismieri eWvi amasTandakavSirebiT.~ 3 saerTod, moqmedebs imisprezumfcia, rom kanonis safuZvelzedaniSnuli mosamarTlis miukerZoeblobaarasodes iwvevs eWvs, Tu ar arsebobsCvenebebi, romlebic sapirispiros amtkicebs.garda amisa, yovel saqmesTan dakavSirebiTaucileblad unda iqnes gamokvleuli,arsebobs Tu ara mosamarTlis qcevisagandamoukidebeli udavo faqtebi, romlebicmis miukerZoeblobaze axdenen gavlenas. amdros mniSvnelobas iZens yvela garemoeba,ganurCevlad maTi xasiaTisa. es garemoebebisabolood gavlenas axdens mTlianadsasamarTlo sistemis mimarT mosaxleobisndobaze, rac Tavisufali demokratiuliweswyobilebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebisaTvissasicocxlod mniSvnelovania.samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebismniSvnelovani elementia sasamarTloganxilvis sajarooba. am principis arsebobaara mxolod mxareTa, aramed sazogadoebisinteresebSic Sedis. sasamarTloganxilvis sajaroobis principis realurimoqmedeba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebssazogadoebis ndobis xarisxs marTlmsajulebisadmi.saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaiTvaliswinebs ZiriTadi uflebis am moTxovnasda adgens, rom sasamarTloSi yvelasaqme ganixileba Ria sxdomaze; daxurulsxdomaze saqmis ganxilva dasaSvebia mxolodkanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi;sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba yvela Sem-TxvevaSi sajarod unda gamocxaddes, xolosasamarTlo sxdomaze kino- da fotogada-Rebis, audio- da videoCaweris akrZalvadasaSvebia mxolod sasamarTlos motivirebuligadawyvetilebiT. 4 sayuradReboa,rom evropuli konvencia aseve iTvaliswinebsSemTxvevebs, rodesac sasamarTlosxdoma SeiZleba daixuros da presa ansazogadoeba ar daiSvas mTel sasamarTloprocesze an mis nawilze, rac sruliadsamarTliani debulebaa, radgan SesaZlebeliakonkretul SemTxvevebSi es aucilebeliiyos mxareTa interesebis dasacavad anTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)8

gamomdinareobdes demokratiul saxelmwifoSizneobis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis anerovnuli uSiSroebis interesebis dacvisaucileblobidan. 5 adamianis uflebaTa evropulmasasamarTlom ganmarta, rom sajaroobamoiTxoveba samarTalwarmoebis nebismierietapis mimarT, romelic zegavlenasaxdens gansasjelis saqmis `gansazRvraze~. 6amasTan, sajarooba ar SeiZleba dar-Rveulad CaiTvalos im SemTxvevaSi, rocaorive mxare moiTxovs sxdomis daxurvas. 7sasamarTlo dacvis, igive samarTliani sasamarTlosZiriTadi uflebidan gamomdinare,sasamarTlo mosmenisas daculi undaiyos mxareTa Tanasworoba, sasamarTloprocesis yovel monawiles unda hqondessakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisa dapoziciis dafiqsirebis Tanabari SesaZlebloba.arc erT mxares ar unda mieces raimearsebiTi upiratesoba mowinaaRmdegemxaresTan SedarebiT. saSualebaTa Tanasworobis,igive SejibrebiTobis es principiuzrunvelyofili unda iyos ara zogadad,aramed yoveli konkretuli faqtobrivigaremoebis mimarT, romelic sasamar-Tlo ganxilvis sagania. mxareebs uflebaaqvT, hqondeT informacia mowinaaRmdegemxaris faqtebisa da argumentebis Sesaxeb.amave dros, TiToeul mxares unda hqondessakuTari Sefasebis gamoxatvisa da sawinaaRmdegoargumentebis wardgenis SesaZleblobayvela im mtkicebulebis mimarT, romelsacwarmoadgens meore mxare an romelsacixilavs sasamarTlo sakuTari iniciativiT.sasamarTlos ara aqvs ufleba gadawyvetilebismiRebisas daeyrdnos im faqtebs,romelTa Sesaxebac mxareebs ar gamouTqvamTsakuTari Sexeduleba. sakuTari Sexedulebis,sawinaaRmdego argumentebis gamoTqmisada poziciis dafiqsirebis ufleba moicavsagreTve SuamdgomlobaTa wardgenisuflebas. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSeesabameba samarTliani sasamarTlosZiriTadi uflebis am moTxovnas _ `saerTosasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis 8mixedviT, `marTlmsajuleba xorcieldebakanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe saqmeSimonawile yvela piris Tanasworobis safuZvelze~,xolo `samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldebamxareTa Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobissafuZvelze.~ 9 saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT ki,`mxareebs sruli Tanasworobis safuZvelzeufleba aqvT, warmoadginon mtkicebulebani,monawileoba miiRon maTs gamokvlevaSi,ganacxadon Suamdgomloba da acileba,gamoTqvan sakuTari azri sisxlis samarTlissaqmis nebismier sakiTxze.~ 10zemoaRniSnul principze dayrdnobiT, romelicaRiarebulia evropuli konvenciis me-6muxliT, adamianis uflebaTa evropulmasasamarTlom daadgina samarTliani sasamar-Tlo dacvis ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevaim saqmeebSi, romlebSic erovnulma sasamar-Tloebma gadawyvetileba miiRes braldebisim mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT, romlebzecinformacia ar miewoda mopasuxemxares. 11 sasamarTlom aseve daafiqsira amprincipis darRveva saqmeebSi, romlebSicerT-erT mxares uari uTxres saqmis masalebisgacnobaze 12 da rodesac erT-erTmxares sasamarTlos mier uari eTqvawardgenili mtkicebulebis ganxilvaze. 13aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, roca mxareseZleva sakuTari Sexedulebis gamoTqmisaTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)9

da sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebisSesaZlebloba, magram igi uars ambobs amSesaZleblobis gamoyenebaze, es sruliadacar niSnavs sasamarTlo dacvis ZiriTadiuflebis darRveviT procesis Catarebas.dauSvebelia mxarem moaxdinos sasamar-Tlo procesis blokireba imiT, rom argamoiyenos sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebismisTvis araerTxel micemuli SesaZlebloba.adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlospraqtikis mixedviT, aseT Sem-TxvevebSi, jer erTi, mxaris mier procesSimonawileobaze uaris Tqma motivirebuliunda iyos araorazrovani formiT, 14 dameore, Tu piri uars ganacxadebs sasamar-Tlos mosmenaSi monawileobaze, misi interesebisdamcveli aucileblad undamonawileobdes procesSi. 15SejibrebiTobis, anu saSualebaTa Tanasworobisprincipidan gamomdinareobs imisaucilebloba, rom nebismieri piri misTvisgasageb enaze detalurad iyos informirebulimis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli braldebisSinaarsis Sesaxeb. es exeba yvela saxisinformacias, romelic braldebuls undaecnobos braldebis wayenebisa da saqmisaRZvris dros, agreTve sasamarTlo procesismimdinareobisas. adamianis uflebaTaevropulma sasamarTlom konvenciis me-6muxlis darRvevad Seafasa SemTxveva, rodesacmoqalaqem ganacxada, rom mas enobrivibarieri hqonda da aucileblad saWiroebdaTarjimnis daxmarebas, magram erovnulmasasamarTlom ar daakmayofila esmoTxovna. 16 sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada,rom `gansasjeli, romelic ver flobssamarTalwarmoebis enas, arasamarTlianpirobebSi aRmoCndeba, Tu mas ar miecasaSualeba gaecnos sabraldebo aqtsa dasxva dokumentebs misTvis gasageb enaze~. 17samarTalwarmoebaSi arsebuli yvela dokumentisaTu ganacxadis Sinaarsis gagebaaucilebelia gansasjelisaTvis, raTa manisargeblos samarTliani sasamarTloganxilvis ZiriTadi uflebiT. 18 amasTan,sasamarTlom ar miiCnia konvenciis me-6muxlis darRvevad SemTxveva, rodesacsaxelmwifom pirs dauniSna advokati,romelsac SeeZlo rogorc samarTalwarmoebisoficialur, ise piris mSobliur enazesaubari da amiT Tavisi dasacavis srulyofilidacva. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloskanonmdeblobiT, sasamarTloebSisamarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba saxelmwifoenaze, imavdroulad ki savaldebuloapiri, romelmac saxelmwifo ena aricis, uzrunvelyofili iyos TarjimniT.Tarjimnis momsaxureba unda anazRaurdesbiujetis xarjze. 1942-e muxlis me-3 punqtiT uzrunvelyofiliadacvis ufleba. es ufleba moicavspiris SesaZleblobasa da survils, daicvasTavi piradad an mis mier arCeuli damcvelismeSveobiT, an, Tu mas ar SeuZlia samarTlebrividaxmarebis anazRaureba saku-Tari saxsrebiT, mieces amis saSualeba ufasodim SemTxvevebSi, roca amas moiTxovssamarTliani marTlmsajulebis interesebi.dacvis uflebis am moTxovnis Sesabamisad,saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqsi avaldebulebs sasamarTlos dayvela sxva Tanamdebobis pirs, romlebicsisxlis samarTalwarmoebas axorcieleben`eWvmitanili, braldebuli da gansasjeliuzrunvelyon dacvis uflebiT, ganumartonmaTi uflebebi, miscen SesaZlebloba,Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)10

daicvan Tavi kanoniT nebadarTuli yvelasaSualebiT, daicvan maTi uflebebi daTavisuflebebi.~ 20 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTadamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos pozicia aseve sruliad naTelia.konvenciis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqtis ganmartebisassasamarTlom ganacxada, rom `rodesacarsebobs Tavisuflebis aRkveTis safr-Txe, marTlmsajulebis interesebi moiTxovsdacvis uflebis uzrunvelyofas.~ 21dacvis ufleba gulisxmobs agreTve pirisuflebas, hqondes sakmarisi dro da saSualebasakuTari dacvis mosamzadeblad. amuflebaTa mWidro urTierTkavSiri aSkaraa,radgan bunebrivia, rom erT-erTi mniSvnelovanisaSualeba dacvis mosamzadebladaris swored advokatis moTxovnis ufleba.aqedan gamomdinareobs agreTve imis aucilebloba,rom braldebulisa Tu gansasjelisdamcvels hqondes klientTan Tavisufalida konfidencialuri dakavSirebisada Sexvedrebis ufleba. saqarTvelos sakonstituciosasamarTlom dawvrilebiTganmarta dacvis uflebis Sinaarsi daaRniSna, rom damcvelis daxmareba uzrunvelyofiliunda iyos `dakavebis momentidan~,radgan dakavebul, braldebul Tugansasjel pirs sWirdeba damcvelisdaxmareba Tavisi `kanonieri interesebisdasacavad da misTvis kvalificiuri iuridiulidaxmarebis gasawevad~. 22 sasamarTlomaseve aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos konstituciiTgaTvaliswinebulia dacvis dadasacavi piris ufleba, romelic undagamomdinareobdes dasacavi piris survilidan.`saqarTvelos konstitucia uzrunvelyofsdacvis uflebis iseT pirobebs,rodesac upiratesoba eniWeba dasacavipiris survilsa da unars, hyavdes damcveli.~23 sasamarTlos azriT, dacvis mxaresunda mieces gonivruli, sakmarisi dro daSesaZlebloba ganaxorcielos srulfasovanidacva, rac gulisxmobs iseT dros daSesaZleblobas, romelic sisxlis samar-Tlis yoveli konkretuli saqmis sirTulidangamomdinare, dacvis mxares miscemdasrulfasovani momzadebis SesaZleblobas.adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlomaseve daadgina, rom konsultaciebi daSexvedrebi advokatsa da braldebuls(gansasjels) Soris unda mimdinareobdesdamswreebis gareSe, kerZo garemoSi, raTaTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)11

daculi iyos am pirTa konfidencialuriurTierToba da Tavad advokatis profesiulisaidumloebac. 24 amasTan, sasamarTlomganacxada, rom calkeul gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi,saxelmwifos SeuZlia, SezRudosaseTi Sexvedrebi, magaliTad, rodesacikveTeba dasabuTebuli eWvi, rom advokatiborotad iyenebs Tavis profesiul mdgomareobasda saidumlod aTanxmebs TavisklientTan mtkicebulebaTa damalvis anganadgurebis, an sasamarTlo procesis sxvaseriozuli gziT obstruqcias gegmas. 2542-e muxlis me-6 punqtiT konstituciaaRiarebs samarTliani sasamarTlos Ziri-Tadi uflebis kidev erT umniSvnelovaneselements _ braldebulis uflebas, moiTxovosTavisi mowmeebis gamoZaxeba da dakiTxvaiseTsave pirobebSi, rogoric aqvTbraldebis mowmeebs. es ufleba mxareTaTanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis principseyrdnoba da uzrunvelyofs piris uflebas,dakiTxos TviTon an daikiTxon mis winaaRmdegCvenebis mimcemi mowmeebi, agreTvegarantirebuli iyos dacvis mowmeTadaswreba da dakiTxva mis winaaRmdegCvenebis mimcem mowmeTa Tanabar pirobebSi.adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlomsaqmeze _ bioniSi avstriis winaaRmdeg26 _ daadgina, rom erovnulma sasamar-Tlom dacvis mier gamoZaxebuli mowmeebiunda dahkiTxos iseTive pirobebSi, rogorcTavis mxriv eqspertad mowveulimowmeebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlomudmivad afiqsirebda konvenciis me-6 muxlisdarRvevas im saqmeebSi, romlebSicerovnuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeliganaCeni dafuZnebuli iyo anonimurmowmeTa Cvenebebze, romelTa dakiTxvissaSualebac ar hqonda dacvis mxares. 27sasamarTlom aseve daafiqsira darRvevasaqmeSi, roca sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisCadenaSi braldebul pirs ar miecasaSualeba, daekiTxa belgiis samefo ojaxiswevri im mtkicebulebebTan dakavSirebiT,romlebzec dafuZnebuli iyo miswinaaRmdeg wayenebuli braldebebi. 28 amavedros, evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom erovnul sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs,uari uTxras gansasjelis mxares mowmisgamoZaxebaze, Tu naTelia, rom mowmisCvenebas saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisaTvisarsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs.sasamarTlo dacvis anu samarTliani sasamarTloganxilvis umniSvnelovanesielementia braldebulis ufleba, ar miscesCveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg,agreTve, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenosdumilis ufleba. saqarTvelos konstituciaganavrcobs am uflebas da 42-e muxlisme-8 punqtiT acxadebs, rom `aravin araris valdebuli, misces Tavisi an im axlobelTasawinaaRmdego Cveneba, romelTawrec ganisazRvreba kanoniT.~ evropulisasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT (saqmezesaundersi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg29 ), aRniSnuli ufleba warmoadgenssayovelTaod aRiarebul saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivnormas da sisxlis samarTlisprocesSi igi nebismier dasjad qmedebazeda nebismier braldebaze vrceldeba.am uflebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi isaa, romdaicvas gansasjeli xelisuflebis iZulebisagan,kerZod, ar daiSvas mtkicebulebebismopoveba gansasjelis iZulebis gziT.sasamarTlo dacva efeqtiani SeiZleba iyosTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)12

mxolod maSin, roca igi droulad xorcieldeba.erTi mxriv, es niSnavs, rom samar-Tliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebidangamomdinare, sasamarTlo procesebi undaCatardes gonivrulad misaReb vadebSi daar moxdes maTi dausrulebeli gaWianureba.amiT samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadiufleba moiTxovs, marTlmsajulebaganxorcieldes iseTi dayovnebis gareSe,romelic Zirs uTxris misdami adamianebisndobas. saxelmwifo valdebulia, SeqmnasiseTi procedurebi, romlebic SeesabamebaZiriTadi uflebis am moTxovnas da uzrunvelyofsmoqalaqis uflebas samarTlian,droul da efeqtian sasamarTloze. adamianisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosganmartebiT, samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivobisgonivruloba unda Sefasdes saqmiskonkretuli garemoebebis mixedviT,kerZod, saqmis sirTulis, momCivanis qcevisada erovnuli xelisuflebis Sesabamisiorganoebis moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 30meore mxriv, samarTliani sasamarTlosZiriTadi uflebis moTxovnaa xelisuflebisiseTi gadawyvetilebebis maqsimaluriSemcireba, romlebic dauyovnebliv undaaRsruldes. am moTxovnas SeesabamebasaqarTvelos administraciuli saprocesokodeqsis 31 29-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulinorma, romlis mixedviTac, sarCeliswardgena sasamarTloSi aCerebs gasaCivrebuliadministraciuli aqtis moqmedebas.es norma konstituciur-samarTlebrivaduzrunvelyofili samarTliani sasamarTlosZiriTadi uflebis konkretuli gamoxatulebada sajaro samarTlebrivi procesisfundamenturi principia. bunebrivia,aq SeiZleba arsebobdes SemTxvevebi, rocaadministraciuli aqtis moqmedebis daaRsrulebis SeCereba ar xdeba, radganmniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi interesimoiTxovs konkretuli RonisZiebis dauyovneblivganxorcielebas, magram esSemTxvevebi mxolod gamonaklisi unda iyoszogadi wesidan. aseTi gamonaklisebi CamoTvliliaadministraciuli saprocesokodeqsis 29-e muxlis meore nawilSi, romlismixedviTac, administraciuli aqtismoqmedeba ar SeCerdeba, Tu:`a) es dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo anadgilobrivi gadasaxadebis,mosakreblebis an sxva gadasaxdelebisgadaxdasTan;b) igi warmoadgens policiis organosadministraciul aqts, romelicgamocemulia sazogadoebrivi wesrigisdacvasTan dakavSirebiT;g) igi gamocemulia Sesabamisi kanonissafuZvelze gamocxadebuli sagangeboan saomari mdgomareobis dros;d) administraciuli organos miermiRebulia werilobiTi dasabuTebuligadawyvetileba dauyovnebeliaRsrulebis Sesaxeb, Tu arsebobsgadaudebeli aRsrulebis aucilebloba;e) es gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT.~samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTad uflebasewinaaRmdegeba iseTi normebi, romlebicaragonivrul sasamarTlo xarjebs adgensda praqtikulad SeuZlebels xdis sasamar-TlosaTvis mimarTvas. es gansakuTrebiTsocialurad mZime mdgomareobaSi myofmoqalaqeebs exeba. sasamarTlo dacva arunda iyos damokidebuli moqalaqeTaekonomikur mdgomareobaze da maT finan-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)13

sur SesaZleblobebze. kanonmdebeli valdebulia,gaiTvaliswinos es moTxovnaSesabamisi normebis dadgeniT, sasamarTloebmaki mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon moqalaqissocialuri mdgomareoba. sayurad-Reboa, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqosaproceso kodeqsiT, 32 moqalaqis qonebrivimdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamar-Tlos SeuZlia, mTlianad an nawilobrivgaaTavisuflos igi saxelmwifo biujetissasargeblod sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan,agreTve moiwvios advokati saxelmwifosxarjze (m. 47) an kidev erT an orivemxares gadaudos an gaunawilvados saxelmwifobiujetis sasargeblod sasamarTloxarjebis gadaxda, anda Seamciros xarjebisodenoba (m. 48).radgan swored am gziT SeiZleba Semowmdes,SeeZlo Tu ara sasamarTlos sxvagvari gadawyvetilebismiReba aRniSnuli faqtebisada garemoebebis mosmenis SemTxvevaSi.saqarTvelos kanoni `saerTo sasamarTloebSisaqmeTa ganawilebisa da uflebamosilebaTasxva mosamarTlisaTvis dakisrebiswesis Sesaxeb~ 33 saxelmwifos akisrebsvaldebulebas, sasamarTloebSi mosamarTlisaryofnis an gansaxilveli saqmeebisraodenobis mkveTri zrdis SemTxvevaSikonkretul sasamarTloSi mosamarTlisuflebis gansaxorcieleblad miavlinossxva sasamarTlos mosamarTle (m. 13), raTaamiT Tavidan aicilos saqmeTa ganxilvisvadebis da, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlodacvis ZiriTadi uflebis darRveva.III. dacul sferoSi CarevausaSvelod grZeli da dausrulebeli sasamarTloprocedura aris konstituciiTuzrunvelyofili sasamarTlo dacvisZiriTadi uflebis faqtobrivi gauqmebada, Sesabamisad, mis dacul sferoSi mZimeCareva. aseve mZime Carevaa iseTi SemTxveva,roca sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaeyrdnoba Secdomas, anu gadawyvetilebamiRebulia swored am SecdomissafuZvelze. es ki maSin xdeba, roca araris gamoricxuli, rom procesze konkretulipiris gamokiTxva da mosmena sxvagvarigadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveliSeiZleba yofiliyo. aqedan gamomdinare,pirma, romelic msgavsi SemTxvevis gamodarRveulad miiCnevs sasamarTlo dacvisZiriTad uflebas, unda moiyvanos is faqtebi,romlebsac is warmoadgenda sasamar-Tlo procesze misi mosmenis SemTxvevaSi,IV. Carevis konstituciursamarTlebrivisafuZvelisasamarTlo dacvis ZiriTadi uflebasaqarTvelos konstituciiT uzrunvelyofiliayovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe.saxelmwifo valdebulia, Seqmnas adamianissamarTlebrivi dacvis proceduruli daorganizaciuli normebi, rac unda Seesabamebodes42-e muxlis moTxovnebs da samar-Tliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebisSinaarss. aRniSnuli ufleba SeiZlebaSeizRudos mxolod sxva ZiriTad uflebeb-Tan koliziis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca ZalianZnelia imis Tqma, Tu romel uflebasTanSeiZleba moxdes kolizia. aqedan gamomdinare,ar arsebobs araviTari SesaZlo konstituciur-samarTlebrivisafuZveli CarevisgasamarTleblad.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)14

2. m. 42, p. 2 - ufleba kanoniersasamarTlozeadamianis ZiriTadi ufleba kanoniersasamarTloze, sxva saproceso ZiriTaduflebebTan erTad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosprincipis Semadgeneli nawili dakonkretuli gamoxatulebaa. saqarTveloskonstitucia am ZiriTad uflebas uzrunvelyofs42-e muxlis me-2 punqtiT, romlismixedviTac, `yoveli piri unda gansajosmxolod im sasamarTlom, romlis iurisdiqciasaceqvemdebareba misi saqme~. aRsaniSnavia,rom dReisaTvis gabatonebuli samar-Tlebrivi Sexeduleba, agreTve adamianisuflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTadacvis evropuli konvencia kanonier sasamarTlozeadamianis uflebas samarTlianisasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebis Semadgenelnawilad moiazrebs. konvenciis me-6muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, yvelasaqvs ufleba, `kanoniT Seqmnili damoukidebelida miukerZoebeli sasamarTlosmier gonivrul vadaSi samarTlian an sajaromosmenaze~. swored am koncefciisSesabamisad, saqarTvelos konstituciaaRniSnul ZiriTad uflebas 42-e muxlisme-2 punqtiT aRiarebs da amiT xazs usvamsmis pirdapir kavSirs samarTlianisasamarTlos uflebasTan.kanonier sasamarTloze ZiriTadi uflebissubieqtia yvela fizikuri piri, ganurCevladmaTi moqalaqeobisa Tu moqalaqeobisarqonisa. es ufleba aris garantia, romlissafuZvelzec Tavidan avicilebT fizikuripiris sasamarTlo gziT dacvaze sxvadasxvasaSualebebiT zegavlenisa da sasamarTloprocesis manipulirebis safrTxes. dauSvebeliasasamarTloTa gansjadobisa da SemadgenlobisiseTi wesiT gansazRvra, romlismizanic iqneba konkretul sasamarTlo saqmeTaamorCeva da ganxilva. es ZiriTadiufleba saxelmwifosagan moiTxovs sasamarTlogansjadobis zust gansazRvras. ammoTxovnis Sesabamisad, saerTo sasamarTloebissistema, sasamarTloTa Sinaarsobrivi,teritoriuli da instanciuri iurisdiqciagansazRvrulia saqarTvelos organulikanoniT `saerTo sasamarTloebisSesaxeb~ 34 da saproceso kodeqsebiT.romeli mosamarTle ixilavs saqmes?qSinaarsobrivi iurisdiqcia: sasamarTloqteritoriuli iurisdiqcia: adgilmdebareobamagaliTad: quTaisiqinstanciuri iurisdiqcia: instanciamagaliTad: saolqo sasamarTloqpiradi iurisdiqcia: mosamarTlemagaliTad: giorgi giorgaZeTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)15

kanonier sasamarTloze adamianis ZiriTadiufleba moqalaqeebs icavs mosamarTleTaan sasamarTloTa mier maTTvis `sasurveli~saqmeebis sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr`amorCevis~ SesaZleblobisagan.Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli uflebagamoricxavs SemTxveviTobas saqmeTaamorCevisa da mosamarTleTa mier saqmeTaganxilvis sakiTxebSi. negatiuriTvalsazrisiT, uzrunvelyofilia ufleba,romlis mixedviTac, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulikonkretuli garemoebebis SemTxvevaSidauSvebelia saqmis ganxilva konkretulimosamarTlis mier (e.w. acilebis ufleba).aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifovaldebulia, Seqmnas Sesabamisi pirobebi amZiriTadi uflebis realuri ganxorcielebisaTvis,kerZod ki _ SeimuSaos kanonebi,romelTa saSualebiTac winaswarvemaqsimalurad naTlad iqneba gansazRvruli,Tu rogor ganawildeba sasamarTloSisaqmeebi da romeli mosamarTle ganixilavskonkretul saqmes.kanonieri sasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebiszemoxsenebul moTxovnas SeesabamebasaqarTvelos kanoni `saerTo sasamarTloebSisaqmeTa ganawilebisa da uflebamosilebaTasxva mosamarTlisaTvis dakisrebiswesis Sesaxeb~, 35 romliTac gansazRvruliaraionul (saqalaqo), saolqo, afxazeTisada aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebisumaRles sasamarTloebSi saqmeTa ganawilebisada uflebamosilebis sxva mosamar-TlisaTvis dakisrebis wesi (m. 1). saqarTvelossaerTo sasamarTloebSi mosamarTleTaSoris saqmeebi nawildeba rigiTobiswesiT, rac gulisxmobs mosamarTleTaSoris saqmeebis ganawilebas saqmeTa Semos-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)16

vlis rigisa da mosamarTleTa rigiTobismixedviT (m. 4). rigiTobiT pirveli nomerieniWeba im mosamarTles, romlis gvarispirveli, xolo igiveobis SemTxvevaSimom-devno aso anbanis mixedviT pirvelia(m. 5). sisxlis, samoqalaqo da administraciulisamarTlis saqmeebi da sxva masalebimosamarTleTa Soris nawildeba sasamarTloSisaqmis Semosvlis TanamimdevrobismixedviT; Semosvlis rigiT yoveli momdevnosaqme gadaecema rigiTobiT momdevnomosamarTles (m. 8).mocemul ZiriTad uflebaSi Carevaa,magaliTad, is SemTxvevebi, roca sasamarTloebSisaqmeTa ganawilebis kanoniTa dasasamarTloTa samuSao reglamentiT dadgeniliwesebis darRveviT saqmes ixilavse.w. arasaTanado mosamarTle. mZime CarevaaagreTve saqmis ganxilva sasamarTloTateritoriuli an instanciuriiurisdiqciis darRveviT.saqarTvelos konstituciiT, uflebakanonier sasamarTloze uzrunvelyofiliayovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe, anu igiabsoluturi ZiriTadi uflebaa. Sesabamisad,dauSvebelia raime saxiT misi SezRudva.aRniSnuli uflebis nebismieri formiTSezRudva dacul sferoSi konstituciursamarTlebrivadgaumarTlebeli Carevaiqneba. aseve gaumarTlebelia Carevakolidirebuli samarTlebrivi sikeTisdasacavad, radgan aseTi sikeTe ubralodar arsebobs.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)17

SeniSvnebi:1Delcourt v. Belgium, 1 January, 1970.2Campbell and Fell v. the United Kingdom, 28 January 1984.3Piersack v. Belgium, 1 October, 1982.4`saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, 1997 wlis 13 ivnisi, m. 12.5ix. konvenciis m. 6, p. 1, win. 2: `sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba cxaddeba sajarod, magramdemokratiul saxelmwifoSi zneobis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis an erovnuli uSiSroebisinteresebidan gamomdinare, presa an sazogadoeba SeiZleba ar daiSvas sasamarTloganxilvis mTel procesze an mis nawilze, Tu amas moiTxovs arasrulwlovanTainteresebi an mxareTa piradi cxovrebis dacva, an sasamarTlos SexedulebiTgansakuTrebul garemoebebSi, mkacri aucileblobis zRvramde, Tu sajarooba ziansmiayenebs marTlmsajulebis interesebs.~6Axen v. Federal Republic of Germany, 8 December, 1983.7Le Compte, Van Leuven and De Meyere v. Belgium, 23 June, 1981.81997 wlis 13 ivnisi.9organuli kanonis m. 6.10sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis m. 15, naw. 3.11Brandstetter v. Austria, 28 August, 1991; Imbrioscia v. Switzerland, 24 November, 1993; Bulut v.Austria, 22 February, 1996; Garcia Alva v. Germany, 13 February, 2001.12Kerojarvi v. Finnland, 19 July, 1995; McMichael v. the United Kingdom, 24 February, 1995; Foucher v.France, 18 March, 1997.13De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium, 24 February, 1997; Mantovanelli v. France, 18 March, 1997.14Poitrimol v. France, 23 November, 1993.15Pelladoah v. Netherlands, 22 September, 1994.16Brozicek v. Italy, 19 December, 1989.17Kamasinski v. Austria, 29 December, 1989.18Luedicke, Belkasam and Koc v. Germany, 28 November, 1978.19`saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanoni, m.10.20sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis m. 11, naw. 1.21Benham v. the United Kingdom, 10 June, 1996; Artico v. Italy, 13 May, 1980.22saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze `saqarTvelosmoqalaqeebi firuz beriaSvili, revaz jimSeriSvili da saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelisaqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~, <strong>#2</strong>/3/182, 185, 191; 2003 wlis 29 ianvari.23iqve.24Can v. Austria, 30 September, 1985; Campbell and Fell v. the United Kingdom, 28 January, 1984.25Campbell and Fell v. the United Kingdom, 28 January, 1984.26Bönisch v. Austria, 6 May, 1985.27Kostovski v. Netherlands, 30 November, 1989; Windisch v. Austria, 27 September, 1990 Saidi v.France, 20 September, 1993.28Bricmont v. Belgium, 7 July, 1989.29Saunders v. the United Kingdom, 17 December, 1996; Funke v. France, 23 February, 1993.30Pëlissier ans Sassi v. France, 25 March, 1999; Portington v. Greece, 23 September, 1998; Barfuss v.Czech Republic, 31 July, 2000.311999 wlis 23 ivlisi.321997 wlis 14 noemberi.331998 wlis 26 ivnisi.341997 wlis 13 ivnisi.351998 wlis 26 ivnisi.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)18

kulturadaamartia seniadamianis uflebebi(dasasruli. dasawyisi ix. #1(37). ianvari, <strong>2005</strong>)aSoka da kautiliamTlianobaSi konfucis ideebi ufro rTulia da mravalSriani,vidre is sentenciebi, romelTac xSirad didi filosofosissaxels amofarebulni icaven xolme. amas garda, SeiniSnebasxva moazrovneTa ignorirebis tendencia, romlebic aramartoCinur, mTlianad aziur kulturas miekuTvnebian. Tu Cvenindur tradicias mivmarTavT, aRmovaCenT Tanasworobis,Tavisuflebisa da tolerantobis Taobaze mravalmxriv dagansxvavebul Sexedulebebs. egalitarul safuZvelzetolerantobis aucileblobis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiTsaintereso Tvalsazrisi warmodgenilia imperator aSokasteqstebSi (Cv.w-mde I I I sk.). misi imperiis teritoria sididiTnebismier sxva indur samefos aRemateboda (maghalsisa darajas miwebis CaTvliT; britanelebis mier Seqmnilnacionalur saxelmwifoebs Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi).Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)19

aSokam sazogadoebrivi eTikisa da ganaTlebulimmarTvelobis problemebs masSemdeg mimarTa, rac sisxlismRvreli,damTrgunveli brZoliT kalingis samefoze(amJamad orisis Stati) gamarjveba moipova.depresiagamovlilma imperatorma budizmimiiRo da Tavisi emisrebi sazRvargareT _dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi _ budasmoZRvrebis saqadageblad waravlina,riTac am rwmenis msoflio religiadgadaqcevas Seuwyo xeli. cota xanSi kiqveynis mTeli teritoria qvis stelebiTdaifara, xolo dafebze amokveTili warwerebisaTno cxovrebis da qveli mmarTvelobisarssa da formas ganmartavda.am teqstebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobamravalferovnebis mimarT SemwynareblobaseniWeboda. magaliTad, eragudSi warwerili,axla me-12 nomrad cnobili ganCinebagvamcnobs:,,aSokaujeroa martooden Tvisi Temispativgeba an upirobod sxvisi TemisSebRalva. mxolod raime nakli SeiZlebaiyos Seginebis safuZveli, rakinebismieri Temi ama Tu im mizeziTpativis Rirsia. roca amgvarad iqceva,adamiani sakuTar Tems ganadidebs daimavdroulad sakadrisad epyrobasxvisas. sxvagvarad moqcevisas adamianiTavis Tems vnebs da daumsaxurebladamcirebs sxvisas. vinaidan, vinc pativsmiagebs Tavis Tems da sxvas kimartooden sakuTaris erTgulebisa dagandidebis ganzraxviT Seuracxyofs,sinamdvileSi udides zians gvrismSobliur Tems.~Cv. w-mde I I I sk-is es da mravali amgvariediqti naTels xdis tolerantobis mniSvnelobasrogorc sajaro saxelmwifo politikis,aseve moqalaqeTa Soris urTier-Tobis sferoSiac.tolerantobasa da misi gavrcelebisarealTan dakavSirebiT aSoka universalistiiyo. damTmen mopyrobas iTxovda yvelasadmida maT Soris `tyis xalxis~, anu imtomebis mimarTac, jer kidev `soflismeurneobamdeli~ ekonomikuri formaciispirobebSi rom cxovrobdnen. aSokas mxridanegalitarizmisa da universaluri tolerantobisqadageba zogierT komentators`antiaziuradac~ SeiZleba eCvenos,magram imperatoris Sexedulebebi indoeT-Si mis mmarTvelobamde ramdenime saukuniTadre `inteleqtualur~ modad qceulifilosofiuri mimdinareobebidanaaamozrdili.axla ki sxva, metad saintereso indoelmoazrovnes mivmarToT, romlis traqtatmasaxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da politikuriekonomiis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani gavlenaiqonia rogorc mis Tanamedroveebze, asevemomdevno Taobebzec. mxedvelobaSi gvyavsTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)20

kautilia, avtori `artxaSastrisa~, rac`ekonomikur mecnierebad~ SeiZleba iTargmnos,Tumca am naSromSi marto ekonomikiski ara, praqtikuli politikis sakiTxebicaris ganxiluli. kautilia Cv.w-mde IV sk.-Sicxovrobda, anu aristoteles Tanamedroveiyo da subkontinentze mauriebis mZlavriimperiis damaarseblis, imperator Candrahuptimaurias (aSokas papis) karze mTavarministrad msaxurobda.kautilias xSirad imowmeben imis dasamtkiceblad,rom Tavisufleba da tolerantobaindur klasikur tradiciaSi naklebadwarmoadgenda faseulobas. `artxaSastra-Si~ detalurad aRweril imJamindel ekonomikurda politikur viTarebas SeiZlebamarTlac dausva aseTi `diagnozi~ oriaspeqtis gamo: pirvel rigSi, kautiliaerTob viwro gagebis konsekvencionalistia.Tu iseT miznebs, rogoricaa qveSevrdomTabednierebis uzrunvelyofa daqveyanaSi wesrigis damyareba, brZeni ministridawvrilebiTi politikuri rCevebiTsaxsravs da damajerebladac asabuTebs,mefes is didsulovan avtokratoradwarmogvidgens da misi Zalaufleba _Tundac mxolod sikeTis qmnas gulisxmobdes,_ absolutizebulia swori organizaciismeSveobiT. amrigad, `artxaSastra~,erTi mxriv, Seicavs SesaniSnav ideebsa darCevebs iseT mniSvnelovan praqtikulproblemebze, rogoricaa SimSilis aridebada administraciuli efeqtianoba (esideebi arc dRes, ori aTas welze meti xnisSemdeg gaxunebula), magram, meore mxriv,Txzuleba aswavlis mefes, Tu rogor undamiaRwio mizans oponentebisa da mtrebisTavisuflebis Selaxvis gziT.isicaa, rom kautilia, rogorc Cans, ar yofilapolitikuri da ekonomikuri Tanasworobismotrfiale. misi TvalTaxedviT,kargad organizebuli sazogadoeba mkafiodstratificirebulia klasobrivi dakasturi niSniT. moqalaqeTa bednierebisuzrunvelyofa RirebulebaTa miseulierarqiaSi erT-erT umaRles adgils ikavebsda yvela moqalaqeze Tanabrad vrceldeba,magram sxva miznebi formiTac daarsobrivadac mkveTrad antiegalitarulixasiaTisaa. sazogadoebis uiRblo wevrebismfarveloba da Semweoba mefis valdebulebagaxlavT, raTa maT Tavidan airidonsiRatake da sikvdili. kautilia gansakuTrebiTusvams xazs mefis valdebulebas _`orsuli qalisa da axalSobilis~ materialurSemweobasTan erTad, `Seinaxos bav-Svebi, moxucebi, sneulni, miusafarni dadaucvelni~. magram mfarvelobis valdebulebaSorsaa Tavad am daxmarebaaRmoCeniliadamianebis Tavisuflebis pativiscemisada araorTodoqsulobisadmi Semwynareblobisgan,rac imas niSnavs, rom amsistemaSi SeuZlebelia cxovrebis wesisindividualurad gansazRvra.rogoria daskvna? ra Tqma unda, mTavariministri arc demokratia, arc egalitaristida arc sayovelTao Tanasworobis-Tvis mebrZoli. da mainc, roca saubariaimaze, Tu ras unda flobdes sazogadoebisyvelaze privilegirebuli fenis wevri, Tavisuflebapirvel planze gamodis. umaRlesiklasis warmomadgenlis (e.w. arias)pirovnuli Tavisuflebis xelyofa dauSvebladiTvleba. kautiliam dasjis sistemacSeimuSava: xSir SemTxvevaSi, erTobmkacri sasjelia gaTvaliswinebuli maT-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)21

Tvis, vinc imonebs maRali wodebis qals anbavSvs, magram, ukve damonebulTa mdgomareobisgamo avtori winaaRmdegobas argamoxatavs. isic araa gasakviri, am filosofosTanversad rom ver wavawydebiT SesaZleblobisTavisuflad ganxorcielebismniSvnelobaze aristoteles gasageb daaraorazrovan debulebaTa msgavs msjelobas.magram umaRlesi wodebisTvisTavisuflebis gageba kautiliasTan uTuodarsebobs. es gageba ewinaaRmdegeba warmodgenassazogadoebis dabali fenis mimarTxelisuflebis valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb, racukiduresi siRatakisa da umweobis Tavidanasacileblad saxelmwifoebrivi mzrunvelobisada Semweobis paternalisturiformiTaa gamovlenili. miuxedavad amisa,cxovrebis marTebuli wesis kautiliaseulixedva srulad Seesabameba imgvarieTikis sistemas, sadac Tavisufleba faseulobaswarmoadgens. marTalia, `artxaSastraSi~Tavisuflebis sazRvari sazogadoebisumaRlesi feniTaa Semoxazuli, magramaseTi midgoma radikalurad rodi gansxvavdebaTavisufali mamakacisa da meoremxriv, monisa da qalis ZvelberZnulidiqotomiisgan. saboloo jamSi, kautiliaufro viwrod azrovnebs vidre universalistiaSoka, magram bevrwilad misi ganazrebanikerZoobiTobis mimdevari aristotelesideebs enaTesaveba.tolerantoba islamSiinduri azris zemoT naxseneb or mZlavr,magram erTob gansxvavebul mimdinareobaSiwarmodgenil politikur ideebsa da cxovrebispraqtikul gaazrebaze (romlebic,Sesabamisad, Cv. w- mde I I I da IV saukuneebsmiekuTvneba) ase detalurad imitomSevrCerdiT, rom am ideebma, Tavis mxriv,Rrma zegavlena moaxdina gviandel indoelmoazrovneebze. aSokaTi da kautiliaTitradicia ar mTavrdeba. indoeTSi mravalferovnebisadmiSemwynareblobis gavlenianmqadagebelTa da damamkvidrebelTa Sorisdidi mogoli imperatori aqbari iricxeba(mefobda 1556-1605 wlebSi). aq, kvlavsaubari gvaqvs ara demokratze, aramedZlevamosil mmarTvelze, romelic socialurida religiuri qcevis ama Tu imformis mimarT loialuri iyo da pativsscemda adamianis sxvadasxva tipis uflebebs,maT Soris RvTismsaxurebisa da religiuripraqtikis Tavisuflebas, Tanac imxarisxiT, aqbaris dros zogierT evropulqveyanaSi yovelTvis rom ar miiRweoda.ase magaliTad, rodesac 1591-1592 wlebSimuslimuri kalendriT me-1000 weliwadidadga, delisa da agraSi erTgvar mRelvarebashqonda adgili (daaxloebiT imismsgavss, risi mowmenic qristianuli kalendriTmesame aTaswleulis damdegisas gavxdiT).am gardamtex istoriul momentSiaqbarma ramdenime gankarguleba gamosca,sadac, inter alia, religiur Semwynareblobazeciyo saubari:,,aravis unda Seeqmnas dabrkoleba religiuriwesis aRsrulebisas. nebismierseZleva nebarTva, miiRos is aRmsarebloba,romelsac moiwadinebs. Tuki indusibavSvobisas an momdevno asakSi Tavisinebis sawinaaRmdegod gaxda muslimi, igi,survilis SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosilia,daubrundes mamebis rwmenas.~Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)22

aqbariaqbaris tolerantoba, marTalia, religiuradneitraluri iyo, magram ar gaxldaTuniversaluri; magaliTad, ar vrceldebodaiseT rameze, rogoricaa genderuli Tanasworobaan Tanasworoba axalgazrdasada xandazmuls Soris. imperatoris erTerTiganCineba gulisxmobda ymawvili indusiqalis iZulebiT dabrunebas mSoblissaxlSi, Tuki man muslimi Seyvarebulisgamo miatova igi. axalgazrda Seyvarebulsada mamas Soris arCevanisas mxcovani akbarimTlianad mSoblis mxaresaa. tolerantobada Tanasworoba erTsa da imave sibrtyezeSewyvilebulia Seuwynareblobasa dauTanasworobasTan, magram tolerantobisxarisxi religiuri praqtikisa da aRmsareblobissakiTxebSi erTob maRalia. amkonteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT ki `dasavluriliberalizmis~ gaZlierebuli reklamisfonze, uadgilo ar iqneba imis aRniSvnac,rom im dros, roca aqbari aseT brZanebebsgamoscemda, evropaSi mZvinvarebdaulmobeli inkvizicia.Seuwynarebeli da mtrulad ganwyobili.magram sinamdvileSi islamisTvis (gansakuTrebiTmisi tradiciis SigniT) sakmaoddamaxasiaTebelia mravalsaxeoba. indoeTSiaqbarma da sxva mogolebma rogorcpolitikuri, aseve religiuri tolerantobisTeoriisa da praqtikis SesaniSnavinimuSebi gviCvenes. msgavsi magaliTebi moiZebnebaislamuri kulturis sxva ganStoebebSiac.Turqi imperatorebi xSiradufro Semwynareblebi iyvnen, vidre maTievropeli kolegebi. Cven mraval aseTmagaliTs gvawvdis kairosa da baRdadisistoria. ai, erT-erTi: didi iudevelimecnieri maimonidi (XI I sk.) iZulebuligaxda, gamoqceoda ebraelTa mdevnel,Seuwynarebel evropas (sadac igi daibada)da TavSesafari tolerantul da urbanistulkairoSi sulTan saladinTan epova.gavixsenoT aseve birunic, iraneli maTematikosi,romelmac XI saukunis dasawyisSiawarmova pirveli yovelmxrivi kvlevaindoeTis Sesaxeb (garda induri maTematikuritraqtatebis arabul enaze Targmnisa).igi aseve erT-erTi pirveli anTropologigaxldaT msoflioSi. biruni aRSfoTebiTaRniSnavda im faqts, rom `ucxoelTa ginebayvela xalxs axasiaTebs.~ didi mecnierimTeli cxovreba Tanmimdevrulad cdilobda,xeli Seewyo urTierTgagebisa da tolerantobisganviTarebisTvis imdroindelmsoflioSi.Tanamedrove konfrontaciebma, metwiladki axlo aRmosavleTis problemebma, iqamdemigviyvana, rom islamuri civilizaciaxSirad aRiqmeba rogorc individualuriTavisuflebis mimarT fundamenturadaseTi magaliTi bevria. arsi ki is aris, rom`aziur RirebulebaTa~ avtoritarulobisstereotipis Tanamedrove damcvelebiTavianT Sexedulebebs tradiciis erTobTviTnebur interpretaciasa da metismetadTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)23

mcirericxovan avtorebs afuZneben. Tavisuflebisfaseulobis Sesaxeb warmodgenamxolod erTi romelime kulturisTvisrodia damaxasiaTebeli. iseve, rogorc arcmxolod dasavlur tradicias SeuZlia ufromkveTri gaxados sazogadoebrivi wyobisTavisuflebisken mimarTuli Cveni mzera.globalizacia: ekonomika,kultura da uflebebidemokratiis damkvidrebis sirTule mWidrodaagadajaWvuli kidev erT, am bolodros gansakuTrebiT aqtualizebul kulturulproblemasTan. saubaria dasavlurikulturisa da cxovrebis Tanamedrovewesis gavlenaze, romelic yvelgan aRwevsda aryevs tradiciul nirsa da sazogadoebrivmorals. Cans, rom maTTvis, visTvisacfaseulobas tradiciebi da nacionalurikulturuli Cveulebebi warmoadgens, aseTisafrTxe marTlac seriozuli da realuria.Tanamedrove msoflioSi dasavleTi dominirebsda imis miuxedavad, rom gardasulxelisufalTa imperiuli Zalaufleba aRararsebobs, dominireba kvlavac mZlavria _garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ufro Zliericki, vidre adre iyo. yvelaze metad es kulturuliaspeqtiT vlindeba. vTqvaT, ase:Coca-Cola-sa da MTV-is imperiebSi mzeaRarasdros Cadis.globalizaciis process daqvemdebarebulTanamedrove msoflioSi nacionalur kulturaTaarsebobis mimarT muqara mniSvnelovanwiladgardauvalia. ekonomikisa davaWrobis globalizaciis Seneleba SeuZlebelia,vinaidan aseve SeuZlebelia winaaR-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)24

mdegoba gauwio konkurenciis samyaroSiekonomikuri cvlilebebisa da Sromisgadanawilebis mZlavr eqspansias, rac mas-Staburi teqnologiuri evoluciiTaa gansazRvrulida swored amazea damokidebuliTanamedrove teqnologiebis konkurentunarianoba.Tumca problemas sxva, dadebiTi mxarecaqvs. adam smitis winaswarmetyvelebiT,globalurma vaWrobam da ekonomikam Ti-Toeul nacias SeiZleba moutanos warmateba.magram saerTo maCvenebeli ganuxreladmzardic rom iyos, gamarjvebulTa Sorisdamarcxebulnic aRmoCndebian. ekonomikuriuTanasworobis pirobebSi tradiciulimocaleobisa da cxovrebis wesis mimarTglobalizaciis procesi naklebad destruqciulformas im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs,Tuki moxerxdeba ZalisxmevaTa gaerTianeba;amas garda, globalizaciaSi Cabma Tanda-TanobiT unda xorcieldebodes. gardamavaliprocesi rom Serbildes, kadrebisgadasamzadeblad da axali profesiuliunar-Cvevebis SesaZenad (visac samsaxurisdakargva emuqreba), saWiroa pirobebisSeqmna. aucilebelia, agreTve socialuristruqturebis formireba (socialuridacvisa da sxva Sesabamisi institutebissaxiT), raTa SeveSveloT _ ukiduresSemTxvevaSi mcire xniT mainc _ maT, visiinteresebic globalizaciiT gamowveulicvlilebebis Sedegad dazaraldeba.aseTi pirobebis Seqmna garkveulwiladkulturazec moaxdens zegavlenas. kompiuteriTsargeblobis, internet-momsaxurebisada sxva sainformacio saSualebaTagamoyenebis unari ara marto ekonomikuriSesaZleblobebis gardaqmnas, aramed teqnologiurcvlilebaTa gavlenis qveSmoqceuli adamianis mTeli cxovrebisferiscvalebas axdens. da amis gamo aucilebelisulac ar aris dardi da wuxili.magram rCeba kidev ori problema: pirvelisaerToa msoflio ekonomikisTvis, meoreki ufro gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa.pirvel rigSi, Tanamedrove komunikaciebisada urTierTgacvlis samyaro bazisurganaTlebasa da momzadebas moiTxovs. TukizogierTma Raribma qveyanam am sferoSiSTambeWdav winsvlas miaRwia (amis kargimagaliTia aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleTaziis qveynebi), sxvagan (magali-Tad, samxreT afrika da samxreT azia)CamorCenis tendencia SeiniSneba. globalizaciaSiCabmuli msofliosTvis kulturuli,aseve ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisTanasworoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovanrols asrulebs. aseTi TanasworobismiRwevis amocana mTeli msoflioskulturisa da ekonomikis winaSe dgas.meore problema pirvelisgan imiT gansxvavdeba,rom is kulturis sakiTxs ekonomikurisirTuleebisgan mijnavs. ekonomikurirestruqturizaciis epoqaSi warmoebismoZvelebul saSualebebsa da yavlgasulteqnologiebs, rogorc wesi, ar mistirian.marTalia, specifikuri da daxvewilisagnebis gamo Cndeba xolme erTgvarinostalgia (magaliTad, orTqmavlis andaZveleburi saaTebis mimarT), magram mTlianobaSidromoWmuli teqnikis ukan dabrunebasaravin cdilobs. kulturuli tradiciebismiviwyeba ki piriqiT, uRrmes wuxilsbadebs. cxovrebis Zveleburi adaTisTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)25

kvdoma xSirad sevdiTa da danakargisadmimZime gancdiTaa aRbeWdili. garkveulwilades cxovelTa iSviaTi saxeobis gaqrobasTandakavSirebul situaciasac gvagonebs.Tanamedrove garemo pirobebTanadaptirebuli, `ukeT aRWurvili~ da ufroiolad zrdadi saxeobis gaCenasTan erTad,Zvelis kvdomam SeiZleba sinanuli aRmoacenos;am SemTxvevaSi damSvidebis sakmarismizezad marTlac ar gamodgeba is, romdarvinis ganviTarebis Teoriis mixedviT,axali saxeobebi `umjobesia~.problema sakmaod seriozulia, magram sa-Wiroa, Tavad sazogadoebas mivandoT imisgadawyveta, Tundac mniSvnelovani ekonomikuridanakargis miuxedavad, arsebobisromel adreul formas (Tuki saerTod arisaseTi) CaTvlis igi SenarCunebis Rirsad.Tu sazogadoeba dasaSvebad miiCnevs,SeiZleba SenarCundes cxovrebis tradiciuliwesi. problema ki is aris, rom gansasaz-Rvria balansi im RirebulebaTa Soris,rasac sazogadoeba Semonaxul sagnebsa dacxovrebis Cveul wess aniWebs. danaxarjisada rezultatis analizis mza formula ararsebobs, magram arCevanis arsis racionalurgaazrebaSi gadamwyveti roli amsakiTxze sajaro diskusiaSi sazogadoebisyvela fenis Cabmis SesaZleblobam undaSeasrulos. da kvlav SesaZleblobaTaTemas vubrundebiT: gadawyvetilebismiRebisas, Tu ra SenarCundes da ra _ ara,aucilebelia, sazogadoebis ara martoprivilegirebulma, aramed yvela sxvasocialurma fenamac miiRos aqtiuri monawileobaam procesSi. aravin da araferigvaiZulebs mivejaWvoT myofobis romelimemoZvelebul formas, magram arsebobsjerarsuli da mudmivi aucilebloba, rommTeli mosaxleoba _ socialuri TanasworobissaxeliT _ sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebismiRebis dros Caebas arCevanis procesSi.aqedan gamomdinare, izrdeba iseTielementaruli movlenebis mniSvneloba,rogoricaa kiTxvisa da weris unari (dawyebiTiganaTlebiT mopovebuli), sakmarisiinformirebuloba da gaTviTcnobierebuloba(masobrivi informaciis meSveobiT)da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobismiRebis realuri SesaZleblobis arseboba(arCevnebis, referendumis, mTlianobaSisamoqalaqo uflebaTa gamoyenebis gziT).farTo gagebiT, aq saubari gvaqvs sworedadamianis uflebebze.kulturuli urTierTgavlenazemoT aRniSnul sabaziso mocemulobebTanerTad, damatebis saxiT, aucilebeliakulturaTa urTierTgavlenis faqtisaRniSvna, magram aucilebeli rodia, amisgvrcxvenodes. Cven marTlac SegviZliasxva regionebidan Semosuli sagnebiTsixarulis gancda. kulturuli nacionalizmida Sovinizmi ki xSirad seriozuladaRaribebs Cvens arsebobas. rabindranTTagori, didi bengalieli mwerali amisTaobaze erTob poeturad ambobs:,,sakmarisia SevicnoT da SeviyvaroTromelime nivTi, rom umal Cveni xdeba,da ra mniSvneloba aqvs saidanaa igimosuli. me vamayob Cemi adamianuriarsiT, roca vaxerxeb xolme Cavwvdesxva qveynis poetisa da mxatvrisSemoqmedebas. da me viTxovdi, nuTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)26

Camibneleben sixaruls imis gamo, romxelmisawvdomia CemTvis dideba mTelikacobriobisa.~denime saukunis win portugalielebma arSeitanes igi maT qveyanaSi (Zvelad indoelikulinarebi Cveulebriv wiwakas iyenebdnenda ara Cilis). aseTivea `viwrod~ nacionaluriinduri `karris~ istoriac.TagoriTuki kulturis unikalurobis ignorirebagarkveuli safrTxis Semcvelia, ucxourigavlenisgan ampartavnuli da Tavmomwoneizolacia xSirad Tavis motyuebazeadafuZnebuli.aSkaraa, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTkavSirida kulturaTa Soris gavlena gacilebiTmasStaburia, vidre hgoniaT maT, vincnacionaluri kulturis ganadgurebisperspeqtiviTaa Secbunebuli. adamianebiSiSs ganicdian TavianTi kulturis gamo daarcTu iSviaTad erTob myifedac kimiaCniaT igi. Cven sxvisgan swavlis, magramTanadroulad TviTmyofobis SenarCunebisTvisebis daufaseblobac gvaxasiaTebs.metic, `nacionaluri tradiciebisTvis~mebrZolni xSirad aCumaTeben TavianTtradiciaze ucxo gavlenis xangrZlivistoriasac. magaliTad, sanelebeli `Cili~induri samzareulos erT-erT ZiriTadingredientadaa miCneuli (es induri kerZisraRac musikaluri uvertiuris msgavsia),magram faqti faqtad rCeba: indoeTSi `Cili~ucnobi iyo manamde, sanam sul raRac ram-Tanamedrove britaneTSi induri samzareulosdaujerebel popularobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,aRar iqneba gasakviri, turizmisbritanuli komisia karris `britanulkerZad~ rom naTlavs. oriod wlis win,londonSi movismine mavani qalbatonismisamarTiT _ misi WeSmaritad inglisuribunebis xazgasasmelad _ naTqvami gasaocarifraza, rom igi isevea ingliseli, rogorcyvavili narcisi da qaTmis `tika~ masala.warmodgena regionuli koloritis TviTkmarobisSesaxeb didi tyuilia, radgan metismetadZnelia tradiciebis wmindad daxeluxleblad SenarCuneba. xandaxan ucxouriinteleqtualuri gavlena ufro ga-Sualebuli da rTuli bunebisaa xolme. asemagaliTad, zogierTi indoeli SovinistiewinaaRmdegeba `dasavluri~ terminologiisgamoyenebas saskolo sagnebis, vTqvaT,Tanamedrove maTematikis swavlebisas...magram maTematikis samyaroSi urTierTkav-Siri imdenad daxlarTulia, rom xSiradSeuZlebelia ganasxvavo `dasavluri~`aradasavlurisgan~. sailustraciodganvixiloT trigonometriuli termini`sinusi~. terminma indoeTSi britaneTidanSeaRwia, magram amis miuxedavad, mis warmomavlobasmkafiod atyvia induri kvali.ariabhatam, didma indoelma maTematikosma(V sk) sanskritul enaSi sinusis cneba daamkvidrada mas am enaze jia-ardha uwoda(`naxevarqorda~). amis Semdeg ki terminisTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)27

yariboba daiwyo, rac hovard ivzma aseaRwera:,,ariabhatam daarqva mas ardha-jia(`naxevarqorda~), xolo mogvianebiTmartiv jia-mde (`qorda~) Sekveca.arabebi mSobliuri enis fonetikuriSesaZleblobebis gamo jia-s jiba-dgamoTqvamdnen, xolo werdnen rogorcjb, raki werisas Cveuleba hqondaT,gamoetovaT xmovnebi. droTaganmavlobaSi termini `jiba~maTematikuris garda yvela sxvamniSvnelobisgan daicala. arabmamecnierebma ki jb-s abreviaturaSisxva xmovnebi CarTes da miiRes `jaib~,rac arabulad `yures~ niSnavs.SemdgomSi herardo kremonelmaarabulidan Targmnisas (daax. 1150 w.)Secvala `jaib~ laTinuri ekvivalentiT`sinus~ (`yures~ mniSvnelobiT) daswored aqedan warmoiSva Tanamedrovetermini `sinusi~.Cveni amocana srulebiTac ar aris yovelikulturis unikaluri mniSvnelobisdaknineba; Cven ufro gvindoda, yuradRebamigvepyro kulturaTa Soris arsebuligavlenis gaazrebisadmi SedarebiT daxvewilmidgomaze da amasTanave, adamianisTandayolil unarze, moixmaros ucxokulturis da xalxis gamonagoni. rodesacvibrZviT siZvelisa da siwmindis dasacavad,ar unda vkargavdeT erTmaneTis gagebisa dasxva xalxis miRwevaTa gamoyenebis unars.universalobis principikidev erTi sakiTxis _kulturuli separatizmis_ ganxilvis gareSe am Tavs ver davasrulebT.mkiTxveli, albaT, SeamCnevda,Cvens naSromSi im debulebidan amovdivarT,rom sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebsaraerTi faseuloba aqvT saerTo da mravalsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erTsa da imaveSexedulebas iziareben. marTlac, Tavisuflebis,romelic Cveni kvlevis maorganizebeliprincipia, umniSvnelovanesi faseulobauniversalurobis mkveTradgamoxatuli niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili.mosazreba, rom TiTqos `aziuri Rirebulebebi~Tavisuflebisadmi specifikuri gulgrilobiTxasiaTdeba da Tavisuflebisfaseuloba `uaRresad dasavluri~ warmomavlobisaa,zemoT ukve ganvixileT. magramdrodadro gaismis gancxadebebi, romSemwynareblobac _ kerZod, religiuritolerantoba, _ istoriulad Camoyalibebulifenomenia da aseve mxolod dasavle-TisTvisaa niSandoblivi. roca amerikuliJurnalisTvis daweril statiaSi eWvqveSdavayene `aziuri Rirebulebebis~ avtoritaruliinterpretacia (`adamianis uflebebida aziuri Rirebulebebi~ `The NewRepublic~, 14-21. 06. 1997 w.), publikaciasuamravi gamoxmaureba mohyva, ramac Ziri-Tadad daadastura `aziuri Rirebulebebis~specifikurobisadmi (avtoritarulobisazriT) Cveni eWvi. magram, meore mxriv,gamoxmaurebaTa avtorebi darwmunebulniiyvnen, rom dasavleTs tolerantobisTvalsazrisiT marTlac gansakuTrebuliadgili ukavia.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)28

imasac amtkicebdnen, religiuri skepticizmisada eresebisadmi Semwynareblobarom gamorCeulad dasavluri saTnoebaa.erTi avtori ufro Sors wavida da`dasavlur tradicias~ absoluturadunikaluri uwoda, raki,,religiuri tolerantoba aq TviTaTeizmis anu rwmenis principuliuaryofis mimarTac vrceldeba.~es avtori savsebiT marTalia, roca acxadebs,rom religiuri tolerantoba, skepticizmisada aTeizmisadmi SemwynareblobasTanerTad, socialuri TavisuflebismniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens (racTavis droze damajereblad daasabuTa jonstiuart milma), magram am debulebas aseTiremarkac mosdevs:,,ismis kiTxva, SeZlebs ki amartia seni,aziur wyaroebSi skepticizmis,aTeizmisa da dasavluri azris ubadloistoriis ekvivalenti moiZios?~kiTxva, ra Tqma unda, metad sainteresoa,magram masze pasuxis gacema arcTu iseZnelia. aziis mdidari istoria imdenSesaZleblobas gvTavazobs, rom ufrorTuli imis garkvevaa, romel magaliTzeRirs SeCereba. SeiZleba gavixsenoT induriaTeisturi skolebi _ Carvaka da lokaiata,maT qristianobamde karga xniT adreCaeyaraT safuZveli, xangrZlivad iarsebes,aTeisturi literaturis udidesi nusxadagvitoves da sazogadoebaze sakmaogavlenac moaxdines. im dokumentebisgarda, aTeisturi msoflxedvis inteleqtualurdasabuTebas rom asaxavs, ereti-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)29

kuli Sexedulebebi mraval orTodoqsulTxzulebaSia warmodgenili. TviT `ramaianaSic~ki, romelsac mravali indusi politikuriaqtivisti RvTaebrivi ramas Sesaxebwminda wignad miiCnevs, mkveTrad disidenturifrazebi gvxvdeba. kerZod, am uZveleseposSi aris epizodi, sadac saero swavlulisaxelad javali ramas religiur warmodgenaTausargeblobaSi darwmunebas cdilobs:,,o, rama, gons modi! ar arsebobs sxva,miRmieri samyaro, da es simarTlea!datkbi awmyoTi da iltvode yoveliveusiamosgan~.aucilebelia imis xazgasmac, rom agnosticizmisTanmimdevrulad damcveli erTader-Ti msoflio religia _ saxeldobr, budizmi_ Cv.-w.-mde VI saukuneSi aziaSi gaCnda.budizmi indoeTSi im dros warmoiSva, rocaCarvakasa da lokaiatas mimdevarTa aTeisturitraqtatebi popularobiT sargeblobda.`upaniSadebSi~ (es indusTa werilobiTimemkvidreobis umniSvnelovanesi krebulia,romelic kidev ufro adre Seiqmna) naTqvamia,rom azri da goneba sxeulis materialurimdgomarebis nayofia da `rodesac iSlebasxeuli~, anu sikvdilis Semdeg `araviTarigoneba aRar rCeba~. skeptikurma skolebmaindoeTSi aTas welze met xans iarsebes,magram XIV saukunis miwuruls madxvadCkaram(viSnuisti rjulmoZRvari gaxldaT)klasikur naSromSi, romelsac `sarvadarsanasamgraha~(yvela filosofosis kreba)hqvia, pirveli Tavi mTlianad induri aTeisturiskolebis SexedulebaTa detalurgadmocemas dauTmo. ase da amgvarad, religiuriskepticizmi da tolerantoba gamor-Ceulad dasavluri fenomeni ar gaxlavT.Sesabamisi magaliTebis moxmobiT zemoTvisaubreT aziuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeltolerantobaze (arabul, Cinursada indurze), magram arc Semwynareblobisprincipis ignorirebis _ xSirad mkveTriuaryofis _ SemTxvevaTa aRmoCenaa Znelinebismieri kulturis wiaRSi (Sua saukune-Ta inkviziciidan moyolebuli XX saukunissakoncentracio banakebis CaTvliT _dasavleTSi, aRmosavleTSi _ religiurixocva-Jletidan dawyebuli Talibanis mierdanergili religiuri Cagvrisa da devniskanonebiT damTavrebuli).Tavisuflebis dasacavad aJRerebuli xma _sxvadasxva formiT _ Seupovrad gaismiserTmaneTisTvis ucxo da Soreul kulturebSi.universalobis principi, gansakuTrebiTTavisuflebis faseulobis TvalsazrisiT,SesaZloa, gaxdes kidec eWvis sababi,magram es aramc da aramc ar SeiZlebamoxdes tolerantobasTan dakavSirebiT.dabolosfundamenturi Tavisuflebebisa da maTsafuZvelze formulirebuli uflebebismxardasaWerad is metyvelebs, rom:1) maT aqvT yofierebiTi mniSvneloba;2) ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisuzrunvelsayofad politikuristimulebis warmoqmnisas maT aqvTrezultatiuri funqcia;3) asruleben konstruqciul rolsRirebulebebisa da prioritetebisformirebaSi.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)30

Tavisuflebebi da uflebebi nebismierregionSi arsobrivad identuria, maT SorisaziaSic. kritikas ver uZlebs `aziuriRirebulebebis~ gansakuTrebulobis motiviTam sayovelTao uflebebze uaris Tqma.sinamdvileSi Tvalsazrisi `aziur Rirebulebebze~,rogorc uaRresad avtoritarulze_ aziaSi metwilad Tavad avtoritarulixelisuflebis warmomadgenlebisTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli (dasavleTis moTxovnas_ mxari dauWiron imas, rac`specifikurad dasavlur liberalurfaseulobebs~ warmoadgens, aRmosavleTixSirad `nacionalur TviTmyofadobaze~aqcentis gaZlierebiT pasuxobs). magramsagareo saqmeTa ministrebi, samTavroboCinovnikebi da religiuri moRvawenisulac ar floben monopoliur uflebas,Seafason adgilobrivi kulturebi daRirebulebebi.Tanamedrove viTarebaSi metismetad mniSvnelovaniayvela kulturis araerTgvarovnebisaRiareba. samyaros mravalferovnebisSesaxeb Cvens warmodgenas ewinaaRmdegebamartivi da ganzogadebuli msjelobis`agresiuloba~ `dasavlur civilizaciaze~,`aziur Rirebulebebsa~ Tu`afrikul kulturebze~. istoriisa dacivilizaciis mravali aseTi interpretaciaara marto inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiTaazedapiruli, aramed regionalurseparaciasac uwyobs xels. faqti faqtadrCeba: nebismier kulturaSi adamianebimidrekilni arian kamaTisken, da debatebic,Tuki amas win araferi eRobeba, xSiraderTob mZafria. disidentebis arsebobaproblemurs xdis lokaluri faseulobebisgacilebiT mniSvnelovania yurivugdoT, Tu ase SeiZleba iTqvas,disidentur xmas yovelicalke aRebuli sazogadoebidan.mianmis samxedroreJimTan SedarebiT aunsan su Ci naklebad rodiauflebamosili _ cxadia,rom metadac _ ganmartosam qveynis mosaxleobissurvilebi. aun san su Cimas Semdeg daapatimres,rac am qalbatonmaTavisufal arCevnebSi gaimarjva,xolo xuntam marcxiiwvnia.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)31

namdvili bunebis erTgvarovan xedvas.disidentebi nebismier sazogadoebaSiarseboben _ xSirad sakmaod mravalricxovannicarian _ da arcTu iSviaTad TavianTiSexedulebebis gamo sakuTari usafrTxoebiTriskaven. maTi Seupovroba rom ara,saeWvoa, avtoritarul xelisuflebaspoziciis dasacavad xisti da uxeSi represiulizomebisTvis miemarTa. disidentisarseboba, erTi mxriv, aiZulebs avtoritarulmmarTvel jgufs represiulad miudgesadgilobriv kulturas, xolo, meoremxriv, inteleqtualur safuZvels uryevsadgilobrivi `erTiani da ganuyofeli~rwmenisa da warmodgenebis calmxrivinterpretacias.dabolos, davubrundeT isev `aziuriRirebulebebis“ avtoritarul xasiaTs.Cven warmovaCineT, rom kontinentis warsulisxvadasxva regionis faseulobaTagansakuTrebul mravalferovnebas gvTavazobs.mravali aspeqti cxadyofs, rommravalferovneba aq iseve mkafiod iCensTavs, rogorc dasavluri azrovnebis istoriaSi.aziis istoriis avtoritarul RirebulebaTaviwro kategoriamde dayvana aRmosavluriinteleqtualuri tradiciismravalsaxeobisa da simdidris seriozuldaufaseblobas niSnavs. Tumca saeWvo istoriasacar SeuZlia, gaamarTlos saeWvopolitika.dasavleTSi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTaSesaxeb diskusia xSirad zedmetad `mokrZalebulia~xolme xelisuflebasTan _mmarTvelTan, ministrTan, samxedro xuntasaTu religiur liderTan mimarTebiT.`avtoritarul gadaxras~ is garemoebacaZlierebs, rom saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebzedasavlur qveynebs saxelmwifo Cinovnikebiwarmoadgenen, romelTac ZiriTadad ucxoelikolegebis mosazrebaTa gaTvaliswinebaaxasiaTebT. ganviTarebisadmi adekvaturimidgoma ar SeiZleba mxolod xelisuflebiswarmomadgenlebisTvis damaxasiaTebelxedvas asaxavdes. saWiroa, msoflmxedvelobriviarealis metad gafarToeba.politikur cxovrebaSi mosaxleobis monawileobismoTxovnileba ki TvalTmaqcurlayafs ar unda daemsgavsos. gadawyvetilebaTamiRebis procesSi sazogadoebismonawileoba ganuyofelia ganviTarebisideisgan.Targmnabeqa mindiaSvilmaTargmnilia amartia seniswignidan `ganviTareba,rogorc Tavisufleba~.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)32

daviT darCiaSvilinacionalizmisparadoqsidemokratizaciis, socialur-politikuri cxovrebisliberalizaciis saqmeSi postkomunisturi qveynebiswarmateba mniSvnelovanwilad adgilobriv politikurkulturazea damokidebuli. sicocxlisunarianisazogadoebebis da saxelmwifoebis asaSeneblad saWiroaRirebulebebze Tanxmoba, saerTo ocnebebi da survilebi.politikuri sistemis dafuZneba da legitimacia mraval,erTi SexedviT subieqtur faqtorzea damokidebuli.imisaTvis, rom ganxorcieldes koleqtiuri politikuriproeqti, qveyanad wodebuli teritoriis mosaxleobis didmanawilma Tavis wevrTa da socialur jgufTa pragmatuliinteresi unda Camoayalibos. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebeliaadamianTa msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu kulturuli orientirebida kavSirebic. maT Soris arsebiTia koleqtiuri identobisTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)33

gancda, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovanicvladTagania nebismieri politikurisistemis funqcionirebaSi. sazogadoebisidentoba saxelmwifo mSeneblobisqvakuTxedi iyo saukuneTa manZilze.amgvari qveynis funqcionireba globalurigeopolitikuri moTxovnebisa da saerTa-Soriso daxmarebis Sedegi ufroa, vidreadgilobrivi Tanxmobisa erTad cxovrebissabazo principebze.Tu dReisaTvis identobis sakiTxi meoradiaim sazogadoebebisaTvis, romelTac saxelmwifoinstitutebis funqcionirebis xangrZlivigamocdileba aqvT, jerac myife,zogierTi postkomunisturi qveynisaTvises sakiTxi aqtualurobas ar kargavs. erTismxriv, klanobrivi, religiuri, eTnikuriTu sxva (profesia, genderi) saxis gansxvavebebi,romlebic tradiciul identobebzeadafuZnebuli, meores mxriv ki demokratiisada globalizaciis moTxovnilebani konfliqtSiSedian da regionaluri hegemonebisgavlenaze Tu ekonomikur siZneleebzearanakleb asusteben axali saxelmwifoebisTviTrwmenasa da legitimurobas. identobisproblema amwvavebs sxva, ufro xelSesaxeb,obieqtur problemebs da kiTxvis qveS ayenebszogierTi postkomunisturi saxelmwifossicocxlisunarianobas.saerTo politikuri proeqtebi, romlebmacarsebiTi nacionaluri interesebis artikulacia,moqalaqeobis gancdis Camoyalibebada sazogadoebis ZiriTad segmentTagaerTianeba unda moaxdinos, CanasaxovanmdgomareobaSia samxreT-aRmosavleTievropisa da post-sabWoTa sivrcis didnawilSi. naTqvams adasturebs am qveynebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli masobrivi korufciada eTnikuri konfliqtebi. igi Cans elitebisaganfarTo sazogadoebis gaucxoebasada rigiTi moqalaqeebis mier komunisturiwarsulis gaidealebaSi. amdenad, zogierTierTi SexedviT, momavali naTelia: garedanwaxalisebisa Tu dawolis Sedegad, axalielitebi gmoben nacionalizmis nebismiergamovlinebas, saubroben eTnikuri dareligiuri gansxvavebebis ararelevanturobaze,aRniSnaven individualuri dasamoqalaqo Tanasworobis prioritets.magram sinamdvileSi maT sakmaod uWirTeTnikuri da religiuri stereotipebisaganTavisufal samoqalaqo erTa mSenebloba.istoriuli faqtebisa da miTebis nairferiinterpretaciebi, eTnikuri da religiuridisputebi, romelnic am saxelmwifoTaSigniT Tu maT Soris arsebobs, sakmaodaapolitizirebuli. xSirad isini teritoriulpretenziebs iwvevs da rigi qveynebisteritoriul mTlianobas emuqreba. bevrSemTxvevaSi ferxdeba integrirebul kulturaTada identobaTa formireba, racsariskoa demokratiisa da, saerTod, saxelmwifosmSeneblobisaTvis. amgvari viTarebismravali mizezi arsebobs, magram eTnikurinacionalizmi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovanifaqtoria.naTqvamia, rom nacionalizmi, gansakuTrebiTki eTnikuri Seferilobis, naZiralaTabolo navsayudelia. postkomunistur realobaSies ideologia mravali arakeTilsindisierisaxelmwifo moxelis TavSesafarixdeba, gansakuTrebiT, roca isiniZalauflebis dakargvis safrTxis winaSedgebian. magram problema iolad gadawyde-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)34

oda, an arc warmoiSveboda, farTo sazogadoebisaRqmebi, warmodgenebi _ dominanturiidentoba rom sxvagvari yofiliyo.SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, romsazogadoebebi postkomunistur, gansakuTrebiTpostsabWour qveynebSi, ZiriTadadeTnikurad motivirebulia. maTSigavrcelebuli miTebi, rac nebismierikoleqtiuri identobisaucilebeli niadagia, eTnikurielferis matarebelia.naTqvami dasturdeba istoriissaxelmZRvaneloebiT,adgilobrivi poeziisnimuSebiT, SvilebisaRzrdis ojaxuripraqtikiTada ideologiiT.am mxriv, saqarTvelo TvalsaCino magaliTswarmoadgens. qveynis mosaxleobis didiumetesoba, rogorc qarTvelebi, ise erovnuliumciresobebis warmomadgenlebi,Tavs ufro eTnosTan aidentificireben,vidre moqalaqeobasTan. eTnikuri afiliaciebireligiurze ufro Zliericaa damraval adamians sjera, rom eTnikuri identobaufro mniSvnelovania, vidre materialurikeTildReoba. 1rig postkomunistur qveynebSi eTnikuriumciresobani paradoqsuli formiT cdilobenglobalizaciiT sargeblobas: TviTgamorkvevisuflebis gamoyenebiTa da postkomunisturiqveynebis eTnikur xasiaTzemiTiTebiT, isini separatistul moZraobebsiwyeben. magram faqtobrivad, eTnikuriumravlesobis egoizmsa da qedmaRlobascvlis ara inklusiuri demokratia da decentralizacia,aramed SedarebiT momcroTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)35

eTnokratiebis Tanavarskvlavedi da konfliqtebi.intra-saxelmwifo konfliqtebSitradiciuli identobebisa da liberaluriimperativebis SeuTavsebloba mniSvnelovanrols TamaSobs. rogorc Sedegi, Zalzedbevri albaneli ambobs uars serbebTansaerTo politikuri proeqtis ganxorcielebaze,afxazebi uars amboben qarTvelebTanpolitikur Tanacxovrebaze da a.S.aseTi problemuri garemo saxifaToademokratiuli gardaqmnebis momavlisaTvis_ gansakuTrebiT, Tu demokratiis mSeneblobarigiT moqalaqeTaTvis imwuTierSedegs ar iZleva. Sedegad, postkomunisturiqveynebis nawili masobrivi korufciis,kriminalis Tu anarqiis WaobSi Caflobistendencias avlens, nawilic, ama Tu imformis avtoritarul `wesrigs~ irCevs.rogorc gia nodia wers, dasavluri liberaluriideologiiT warmarTul axal saxelmwifoebsar gaaCniaT misi danergvisaTvissakmarisi politikuri kultura da Sedegad,,,...marcxis gancdam maT SeiZlebaantidasavluri ideologiebismiRebisaken ubiZgos~. 2isev qarTul magaliTs Tu movuxmobT,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 21-e saukunis zRurblze,socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebiTSewuxebuli qveynis mosaxleoba iseviWvnarevi imediT uyurebs mTavrobisunars, aaSenos samarTliani sazogadoeba.amave dros, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovaninawilisaTvis Tavad samoqalaqo, liberalurdemokratiulimodelic eWvis aRmZvrelia.saqme imaSia, rom ganicdis ra radikal nacionalistTa,`patriot~ poetTa da primordialist`istorikosTa~ gavlenas, eTnikuradmotivirebuli qarTvelTa sagrZnobinawili miiCnevs, rom cxovrebiseulisirTuleebi ucxo, dasavleTidan importirebuliideebis gavrcelebis bralia. Tumxolod mciredni amjobineben sabWoTawarsulze, rogorc ararealizebulidemokratiuli keTildReobis alternativazeocnebas, arc Tu iSviaTia rwmena, romdemokratiuli cvlilebebi da globalizaciismxardaWera erovnul idealTa Ralatia.jer kidev guSin saxelisuflo kvarcxlbekidanacgaismoda mowodebebi eTnikurtradiciebsa da erovnul ideologiazedafuZnebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobisaken.amasTan, eTnikuroba da erovnulobamniSvnelovanwilad sisxlis siwmindedgaigeboda da qveynis mTel rig mxareebSieTnokratiebis formirebaSi vlindeboda.SevardnaZis mTavrobis uunaroba da kriminalurixasiaTi masobriv korufciasa da,bolos, 2003 wlis noembris saparlamentoarCevnebis gayalbebaSi gamovlinda. amasTan,moxda zogierTi populistur-nacionalisturiwris lustraciac, radgan am wreebmabolos swored SevardnaZis warmaval reJimsdauWires mxari. Sedegad, demokratiulmaopoziciam SeZlo saxalxo mxardaWerisxelaxla mopoveba da misi mimarTva mTavrobiswinaaRmdeg, mSvidobiani revoluciisformiT. saqarTvelos mosaxleobam SeiZinasamoqalaqo erad Camoyalibebis axaliSansi. axal liderTa umetesoba, romelTawinaSe saxelmwifo institutTa reformirebis,ekonomikis gajansaRebis, eTno-teritoriulproblemaTa gadawyvetis urTulesiamocanebi dgas, axalgazrda, prodasavluradganwyobili inteleqtualia.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)36

magram jer kidev SesamuSavebeli rCebametnaklebad SekavSirebuli, tolerantulida demokratiuli, samoqalaqo qarTvelieris formirebis politika. erTis mxriv,tradiciuli, meores mxriv ki, saxelmwifoebrivadmniSvnelovani identobebis Tavsebadobisproblemebi, romelzedac zemoTiyo saubari, jerac ar gadaWrila. Tanac,nacionalistur-populisturi ritorikiselementebi arc xelisuflebaSi mosulidemokratiuli opoziciis diskursisaTvisyofila ucxo. saWiroa seriozuli muSaoba,raTa a) mTavrobis qmedebebma farTo sazogadoebismolodinebi gaamarTlos da b)Tavad es molodinebi gamoixatos liberaldemokratiuliRirebulebebis sistemasTanSesaferis formaSi.arsebiTad, saqarTvelosa Tu mravalpostkomunistur qveynebSi saxelmwifosmSeneblobis warmateba liberalizmisa dademokratiis, individTa da umciresobaTauflebebis damcavi saerTaSoriso normebispropagandirebasa da danergvazea damokidebuli.konsolidirebuli liberaluridemokratiis maxasiaTebelTa SejamebisaTvisupriania Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stephan’s,mosazrebis moxmoba, romelic gamoTqmulianaSromSi _ `Towards Consolidated Democracy~.am maxasiaTebelTa sia moicavs kanonisuzenaesobas, ganviTarebul samoqalaqosazogadoebas, pluralistul politikursazogadoebas, efeqtur biurokratiasa daTavisufal ekonomikur sazogadoebas. 3 yoveliveamas sWirdeba Sesaferisi socialurpolitikuriinstitutebi da kultura.amave dros, amdagvari kulturul-instituciuriCarCo SeiZleba daefuZnos mxolodsaerTo interesTa masobriv Segnebas.mas e.w. koleqtiuri ocneba sWirdeba.magram rogoraa SesaZlebeli amgvari,demokratiuli garRveva tradicionalizmiTganmsWvalul sazogadoebebSi, sadac Tavadelitebs ver gaukeTebiaT naTeli arCevanieTnikur nacionalizmsa da samoqalaqoRirebulebebs Soris, sadac mmarTvelebsefiqrebaT qsenofobiasa da sxva socialurmankierebebTan radikaluri dapirispireba?konsolidirebuli demokratia vakuumSiver Seiqmneba. igi unda daeyrdnos SekavSirebulsazogadoebas da saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisinstitutTa legitimur saSualebebs.dRes ukve aqsiomadaa qceuli azri,rom demokratiis mSeneblobis gzaze gansakuTrebuliprioritetia postkomunisturiqveynebis usafrTxoebis seqtorTa reformireba.magram es mxolod Tavad usafrTxoebazepasuxismgebel institutTa efeqturobisamaRlebas da maTze samoqalaqokontrolis ganxorcielebas ki ar niSnavs,aramed, saxelmwifos safuZvlebisganmtkicebas.eTnikuri nacionalizmis eqstremalurgamovlenaTa aRsakveTad, saxelmwifoebrivistabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroademokratiuli ganviTareba. magram rigSemTxvevebSi adamianis sabazo uflebaTada TavisuflebaTa dacvis prioritezaciaar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom qveynismosaxleoba darwmundes sakuTari ojaxebiskeTildReobisa da bednierebisaTvis erTpolitikur sistemad gaerTianebis aucileblobaSi.adamianis uflebebis propagandirebiTver axsni, Tu ratom araa sasurvelimocemuli saxelmwifos Serwyma sxvaTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)37

saxelmwifoebTan, an misi danawevreba ufromcire politikur erTeulebad. erTianobisSenarCuneba iTxovs koleqtiur meocnebeobasda aq paradoqsalurad saWiro xdebaimave koleqtiuri identobebis, TavadeTnikuri afiliaciebis moxmoba. saboloojamSi ki saWiro xdeba swored nacionalizmi,romlis eqstremaluri gamovlinebebisaRsakveTadaa mowodebuli liberalizmi dademokratia. amgvarad, imisaTvis, raTaSeizRudos nacionalizmi, romelic mravalixalxis ubedurebis sawindari gamxdara daromelsac araerTi saxelmwifos dangrevisaTvisSeuwyvia xeli; imisaTvis, raTaaSendes konsolidirebuli demokratia,isev nacionalizmis xelSewyobaa saWiro.zogjer miiCneva, rom socialur-politikuriurTierTobebis demokratiuli teqnologiebiwminda pragmatizmidan momdinareobs;rom isini individis keTildReobis uzrunvelmyofisaSualeba ufroa, vidre moralurivaldebuleba. magram ar unda daviviwyoT,rom evropuli liberalizmi religiurieTikidan aRmocenda da, amdenad, altruistulida pragmatuli motivebis erTianobaswarmoadgens. loki miuTiTebda, romSeuZlebelia sazogadoebis usafrTxoebazesaubari, Tuki `samarTlianoba~ `sargeblianobis~identuria. liberalizmis erTerTimamamTavaris Tanaxmad, moralurobaar momdinareobs mxolod piradi sargeblidan;saqme ufro piriqiTaa. 4magram moralis mniSvnelobaze es sakmaodabstraqtuli debuleba, miuTiTebsadgilobrivi, memkvidreobiTi kulturisada identobis Zalaze.,,Cveni sazogadoebaniuzrunvelgvyofen mza wesebiT...(es wesebi), anu gamocdilebisgadasacemad da misaRebad arsebul`modelTa~ erTobliobebi, SeiZlebaaRviqvaT, rogorc sazogadoebiskultura... kultura aris adamianisqcevis yvelaze ZlieriganmsazRvreli... adamianebimoqmedeben `situaciis sakuTarigansazRvrebebis~ da am situaciaTaSesaferisi sakuTari `wesebis~mixedviT. Tu davakvirdebiT,e.w. primitiuli xalxebis yvelazeufro `iracionaluri~ Tu`alogikuri~ qceva sxva araferia,Tu ara konkretuli situaciisSesaferisi Cveneuli molodinisagangansxvavebuli. es gansxvaveba kiiqidan momdinareobs, rom qcevismonawileni Cvengan gansxvavebuladafaseben da aRiqvamen situacias.~ 5universaluri poziciidan naklebad pragmatulia(da egeb naklebad moraluric)romelime `wminda~ ritualis Tu wesisufro metad pativiscema, vidre individualuriuflebebisa Tu ojaxis wevrTakeTildReobis. magram zogierTi xalxebisaTvises wesia swored namdvili moraluroba.SesaZloa aseTi morali, kulturaewinaaRmdegebodes liberalur msoflxedvas,magram misi ignorirebis Tu dagmobisnacvlad, demokratiulma programam anzogierTi adgilobrivi kulturuli Taviseburebebisinkorporireba unda moaxdinos,anda yvelaze miuRebeli kulturuliniSnebis winaaRmdeg mokavSire imaveadgilobrivi warmodgenebis wiaRSi eZebos.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)<strong>38</strong>

sxvagvarad liberalizmi Seejaxebaidentobas da es Sejaxeba SeiZleba iyosimaze uaresi, rac manamde arsebobda.amasTan, nacionalizmis roli demokratizaciisprocesebSi sulac araa ignorirebuliTanamedrove socialur da politikurkvlevebSi. rogorc Jan danieli aRniSnavs,demokratiis Zieba SesaZloa, win uswrebdaTanamedrove naciaTa Seqmnas, magram,arsebiTad es tyupi cnebebia: SeuZlebeliateritoriuli naciisa da saxalxosuverenitetis gancalkeveba. 6magram demokratiisa da globalizaciisTanamedrove diskursi ar swyalobs potenciuradqsenofobiur eTnikur miTebsa daaRqmebs. imisaTvis, raTa Tavi aaridosuxerxul SeuTavseblobas kulturulihomogenurobis pozitiur rolsa da, meoresmxriv, eTnikuri afiliaciebis sariskoaspeqtebs Soris, bevri eqsperti Tu politikosierTmaneTisagan ansxvavebs eTnikurda samoqalaqo nacionalizmebs. es ukanaskneliufro racionalurad, inkluziurad,demokratiasTan Tavsebadad miiCneva.eTnikuri nacionalizmi ki xasiaTdeba,rogorc saerTo winapris kultze fokusirebuli,kulturuli da sisxlismierisiwmindisaTvis mebrZoli da, amdenad,konfliqtebis gamomwvevi. magram sinamdvileSie.w. samoqalaqo naciebis umetesobaaseve dgas eTnikur safuZvelze. rogorcgia nodia ambobs, es ori (samoqalaqo daeTnikuri d.d.) nacionalizmebi idealuritipebia. nacionalizmis yoveli realuriTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)39

SemTxveva orive nairsaxeobis elementebsSeicavs. 7 entoni smitis Tanaxmad, pirvelevropul nacionalizmebSic, romlebic,arsebiTad, samoqalaqo iyo, eTnikurielementi yovelTvis arsebobda, Tundacmxolod naciis ideis saxalxo suverenitetTanidentificirebis gziT. 8 laparakobsra Tanamedrove dasavlur naciasaxelmwifoebze,entoni smiti miuTiTebsim saukuneobrivi eTnikuri TemebismniSvnelobaze, romelTa irgvlivaciqmnebodnen es saxelmwifoebi. 9Tavis definiciaSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu risganiqmneba eTnikuri solidaroba, entonismiti aRniSnavs, rom eTnikuri Tanamegobroba,anu `eTnie~ iseTi identobaa, romelicefuZneba miTs saerTo winaparze, gaziarebulkoleqtiur mexsierebas da kulturas,kavSirs istoriul teritoriasTan, sadacmocemuli Temis cxovrebis gadamwyvetmovlenebs hqondaT adgili. 10 iRebs raSualedur pozicias naciebis aTaswlovaniarsebobis da ukvdavobis mqadagebelprimordialistTa da nacionalizmisTanamedrove xasiaTsa da xelovnurobaSidarwmunebul modernistTa Soris, smitise.w. sinTezuri eTnicisturi midgomaeTnikur solidarobas samyaros zogierTnawilSi saukuneTa miRma xedavs. smitimxolod miuTiTebs, rom aseTi gancda ariyo damaxasiaTebeli mocemuli mosaxleobisyvela warmomadgenlisaTvis da, Ziri-Tadad, aristokratiul da religiur wreebSiiCenda Tavs. 11magram Tu eTnikuri gancda, TviTidentifikaciaZvelia da bunebrivi, Tu igi dakav-Sirebulia moralurobis adgilobrivgagebasTan, Tu Tanamedrove demokratiisSemoqmedi naciebic ar arian Tavisufalimisi elementebisagan, maSin rogorRaaSesaZlebeli demokratebis SeurigebelibrZolis gamarTleba aRmosavleT evropisada yofili sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebiseTnikur stereotipebTan? aq xom arsebiTadmxolod eTnikuri miTologia arwmunebsadgilobriv sazogadoebebs saxelmwifo/erovnuli damoukideblobis saWiroebaSi.SeuZlebelia eTnikuri identobebisa damaTgan momdinare eTnikuri nacionalizmisignorireba da daviwyeba. dasavleTSi dResbevrs fiqroben post-nacionalisturepoqaze, eri-saxelmwifoebis vestfaliuriwesrigis Secvlis perspeqtivebze. erovnulisazRvrebi evropaSi SesamCnevad kargavsrelevanturobas. magram aRmosavleTimxolod axlaxans daubrunda istorias daigi Taviseburad `Targmnis~ dasavleTSidominantur diskurss.ra Tqma unda, es procesi zemoTnaxsenebiqsenofobiiTa da eTnikuri konfliqtebiTaadaRdasmuli. saqme isaa, rom mTel rigSemTxvevebSi erTze meti eTnosi ukavSirebsTavis warsuls miwis ama Tu im monakveTs.odesRac pasiuri eTnografiuli erTobanisxvadasxva dros `iRviZeben~: dagvianebulimodernizaciiTa Tu sxva eTnosTa magali-TebiT waxalisebulni, isini iwyeben brZolassakuTari wilisaTvis damoukidebel ersaxelmwifoTasamyaroSi. gaRviZebuleTnikur umciresobaTa aseTi moTxovnileba,rac TavisTavad, globalizaciisarapirdapir Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalos,aRvivebs wyenebs rig eTnikur umravlesobebSida, Sesabamisad, aferxebs liberalu-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)40

i demokratiis ganviTarebas konkretuliqveynisa Tu regionis masStabiT.magram aseT safrTxeTa acileba SeuZlebeliaeTnikuri solidarobis ubralo dagmobiT.rogorc bosniis magaliTi aCvenebs,es uSedego iqneboda. arsebiTad bosniaSierTiani samoqalaqo eris proeqti mxolodsagareo daxmarebasa da samxedro Zalaseyrdnoba _ eTnikuri nacionalizmisdamarcxebis naTeli niSnebis gareSe.gamosavali mainc SeiZleba inaxos. iginacionalizmisa (eTnikuris CaTvliT) dauniversalizmis konvergenciaSia, rac undaganxorcieldes rogorc saerTaSorisourTierTobebSi, ise saxelmwifoTa saSinaopolitikaSi. sulac araa aucilebeli, romeTnikur miTTa gamoyeneba politikur proeqtTaganxorcielebis procesSi nacizmiTsruldebodes. axal eTnikur saxelmwifoTa12 yvela lideri sulac ar usvamsxazs sakuTar erTa sisxlis siwmindis dakulturuli qalwulobis aucileblobas.amoqmeddeba Tu ara srulad eTnikuriganwmendis politika, rac mravali eTnonacionalistislogikaa, `mraval garemoebazeadamokidebuli~. 13 araerTi calsaxad eTnikurinacia cdilobs Seisisxlxorcos samoqalaqonacionalizmis meTodebi da gaamdidrosTavisi kulturuli Tu eTnikurimaxasiaTeblebi eTnikuri umciresobebiswvliliTa Tu globalizaciis impulsebiT.rig postkomunistur qveynebSi arsebulisocialur-politikuri garemodan dagabatonebuli aRqmebidan gamomdinare,unda vivaraudoT, rom eTnonacionalisturirwmenebis niadagzec SeiZleba liberaluridemokratiis aSeneba. es ukanaskneli erTaderTisaSualebaa saSinao Tu sagareomSvidobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad.sxva gza ubralod ar arsebobs.amasTan, Tvalsawier momavalSi samyaromultieTnikur gamocanad darCeba. amgvarviTarebaSi axali liberaluri demokratiebismSeneblobisaTvis erTi zogadi rekomendacia`politikuri kulturis cvlas,samarTlebriv da instituciur inovaciebs~gulisxmobs. aman unda uzrunvelyos `Tanacxovreba,Tanaziari usafrTxoeba sxvadasxvaerovnul da eTnikur jgufebs Soris~. 14Znelia amaze ufro konkretuli, da amasTan,universaluri rekomendaciis Camoyalibeba_ yoveli eTnikuri istoria Zalze unikaluriasaamisod. Tumca erTi cxadia: Tu saxelmwifoslegitimizmi esaWiroeba, uazrobaaeTnikur nacionalizmTan brZola. mocemulimomentisaTvis igi daumarcxeblad mosCans.Tu romelime eTnosi gadawyvets, romsakuTari wyenebi Tu rwmenebi ar aqciospolitikur moTxovnad, adre Tu gviansxvebi albaT mainc ubiZgeben mas aqeTken.samoqalaqo nacionalizmad eTnikuri nacionalizmissruli konversia SeuZlebelia.araferi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eTnikurnaciaTa umetesoba Sewyvets gatacebaseTnikuri mexsierebiTa Tu eniT. amitomumjobesia, rom liberalur-demokratiulmaZalebma Secvalon ritorika da eTnikurinacionalizmis dagmobis nacvlad miscivilizebasa da daSoSminebaze imuSaon.imisaTvis, raTa aRmosavluri sazogadoebebisTandaTanobiTi da avTenturidemokratizacia da liberalizacia moxdes,dainteresebuli saerTaSoriso Tu erov-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)41

nuli politikuri aqtiorebi intensiuradunda TanamSromlobdnen akademiur wreebTan.isini xels unda uwyobdnen kvlevebsda ar iviwyebdnen codnis iseT subieqtursferosac, rogoric istoriaa. SeuZlebeliaerovnul gancdaTa gamoyeneba liberaluridemokratiis asaSeneblad politikurimecnierebis, kulturuli anTropologebis,imave istorikosTa Zalisxmevis gareSe.gansakuTrebuli unda iyos am akademiursferoTa warmomadgenlebis wvlili postkomunisturiqveynebisaTvis dasavluridaxmarebis strategiis gansazRvraSi.postkomunistur, gansakuTrebiT postsab-WoTa qveynebis eTno-politikur identobebslegitimurobas geopolitikuri konteqsticmatebs. dRes mamoZravebeli Zala,romelic saqarTvelos, moldovas, azerbaijanisTu sxvaTa damoukideblobis sasargeblodmuSaobs, eTnikuri rwmenebi, warmodgenebida miTebia. rogorc iTqva,mxolod adamianTa uflebebis advokatirebaver xsnis, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba, rommagaliTad qarTvelebma, rusebTan erTadaSenon saerTo politikuri momavali.magram am axal saxelmwifoTa arseboba dadamoukidebloba araa adgilobriv politikosTaubralo kaprizi. yovelive esmravali saerTaSoriso aqtioris interesebsacasaxavs. Sedegad, postsabWoTaqveynebis damoukideblobis arsebiTistimulebisadmi meti yuradRebis miqcevasaerTaSoriso mniSvnelobas iZens.eTnikurad ganpirobebuli postkomunisturisazogadoebebis demokratizaciisa dadaSoSminebisaTvis sxvadasxva teqnologiebisgamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. Tumca amteqnologiaTa ganzogadeba sariskoa.zogierT SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri umciresobaSeiZleba mSvidobianad iqnas integrirebulisaxelmwifos dominant eTnokulturaSi.sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ara mxolodpolitikosebi moiTxoven, aramed politikis,kulturis, anTropologiis specialistebicdarwmundebian, rom ama Tu im eTnosmaeTnikuri naciis moTxovnebi bunebrivadganaviTara, rom konkretuli konfliqtimxolod sagareo SeTqmulebis Tu calkeuliklanis gaumaZRrobis Sedegi araa,maSin unitaruli saxelmwifo saerTosaxelmwifod unda gardaiqmnas. Tu esec arSvelis, stabilurobis da demokratiisdakargvis safrTxe ki gadawonis erTianobisSenarCunebis survils, saxelmwifosgayofis rTuli da mtkivneuli procesicSeiZleba daiwyos.am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, Tu saerTaSorisoazri pativs scems eTnikuri umciresobisgrZnobebs, arc mocemuli saxelmwifoseTnikuri umravlesobis Sexedulebebiadasaviwyebeli. eTnikur umravlesobasSesaZloa hqondes igive damokidebuleba,mSobliurobis gancda teritoriis mimarT,romelzedac ZiriTadad eTnikuri umciresobaadasaxlebuli da romlis monopoliuradflobasac es ukanaskneli eswrafvis.Sedegad, umravlesoba ara mxolod legitimurad,aramed aucilebladac CaTvlisZalauflebis ganawilebisaTvis brZolasmainc. aseT viTarebaSi saWiro xdebaunikaluri gamosavalis Zieba, romelicorive mxares daakmayofilebda. es SeiZlebaiyos ormagi moqalaqeoba, qveynis eTnikuriumravlesobis suvereniteti sakamaToteritoriaze ganlagebul mis `wminda~Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)42

adgilebze, an, magaliTad, e.w. kaskadurikenWisyra. am ukanasknelis gamoyenebamoxda iuras mxaris bernis kantonidangamoyofisas, rodesac calkeul municipalitetebseZleodaT saSualeba, TavadaerCiaT, darCeniliyvnen Sveicariis erTkantonSi Tu mierTebodnen axal kantons.SemTxvevebSi, am dokumentebma SesaZloakontr-produqtiuli rolic iTamaSos _teritoriuli erTianobis SenarCunebissaqmeSi mainc. esaa mizezi, ris gamocevropis sabWos zogierTi wevri Tavsikavebs am dokumentTa miRebisa Turatifikaciisagan.unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac. eTnikurinacionalizmis Tanamedrove gamowvevas,romelsac mxolod postsabWouri qveynebiar ganicdian, `post-nacionaluri~ evropasaerTaSoriso samarTlis iseTi siaxleebiTxvdeba, rogoric erovnulumciresobaTa CarCo konvenciada regionaluri da umciresobaTaenebis evropuliqartiaa. es dokumentebinawilobriv eyrdnobaadamianis uflebaTauniversalur principebs,magram, meoresmxriv, eTnikuri solidarobislegitimaciisniSnebsac atarebs.TavisTavad, es aCvenebs,Tu raoden didiaeTnikur afiliaciaTaroli TanamedrovesaerTaSoriso sistema-Si. es konvencia daqartia SeiZleba gagebuliqnas, rogorcbalansis mcdelobaarsebul saxelmwifoTateritoriuli mTlianobisda xalxTa TviTgamorkvevisuflebis saerTaSoriso principebsSoris. magram rigsaqme isaa, rom iq, sadac samoqalaqokultura sustia da saxelmwifo institutebi_ araefeqturi, sadac saxelmwifoenis oficialuri statusi ilaxeba daTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)43

saxezea traibalizmis niSnebi, am saerTaSorisonormaTa implimentacias SeiZlebaeTnikur umciresobaTa da umravlesobisSemdgomi gaucxoeba mohyves. arsebiTad,qartiisa da konvenciis ratifikaciasa daimplementacias Tan unda axldes centralurisaxelmwifo institutebis da meqanizmebisefeqturobis zrda. amasTan, aRniSnulmasaerTaSoriso normebma SeiZlebagamoiwvios calkeul jgufTa xelovnuriCaTvla `eTnikur umciresobad~. arada, esjgufebi, SesaZloa, umtkivneulod,sakuTari eTnografiuli maxasiaTeblebisdakargvis gareSe arian inkorporirebulnidominantur eTnojgufSi.TavisTavad arc qartia da arc konvenciaar iZleva naTel pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu vinSeiZleba CaiTvalos eTnikur umciresobad.es qmnis safrTxes, rom samoqalaqo tradiciisarmqone sazogadoebebSi klanTa brZolaZalauflebisaTvis gaavlebs damatebiTwyalgamyof xazebs sazogadoebis SigniT.saqarTveloSi amgvari sazogadoebaa. miiCneva,rom qartiisa da konvenciis garkveuliinterpretacia SeiZleba gaxdes erTianiqarTuli eTnikuri sistemidan megrelebisda svanebis gaucxoebis iaraRi. arada, dRes,miuxedavad megruli da svanuri enebisarsebobisa, maszed molaparakeTa umravlesobaTavs qarTuli eTnikuri eris ganuyofelnawilad aRiqvams da amaSia qarTulieTnosis erT-erTi Tavisebureba, risixelovnuri xelyofis araviTari saWiroebacar arsebobs. amave dros, bevr qarTvelsmiaCnia, rom konvencia da qartia SeiZlebagaxdes eTnikurad araqarTul raionebSiarsebuli spontanuri separatistuliganwyobebis institucionalizaciis baza.unda aRiniSnos, rom orive dokumentiavlens antiseparatistul ganwyobas. CarCokonvenciaSi naTqvamia, rom arc erTi muxliar unda iqnas aRqmuli, rogorc teritoriulimTlianobis darRvevis saSualeba.meToTxmete paragrafis Tanaxmad, umciresobaTaenebis dacva da xelSewyoba SesaZlebeliamxolod oficialuri enis statusispativiscemis farglebSi. aseve cxadia,rom nebismier eTnikur jgufs unda hqondesTviTgamoxatvis upirobo ufleba dasakuTari identobis dacvis meqanizmebi.eTnikuri jgufi unda icavdes Tavis interess,maT Soris politikursac. am TvalsazrisiT,konvencia da qartia metad Rirebulidokumentebia. magram am dokumentebsukana planze gadaaqvs centralurimTavrobis da im eTnikuri jgufis wuxilebi,romelic yvelaze metadaa dainteresebuliteritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebaSi.eTnikuri TviTgansazRvra ar unda xdebodesxelovnuri waxalisebis gziT, radganaces yovelTvis sariskoa. saerTaSorisoda erovnuli kanonmdebloba unda axdendesreagirebas `dominanti~ eTnosebiswuxilebzec, rac ar unda subieqturi iyoses wuxilebi. es eTnosebi xom arsebulisaerTaSoriso sistemis mTavari agentebia.samwuxarod, logika, rom umravlesobisinteresi ar saWiroebs artikulacias daspecialur dacviT normebs, radgan umravlesobaTavisTavadaa daculi sakuTarisimravliT, ar muSaobs myife institutebismqone qveynebSi. amis magaliTia afxazurieTnosis gamarjveba qarTul eTnosTankonfliqtSi. amitom mimaCnia, rom TviTga-Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)44

morkvevisaTvis brZolis axali talRisfonze, gaeros qartia araa sakmarisi sustiqveynebisa da maTSi mcxovrebi zogierTiSeurigebeli umciresobebis interesTadasabalanseblad. arc Tu iSviaTad, amumciresobebis moZraobebs aqvT izolacionizmiselferi. isini efeqturad iyenebenumciresobaTa interesebis damcav meqanizmebssruli separaciis miznis misaRwevad,rac, Tavis mxriv, xSiradaa kavSirSiregionaluri stabilurobis xelyofasTan.arsebiTad, saxelmwifo sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobisdacvisas, gaeros qartia Tusxva saerTaSoriso normebi saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da stabilurobis argumentaciidanamodian. magram rodesac saubari umciresobaTauflebebis dacvas exeba, argumentaciaeTnikuri emociebis gaTvaliswinebidanmomdinareobs. vfiqrob, rom saxelmwifoTaurRveobis principTa dacvisas, saer-TaSoriso samarTali aseve unda refleqsirebdesurRveobaSi dainteresebuleTnosTa wuxilebzec.ueWvelia, rom saxelmwifoSi, sadac ori anmeti eTnikuri nacionalizmia warmodgenilida am ideologiis ukan mxareebs masobrivimxardaWera gaaCniaT, gamosavali e.w.saerTo saxelmwifos formirebaSia. rogorciTqva, zogjer unitaruli saxelmwifosgayofac saukeTeso gamosavalia. magramkonfliqtis mxareTaTvis ama Tu im formisgamosavali rom misaRebi aRmoCndes,qveynis gayofa ki, romelic gardauvladiwvevs seriozul socialur da saerTaSorisoproblemebs, SeZlebisdagvaradiSviaT da ukidures variantad darCes,sasurvelia Semdegi nabijebis gadadgma:1. im postkomunisturi qveynebisaTvis,romelTa safuZvlebic jer kidev araabolomde stabilizebuli, qartiisa dakonvenciis ratifikacia daimplementacia mxolod saxelmwifoebrivsafuZvelTa ganmtkicebis dapolitikuri kulturis ganviTarebisparalelurad unda mimdinareobdes.2. eTnikurad Sereul postsabWoTaqveynebSi regionaluri xelisuflebisarCevas unda mohyves arCeulTauflebamosilebis dadasturebacentraluri xelisuflebis mxridan.procedura arsebiTad formaluri undaiyos da gamoiricxebodes adgilobrivimosaxleobis kanonieri arCevanisignorirebis SesaZlebloba. magramproceduris arseboba Seqmnis damatebiTkavSirs centrsa da regions Soris.gaZlierdeba adgilobrivi xelisuflebiscentraluri xelisuflebisadmiangariSgebis meqanizmic.3. saerTaSoriso boikoti realurad undaxorcieldebodes separatistTaSeiaraRebuli jgufebis winaaRmdeg,Tuki mocemuli qveynis centralurimTavroba sruliad ar uaryofsindividualur da koleqtiur uflebebs.4. sasargeblo iqneboda CarCo konvenciisada qartiis gadaxedva. am dokumentebSiufro cxadad unda aRiniSnossaxelmwifo enis swavlebissavaldebulo xasiaTi. aseve undaaRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifos SeuZliaaxorcielebdes integracionistulsaSinao politikas, Tuki es politika aremuqreba umciresobaTa TviTgamoxatvisuflebas. am TvalsazrisiT CarCokonvenciis 16-e muxli gadaxedvassaWiroebs, radgan igi SeiZlebaTavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)45

gagebuli iqnas, rogorc centralurixelisuflebis suverenitetis SezRudvaumciresobebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi.5. sasurvelia maRali statusis mqonesaerTaSoriso konferenciis mowveva,romelic SeimuSavebs deklaraciassaxelmwifos rolze, inklusiurkulturaze. konferenciam undaganixilos im saxelmwifoTa wuxilebi,romelnic ver axorcieleben sakuTariteritoriis srul kontrols.konferenciam unda ganixilose.w. dominanti eTnosebis interesebislegitimurobis sakiTxi.nebismieri politikosis Tanamedrove amocanaunda iyos demokratiisa da nacionalizmisharmonizacia. saWiroa, demokratTaTavSekaveba koleqtiuri identobebis ignorirebisagan.aseve saWiroa, populist nacionalistTakontroli. es unda moxdes kulturisda identobis niSanTa TandaTanobiTikoreqciiT, maTi morgebiT globalizaciazeda adamianis uflebebis Tanamedrove gagebaze.magram liberalur-demokratiuliidealebi aseve unda moergos adgilobrivrwmenebsa da aRqmebs.globalizaciis gamowvevebTan adgilobrividentobaTa Sejaxeba eTnikuri nacionalizmisstimuli xdeba. didi sifrTxilea saWiro,raTa keTili ganwyobebiT ar moxdes rogorcumciresobebis, ise umravlesobebis radikaluradqsenofobiuri aqciebis provocireba.amas SesaZloa, mohyves rogorc saxelmwifo-TaSorisi garTulebebi, aseve liberalizmisaRmosavluri laSqrobis Seferxebac.ibeWdeba krebulidan`aTaswleulTa gasayarze~, <strong>2005</strong> w.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)46

SeniSvnebi:1Theodor Hanf and Ghia Nodia, Georgia Lurching to Democracy, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft,Baden-Baden, 2000, pp. 92-1022Ghia Nodia, Nationalism and Crisis of Liberalism, In: Europe’s New Nationalism, States and Minorities inConflict, Edited by Richard Caplan and John Fefeer, Oxford University Press 1996, p. 1083Juan J. Linz & Alfred Stepan, Toward Consolidated Democracy, Journal of Democracy, Volume 7, # 2,April 1996, pp. 16-224Locke, Sochinenia, T. 3 AN SSSR, Moskva 1988 pp. 53 (In Russian)5Harold W. Scheffer, Structuralism in Antropology, In: Structuralism, EDT. Jacques Ehrmann, Anchor Books,1970, p.566Jean Daniel, Democracy and Nation, In: The Democratic Invention, edited by Marc F. Plattner and JoaoCarles Espada, The Cohns Hopkins University Press, 2000, p.827Ghia Nodia,Nationalism and the Crisis of Liberalism, In: Europe’s New Nationalism, States and Minoritiesin Conflict, Edited by Richard Caplan and John Feffer, Oxford University Press 1996, p.1068Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Sources of Nationalism, Survival, Vol. 35, # 1, Spring 1993, pp. 48-62,Required readings, module 11, G. Marshall Center of Security Studies, Germany,2001, p. 99Anthony D. Smith, The Rise of Nations, In: Nationalism, edited by John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith,Oxford University Press 1994, p. 15110Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Sources of Nationalism, Survival, Vol. 35, # 1, Spring 1993, pp. 48-62, In:Required readings, module 11, G. Marshall Center, 2001, pp. 1-211p.3; See also Gabriel Sheffer, The Security of Small Ethnic States: A Counter Neo-realist Argument, in:The National Security of small states in changing world, Edited by Efraim Inbar and Gabriel Sheffer, FrankCass London, Portland 1997, pp.17-1812aseTebad moixseniebs axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs Gabriel Seferi ix.: Gabriel Sheffer, TheSecurity of Small Ethnic States: A Counter Neo-realist Argument, in: The National Security of small statesin changing world, Edited by Efraim Inbar and Gabriel Sheffer, Frank Cass London, Portland 199713Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Sources of Nationalism, Survival, Vol. 35, # 1, Spring 1993, pp. 48-62 In:Required reading, Module 11, G. Marshall Center, 2001, p.814Larry Diamond, Is the Third Wave Over? Journal of Democracy, Vol 7, # 3, July 1996, In: Requiredreadings, Module 4, G. Marshall Center, 2001, p.11Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)47

evoluciuriarCevaniliberaluridemokratiissasargeblodamerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da ruseTis prezidentebs Soris24 Tebervals slovakeTis dedaqalaq bratislavaSi gamarTulisamitis wina dRes, aSS-s germaniis marSalis fondis iniciativiTgaimarTa konferencia, saxelwodebiT `demokratiis axleburi Zieba,~romelzec post-sabWoTa sivrceSi demokratizaciis axali talRisproblemebi ganixileboda. konferenciaze miwveulni iyvnenadamianebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes aRmosavleTevropis da yofili ssrk-s qveynebis komunisturi uRlisagangaTavisuflebisa da maTi demokratizaciis procesSi. cnobildasavlel eqspertebTan erTad, konferencias aseve eswrebodnenslovakeTis maRali donis oficialuri pirebi, maT Soris prezidentiivan gasparoviCi da premier-ministri mikolaS Zurinda.vladimer putinTan Sexvedramde ramdenime saaTiT adre, prezidentibuSi aRmosavleT evropisa da yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan21 `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol~ aqtivists Sexvda. saqarTvelodanSexvedraSi monawileobdnen Tavisuflebis institutis yofili dasaqarTvelos parlamentis amJamindeli wevri giga bokeria da fond`Ria sazogadoeba-saqarTvelos~ aRmasrulebeli sabWos TavmjdomareTinaTin xidaSeli. gTavazobT saqarTvelos parlamentis iuridiulikomitetis Tavmjdomaris moadgilis giga bokerias mier SexvedrazewarmoTqmul sityvas:Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)48

useTis sagareo politikaSi sabWoTamemkvidreoba.qarTveli xalxi, iseve rogorc yofilisabWoTa imperiis sxva erebi arasodesdaiviwyebs im wvlils, romelic amerikisSeerTebulma Statebma am borotebisimperiis dangrevaSi Seitana.axla Cven varT damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi,magram brZola TavisuflebisTvisamiT namdvilad ar damTavrebula. sulcota xnis win saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSimomxdari mSvidobiani revoluciebis drosxalxma calsaxa arCevani gaakeTa liberaluridemokratiis sasargeblod.Cven dResac Zalian vafasebT Tqven daxmarebasam gzaze da am brZolaSi. Cven kidevbevri winaaRmdegoba gvaqvs gadasalaxavi,vidre Cveni qveynebi iqcevian srulfasovanliberalur demokratiebad. CvenSi arsebuliwinaaRmdegobebi erTmaneTs hgavs dagansxvavdeba kidec, magram aris erTisagareo problema, winaaRmdegoba, romelicyvela am qveyanas aerTianebs da masruseTis sagareo politika hqvia. es arisruseTi mxars uWers daundobel diqtatorsbelorusiaSi, ruseTi mxars uWerdaorganizebul danaSauls ukrainaSi, ruseTigamodioda ukraineli xalxis nebis winaaRmdeg,ruseTs ar gahyavs samxedro bazebisaqarTvelodan da moldovadan, anu midismoldoveli da qarTveli xalxis nebiswinaaRmdeg, ruseTi orive qveyanaSi mxarsuWers da axalisebs separatistul reJimebs,romlebic CarTuli arian organizebuldanaSaulSi, iaraRisa da narkotikebiskontrabandaSi. isini xelsayrel niadagsqmnian terorostebisaTvis ukontroloteritoriebis saxiT.Cven kvlav gvaqvs imedi, rom sxva zogierTicivilizebuli qveynis liderisgan gansxvavebiT,TqvenTvis ar aris damakmayofilebelimxolod sakuTar qveyanaSi arsebuli Tavisufleba.rogorc Tqven brZaneT, saWiroaTavisuflebis dacva yvelgan. ruseTma undagaakeTos Zalian mkafio arCevani _ angaxdes civilizebuli samyaros nawili, aniyos am regionSi civilizaciisa da demokratiisTvismTavari safrTxe.vimedovnebT, rom es gzavnili Zalian mkafiodiqneba naTqvami baton putinTan Sexvedrisas.Tavisufleba<strong>Tebervali</strong>/<strong>2005</strong>/<strong>#2</strong>(<strong>38</strong>)49

Tavisuflebaianvari/<strong>2005</strong>/#1(37)50

sfdbceakt,fTavisuflebis institutis gamocemagamocemulia aSS-is saerTaSorisoganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) damerilendis universitetis IRIS Center-isfinansuri mxardaWeriTvrceldeba ufasodyvela ufleba daculiaredaqtori:Tamar kinwuraSviliredkolegia:akaki minaSviligiorgi melaZelevan ramiSvilimaia oqruaSvilixaTuna kveselavaTbilisi 0108, griboedovis 23tel.: 93 66 15, faqsi: 93 67 84el-fosta: liberty@liberty.gewww.liberty.gedizaini:besik daneliagarekanze:guga kotetiSvilisfoto\ <strong>2005</strong>, Tavisuflebis instituti

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