Cveni sulierebis balavari II

krebulSi warmodgenilia universitetis „qristianulikulturis kvlevis centris" mier Catarebulirespublikuri samecniero konferenciis masalebi, romelicdainteresebul mkiTxvels mravalmxriv informaciasmiawvdis qristianuli eklesiis istoriis, religiisa dakulturis, eTnikuri da religiuri tolerantobis,kulturaTa dialogis, swavlebisa da aRzrdis da sxvamniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, romelebic mniSvnelovan rolsTamaSoben adamianTa sulierebis formirebaSi.eZRvneba universitetis 75 wlis iubiles.mTavari redaqtoribiWiko diasamiZetomis redaqtorimanuCar loriasaredaqcio sabWo: nodar baramiZe (baTumi), sulxankupraSvili (quTaisi), guram lorTqifaniZe (Tbilisi),avTandil nikolaiSvili (quTaisi), Tamaz futkaraZe (baTumi),guram yifiani (Tbilisi), anania jafariZe (Tbilisi).qristianuli kulturis kvlevis centri madlobasuxdis sainformacio teqnologiebisa da komunikaciebissamsaxurs konferenciis organizebulad Catarebasa dakrebulis gamocemaSi daxmarebisaTvis.2

„Cveni yvela kulturuli Tu sxva sulieri saunje,romelic qarTvelma erma Seqmna, – yvelaferi dafuZnebuliaqristianul sarwmunoebaze... ar arsebobs codna, romelicdakavSirebuli ar iyos rwmenasTan, iseve rogorcar arsebobs rwmena, romelic damokidebuli ar iqnebacodnaze”.sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi,uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II3

4samecniero konferencia - Cveni sulierebisbalavari

Sinaarsi1. guram lorTqifaniZe - adreqristianuli stelabiWvintis samarovnidan2. guram yifiani - bolnisis sioni (farnevan daazaruxtis warwera)3. amiran kaxiZe, SoTa mamulaZe, tariel ebraliZe -arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Suaxevis raionis sof. wablanaSi4. marika mSvildaZe - qristianobis gavrcelebis socialuriaspeqtebi qarTlSi5. ramaz surmaniZe - iSxani da iSxneli episkoposebi(VII_XVI saukune)6. mitropoliti anania jafariZe - foTi (faTisi)Revondis cnobiT7. biWiko diasamiZe - Txilvanis eklesiis daTariRebisaTvis8. mamia faRava - kvlav xanZTis lokalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis9. malxaz daTukiSvili, nodar baxtaZe - oqros mamawminda10. avTandil nikoleiSvili - konstantine gamsaxurdiasaqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianuli religiiserovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi rolis Sesaxeb11. nodar kaxiZe - aWaris qristiani mosaxleobismigracia osmalTa Semosevebisa da batonobis periodSi12. jemal varSalomiZe- qristianuli motivebi aWarisxalxur dekoratiul xelovnebaSi. Jvari13. sergo dumbaZe - sofel bakos qristianuliwarsulidan14. malxaz CoxaraZe - tbeTis kaTedrali mecnierTada mogzaurTa CanawerebSi15. sulxan kupraSvili - saqarTveloSi qristianobissaxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis TariRi me-19 saukunisrusul gamocemebSi16. ramaz xalvaSi - galobani anCis xatisani17. Sorena maxaWaZe - qarTuli jvari eris samsaxurSi/konstantine gamsaxurdias ,,didostatis marjvenas”mixedviT/18. vardo beriZe - RmerTisa da samyaros mimarTebis sakiTxiavicenas filosofiaSi5

19. Tengiz moiswrafeSvili - marTlmadidebeliqristianoba da islami20. ineza zoiZe - qristianoba aWaris mosaxleobistradiciul yofaSi21. naila CelebaZe - qristianuli motivebi xinos mosaxleobisfolklorul-eTnografiul masalebSi22. abesalom aslaniZe - zogierTi bibliuri saswaulebiyuranSi23. Tamaz futkaraZe - axireTi//qveskneli istoriulisaqarTvelos mosaxleobis warmodgenebSi (borCxisa damurRulis masalebis mixedviT)24. guli ServaSiZe - religiuri ganaTlebis RirebulebiTiorintirebebi25. lali zaqaraZe - qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis filosofiissaTaveebTan26. irma bagrationi - Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qristianulixelovnebisesTetikuri principebi27. nodar basilaZe - gabriel episkoposi (qiqoZe)bavSvTa zneobrivi aRzrdis Sesaxeb28. nodar baramiZe - niWierebis biologiuri safuZvlebiskvlevis istoriidan29. Tina WiSvili - sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqiuwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II – Semoqmedi30. Tina SioSvili qarTuli xalxuri saSobao leqssimRerebi31. nani diasamiZe - ilia WavWavaZe da iakob gogebaSviligabriel episkoposis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb32. izolda belTaZe - ,,saqarTvelo – sulze tkbilidedobili”33. manuCar loria dokumentur filmSi „mravaleTnikurisaqarTvelo” asaxuli istoriuli da eTnokulturuliaspeqtebi (berZnebi)6

mTavari redaqtorisaganoriaTaswlovani saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiismier ganvlili gza Cveni qveynis istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia,radgan eklesia saukuneebis manZilze erTgulad icavdaqveynis erTianobas, saWiro SemTxvevaSi jvriTa da maxviliTebrZoda dampyroblebs da ganamtkicebda gamarjvebisa daqveynis aRorZineba–ganviTarebis rwmenas sazogadoebaSi.saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia dResacerTgulad emsaxureba qveynis gamTlianeba- gaZlierebas damisi mosaxleobis sulierebis formirebis saqmes. qristianulizneoba da Rirebulebebi, romlebic emTxveva msofliosulier Rirebulebebs, udevs safuZvlad Cvens erovnul literaturasda istorias, filosofiasa da fsiqologias, rissafuZvelzec izrdebodnen Taobebi, rolebmac dRemde moitanesCveni qveynis saxeli da dideba. Aamitomac qristianuli eklesiisa da kulturis istoriissafuZvliani Seswavla saWiro da aqtualuria, gansakuTrebiTiseT specifikur regionSi, rogoric samxreTi saqarTveloa,romelic sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi moqceuliiyo (mniSvnelovani nawili kvlav moqceulia) muslimaniosmalo dampyroblis batonobis qveS.swored am mizniT 2008 wlis 18 Tebervals, reqtoris#2–426 brZanebiT Seiqmna „qristianuli kulturis kvleviscentri“ romelmac profesor maswavlebelTa da studentTa(magistrantebi, doqtorantebi) monawileobiT farTod gaSalakvleviTi saqmianoba qristianuli eklesiis istoriis, religiisda kulturis, eTnikuri da religiuri tolerantobis,kulturaTa dialogis, swavlebisa da aRzrdis da sxvamniSvnelovan sakiTxebze.SarSan, centris organizebiT 2009 wlis 22-24aprils, Catarda pirveli respublikuri konferencia „Cvenisulierebis balavari", romelzec mosmenil iqna 35 moxseneba.konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen quTaisis a. wereTlissaxelmwifo univeristetis warmomadgenlebi. gamoi-7

ca konferenciis masalebis krebuli (Cveni sulierebis balavari,baTumi, 2009, 200 gv.)mjerad, mkiTxvelis samsjavroze gamotanil krebulSi(„Cveni sulierebis balavari–2“) Setanilia kvleviTicentris mier organizebul meore respublikur samecnierokonferenciaze wakiTxuli moxsenebebikonferenciis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen saqarTvelossapatriarqos, Tbilisisa da quTaisis umaRlesisaswavleblebisa da samecniero dawesebulebebis warmomadgenlebi.moxsenebaTa ganxilvaSi monawileobdnen:sqarTvelos sapatriarqos sinodis wevri, mitropoliti ananiajafariZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiiswevr -korespondenti guram lorTqifaniZe, profesori guramyifiani, profesori avTandil nikoleiSvili, profesoriguram gabunia, profesori sulxan kupraSvili, profesorisergo dumbaZe, profesori iuri bibileiSvili, profesoribiWiko diasamiZe da sxvebi, romelTac xazi gausves qristianulikulturis sakiTxebis kvlevis aqtualobas TanamedrovepirobebSi da Camoayalibes winadadebebi da rekomendaciebiam mimarTulebiT saqmianobis gaaqtiurebisa da misi sapatriarqosTankoordinaciis uzrunvelsayofad.8

guram lorTqifaniZeadreqristianuli stela biWvintis samarovnidanmravalwliani arqeologiuri gaTxrebis SedegadbiWvintaSi gamovlenilia sakmaod vrceli 3,5 h farTobisgvianantikuri epoqis samarovani. Aaq ikrZalebodnen II-IVss. Ppitiuntis cixe-simagris legionerebi da maTi ojaxiswevrebi, saqalaqo mosaxleobis saSualo da dabali fenebiswarmomadgenlebi (lorTqifaniZe g. 1991, gv. 114-117).mdidruli samarxebi ar dafiqsirebula Tu mxedvelobaSiar miviRebT gaZarcvul, marmarilos svetebiT Semkul#246 samarxis naSiebs (lorTqifaniZe g. 1991, gv. 143).1990 wels samarovnis centralur TxrilSi, kordovanifenis qveS gamovlenili iqna gviandeli, daudgenelidaniSnulebis, gegmaSi wriuli usaZirkvlo nagebobisnaSTebi. wyobaSi, riyis qvebTan da konglomeratTan erTadaRmoCnda uCveuli sigrZis adgilobrivi qviSaqvis fila.Mmisi zomebia: 73,7 sm X 30sm (sur.1) Ziris nawili naklulia,Tumca mis miwaSi Casadgmel nawils (12sm X 4sm)bevri ar unda akldes. filis gadmotrialebisas gamoirkvaerTi metad mniSvnelovani viTareba. zedapiridan10sm daSorebiT, am kvadratul filas saidumlo bude hqonia– 13,4sm X 7sm-ze, 2,5 sm siRrmisa. qvaSi amoWril niSa-Si, romlis siRrme 2,5sm iyo CausvamT rkinis naWedibrtyeli jvari (sur.2) maradiuli sicocxlisa da tanjvisaganxsnis qristianuli simbolo. niSam Semogvinaxa aramartojvari, aramed misi mkveTri anabeWdic – qvaze (11smX 4,5sm). aseTia niSaSi koroziis mier datovebuli Jangianikvali. budes hqonda keramikuli sarqveli 13sm X 7smda 0,7 sm sisqisa. is daumzadebiaT adgilobrivi mowiTaloferis, Rariani kramitisagan. kargad SeimCneva kideebSigadaxerxvis kvali. sarqveli kirxsnaris meSveobiTCausvamT budeSi, raTa daefaraT jvari ucxo Tvalisagan,kerZod warmarTebisagan. udavod, miuxedavad misi anepigrafikulobisa,aq saqme gvaqvs qviSaqvis saflavisqvasTan. svetismagvari stela aRumarTavT qristianobis malulmimdevaris saflavze. saflavis qva mogvianebiT saamSeneblomasalad gamouyenebiaT, ise rom misi buneba argamJRavnebula. aRniSnul farTobze gaiTxara ramdenimeuinventaro, qristianuli wesiT gamarTuli samarxi. am9

stelis aRmarTva saflavze, Cveni varaudiT, SeiZlebamomxdariyo romis imperiaSi qristianebis masobrividevnis pirobebSi, rasac adgili hqonda 313 wlamde,Kkonstantine didis mier miRebul milanis cnobilediqtamde. wyaroebiT saimedod aris dadasturebuliqristianTa devnis faqti neronis (54-58ww.) epoqidan dawyebuliII-IIIss. (Friedrich Anders, Bjorn Onken und Martin Pujila, 2007,pp.50-52; m. mSvildaZe 2007, gv. 84) stelis daTariRebis sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs Tavad jvris forma, romelic CvensxelT arsebuli analogiebiT adreqristianul epoqas SeiZlebamivakuTnoT (Dalton O.M., 1961, pp. 506, 507, 509, Fig 302-303, 305), kerZod III s-is bolos da IV saukunis dasawyiss.Gganixilavda ra biWvintis saudumlo ganyofilebiani stelisaRmoCenis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos adruliqristianobis istoriaSi prof. m. mSvildaZe SesaZlebladmiiCnevs mis daTariRebas III s.; radgan am droisaTvisqristianuli samarxebi saqmaod gavrcelebulia biWvintiswarmarTul samarovanze (mSvildaZe m., 2008, gv. 82).amgvarad, biWvintis samarovanze aRmoCenili rkinisjvari uZvelesia ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTelsaqristianoSi, vfiqrobT is kvlavac miipyrobs specialistebisyuradRebas.10

G. LortkipanidzeEarly Christian Stella from Bichvinta TombAs a result of many years archeological excavations there is found ratherlarge 3,5 hectare tomb of a late antique epoch. There were buried Pitiunti fortresslegionaries and members of their families in II-IV centuries, representatives of citypopulation of medium and low level (G. Lortkipanidze – 1991, 114-117 p.). Therehave not been detected rich toms except robbed remains of tomb #24 framed withmarble columns (G. Lortkipanidze – 1991, 143 p.).In 1990 in the central hollow of the tomb under a soddy layer there wererevealed remains of later non-fundamental circular construction of identifiedassignment. In the arrangement, together with pebbles and conglomerate there wasfound sandstone tile of unusual length. Its sizes: 73,7 cm x 30 cm (picture 1), base isincomplete, its underground part is 12 cm 4 cm. When overturning the tile it wasrevealed rather significant circumstance. 10 cm away from its upper edge it was asecret net – 13,2 cm x 7 cm, 2,5 cm deep. It was inserted a flat hammered iron cross(picture 2) in the niche incised in the stone, Christian symbol of immortal life anddisengagement from torture. the niche preserved not only the cross but also itsdistinct imprint on the stone (11 cm x 4,5 cm). The sign is rusty trace remained withcorrosion. The net had a ceramic valve 13 cm x 7 cm and 0,7 cm thick. It is made oflocal reddish tile. It is a noticeable imprint of overlapping in edges. The cover wasinserted in the net with a limestone solution to hide the cross from the alien eye, inparticular, from pagans.Obviously it is a grave sandstone. A columnar Stella was erected on a graveof Christ’s secret adept. Later the grave stone was used as a construction one due towhich its nature was not revealed. On this area there were dug several gravesarranged by Christian order. We suppose that the Stella might be erected on thegraver when Christians were persecuted in the Rome Empire which took place till313 A.D., till the famous Milan edict approved by Constantine Great. Sources havereliably confirmed the fact of Christians persecution from Nero epoch (54-58 A.D.)till II-III century (Friedrich Anders, Bjorn Onken und Martin Pujila, 2007, pp. 50-52; M. Mshvildadze 2007, p. 84)The cross form provides us with the opportunity to date the Stella;proceeding from available analogies, we may attach the Stella creation time to earlyChristian epoch (Dalton O. M., 1961, pp.506, 507, 509, Fig. 302-303, 305), inparticular, between end of III century and beginning of IV century. Professor M.Mshvildadze considered significance of the secret section of the Stella revealing anddated it as a monument of III century as by that time Christian tombs were ratherfrequent along Bichvinta pagan tomb (Mshvildadze M., 2008, p. 82).Therefore, the iron cross revealed in Bichvinta tomb is the oldest one notonly in Georgia but also in all Christian countries. We believe it will attract experts’attention again.bibliografiag. lorTqifaniZe. biWvintis naqalaqari. Tb. 1991m. mSvildaZe. adreuli qristianoba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 2008D.M. Dalton. Byzantine Art and Archaeology. New York, 1961.F. Anders, B. Onken, M. Pujiota. Spantike Bamberg, 2007.11

12bolnisis sioni(farnevan da azaruxtis warwera)Gguram yifianies warwera erTstriqoniania da centraluri samnavianisivrcis CrdiloeTis kedlis Crdilo-dasavleTis sakareRiobis arqitravzea ganTavsebuli.warweras mravali publikacia mieZRvna da TiTqmisyvela wakiTxva Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. igi ase ikiTxeba: `SewevniTaq(rist)ÀsiTa me, farn[evan] da azaruxt, SexuabTe[se] kari salocvelad sulTa CuenTaTvis~ (silogava,1994, 27_33).sakuTari saxeli `farnevan~ am formiT bolnisis sionisgarda sxvagan arsad ar dasturdeba. SeiZleba mxolodvaraudi imisa, rom misi saxiT saqme gvaqvs qarTularistokratul wreebSi romeliRac farTod gavrcelebulisaxelis, politikur-kulturuli situaciis Sesabamisad,koniuqturul modifikaciasTan.warweris meore sakuTari saxelia `azaruxt~. cxadiais, rom aq qalia moxseniebuli da maSin isic cxadia, romigi farnevanis meuRlea. analogTa mixedviT (balenduxt _vaxtang gorgaslis meuRle: `sahakduxt~, `Zalanduxt~,`guaranduxt~ da a. S.), SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, rom es saxeli`azarduxt~-ad miviRoT (silogava, 1994, 31). es sakuTarisaxeli Teoforuli fuZis Semcveli Cans, rac arta-aSanaTelis mqones niSnavs (CxeiZe, 1984, 27).am fuZis mqone saxeli gavrcelebuli Cans sasanianTadinastiur saxelebs Soris, sxvadasxva formiT. xosro IIisqaliSvils azrmiduxti (Дьяконов, 1961, 319-320).farnevanic da azaruxtic aristokratuli saxelebiada warweris mixedviT es ori pirovneba aristokratulwyvils warmoadgens.warweraSi laparakia karze _ `...SexuabT e[se] kari...~da amdenad es wyvili xan qtitorebad (maWavariani, 1985,33) da xanac xelosnebad (lapidaruli warwerebi, 1980, 69)aris miCneuli. g. CubinaSvilis azriT, warwera SesaZloaqviTxuroebs an konstruqtorebs gulisxmobdes(Чубинашвили, 1940, 71) da sxv.jer erTi, Tu aq damkveTebzea saubari, maSin rasafinanseben isini? nagebobis raRac konkretul nawils?

maSin danarCen sibrtyeebsac TavianTi qtitorebi undahyolodaT, da sadaa maSin maTi warwerebi. amasac rom TavidavaneboT, am principiT (taqtikiT) arasodes araferiar aSenebula. Tu farnevan da azaruxt xelosnebi arian,maSin ra Seqmnes maT. bolnisis sionis amJamad xiluli karissami Riobidan (dasavleTis XVII s-Si gaWrili kariar igulisxmeba) karis frTas, da Sesabamisad, arc sakareCarCos, arc erTi ar iTvalisiwnebda. `fizikuri~ kariarc erTs ar gaaCnia.aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT pirveli qristiani mefismirianis gancxadeba: `...da aRvaSene eklesiaÁ Cemi salocavadCemda samoTxesa Sina mamaTa CuenTa mefeTasa~(`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1963, 158-159). e. i. aRaSena winaparTa,dinastTa sulebisaTvis. Sinaarsobrivad gansaxilveliwarwerac TiTqmis igive azrs Seicavs _ `...SexuabT e[se]kari salocvelad sulTa CvenTaTvis...~.ise Cans, rom roca warweraSi mTlianobaze, mTlianstruqturazea laparaki, mas axlavs agebis mizani _ `salocvelad~,xolo roca damkveTi nagebobis romelime detalsafinansebs, an Tu ostati qmnis taZris raime elements,isini Sendobas iTxoven.niSandoblivi mgonia isic, rom warweraSi farnevaniar azustebs azaruxtis socialur statuss. is ar acxadebs`me farnevan da meuRleman Cemman azaruxt~ an amasve,romelime sxva formiT, da es uTuod imitom, rom maT statussdadastureba ar sWirdeba. `me farnevan da azaruxt~mefuri wyvilis gancxadebasa hgavs da niSnavs _ `Cven~-s.rac Seexeba warweris aso-niSanTa qandakis stils,igi Zireulad gansxvavdeba, rogorc `samSeneblo~, aseve`daviT episkoposis~ warweris asoTa modelirebisagan.farnevan-azaruxtis warwera maTTan SedarebiT `arqaulia~da srulebiT ar warmoadgens es sami warwera erTi daimave drois kuTvnils, miuxedavad damkvidrebuli azrisa.es asoebi moqandakis Seqmnilsa hgavs. maTzedakvirvebiT Cans, rom erTdrouli procesia fonis dadablebada asoTa gamoqandakeba. `ï~-ns mag. lekaluri moxazulobaniaxasiaTebs, aswvriv RerZian aso-niSnebs`skulpturuli~ dinamika da a. S.`samSeneblo~ da `daviT episkoposis~ warweraTaniSnebi ki gamoyvanilia sibrtyidan iribi CaWra-CakveTis13

gziT. ganivkveTSi es aso-niSnebi geomtriulebia da araskulpturulebi, es ki stilisturi sxvaobaa, da bunebrivia,rom igi epoqas gansazRvravs da ara ostatTa sxvadasxvaSesaZleblobas.calke unda SevxedoT `ï~-s grafikul saxeebs. v, silogavamaRniSna am aso-niSnis grafikis `ucnauroba~, rogorc`daviT episkoposis~, aseve `samSeneblo~ warweraSi:`marjvniv gaxsnil rkals daviT episkoposis warweraSiqusli aqvs midgmuli, xolo samSeneblo warweraSi igi pataramrgvali burTuliT bolovdeba~ (silogava, 1994, 66).es danamatebi `ï~-s marjvena rkalis boloze raRac`fiqsatoris~ STabeWdilebas tovebs. bolnisis sioniswarwerebis garda es `stili~ `ï~-sTvis sxvagan arsadgvxvdeba da mas imeorebs gviandeli warwerebic aqve; eliabolnelis da gurgen erisTavTa erisTavis saaRape warwerebi.miuxedavad imisa, rom isini kawvriTa da CakveTiTaamiRebuli. amdagvari ram arc urbnisis da arc palestinis(bir-el-kuTTi) warwerebSi ara Cans, e. i. ar Cans `ï~isaTvis`fiqsatori~ uadres qarTul warwerebSi da isarc farnevan-azaruxtis warweraSi ar SeiniSneba, radganroca igi Seiqmna, `ï~-saTvis es `stili~ jer `gamogonebuli~ar iyo.kvlav unda davubrundeT warwerismier ZiriTad sakiTxs:`...SexuabT e[se] kari...~ anu ras unda aRniSnavdes`karis Sebma~ maSin roca lunetian Riobs igi arasodeshqonia?sxva gza arc gvaqvs: `SexuabT ese kari~ unda miviCnioTim formulad, riTac, rogorc Cans, taZris gasrulebaaRiniSneboda, miT umetes rom vflobT wina ori samSenebloetapis formulirebebs: mag. `dades safuZveli~. essamSeneblo procesis pirveli safexuria. xolo bagratistaZris warwera mSeneblobis meore safexuris formulirebaa:`odes ganmtkicda iataki~, anu roca gasrulda nagebobiserT-erTi Sualeduri etapi. dRevandeli nomenklaturiTSenobis nulovani done.Tu SevajerebT erTmaneTs yvela monacems, miviRebTimas, rom farnevani da azaruxti, ra Tqma unda, qtitordamkveTebia,magram ara taZris romelime sibrtyisa (aseTrames arqiteqturis istoria arc ki icnobs), aramed14

mTlianad taZrisa. maT Seabes kari taZars, anu daasrulesmisi mSenebloba.TavisTavad mivdivarT im azramde, rom taZris amuZveles warweraSi ixsenieba mefuri wyvili: farsmani damisi meuRle azaruxti. sakuTari saxeli `farnevani~ ki,`farsmanis~ modifikacia unda iyos, politikuri situaciisgamo (amaze Cven zemoT mivaniSneT).saxeli `farsmani~ niSnavs `sparsuli sulis mqone~-sda cnobilia misi variaciebi: `Φαρασμάνηξ~ an `Φαρεσμάνηξ~(andronikaSvili, 1966, 505).wilknis akldamis berZnul warweraSi, romelic IV-Vss-iT TariRdeba, dadasturebulia sakuTari saxeli faranusesi(Φαρανούσηξ) (yauxCiSvili, 2000, 214).`farsman~ saxelis `farnevan~-ad cvla politikurorientacias unda gamoewvia.Tu Cveni mosazrebani misaRebia, maSin bolnisistaZris mSenebloba V s-is dasawyisSi unda dasrulebuliyo.amasTanave vfiqrobT, rom taZarma mogvianebiTrestavraciis Sedegad ganicada sagrZnobi struqturulicvlilebani, rac ZiriTad winaRobad isaxeba misi daTari-Rebis gzaze.literaturam. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobriviurTierTobidan, Tbilisi, 1966.el. maWavariani, bolnisis sionis samSeneblo warwera, Tbilisi,1985.`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturisZeglebi. wigni I, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa daredaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1963.v. silogava, bolnisis uZvelesi warwerebi, Tbilisi, 1994.qarTuli warwerebis korpusi. lapidaruli warwerebi, t. I,aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V_X ss) Seadgina da gamosacemadmoamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1980.T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos beZnuli warwerebis korpusi,II, Tbilisi, 2000.g. n. CubinaSvili, Болниский Сион, akad. n. maris saxelobisenis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe,IX, Tbilisi, 1940.15

T. CxeiZe, narkvevebi iranuli onomastikidan, Tbilisi, 1984.М. М. Дьяконов, Очерк истории древнего Ирана, М,. 1961.Bolnisi Sioni(Parnevan and Azarukht Inscription)Guram KipianiBolnisi Sioni is one of the earliest monuments of early Christian Georgianarchitecture. The interpretation of lapidary inscriptions is of great importance indetermining the monument chronology.The article deals with the inscription where Parnevan and Azarukht arementioned as couple. Both names are aristocratic. Female name Azarukht istheophoric as well. Inscription is about the merit that was committed by the couple –they attached the door to the church. The deed could be assigned to a master orktitor. Attaching the door might be identified with the final stage of churchconstruction. In Georgian sources other terms connected with construction are alsoknown for instance, to build a basement, to floor.As to name Parnevan, it seems to be a nomenclature name for Parsman(according to agreement between Byzantine emperor and himself), who is assignedto the completion of Bolnisi Sioni.Thus, the completion of Bolnisi Sioni is dated to the beginning of fifthcentury, when king Parsman ruled.16

amiran kaxiZe, SoTa mamulaZe, tariel ebraliZearqeologiuri gaTxrebi Suaxevisraionis sof. wablanaSiSuaxevis raionis sof. wablanis mosaxleobam gadawyvitaaeSenebinaT eklesia. am wamowyebis iniciatorigaxlavT am soflis mkvidri Salva veliaZe, romelmacaraerTgzis mogvmarTa TxovniT Cagvetarebina sadazvervosamuSaoebi eklesiis mSeneblobisaTvis adgilis SerCevismizniT. bunebrivia, igi moqmedebda sapatriarqosa dasxalTis eparqiis episkoposis, meufe spiridonis locvakurTxeviT.miuxedavad imisa, rom savele samuSaoebisaTvissaTanado dafinansebis wyaro ar arsebobda, Cven mainc davuWireTmxari am wamowyebas, mosaxleobis iniciativas dayovelgvari sasyidelis gareSe 2009 wlis 1 ivnisidan 12ivnisamde vawarmoeT savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebanisof. wablanaSi.gaTxrebis obieqtad SerCeul iqna sofel wablanismikroubani ,,naTlismcemlis gora” - nacimcimeli. xalxisgadmocemiT am adgilebSi adrec yofila eklesia.marTlac, Cveni yuradReba miiqcia im garemoebam, rom,,naTlismcemlis gora”-ze garkveuli monakveTi sagangebodiyo mosworebul-nivelirebuli.wina wels t.ebraliZis, g.dumbaZisa da S.veliaZis monawileobiTmoxda am adgilis JPS koordinatebis fiqsireba.2009 wlisaTvis ki baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumisada samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuricentris erToblivma eqspediciam ganaxorciela sainteresowinaswareuli savele samuSaoebi.wablana mdebareobs Suaxevis raionSi, uCambis xeoba-Si, mdinare tbeTis (gudna) marcxena sanapiroze, Suaxevisraionuli centridan 14 km-is moSorebiT, zRvis donidan1220 m simaRleze. TviT gasaTxreli obieqti ki, sofliscentridan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT 300 metrze.,,naTlismcemlis goridan” SesaniSnavad moCans soflebi:tbeTi da gogaZeebi, jabniZeebis nawili, kerZod, e.w. ,,gora”,aseve mofrineTi, samoleTi, laklakeTi, okisi, cinareTi(maT Soris cixe) da meWyerTa. am adgilebidan iSlebaufro Soreuli Tvalsawieri. esenia: Suaxevis Temis so-17

feli sxefi, CanCxalo, TviT CanCxalos cixe da nawilobrivnigazeuli. aseve iTqmis baraTaulis Temis sofelwankalauris mimarTac. aqve gadioda uZvelesi savaWro-saqaravnogzebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyvnen umTavresmagistralebTan. misi uaxloesi monakveTebia: dandalosxidi, kavianis cixe, cinareTis cixe, naTlismcemlis gora,jvarimindori, wmindiseri, naWiSkrevi (aqve yofila saba-Jos msgavsi punqti). saqaravno gza gadadioda SavSeTisqarTul soflebSi. esenia: liobani, karCxalis gadasasvleli.md. tbeTis sanapirodan dawyebuli soflismikro toponimebia; farcxi, naRomvara, axo, uyvi,naTlismcemlis gora, kolotauri (puris kalo), goSpara,SeiSebi, sawurblia, nayanvari, ewnari, naifnari, naxiznevi,qaTamura, nabostnurevi, sayavria, sasveni, mTa Roma (winavela).,,naTlismcemlis goris” mimdebare teritoriazedasturdeba qristianuli toponimebi: elias mTa, jvarimindori,sayendria (nasaydrali), wminda gora, jvarTiRele,meriaxevi da sxva. axla TviT gaTxrebis Sesaxeb.borcvis mosworebuli farTobi daaxloebiT 200 m 2 .pirvel rigSi movaxdineT gasaTxreli teritoriis agegmva.Txrili damxrobili iyo dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.misi sigrZec da siganec 12 metrs Seadgenda.kvadratebis zoma iyo 4X4 m. daviwyeT erTdroulad 9kvadratis Seswavla. miuxedavad imisa, rom gvyavda 4 muSa,pirvelsave dRes gamoCnda samxreTi kedlis saZirkvlisdasawyisi. aseve iTqmis aRmosavleTi kedlis mimarTac. movipoveTkecis, qvevris da doqis natexebi. aris moWiquliWurWlis fragmentic.intensiuri samuSaoebi gagrZelda momdevno dReebSic.Cveni maspinZeli Salva veliaZe sakmaod saqmiani pirovnebagamodga, romelic uCambis Temis mosaxleobaSiaRiarebuli avtoritetiT sargeblobs. yovelgvarianazRaurebis gareSe arqeologiur gaTxrebSi monacvleobiTmonawileoba miiRes ara marto wablanis, aramed mofrineTis,samoleTis, laklakeTisa da cinareTis enTuziazistebma.amas emateboda TviT wablanis arasruli saSualoskolis ufrosklaselTa da pedagogTa savele samuSaoebSiyoveldRiuri CarTvebi.agegmili Txrili sakmaod zusti gamodga. masSimTlianad Cajda saydris gegma (sur. I/1,2). pirvel xanebSi18

moixsna jagnari. didi siZneleebi Segviqmna wiflis Zirebma.viyenebdiT eleqtro xerxs. amis Semdeg daviwyeT miwisTxeli fenebis, Sreebis aReba. male mTlianad gamoikveTasamxreTi kedlis saZirkvlis konturebi. safasadonawils miuyveba uxeSad damuSavebuli, mSralad nagebi mowiTalo,kaJiseburi moyvanilobis qvebi. zogierTi maTganissigrZe 1,1 m-ia, simaRle 45 sm. aris sxva saxis qvebic.zogan sicarielea _ saZirkvlis qvebi amovardnilia. Tavdapirveladagebuli samxreTi kedlis sigrZe 7,5 m yofila,sisqe 0,75 m.samxreTi kedlis gareTa mxares TiTqmis mTelsigrZeze miuyveba sakmaod kargad damuSavebuli qvebis rigi.rogorc Cans, igi saydris frontaluri nawilis sawyissafexurs warmoadgenda da Sesabamisad, TiToeuliqvac saguldagulod iyo damuSavebuli (sur. I/1,2).msgavsi filebi dagebuli yofila saydris aRmosavleTikedlis gaswvriv. eseni ufro patara zomisaniarian.gaTxrebis pirveli etapis dasrulebisTanave gamoikveTasaerTo suraTi. aSkara iyo, rom Cven saqme gvqondadarbazuli tipis saydarTan, romelic damxrobili iyoaRmosavleTisaken. sigrZe 7 m, xolo sigane 6 m. e.i.TiTqmis kvadratuli moyvanilobis. Sida sivrcis zomebiiyo 5,8X4,2 m. aqedan afsidis sigane 1,5 m. xolo TviTdarbazis sigrZe 4,3 m. afsida gamoyofili Cans darbazisagan.dasavleT kedlidan 1,6 m sigrZeze SemorCenili iyopatara zomis qvebi-zRurbli. garda amisa, afsidadarbazTan SedarebiT 17 sm-iT maRla mdebareobda. darbazimTlianad mogebuli yofila qvis filebiT. erTgan,kerZod, Crdilo aRmosavleT kuTxeSi SemorCenili iyo insitu mdgomareobaSi, danarCen nawilSi skolis moswavleebsadre ,,ewarmoebinaT gaTxrebi” da filebic amoeyaraT.dasavleTi kedlis saZirkvlis sisqe 0,7-0,8 m-ia,samxreTis 0,6-0,8 m-ia. gansxvavebulia aRmosavleTi kedliszomebi, aq SemorCenili qvebi vertikaluradaa daSenebuli,romelTa sisqe 0,25 m-ia, SemorCenili dasavleTi kedlissimaRle 50 sm, samxreTi 50 sm, CrdiloeTi 50 sm, aRmosavleTi45 sm.Cans, rom mTlianad SemorCenilia oTxive kedlis sa-Zirkveli. Sesabamisad mivediT daskvnamde, rom am sa-19

Zirkvelze xis saydari yofila daSenebuli, rac pirveliSemTxveva Cans aWariswylis xeobis sakulto ZeglebisaTvis.garkveuli periodis gasvlis Semdeg, rogorc Cans,sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda arsebuli farTobi, ris gamocsamxreT kedelTan miumatebiaT damatebiTi nageboba e.w.ekvderi. misi zomebia: 3,0X7,5 m. mTlianobaSi ukve eklesiasmiuRia axali ganzomilebani: 9,0X 7,5 m (sur. I/1,2).wablanis saeklesio nagebobis qronologiis, aqaurmkvidrTa sameurneo saqmianobis da religiuri rwmenawarmodgenebiskvlevisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba savelesamuSaoebis Sedegad aRmoCenil mcirericxovan,magram sakmaod saintereso arqeologiur masalas. rogorcwesi, sWarbobs keramikuli nakeTobani. gvxvdeba qvevrebis,dergebis, qoTnebis, kecebis, jamebis da sxvaTa natexebi(mamulaZe, 1993, 61-70).wablanas saeklesio nagebobaTa naSTebis gaTxrebisasaRmoCnda erTaderTi moWiquli jamis pir-gverdis natexi(paraleluri masala ix. mamulaZe, 1993:58-89). gvaqvsxaris rkinis nalis natexic. masze SemorCenilia orikvadratuli da erTi wriuli salursmne naxvreti.wablanis eklesia darbazuli tipisaa. aWariswylisxeobaSi dRemde Seswavlili saeklesio nagebobaTaumravlesobac swored am formisaa, romlebic farTodCans gavrcelebuli aWaraSi, guriaSi, imereTSi, afxazeT-Si, qarTlSi, da a.S. niko mari msgavs eklesiebs SavSurimerxevursacuwodebs (Марр, 1922, 7,29,33,35,89,93… ).darbazuli tipis eklesiebi wamyvani Cans adreuliSuasaukuneebidan (V-VI ss) TiTqmis XIX saukunis bolomde(beriZe, 1974, 26). gaCenis dRidan gumbaTiani taZrebis TanamgzavrebadaamiCneuli (Чубинашвили,1971, 39).arqeologiuri gaTxrebiTa da dazvervebiTdasturdeba, rom am tipis eklesiebi aWariswylis xeobisTiTqmis yvela sofelSi arsebobda (mamulaZe, 1993). maT-Tvis, iseve, rogorc wablanis eklesiisaTvisac damaxasia-Tebelia wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedi, romelic SigniTaRmosavleTis mxares naxevarwriuli afsidiT mTavrdeba.afsida (sxalTis garda) sworkuTxedis farglebSi rCeba.maTi saxuravi orferda unda yofiliyo. SesasvlelebiCveulebriv samxreTiT an dasavleTiT aqvT, Tu mozrdile-20

ia orivegan. maTi Sinagani sivrce ufro martivi unda yofiliyo.am tipis yvela Zegli erTnairi araa. yvela maTganiTavisi drois niSnebs atarebs. ayvavebis xanis Zeglebi(sxalTa, vanaZeebi-agara, vernebi da sxva) ufro daxvewiliada yovelTvis igrZnoba Sesrulebis maRali stilida manera (mamulaZe, 1993. literatura ix. iqve). isini SeiZlebaTamamad davayenoT qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisbrwyinvale Zeglebis gverdiT. am tipis eklesiaTa erTinawili soflis an karis samlocveloebi unda yofiliyo.esenic yuradRebas iqceven mSeneblobis daxvewili maneriT.wablanis da maT Soris aWariswylis xeobisSeswavlil saeklesio nagebobaTa umravlesobas aqvssamxreTis minaSeni. igi srulyofili saxiT TiTqmisarcerT Zeglze araa daculi. saqarTveloSi X-XI saukuneebidanstoa taZris TiTqmis aucilebel atributs warmoadgenda(beriZe, 1942, 105).wablanis eklesia Tavisi mSeneblobis stiliT, aqaRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT winaswareuladXI-XII saukuneebiT SeiZleba daTariRdes. ZeglzejerjerobiT samuSaoebi dasrulebuli araa. darwmunebulivarT eklesiis garSemo ganlagebuli samarxebisSeswavlisa da gaTxrebis bolomde miyvanis Semdeg bevriaxali masala iCens Tavs.21

A. Kakhidze, Sh. Mamuladze, T. EbralidzeArchaeological Excavations on the Territory of Tsablana Church(Summary)The present research work is devoted to the result of thearchaeological excavations held in 2009 on the territory of Tsablana churchin Shuakhevi region. There have been studied stone foundation andsurvived parts of the buildings. The church itself could have been built inwood. Archaeological excavations concerning some graves revealed next tothe church are to be held. According to the materials at our disposal theabove mentioned archaeological site could be preliminarily dated to the 11-12 th cc.gamoyenebuli literatura1. v.beriZe. savane (XI s-is qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisZegli). - qarTuli xelovneba, #1, Tbilisi, 1942.2. v.beriZe. Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi,1974.3. S.mamulaZe. aWariswylis xeobis Suasaukuneebisarqeologiuri Zeglebi, baTumi, 1993.4. Марр Н.Я. Ардаган, Карс, Санкт-Петербург, 1922.5. Чубинашвили Г.Н. Зедазени, Кликис Джвари, Гвиара. -Картули хеловнеба, №7, серия-А, Тб.,1971.22

marika mSvildaZeqristianobis gavrcelebis socialuriaspeqtebi qarTlSiqristianobis gavrceleba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSida misi saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba erT-erT aqtualursakiTxs warmoadgens Cveni qveynis istoriisaTvis.saistorio tradiciis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosteritoriaze axali monoTeisturi moZRvrebis gavrcelebapirveli saukunidan iwyeba, rac e.w. qarTvel ebraelebselioz mcxeTelsa da longinoz karsnels ukavSirdeba.Cveni azriT, swored iudevelebisagan gaigo aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos mosaxleobam monoTeisturi religiis arsi.egreTwodebuli qarTveli ebraelebi ki, Tavis mxriv,gvevlinebian aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobisgavrcelebis sayrdenad.Cveni azriT, mirians qarTlSi sakmaod Zlieriqristianuli Temebis arsebobis gareSe namdvilad gau-Wirdeboda axali monoTeisturi religiis saxelmwifooficialur religiad gamocxadeba da SenarCuneba, rogorimosazrebebiTac ar unda yofiliyo es ganpirobebuli.Aaqedan gamomdionare, yvela safuZveli arsebobs imisa,rom ax.w. I-IV ss. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriazevivaraudoT meore monoTeisturi religiis mimdevarTagarkveuli raodenoba, rogorc mefe mirianis mier religiurireformis gatarebis sayrdeni. Cveni interesis sferoswarmoadgens im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu romel socialurwres ganekuTvnebodnen pirveli qristianebiqarTlSi, kerZod, iyvnen Tu ara qveynis elitaluri wriswarmomadgenlebi qristes moZRvrebis aRsarebelTa Sorisda hqonda Tu ara aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobisgavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT igive procesebs adgili,rogorc romis imperiaSi.cnobilia, rom galileis meTevzeTa erTi jgufi axalireligiis mimdevrebis xerxemals Seadgenda. rocaqristianoba palestinis gareT gavrcelda, is enTuziazmiTiyo miRebuli ZiriTadad monebis, monadyofilebis,xelosnebis mier, magram romis warCinebulebis erTi nawili,sul ramdenime weliwadSi iRebs qristes moZRvrebas.ukve neronis dros imperatoris garemocvaSic qristiano-23

is mimarT gaaCndaT simpaTiebi da. Sesabamisad, dedaqalaqismaRali sazogadoebidanac xdeba axali religiismimdevarTa ricxvis gazrda. qristes moZRvreba, SeiZlebaiTqvas, amsxvrevs romis imperiis ukanasknel bastions _romis Zlevamosil legionebs da iqac ikidebs fexs [ix. 9].aRmosavleT saqarvelos teritoriaze axali monoTeisturireligiis gavrcelebis damadasturebeli sakmaomasala moipoveba. qarTlSi qristianobis gavrcelebis socialuriaspeqtebis Sesaswavlad istoriul wyaroebTanerTad mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis arqeologiuriZeglebi.sakiTxis Seswavlidan gamomdinare, CvenTvis gansakuTrebuldatvirTvas iZens qristianobis gavrcelebisfaqti qveynis elitarul wreebSi. kerZod, rom swored amsocialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa samarxebSi fiqsirdebaIII s. meore naxevarSi qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmigansakuTrebuli ltolva, rom swored centraluri daprovinciuli aristokratiis warmomadgenlebTa Sorisgvxvdeba pirvelad dakrZalvis qristianuli pozisSemTxvevebi [3,17], rac im faqtis dadasturebad migvaCnia,rom mefe mirians moazreebi qveynis umaRles wreebSichyavda. es ki udaod mniSvnelovania religiuri reformisgatarebis TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnuli mosazrebis gamoTqmissaSualebas gvaZlevs ax.w. III s. Sua xanebidanmcxeTaSi da gansakuTrebiT provinciuli aristokratiiskuTvnil rig samarxebSi dakrZalvis axali ritualis ga-Cena, rac Tan axlda axali ideologiis, axali religiisTanmimdevrobiT aRiarebas [5,35-36]. rogorc cnobilia,elitaruli fena yovelTvis ufro mgrZnobiarea siaxlisadmi.mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili swored am faqtiTxsnis warCinebulebSi qristes moZRvrebis gavrcelebas.aristokratiuli wris gaqristianebis mizezi qarTlSi zemoaRniSnulfaqts rom mivaweroT namdvilad Secdomaiqneboda, vinaidan qveynis elita mgrZnobiare iqnebodaqristianobisadmi mxolod am monoTeisturi moZRvrebissaxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg da ara manmadeIII-IV ss. dasawyisSi, maSin, rodesac qristianoba romisimperiaSi saxelmwifo religiad araTu ar aris gamocxadebuli,aramed devnasac ki ganicdis, am monoTeisturi24

eligiisadmi provinciuli aristokratiis kuTvnilebanamdvilad bevris mTqmelia.zemoaRniSnulis dadasturebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos1966 wels erwos velis sofel magraneTSi, sxvadasxva asakisarqeologiur ZeglebTan erTad aRmoCenili ax.w. III s.daTariRebuli mdidruli samarxebis arsebobis faqti.arqeologiuri inventari, romlebic am samarxebSi iqna mopovebulimraval saerTos avlens armazisxevis pitiaxSTasamarxebSi mopovebul mdidrul nivTebTan. sakiTxisSeswavlis TvalsazrisiT, CvenTvis Rirebulia #1 samarxi,romelic ax.w. III s. daTariRda da socialurad imave sazogadoebiskuTvnilebad iqna aRiarebuli, romelsac miekuTvnebodaarmazisxevis mdidruli samarxebi. micvalebulisamarxSi dakrZaluli iyo gaSotil mdgomareobaSi,TaviT dasavleTiT, rac qristianuli dakrZalvis wesisaTvisaris damaxasiaTebeli [4,98-99].aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze qveynisaristokratiuli wris warmomadgenlebs Soris qristianobisgavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso nivTs warmoadgensarmazisxevis erisTavTa nekropolSi #6 sarkofagSiaRmoCenili vercxlis ,,azarfeSa~ daTariRebuliax.w. II saukuniT. niSandoblivia, rom axaliwelTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi torevtikis nimuSebiZiriTadad fiqsideba yvelaze mdidrul samarxebSi. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom vercxlis nakeTobaTa aRmoCena samarxebSierTgvarad amtkicebs kidec maT simdidres [7,347].WurWeli, romelzec qristianuli simboloebis _ farSevangebisada vazis foTlis 1 gamosaxulebebicaa dafiqsirebuli,qarTlis saxelisuflo wris qalbatonis kuTvnilinivTi iyo da romaul importad aris miCneuli [1,75-76;8,66-67].is faqti, rom samarxeul inventarSi `azarfeSasTan~erTad, ara mxolod am, aramed sxva SemTxvevebSic (aRsa-1 pateraze gamosaxuli vazis foTlis ornamenti gavrcelebuliiyo imperiis xanis romis torevtikis nimuSebze. igi farTodgamoiyeneboda xmelTaSuazRvispireTis, amierkavkasiis, CrdiloSavizRvispireTis xalxebis xelovnebaSi, romelic momdevnoepoqaSi gadadis adreqristianul xelovnebaSi. romisxelovnebis nimuSebze xSirad gamoisaxeboda farSevangTanerTad, rac garkveul simbolikasTan iyo dakavSirebuli [8,36].25

niSnavia, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze antikuri periodissamarxeul inventarSi Svidi msgavsi azarfeSaa cnobili)Cndeboda aseve liTonis surac, mkvlevarTa nawilsimis mtkicebis safuZvels aZlevs, rom aRniSnuli nivTisazeimo SemTxvevaTa dros didebulTa xelsaban mowyobilobadmiiCnion [2,129-131,157], nawilis TvalsazrisiT, ki`azarfeSa~ masze datanili farSevangis, vazis foTlisada verZis Tavis gamosaxulebaTa gamo sakulto daniSnulebisWurWlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos [8,65]. 2vazis foTlebi fiqsirdeba armazisxevis #7 sarkofagsada bagineTis akldamaSi aRmoCenil filebzec,romlebic, mkvlevarTa azriT, armazisxevis (#6 sarkofagi)vercxlis paterasTan poulobs msgavsebas (reliefisSeqmna specialuri teqnikiT) da erTian jgufs qmnis.vercxlis fialebi ax.w. II s. TariRdeba [8,37-38]. farSevangisgamosaxuleba mcenaresTan erTad gvxvdeba mcxeTisimportul minis WurWelze. 1938 w. samTavroSi aRmoCeniliminis pateras garedan Semouyveba warwera `πίε, ζήσης~ _`Sesvi, icocxle~. maTze gamosaxulia farSevangi, palmiseburfoTlebiT warmodgenil sam totad gaSlil xesTanerTad. rogorc Cans WurWeli evqaristiuli daniSnulebisaa.pateras n. ugreliZe siriul nawarmad miiCnevs da IVsaukuniT aTariRebs [6,301-314].aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos teritoriazeantikuri periodis samarxeul inventarSi aRmoCenilicnobili `azarfeSebidan~, oTxis tari (armazisxevis,2adreuli qristianuli simboloebidan aRmosavleTsaqarTveloSi gavrceleba hpova, Cveni azriT, Zalzedsaintereso gamosaxulebam _ saqarTvelosaTvis egzotikurmafrinvelma farSevangma, romlis gamosaxulebebi CvenSi ax.w. I s.Cndeba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi,adreul qristianul periodSi aRniSnuli frinvelis gamosaxviskultura dakavSirebuli iyos siriasTan, romelTanacsaqarTvelos sakmaod mWidro kulturul-ekonomikuriurTierTobebi gaaCnda. rogorc cnobilia, farSevangi sirielxelovanTa erT-erT sayvarel frinvels warmoadgenda, romelsacmaT nawarmze sakmaod xSirad vxvdebiT.farSevangi qristianobaSisimbolizdeba aRdgenasa da ukvdavebasTan. gazafxulzefarSevangis bumbulis cvena da ganaxleba miCneuli iyo,ganaxlebisa da aRdgomis simbolod. misi sxeuli uxrwneladiTvleboda (qristes gamosaxva sarkofagebze).26

kldeeTis, boris, atocis) verZis TavebiTaa Semkuli [2,129-131], romelic aseve adreqristianul simbolos warmoadgenda.qristianuli simbolo Tevzebia gamosaxulivercxlis lamparsa da Tasze bagineTidan. 3 sakiTxisSeswavlidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovannivTs warmoadgens vercxlis Tasi bagineTidan.kvlevis Sdegad dgindeba, rom qristianobisadmimidrekileba qarTlSi gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad SeimCnevasamefo domenis teritoriaze, sadac qristianobis gavrcelebafiqsirdeba sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi. gamonaklissarc aristokratia waromoadgenda. qristianoba gavrcelebuliCans provinciis elitarul wreebSic. zemoaRniSnulidanSegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qarTlSi iseve rogorcromis imperiis teritoriaze axali monoTeisturi religiismimdevrebi sazogadoebis umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebiciyvnen jer kidev qristianobis saxelmwifooficialur religiad gamocxadebamde.literatura1. afaqiZe a., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe a., lomTaTiZe g.,mcxeTis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi, mcxeTa, I, Tb., 1955.2. lomTaTiZe g., kldeeTis samarovani, Tb., 1957.3 vercxlis Tasze (zomebi: diametri 12,5 sm, siRrme 4 sm, sigane 2,1sm) TevzebTan erTad gamosaxulia sxvadasxva moluskebi,kiborCxalebi, melanTevzebi, rvafexebi, gvelTevzebi, romlebicabsolituri realizmiT arian gadmocemulni. aRniSnuliWurWeli warmoadgens tipiur gvianantikur nimuSs.warmomavlobis mixedviT, WurWlis ornamentika aleqsandriulia.vercxlis Tasze gamosaxuli zRvis samyro yvelaze xSiradvercxlis nivTebze gvxvdeba da gansakuTrebuli popularobiTsargeblobda ax.w. III saukunidan [8,66-67]. Zneli saTqmeliaramdenad SegviZlia davukavSiroT aRniSnuli WurWeliqristianul religias. ubralod aRvniSnavT, rom vercxlisTasze gamosaxuli zRvis samyaros (maT Soris Tevzis) TematikagansakuTrebuli popularobiT swored qristianobisgavrcelebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan etapze ax.w. III-IV ss. modis,rodesac axal monoTeistur moZRvrebasTan dakavSirebulisimboloebi sul ufro da ufro vrceldeba da gansakuTrebulipopularobiT sargeblobs mosaxleobaSi.27

3. ramiSvili r., aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTisgaqristianebis ZiriTadi safexurebi da Taviseburebani arqeologiurimasalebis da werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, qristianulicivilizacia da saqarTvelo, konferencia miZRvniliadreqristianuli arqeologiis 100 wlisTavisadmi, Tb., 1994, gv.16-19.4. ramiSvili r., adreul qristianobasTan dakavSirebulimasalebi magraneTis samarovnidan, qristianuli arqeologiis Vkonferencia, moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, Tb., 2001, gv. 98-99.5. ramiSvili r., kuWuxiZe g., dakrZalvis qristianuli ritualisdamkvidreba saqarTveloSi, qristianuli civilizacia dasaqarTvelo, konferencia miZRvnili adreqristianuli arqeologiispirveli msoflio kongresis 100 wlisTavisadmi, Tb., 1994,gv. 34-37.6. ugreliZe n., farSevangis gamosaxulebiT Semkuli minisWurWeli samTavrodan, ist. inst. mimomxilveli, II, Tb., 1951, gv.301-314.7. Ломтатидзе Г. А., К культурной и социальной характеристикенаселения Грузии в I-IIIвв. н.э. ТИИ АН ГССР, I. Тб., 1955, с. 347.8. Мачабели К., Позднеантичная торевтика Грузии (по материаламторевтики первых веков нашей эры). Тб., 1976..9. Mschvildadze M., Das Christentum in Georgien und die Legionen Roms.Georgica. Zeitschrift für Kultur, Sprache und Geschichte Georgiens und Kaukasiens,30 Sprache Geschichte Kunst Literatur Philophie, Jahrgang 2007, p. 29-35.Марика МшвилдадзеСоциальные aспекты распространения христианство в КартлиВ статье рассмотрены социальные аспекты распространенияхристианство в Картли. Целью нашего исследования являлься выяснитькакому социальному кругу пренодлежали первые христианы в восточнойГрузии. В частности, были ли среди приверженцов новой монотеистическойрелигии люди из элитарных кругов государства и имели ли место те процессыв Картли во время распространения новой монотеистической религии,которые были хороктерны Римской империи. Для изучения социаьныхаспектов христианство в восточной Грузии важние свдения дают артефакты.На основе изучения исторических источников и археологическихматериялов можно прийти к выводу, что ещё до объявления христианствагосударственной религии в Картли новая монотеистическая религия большевсего была распространена на территории царского домена, где христианствобыло распространено во всех социальных кругов общество. Не являльсяисключением и аристократия. Примечателен и тот факт, что в тоже времяновая монотеистическая религия была распространена и средипровинциальной элиты.28

iSxani da iSxneli episkoposebi(VII_XVI saukune)ramaz surmaniZeiSxani qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi uZvelesiZegli da qristianuli centria samxreT saqarTveloSi,kerZod istoriul taoSi, olTisiswylis marjvena napirze.^30 wlis axlos, aq eklesia pirvelad aaSenaepiskoposma nersem, magram male igi arabebma daangries,ris gamo didxans mitovebuli iyo. me-9 saukunis pirvelaTeul wlebSi grigol xanZTelis mowafem da misma deidaSvilmasabam (SemdgomSi iSxnelma) eklesia aRadgina daganaaxla. mis dros bagrat I kurapalatma daaarsa saepiskoposo.pirveli episkoposi saba iyo. eklesiis aRdgenagrZeldeboda X saukuneSic, taZarma saboloo saxe ki ivanemorCaiZis xeliT miiRo 1032 wels, bagrat V-is mefobisdros, roca iSxnelis saxelo anton iSxnels ekava.iSxnis saepiskoposo kaTedra Tavis saqmianobaserTxans ganagrZobda osmalTa mier samcxe-saaTabagosdapyrobis Semdegadac. igi sabolood me-XVII saukunis IInaxevarSi gauqmda. amis Semdeg iSxnelis wodebis mqoneepiskoposebi saqarTvelos sxva eparqiebSi moRvaweobdnen,Semdeg ki wodebam gvaris mniSvneloba miiRo.iSxnis saepiskoposos eparqiaSi Sedioda TorTomi,parxali da sxv. TviT iSxneli sakmaod sapatio rolsasrulebda saqarTvelos mefeTa kurTxevisa da darbazobisdros. qveynis saeklesio ierarqiaSi iSxnels me- 10adgili ekava.1. nerse _ pirveli marTlmadidebeli episkoposiiSxanSi. 63:-661w.w. moRvawe sasuliero piri, iSxanismkvidri mcxovrebi. 643 wels igi ioane mairagomelimzakvaris intrigebiT gandevnes marTlmadideblobisagan,magram dabrunda da 661 wlamde ganagebda mis mierve ^30-3:wlebSi aSenebul iSxanis eklesias. mcxeTis kaTalikosisarsenis me-7 saukunis vrcel sityvaSi saubaria nerseiSxnelze, kerZod imaze, rom ezras Semdeg 2daipyra saydarinerse iSxnelman, Rirsma da marTlmorwmuneman nebiTaRuTisiTa da ganiwira sruliad Surisagan beri igi ioane29

mzakvari da ufroisad amisTvis, rameTu ziarebad exilvanerse saberZneTs mefisaTana kostantine mcirisa.aq moxsenebuli ione mairagomeli sxva dokumentebSimoxseniebulia, rogorc vinme wyeuli iohane 36, romelmacTavisTavs moZRvari uwoda da daiwyo saydrebidan sxvaTagamoZeveba. ezras wasvlis Semdeg ioanes misi saydris dapatronebacucdia, magram nerse iSxnelma ajoba da Tavadgaxda am saydris moZRvari 1 .2. saba(sabani). IX s. grigol xanZTelis mowafe da deidaSvili.masTan erTad imogzaura saberZneTSi, gaecnosaeklesio cxovrebas. dabrunebis Semdeg grigol xanZTelis@ mowafesTan erTad da aSot I Svilebisa da bagratI kurapalatis daxmarebiT ganaaxla arabTa Semosevisdros dangreuli da mitovebuli iSxanis eklesia8faqtobrivad man nerses eklesiis nangrevebze axali taZariaaSena. nerses mier aSenebuli sakurTxevelis absidisqveda sarTuli Tavisi svetnariT gadarCenila. nerses pativsacemades nawili sabam xeluxleblad datova daaxal SenobaSi moaqcia 2 .3. basili (?-936). tao-klarjeTis pirvelma bagrationmamefem adarnase II-m (XVII wlis XVII seqtembers igiganawesa iSxnis episkoposad. basilis gardacvalebamde e.i. 19 weli uRvawia am maRal saeklesio Tanamdebobaze8gardacvlila (936wlis @^ dekembers, paraskev dRes. amisSemdeg iSxneloba miiRo stefanem 3 .4. stefane. episkopos basilis gardacvalebisTanaveim dros arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad qarTvelTa mefis daviTII-is, bagrat II magistrosis, aSot IV kurapalatisa dasumbat I kurapalatis saerTo TanxmobiT iSxnismRvdelmTavrad (iSxnelad) (937 w. ganuwesebiaT stefane.saboloo gadawyvetilebisaTvis igi gagzavnes trapizons,sadac stefane akurTxa berZenTa patriarqma basilim. esmoxda (937 wlis 1 marts, kvira dRes 4 .* * *am ori saeklesio moRvawis biografiis (gardacvalebis,iSxnelad aRsaydrebisa da sxv.) detalurad aRwerisasaqve mivuTiTebT wyaroebs, romlebsac eqvTime TayaiSvilmamiakvlia da Seitana Tavis fundamenturnaSromSi. esenia sakmaod vrceli da didi istoriulimniSvnelobis warwerebi, romlebic sxvadasxva dros ekle-30

siis gamorCeul adgilebze CaSenebul qvebze amoukveTiaT.es warwerebi e. TayaiSvilma gadmoiRo, qaragmebi gaxsna,naklulovani striqonebi Seavso da rigiTi mkiTxvelisTvisacadvilad gasagebi gaxada.iSxnis eklesiis Crdilo ekvderis warweras eqvT. TayaiSviliistoriuls uwodebs. igi ufro vrcelia, vidredanarCeni sami:„qronikonsa rlz-sa e. i. 137-sa, (1917) Tuesasekdenbersa z-sa (e. i. 7-sa) SewevniTa qristesiTa damadliTa wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisaჲTa adarneseqarTvelTa mefisa brZanebiTa daidgina netari mamaჲ Cuenibasili episkoposi da hmsaxura amas wmidasa eklesiasa weliiT (19) keTiliTa moRuawebiTa da sruliTa sarwmunovebiTada Sehvedra suli Tჳ si ufalsa Tuesa dekembersakv (26), dResa paraskevsa. qriste, sulsa maTsa ganusuene,amen. da Semdgomad maTsa brZanebiTa didebulTa RirsTa(mefeTa) _ acxovnenin RmerTman mefeni Cuenni: daviTqarTvelTa mefe da aSot kurapalati, bagrat magistrosi(da sumbat anTi) patriki adidenin RmerTman, _ waravlinessaberZneTs trapezonTa, da mun akurTxes mRdelTmTavradiSxnisa stefane patiosani da Rirsi mamaჲ Cueni ჴ eliTabasili RmerT-Semosilisa patiosnisa berZenTa patriarqisaჲTa,Tuesa martsa a-sa (1-sa), dResa kჳ riakesa. RmerTmanwarumarTen= amen. rameTu mas Jamsa oden qarTlisa kaTalikosineta ri ...”es warwera arcerT sxva eqspedicias ar SeuniSnavsda misi aRmoCena eqvTime TayaiSvils ekuTvnis. am warweriTnaTeli xdeba, rom tao-klarjeTis pirvelma bagrationmamefem adarnase II, romelic Semdeg kurapalati gaxda,iSxnis episkoposad ganawesa basili. misi sikvdilisSemdeg ki stefane 5 .5. antoni. XI s. iSxanis episkoposi, romelsac eZRvnebae. TayaiSvilis mier aRmoCenili momdevno ori warwera:„q. iesu qriste adide orTave Sina cxovrebaTa giorgimefe da Svilni maTni amin. saxeliTa RmrTisaiTa me,glaxakma antoni episkoposman iSxnelman ganvaaxle ese karisbWe wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisa sadideblad mefeTagiorgi mefisa da SvilTa maTTa, salocvelad sulisabagrat kurapalatisaisa SendobisaTvis codvaTa CuenTaisa...”(Semdeg modis vrceli vedreba).31

mecnieris argumentirebuli analiziT dadgenilia,rom aq moxseniebuli mefe aris giorgi I, romelic mefobda1014-1027 wlebSi, amitom logikuria daskvnac, romanton iSxneli episkoposic am periodis axlo drosmoRvaweobda.„q. saxeliTa RmrTisaiTa me antoni iSxnel mTavarepiskoposman,ganvaaxle da ganvasrule wmidai ese taZariRmrTisai, kaTolike eklesiai, sadideblad bagrat kurapalatisa,salocvelad da saxseneblad sulisa Cemisa dacodvaTa CemTa SendobisaTvis qoronikonsa snb (1032w.) davaSene xeliTa iovane morCaisZisaiTa”.rogorc qoronikoni gvauwyebs, aq saubaria bagrat I|kurapalatze, romelic mefobda 1027-1072 wlebSi. taZari1032 wels ganuaxlebiaT, xolo xuroTmoZRvari ioanemorCais Ze yofila.meoTxe warwera Zalze dazianebulia, masSi SesaZloagairkves mxolod „Zlieri bagrati”(4), agreTve vinme giorgi,romelsac taZrisaTvis raRac Seuwiravs.6. ilarion. masoris Ze. X-XI ss. Cvenamde moRweulizogierTi nusxis Canaweri mogviTxrobs ilarion iSxnelismwignobrul saqmianobaze. misi dakveTiT X-XI s-Si gadaweresasketur TxzulebaTa krebuli, romelic dRes k.kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutSi inaxeba (AA-koleqcia,sabuTi#35). ilarion iSxnelis TaosnobiT 1033wels gadauweriaT mestiis saxarebac. cageris eklesiisuZveles jvarze aris oTxi warwera. ori maTgani ilarioniSxnels exeba: „Zelo cxovrebisao, winamZRuar damfarvel eqmen ilarion episkopozsa”; „iSxnisaTvis ilarionSeqmna8 vinca gamoaxvas SemcaCvenebul ars”. TedoJordanias cnobiT ilarion iSxneli Cans erT Zvel tyavisuTavbolo etratis wignSic.^7. egnati. XII s. iSxnis mTavarepiskoposi. taZrisCrdilo kedelze wmindanebis saxelebis qvemoT SemorCenilerT-erT warweraSi e. TayaiSvils amoukiTxavs: „...awme miwaman mefobisa maTisaman egnati, iSxnisa mTavarepiskoposman,romeli maTve Rirs myves uRirsi, vikadrogas... arasrulad hnaTobs da mcired da uxmarad. erTgulebisaTviscaepiskopos myves Teodore da yoveoTasaydris SvilTa...”32

danarCeni xuTi warweris gaxsna-ganqaragmebis Semdege. TayaiSvili ambobs, rom am warwerebis saerTo Sinaarsisgageba sakmaod advilia da mokled SeiZleba isegadmoices, rogorc brosesac aqvs gadmocemulio. Cvencsapatiod vTvliT am ori mecnieris mosazreba ucvleladgadmoviRoT:mefe giorgi II-s (1072-1089) da mis Svils daviT IIaRmaSenebels (1089-1125) iSxnis taZrisaTvis SeuwiravT dadaumtkicebiaT sofeli lozni, magram Semdeg es sofelisxvebs CavardniaT xelSi; mefe dimitri I-s gauTavisuflebiada kvlav Seuwiravs igi iSxnis taZrisaTvis. amis sanacvlodiSxnis mTavarepiskoposs egnatis, romlis arCeva-Si, garda mefe dimitrisa, monawileoba miuRiaT 2Teodoresda yovelTa saydris SvilTa3, egnatis daukidniaiSxnis taZarSi dRisiT da RamiTac manaTobeli samikandeli. amas garda, ganuwesebia aRapi da moxsenebani mefedimitris da misi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis, winadRes wmidisamowamisa Teodoresi, pirmarxvis pirvel paraskevs.mwirvelad dauniSnavs ori mRvdeli yvelaferi es, rogorcviciT, iSxnel egnatis ganuwesebia: mefeT mefisa dimitrisaTvis(1125-1154), misi dis, Tamar dedoflisaTvis,dimitris SvilTaTvis, daviT mefisa (1154-1155) da giorgimefisaTvis (1155-1184). warweraSi moxsenebuli Teodore,romelsac monawileoba miuRia egnatis iSxnelad ganwesebaSi,unda iyos Cvens istoriaSi ucnobi kaTalikosi, mefedimitri I-is droisao, 7 ambobs e. TayaiSvili. Cveni azriT,esaa Tiodosi, romelmac 1169^wels daikava kaTalikosissaxelo, an Teodosi (1209). orive maTgani Setanilia saqarTveloskaTalikosTa siaSi 8 .l i t e r a t u r a1. Jordania Tedo. qronikebi. t. 1. tfilisi. 1892, gv.321-338;2. TayaiSvili eqTime. 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspediciasamxreT saqarTveloSi8 Tbilisi. 1960 gv. 3083. iqve, gv. 154. iqve, gv.165. iqve, gv. 11-176. TayaiSvili eqTime. 1919 wlis... gv. 2,-3133

7. qart. Xeln. aRw. S -kol. T. IV, Tb., 19,: gv. 2218. Jordania T. qronikebi. t. I. gv. 2219. beriZe v. Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. Tbilisi.1974.10. TayaiSvili e. 1917 wlis... gv. 26-3111. qarTul xelnawerTa S-koleqcia. sab. #2938(aRweriloba ix. t.4, Tbilisi. 1965, gv.221).РезюмеНастоящий труд является фрагментом готовой для публикациикниги, "Топонимия христианских памятников и древние церковныедеятели".Среди около 100 церковных деятелей Южной Грузии(преимущественно Тао-Кларджети), 13 носили звание Епископос-Ишхнели: Нерсе (VII в.),Саба (IX в.), Басили (Х в.), Стефане (Х в.), Антоний (XI в.),Илларион (XI в.) и Эгнати (XII в.). Естественно, этот список неполныйи заполнение его является предметом грядущей исследовательскойработы. Готовиться также труд о жизни и деятельности Епископосов-Ишхнели XVI-XIX веков.ResumeThis work represents the fragment of the book ”Toponymy ofChristian monuments and ancient church workers” which is ready to beprinted. Between 100 church workers in South Georgia, especially in Tao-Klarjeti 13 carried the rank of Ishkhneli (episcope). In this work arepresented .-1, centuriesZ workers . Ishkhnelis: Nerse (VII c), Saba (IX c),Basil (X c), Stepane (X c), Anton (XI c), Ilarion (XI c) and Egnat (XII). Ofcourse, this is not complete list and its filling in is the subject ofresearching. The work about Ishkhneli episcopes being in XVI-XIXcenturies is getting ready.34

mitropoliti anania jafariZefoTi (faTisi) Revondis cnobiTtrapezuntTan axlos SavizRvispirze mdebareobdaqalaqi - fadisa (Fadissa) trapezuntidan dasavleTiT. q.Fadisas CrdiloeTiT iSleboda Savi zRva, aRmosavleTiTtrapezunti, samxreTiT ki SemosazRvruli iyo kerasuntismTianeTiT, kolxebis uZvelesi sacxovrisiT. am regionseqvTime mTawmideli uwodebs ,,sofeli megrelTa~ anu megrelTaqveyanas. Zveli qarTuli mTargmnelebi berZnulsityva lazikas Targmnidnen, ase: ,,sofeli megrelTa~, amitomac,roca eqvTime mTawmidelma Targmna berZnulidanandria mociqulis cxovreba, man winadadeba ,,andria mividatrapezuntSi, lazikis qveyanaSi~ ase Targmna - ,,andriamivida trapezuntSi megrelTa sofelSi~. somxurad ki mas`egerTa qveyana~ erqva. erTi sityviT, Zveli qarTveli dasomexi avtorebi egris-lazikas uwodebdnen aramxoloddasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed vrcel regionsac istoriulqarTul miwa-wyalze kerasuntidan Woroxis SesarTavamde.aq, rogorc aRvniSneT, kerasuntTan yofila daaxlac aris qalaqi - navsadugri fadissa anu faTisi igivefaTi (foTi), mas axla fatra ewodeba da mdebareobs Tanamedroveqalaq ordusTan axlos, mis dasavleTiT.maSasadame istoriulad arsebula ori foTi, erTitrapezuntis regionSi, romelic iyo e.w. romauli armeniismosazRvre, meore ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi. cxadiaqalaq fadisas-faTsas (faTs) ukeT icnobdnen somexi avtorebic.maT Soris yofila VIII saukunis somexi istorikosiRevond varTapeti anu leonide moZRvari. is Tavis ,,xalifTaistoriis~ X TavSi gadmogvcems erT sagulisxmocnobas aRniSnuli qalaq-navsadguris faTisas anu somxuradfuTTis Sesaxeb. kerZod arabTa xelisuflebisgansomxeTidan ltolvilma didebulebma Tavi Seafares bizantiurqveyanas, anu trapezuntis regions. imperatormamaT sacxovrisad uboZa egerTa qveynis anu trapezuntisregionis qalaqi fuTTi (fadisa).aq isini cxovrobdneneqvsiode weli, Semdeg gadawyvites somxeTSi dabruneba,ikadres ukadrisi saqcieli, gaZarcves fadisas eklesiebida gaiqcnen.35

Revond varTapeti,rogorc aRvniSneT,aRwers Tu rogorwamoiwyes es saintereso ambavi sumbat kurapalatmada sxva didebulebma, maT somxeTidan gaZevebis SemdegsTxoves bizantiis imperators mieca maTTvis samkvidrebeliqalaqi da sadgomi (e.i. saZovrebi) saqonlisaTvis - ,,daman misca maT qalaqi romelsac ewodeba fuTi (foTi)egerTa qveynis mxareSi, sadac daemkvidrnen eqvs weliwads~(maqs. berZniSvili, Revondis cnoba foTis Sesaxeb,universitetis Sromebi, t. 26(b), 1944, gv. 201). Rogorc aRiniSna,madlobis nacvlad, somxeTidan ltolvilma didebulebmaeqvsi wlis mkvidrobis Semdeg gaZarcves fadisas(fuTTis) eklesiebi, moitaces saeklesio samkauli dadabrundnen samSobloSi. ,,roca es ambavi esma keisars, ewyinamaTi aseTi usamarTloba, mouwoda eklesiis winamRvrebs:mitropolitsa da arqiepiskoposebs, ubrZana CaeweraTwignSi wyevla da waekiTxaT aRdgomis dResaswaulisSesrulebisas, ...waekiTxaT wyevla dRevandlamde, raciqmna mizezi maTi daRupvisa~ (iqve, gv. 202).maqs. berZniSvilis kvleviT imperatorma qalaqi fo-Ti (fuTi) somex ltolvilebs dauTmo VIII s. dasawyisSi(715 wlamde), xolo TviTon levonidi VIII-IX ss. dasawyisismweralia. maqsime berZniSvilis mtkicebiT Revondismier aRwerili ambebi Seexo dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaqfoTs, TiTqosda is gadasca imperatorma somex didebulebs,romelnic iq damkvidrnen TavianTi pirutyviT dagamouyves saZovrebi, Semdeg qalaqis eklesiebi gaZarcves.amis gamo adgilobrivi mitropoliti da arqiepiskoposebimTeli saukunis manZilze TavianT eklesiebSi aRdgomadRes wyevlidnen somxebs, ramac Revondis cnobiT,TiTqosda imoqmeda da es wyevla mizezi Seiqmna somxeTisdangrevisa. ismis kiTxva, iyo Tu ara foTSi eklesiebi,romelnic gauZarcvavT somex ltolvilebs? marTalia,Cveni mecnierebi miiCneven, rom fasisis samitropolitocentri foTSi mdebareobda, magram aRiareben imasac, romfoTis samitropolito centri gadatanili iqna trapezuntSiVIII saukunisaTvis, radganac VII ms. saeklesiokrebis oqms xels awers trapezunteli igive fasidelimitropoliti, Cveni Tvalsazrisi ki mTlianad gansxvavdebaaRniSnulisagan.36

Cveni TvalsazrisiT Revondis foTi iyo trapezuntisregionis qalaqi fadissa anu faTisa, romelic amave drosaxlos mdebareobda romael armeniasTan, ufro zustad,romauli armeniebi (gansakuTrebiT IV da I armenia) uSualodemezoblebodnen qalaq-navsadgur fadisas (faTs). ammezoblobis gamo somexma ltolvilma naxararebma TavianTipirutyvi advilad mirekes am qalaqis saZovrebze,Semdeg ki imperators Txoves droebiT daekanonebinamaTTvis es qalaqi da misi saZovrebi. vfiqrob siSoris gamogacilebiT Zneli iqneboda somxeTidan TanamedrovefoTSi saqonlis mirekva. marTalia XIX-XX saukuneebSifoTi gaWirvebiT daukavSires gzebiT quTaiss, magramwarmovidginoT adre Sua saukuneebi, roca foTi SemosazRvruliiyo aTeuli kilometri siganis usasrulo WaobebiT,am Waobebis garRveva armeniidan Camorekil dauZlurebulSinaur pirutyvs albaT gauWirdeboda, xolofadisaSi somxeTidan moxvedra, namdvilad advili iyo:armenia da kerasunti (e.i. fadisac) uSualod emezoblebodnenerTmaneTs. am fadisaSi namdvilad iyo uamravimSvenieri bizantiuri eklesia, romelTa nangrevebi dResacdausrulebeli siuxviTaa ganfenili mTel regionSi,amave regionSi Tavs iyrida mravali samitropolito (magaliTadswored aRniSnul zonaSi fadisasTan ebjinebodnenerTmaneTs amasiis, neokesariis, koloneas, qaldeasada trapezuntis samitropolitoebi, romelTa SigniTuamravi saarqiepiskoposo iyo), ai, aq unda veZioT Cven RevondisfuTi da ara rionis WaobebSi, miT umetes, rom qalaqifaTisa-fadisa aq namdvilad iyo zRvis piras. rogorciTqva, is mdebareobda qarTvelTa istoriul miwawyalze,kolxebisa da tibaranebis Zvel samSobloSi, romelTacSemdeg qaldea-WaneT-lazika erqva, romelsac moicavdae.w. ,,sofeli megrelTa~ anu samxreTis egrisi. sxva-TaSoris egri erqva aseve mimdebare adgilebsac, magali-Tad trapezuntis regionSive Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebareqveyanas, egri aseve erqva adgilebs qaldeas mTianeTSi,baiburdisaken mdebareT. aseve mdinareebsac ki. ,,eregia~amJamadac ewodeba qalaqs arzrumTan, xolo ,,agri~ erTerTimsxvili qalaqi da regionia. istoriulad arsebobdaara mxolod CrdiloeTis egrisi, aramed samxreTis egrisic- trapezuntis regioni, am miwa-wyals somxur wyaro-37

ebSi egriviki erqva. strabonis cnobiT iberiisagan somexTamier mitacebuli pariadres kalTebi, Cans istoriulisamxreT egrisis nawili iyo. pariadres mTianeTsqaldeasTan anu WaneTTan axlos uCveneben, is qarTulitomebis uZvelesi sacxovrisi iyo. aqedan trapezuntiszRvispiris CaTvliT iyo da amJamadac kia SemorCeniliuamravi qarTuli toponimi, adgilTa Tu mdinareTa saxelebi,erTi aseTi yofila fadisa (foTi), romelsac somxebifoTs - fuTs uwodebdnen.berZeni mwerali Teofane Tavis naSromSi exeba faziss,es qalaqi ki m. berZniSvils miaCnia Revondis miernaxseneb fuTad, aseTi dakavSireba araswori unda iyos.sxvaa Revondis fuTi da sxvaa Teofanes fazisi. am dakavSirebebisgamo m. berZniSvilis daskvnebic moulodnelida saocaria. magaliTad, misi daskvniT dasavleT saqarTvelosfoTSi da saerTod dasavleT saqarTveloSi,romelsac mkvlevari lazikas uwodebs, erT periodSisomxebis didi raodenoba cxovrobda, is wers ,,maTiricxvi lazikeSi mciredi ar iyo, Revondis teqstic gvidasturebsmaT ricxvmravlobas~ (dasax. naSr. gv. 216).agreTve wers - ,,Revondisa da Teofanes urTierTSewamebagviCvenebs -Revondis somxebi fuTsa Tu fazisSi arian 706-712 wlebSi, Teofanes armenielebic aq arian 706-713wlebSi. Teofanes armenielebi mcirericxovanni ar Canan,aseve ricxvmravlad vxedavT somxebs Revondis monaTxrobiTac...aseTi identobis dadgena saSualebas gvaZlevswarmovidginoT fazis-lazikeSi somexTa yofnis faqti,savsebiT gvirkvevs dRemde amoucnobsa da bneliT moculkiTxvas, rogor gaCndnen armenielebi lazikeSi, rogorSemoartyes alya arqeopoliss an ratom daixies fazisisakenda ara sxva romelime punqtisaken... ase xerxdeba fuTfoT-fazisSisomexTa cxovrebis faqtis mTliani saxiT,Tavidan bolomde aRdgena da imdroindel istoriul vi-TarebasTan dakavSireba~ (iqve, gv. 218).maqsime berZniSvili Tavis grandiozul daskvnasafuZnebs Teofane bizantielis Semdeg martiv cnobaze: ,,amwels filifikem gandevna armenielebi Tavisi miwa-wylidanda aiZula isini dasaxlebuliyvnen meletinesa da meoTxearmeniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 206). imperators Tavisi miwa-38

wylidan ganudevnia somxebi, am miwa-wylad ki m. berZniSvilmaratomRac Cveni foTi warmoadgina.m. berZniSvilis azriT imperatorma filifikevardanma(711-713) somxebi gandevna dasavleT saqarTvelosq. foTidan, saidanac isini iZulebiT meletinesa da meoTxearmeniaSi dausaxlebia. Cveni foTi ar esazRvreba meletinesada meoTxe armenias, xolo trapezuntis fadisauSualod emijneba am mxareebs. imaves wers miqael asuric.ase rom Teofanesa da miqaelis cnobebi ar Seexeba dasavleTsaqarTvelos foTs, iseve, rogorc Revondis cnoba.saerTod toponimi fazisi sxvadasxva variaciiT xSiradgvaqvs lazistanis regionSi da maRla arzrumis SemogarenSi,magram saerTod ar gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTvelossiRrmeSi. magaliTad, amJamadac kizRvispirzea qalaqi fazari, xolo md. arezTan q. fasoni.maSesadame, saxelebi fadisa (foTi) da fazisi saqarTveloszRvispira regionSi ramdenimea trapezuntidan enguramde.unda aRiniSnos, rom XI s-Si saxeli foTi aseveJRerda zRvis piras erT-erTi adgilis saxelSi - xufaTianu xu-faTi. es iyo sazRvao porti.m. TamaraSvili niko marTan dakavSirebiT werda - ,,issomex istoriksebze ufro metad ayalbebs istorias imiT,rom yvelafers somxebs miawers, asomxurebs~. amgvarmawarmosaxvebma da dabejiTebulma mtkicebebma safuZvelimisca Tanamedrove somex istorikosebs fantaziis gafarToebisa,magaliTad, axlaxan internetSi daido ruka,,somxeTi VII s. geografiis mixedviT~, sadac istoriuliiberiis kuTvnili pariadres kalTebi, xorZene, gogarenamanglis-bolnisis CaTvliT, samxreT egrisi, qaldea-Wane-TiTurT Woroxis xeobis CaTvliT - istoriul armeniadwarmoadgines.sabolood rom vTqvaT, Revondis mier naxsenebi fu-Ti mdebareobda romauli armeniebis mezoblad, maT saz-Rvarze da is ar iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispiraqalaqi foTi.39

40biWiko diasamiZeTxilvanis eklesiis daTariRebisaTvisTxilvanis iovane maxaroblis eklesia bolowlebamde iTvleboda tbeli abuserisZis dis _ vanenis mieraSenebulad da XIII saukuniT iyo daTariRebuli (sixaruliZe,1981, 50-51; mamulaZe, 2006, 62), magram 2008 wels,sxvadasxva argumentze dayrdnobiT, profesorma SoTa mamulaZemes Zegli XI saukuneSi aSenebulad miiCnia (mamulaZe,verulaSvili, 2008, 243). gasarkvevi darCa, jer erTi,am ZeglTan dakavSirebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis SeusabamobissakiTxi, rac adreve eWvis qveS ayenebda ZeglisXIII saukuniT daTariRebas da meore, Tu Zegli XI saukuniTTariRdeba, maSin gaugebaria, sad unda veZeboT tbeliabuserisZis naSromSi ,,axalni saswaulni wmida giorgisni”miTiTebuli vanenis mier aSenebuli iovane maxarobliseklesia. warmodgenili naSromi am sakiTxebisgarkvevis mcdelobaa.tbeli abuserisZe Txzulebis ,,axalni saswaulniwmida giorgisnis” ,,anderZSi” wers, rom misma dam vanenma,,eklesiad aRaSena wmindisa iovane maxaroblisai daRmrTismetyuelisai, samkvidrebeli Cueni, da aRavso sawyaulikeTili” (abuserisZe tbeli, 1998, 68), rac aSkarasxdida, rom TxilvanaSi, abuserisZeTa feodaluri gvarissamkvidro sofelSi, eklesia unda yofiliyo.am azris erTgvar dadasturebad iqca 1948 welsd. mamulaZis miwis nakveTSi warweriani balavris qvis nawilisaRmoCena. warwera Semdegi Sinaarsisa iyo: “qriste,wmidao iovane maxarebelo, daicaven suliTa da xorciTaerisTavT-erisTavi abuseri da dedofali vaneni da Ze ma-Ti zaqaria da Svilni maTni da yoveli eri maTi da moixaiSneeqmnen dRes amisa sasjelisa nu dasji amin” (mamulaZe,2000, 64-65). rogorc warweridan Cans, eklesia iovanemaxaroblis saxelobisaa, moxseniebuli arian erisTavTerisTaviabuseri, misi meuRle vaneni, Ze maTi zaqaria daSvilni maTni. am balavris qvidan 50 metris daSorebiT, n.berZeniSvilis saxelobis baTumis samecniero-kvleviTiinstitutis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (1978-1979ww.)gaTxara sameklesiani bazilika, romelic miCneul iqnatbelis dis _ vanenis mier agebul eklesiad, magram yvela

amCnevda werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemTa Seusabamobas:tbelis Txzulebis mixedviT eklesiis amSenebladmwerlis da vanenia, romelic erisTavTerisTav abuser IIIisdacaa, xolo epigrafikul ZeglSi moxseniebuli arianerisTavTerisTavi abuseri, misi meuRle vaneni da Ze maTizaqaria. gamodis, rom werilobiT wyaroebSi sxvadasxvapirebzea laparaki. am uxerxulobis mosaxsnelad prof.i.sixaruliZe dasaSvebad Tvlida, rom epigrafikulZeglSi moxseniebuli vaneni tbelis Zmis _ abuseris mesamecoli yofiliyo, radgan ,,anderZSi” pirveli ori coli(Tamari, vaxaxi) gardacvlili Canan. ,,etyoba,_werda i.sixaruliZe,vanani abuserisZeTa saxlSi XIII saukunis 30-ianiwlebis Sua xanebSi, ,,anderZis” Sedgenis Semdeg unda iyosSeyvanilio” (sixaruliZe, 1981,64). arada, TviTon i. sixauliZeeklesias XIII saukunis 20-30 wlebis mijnaze agebuladTvlida (sixauliZe, 1981, 50-51), rac TavisTavad gamoricxavsdaSvebul varauds, radgan adre agebuli eklesiisbalavris qvaze warweraSi abuserisZeTa ojaxSi gvianSemosuli rZali ver moxvdeboda. amitom ufro misaRebadmigvaCnia, roca epigrafikul ZeglSi moxseniebul abusersabuser meored Tvlian da mas da mis Zes zaqarias abuserisZeTagenealogiaSi IV-V Taobebad miiCneven (xalvaSi,2006, 6). maTi moRvaweobis dro ki daaxloebiT XI saukunismeore naxevriT TariRdeba.Tu am yvelafers sarwmunod CavTvliT, maSinCvenTvis cnobili Txilvanis eklesia agebulad unda CaiTvaloserisTavTerisTav abuser II (XIs.) dros da sruliadkanonzomieri Cans balavris qvaze warweraSi misida misi ojaxis wevrTa moxseniebac (dedofali vanani daZe zaqaria).gasarkvevi rCeba kidev erTi sakiTxi. Tu aqamdetbelis dis vanenis aSenebulad miRebuli eklesia XI saukunisII naxevarSia aSenebuli, maSin sad veZeboT vanenismier aSenebuli eklesia? SeiZleboda Tu ara erT sofelSiaegoT ori eklesia ioane maxareblis saxelze?(orive werilobiT wyaroSi eklesia iovane maxareblis saxelobisaa).aseT pirobebSi ufro savaraudoa, rom tbelisda vaneni XI saukuneSi agebuli iovane maxareblis eklesiisaRmdgenel-ganmaaxlebelad miviCnioT, ramac Tavisi41

asaxva hpova tbelis TxzulebaSi. vfiqrobT, es ar ewinaaRmdegebanawarmoebis ZiriTad xazsa da SinaarsobrivdatvirTvas, radgan mwerlis mizans Txilvanis eklesiismSeneblobis istoriis asaxva ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed“mosaxseniebelSi” misi axloblebis RvTismosaobisa daqvelmoqmedebis Cveneba, amitom SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rommweralma dangreul-dazianebuli eklesiis aRdgena,mxatvrul-literaturul stilSi, axlad aSenebuladwarmoadgina. es miT ufro savaraudoa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,rom ZvelqarTulad ,,aSeneba” ganaxleba-aRdgenas daSemkobas niSnavda (,,aSeneba _ Senobis qna, gina gamdidreba,”sulxan saba, 1949,46). miT umetes, rom CvenTvis cnobiliaXII saukunis 90-ian wlebSi xixanSi ganviTarebulirTuli politikuri movlenebi: mwerlis mamis –erisTavTerisTav ivanes daRupva “TurqTa xeliTa,”mwerlis papis _ abuserisa da misi Zmis sananos vaJkacobamterTa zeda gacemuli xixanis gamoxsna-dabrunebaSi dasxva. araa gamoricxuli, am ambebis dros dangreul-dazianebuliyoXI saukunis meore naxevarSi agebuli Txilvanisiovane maxareblis eklesia da igi aRedgina tbelis dasvanens.vidre sxva sarwmuno cnobebs movipovebdeT, ukeTesiaxsna ar eZebneba werilobiT wyaroebSi (balavris qvazewarwera, mosaxsenebeli) arsebul Seusabamobas da erTsofelSi ori eklesiis agebas erTi piris saxelze.42

literatura:1. abuserisZe tbeli, Txzulebani, teqsti gamosacemadmoaamzades, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTes:nargiza goguaZem, mixeil qavTariam da raul CagunavambaTumi, 1998.2. b. diasamiZe, qristianoba aWaraSi _ wg. istoriulietiudebi, baTumi, 2009.3. S. mamulaZe, aWariswylis xeobis materialurikulturis Zeglebi, baTumi, 2000.4. S. mamulaZe, n. verulaSvili, Txilvanis abuserisZeTasagvareulo eklesia. wg. - tbeloba, 2008.5. i. sixaruliZe, naTeli dauRamebeli, baTumi, 1979.6. r. xalvaSi, tbel abuserisZis cxovreba daRvawli, baTumi, 2006.7. i. sixaruliZe, cxovreba qviTxuroisa basilisa, ba-Tumi, 1981.8. sulxan-saba orbeliani, sityvis kona, Tbilisi,1949.К дате построения церкви в селе ТхилванаРезюмеБ. ДиасамидзеАвтор данной статьи, исследовав письменные источники(эпиграфические, нарративные) и научную литературу, поддерживаетточку зрения проф. Ш. Мамуладзе, согласно которой церковь в с.Тхилвана построена в XI веке и предпологает, что эта церковь былавосcтановлена сестрой Тбели Ванени, о чем упоминается впроизведении Тбели Абусерисдзе.43

44mamia faRavakvlav xanZTis lokalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis2007 wels Jirnal ,,mnaTobSi” daibeWda Cveni werili,,xanZTisa da Satberdis lokalizaciisaTvis” (ix. mnaTobi,1, 2007.:143-149), xolo JurnalSi ,,literaturuli aWara”(#1 2008.:71-87) gamoqveynda Cveni ,,SavSuri Canawerebis” me-3werili, romelSic aseve vexebodiT xnaZTis lokalizaciisada etimologiis sakiTxs. aRniSnul SromebSi CvenganvixilavdiT xanZTisa da Satberdis lokalizaciis SesaxebqarTul mecnierebaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebs nikomaridan mokidebuli Cvens dromde da vcdilobdiT,mkiTxvelisaTvis SegveTavazebina Cveneuli versiac.aRvniSnavT, rom mecnierebaSi xanZTis mdebareobisSesaxeb mravali mosazreba gamoiTqva, romelTagan mTavariaori:1. xanZTa awindeli forTaa;2. xanZTa awindeli nukas saydaria.meti mxardamWeri hyavs pirvel mosazrebas (ix. p.ingoroyva 1954; S. amiranaSvili 1971.:176; r. Jordania 1995;ir. giviaSvili, i. koplataZe 2004.:70...). p. ingoroyvasa da S.amiranaSvilis mosazrebebi emyareba mxolod qarTuli werilobiTiwyaroebis cnobebs. maT ar miecaT saSualebaemogzauraT SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi, arsebuli cnobebigadaemowmebinaT da daskvnebi ise gaekeTebinaT. rac Seexebar. Jordaniasa da sxvebs, maT daskvnebSi aSkaraa sxvaTagavlena (gansakuTrebiT p. ingoroyvasa da v. jobaZisa).erTi ram TvalSisacemia: p. ingoroyvas dakvirvebebs specialistebixSirad ar iziareben, zogjer rac gasaziarebeliaimasac, magram zemoxsenebul varauds, arcTumTlad damajerebels, WeSmaritebad miiCneven.p. ingoroyva aRniSnavs: ,,xanZTis monasteri ... mdebareobdaZvel qarTul mxareSi, klarjeTSi (Woroxis xeobaSi),me-10 saukunis sataxto qalaqis artanujis axlos”(p. ingoroyva 1954.:14). ufro qvemoT mkvlevari wers:,,xanZTa aris swored is usaxelo savane, romelic mdebareobssofel forTis samxreT zonaSi” (p. ingoroyva1954.:311). Cven SevniSnavdiT: ,,ramdenadac forTa//portaadrec ixseneba (ix. p. ingoroyva 1954.:314 da Semdeg),kerZod, wina arabul xanaSi, V-VII saukuneebSi aq saepisko-

poso centri iyo, SeuZleblad migvaCnia misi gaigivebaxanZTasTan. g. merCules TxzulebaSi araa aRniSnulixanZTis adgilas winaT raime taZris arseboba, miT umeteskaTedralisa. mwerals rom scodnoda aseTi mniSvnelovanicentris Sesaxeb, aucileblad aRniSnavda am faqts TavisSromaSi, rogorc es iSxnis mimarT gaakeTa. avtorisTqmiT, iSxnis taZari dangreuli iyo da uflis miniSnebiTganaaxla saba iSxnelma. amitomac mas giorgi merCuleiSxnis ,,meored maSenebels” uwodebs. aseT rames ar wershagiografi mwerali xanZTis Sesaxeb (ix. m. faRava,2007.:144). vfiqrobT, es mniSvnelovani faqtia. pirvelieWvic xanZTisa da forTis igiveobis Sesaxeb, sworedaRniSnulma faqtma gagviCina... forTa forTaa, xanZTa kisxvaganaa saZiebeli, imave seqtorSi, magram - sxvagan.erTad-erTi literaturuli wyaro, romelicgvaZlevs saSualebas vimsjeloT xanZTis mdebareobis Sesaxebgiorgi merCules nawarmoebia. masSi miniSnebuliaklarjeTis wminda savaneebis samyofeli, maT SorisxanZTisac. movitanT erT amonarids ,,grigol xanZTeliscxovrebidan”: ,,da ars igi (xanZTa – m.f.) ugzo da miuvalraÁTurTiT soflisa wesiTa mcxovrebelTagan, rameTu RadoTamTaTa Sina maRalTa ars mkvidrobaÁ maTi. damortymul ars erT kerZo mTaÁ igi da erT kerZo SavSeTisadidTa wyalTa Sekrebisa garemoslvaÁ garemoadgs zRudissaxed uZravisa. da esreT yovliTa kerZo SezRudvilarian mTaTa mier da xevnebisa da wyalTa maTgan saSineladadgilTa mavalTaÁsa. da monastersa maT Sina araars saTibeli qveyanaÁ, arca yanaÁ saxnavi, aramed didiTaSromiTa da roWikiTa mislvaÁ aqvs karaulisa zurgiTa...”(giorgi merCule 1981.:245). moyvanili amonarididan Cans,rom xanZTa aris ,,ugzo da miuval”, rom ,,RadoTa mTaTaSina maRalTa ars mkvidrobaÁ maTi”, rom igi erTi mxridan,,mortymul ars mTebiT”, rom ,,yovliTa kerZoSezRudvil arian mTaTa da xevnebisa”, rom Zneli misasvlelia,rom monasters ara aqvs ,,saTibeli qveyanaÁ,arca yanaÁ saxnavi...”yvelaferi es scildeba forTis mdebareobasda aRwers nukas midamoebs. ,,Cans istoriulixanZTa mermindeli nukas saydaria saxelSecvlili” –vwerdiT maSin, 2007 wels. giorgi merCules nawarmoebSi45

sxva miniSnebebic aris xanZTis mdebareobis Sesaxeb,magram aq saubars aRar gavagrZelebT.nuka rom istoriuli xanZTaa, amaSi erTxel kidevdavrwmundiT 2009 wlis zafxulis eqspediciis dros.SevniSnavT, rom 2009 wlis 30 ivlisidan 16 agvistomdersu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTvelos samecniero-kvleviTi centrismudmivmoqmedi folklorul-dialeqtologiuri da eTnologiurieqspedicia muSaobda istoriul SavSeTSi (30ivlisi – 10 agvisto), taosa da sperSi (11-16 agvisto).eqspediciis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen: profesorebi: mamiafaRava (xelmZRvaneli), Tina SioSvili, SoTa mamulaZe,asocirebuli profesorebi: malxaz CoxaraZe, meri cinca-Ze, zaza SaSikaZe, Tamaz futkaraZe. mowveuli specialistebi,profesori guram yifiani da arnold CiqobavasenaTmecnierebis institutis ufrosi mecnier muSaki nargizasurmava, operatori nika tuRuSi da mZRoli tarieldiasamiZe.10 agvistos eqspediciis wevrebi – mamia faRava,malxaz CoxaraZe, zaza SaSikaZe, Tamaz futkaraZe da nikatuRuSi avediT nukas sayudarze. barem aRvniSnav, rom diliTpirvelad forTa vinaxuleT. karga xans davrCiTtaZris ezoSi, davaTvaliereT, gadaviReT.. davtkbiTtaZris didebulebiT. rac ufro axlos vecnobodiforTas, ufro mimtkicdeboda azri, rom forTa araaxanZTa. eWvis safuZvels upirvelesad misi mdebareobamaZlevda. igi ar emTxveva giorgi merCules mier aRwerilxanZTas. 11 saukuneze meti gavida merCules epiqidan dagaremoc Seicvalao, - ifiqrebs kaci. magram ase araa.forTas SenarCunebuli aqvs pirvelyofileba...forTidan nukas saydrisaken wavediT. rogorcvTqviT, nuka imave seqtorSi mdebareobs, sadac opiza daforTaa. jer zemo forTaSi avediT. igi mTis sofelia,zRvis donidan 2000 metri mainc iqneba, SeiZleba metic.nisliani dRe iyo, crida, cioda. cota xniT gavCerdiTsofelSi, visaubreT adgilobrivebTan. nukas mdebareobamovikiTxeT, ver gvipasuxes. erTma axalgazrdam agvixsna,dabla ariso kldeze patara qilisa... forTadankarCxliswylis xeobaSi gadavediT. mSvenieri samanqanegzaa. daaxloebiT 5 kilometri gaviareT da nukas sayda-46

ic gamoCnda. kargad Tu ar daakvirdeba kaci, verc ki SeamCnevskldeze SeyuJul, kldesTan SenivTebul nukas.gzidan saydrisaken daveSviT. vfrTxilobT. gveSinia,qva ar dagvigordes da erTmaneTi ar davamarcxoT, an Tavadar davgordeT cicaboze. wvalebiT vikvlevT gzas.gzidan axlos Canda saydari. mivdivarT Cven, magramTiTqos gvSordeba nuka. CamoSlil qanebze Wirs siaruli...rogorc iqna CavediT.saydarSi Sesasvleli ar aris, Caqceulia kibe. kldezexeliT gamoukveTavT safexuri, qvis yore amouSenebiaT,dauvakebiaT adgili da ase xelovnurad Seqmnil fraqciazeauSenebiaT saydari. JamTa svlaSi Tavadac kldis ferimiuRia nukas. gavixsenoT epizodi ,,grigol xanZTeliscxovrebidan”, roca berebi Seudgnen monastris mSeneblobas:,, ... da iwyes saqmed senakebisaTÂs queyanis davakebad.rameTu kldÀ igi xanZTisaÁ uficxlÀs ars ufroÁs yovelTamaT kldeTa klarjeTisa udabnoTa da SromiTa didiTaqmnes adgili igi...”(g. merCule 1981.:264). diaxac, didiSroma dasWirdeboda aseT adgilas monastris aSenebas.saydari arcTu pataraa: sigane 8-10 metramde iqneba,sigrZe – 15 metramde. 10 metri mainc iqneba kldeze amoSenebulisaydrisTvis davakebis Sesaqmnelad.Znelad daijerebs mnaxveli, odesRac aq samonastrokompleqsi Tu iyo. magram dakvirvebuli Tvali SeniSnavssaydris mopirdapire mxares didi, gaTlili qvebiT naSenkedlis naSTebs. iqve, nukas gverdiT, naSvavebSi ganZismaZieblebsTxrili gaukeTebiaT. RorRis qveS aseve Canskedlis naSTebi. saydris axlo-maxlo damuSavebuli qvebiCans. yvelaferi es gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq nukas saydrTanerTad sxva nagebobebic iyo, rom dRes martodmdgarisaydari naSTia arqiteqtoruli kompleqsisa. nukas orivemxare CamoSvavebula. stiqias sxva nagebobebi daungreviada naSTebi xeobaSi Cautania. qvasa da RorRs daufaravsyvelaferi. gadarCenila oden kldis kalTze SeyuJuliarcTu mcire saydari, aw nukad wodebuli. am adgilebisdamewyvris Sesaxeb unda iyos swored moTxrobili JamTaaRmwerelis,,aswlovan matianeSi”. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvsTegudaris laSqris mier opizas ganadgurebis cda damasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi (ix. JamTaaRmwereli 1959.:259-260).47

udavoa, aq iyo xanZTis monasteri. dro-Jams Seuwiravsigi. mxolod mcire saydariRa gadarCenila, romelsacnuka uwodes mogvianebiT. barem aRvniSnavT, romsaydari Zvelia. igi imave epoqas unda ganekuTvnebodes,aqauri sxva saydrebi romaa aSenebuli... aqve albaT isicunda iTqvas, rom adrefeodaluri xanis wyaroebSi nukanaxsenebi araa...Cvens varauds, aq rom niSvnelovani kompleqsi iyo,amtkicebs saydris qvemoT, karCxliswyalze ori TaRovanixidic. Cans, aq gadioda gza. SesaZlebelia, am gziTac adiodnenxanZTis monasterSi...varauds, rom aqauroba stiqias daungrevia, amtkicebsawindeli nukas gaRmiT, karCxliswylis marcxena napirastoponimi verana baRebi (iqvea didvenaxic).daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas:_ forTa araa xanZTa, forTa forTaa._ nukas saydari araa martomdgomi mcire bazilika.igi naSTia mozrdili kompleqsisa._ awindeli nuka odindeli xanZTaa saxelSecvlili.momavalma kvlevebma unda daadginos:a. rodis ewoda xanZTas nuka?b. vis saxelze iyo aSenebuli saydari?saamisod aucilebelia werilobiTi wyaroebTanerTad nukas midamoebis (saydris Semogareni,karCxliswlis xeobis verana baRebis nawili...) arqeologiuriSeswavla. vfiqrobT, aqauri miwa inaxavs xanZTis saidumloebas.48

gamoyenebuli literatura:S. amiranaSvili 1971 – qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb.p. ingoroyva 1954 – giorgi merCule, Tb.ir. giviaSvili, i. koplataZe 2004 – tao-klarjeTi, Tb.,g. merCule 1981 – grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. qarTuliproza, I, Tb.m. faRava 2007 – xanZTisa da Satberdis lokalizaciisaTvis.J. mnaTobi, 1, Tb.m. faRava 2008 – SavSuri Canawerebi. J. literaturuli aWara,1, baTumi.JamTaaRmwereli 1959 – aswlovani matiane. qarTlis cxovreba,II, Tb.r. Jordania 1995 – qarTveli zoologebi TurqeTSi, Tb.il. abulaZe 1973 – Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, masalebi,Tb.Марр Н.Я. 1911 - Дневник поездки вШавшетию и Кларджетию. ТРАГФ, т.VII, СПБ.Мамия ПагаваВновь к вопросу о локализации ХандзтаРезюмеВ работе сделана попытка дать локализацию Хандзта. Попредположению автора, Хандзта – это современная церковь Нука,которая располагается в ущелье Карчхлисцкали, недалеко от с.Веранабагеби в Турции.49

malxaz daTukiSvili, nodar baxtaZeoqros mamawmindaoqros mamawmindis naeklesiari mdebareobs saqarTveloSi,stefanwmindis municipalitetSi, sof. goriscixisCrdilo-aRmosavleTiT 5,5 km-ze, mTa `wverTas” qimze(zRvis donidan 2772 m-ze).sofel goriscixis Temma, stefanwmindisa da xevisMeparqiiswinamZRolis, meufe iegudielis locvakurTxeviT,ilia omaris Ze eloSvilis saydriSvilobiT,gadawyvita oqros mamawmindis naeklesiari naSTebis reabilitacia.saqarTvelos sapatriarqos xuroTmoZRvrebis, xelovnebisada restavraciis sabWosa da kulturulimemkvidreobis dacvis erovnul saagentosTan SeTanxmebiT,2009 wels aRniSnul Zeglze qarTul-kavkasiuri kulturis,istoriisa da eTnologiis kvleviTi institutis mierCatarda mamawmindis arqeologiuri Seswavla daSesrulda arqiteqturuli anazomi (xelmZRvanelebi m. da-TukiSvili da n. baxtaZe). warmogidgenT am uaRresad sayuradReboZeglis arqeologiuri kvlevis winaswar Sedegebs.oqros mamawmindis samonastro kompleqsi, rogorcCans, saqarTvelos istoriulad erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesistrategiuli regionis, xevis mosaxleobis qristianulikulturis sakmaod mZlavr centrs warmoadgenda SuasaukuneebSi. es salocavi dResac gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiTsargeblobs TemSi, romelic aerTianebs sam sofels:goriscixes, fxelSes da tyarSeTs. mamawmindoba yovelwliurad,aRdgomidan me-13 kviras imarTeba. komplqsigansakuTrebiT Tavisi bunebrivi mdebareobiT gamoirCeva,agvirgvinebs md. Tergisa da misi Senakadi xeobiswyalgamyofi qedis mwvervalze. taZari dangrevamde organuladerwymoda ulamazes landSafts _ kavkasioniscentraluri qedis Tovliani mwvervalebis fonze ganfenilalpur mdeloebs. gadarCenili naSTebic uaRresadSTambeWdavia. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli mTa – “wverTa”50

upiratesad mTis brolis Semcveli qanebisagan Sedgeba,eklesiisken mimaval sacxenosno bilikze gvxvdeba e.w.“brolis wyaro”, brolis ZarRvidan gamomdinare.Ooqros mamawmindis eklesia arqeologiuri kvlevisdawyebamde kargad SerCeuli fleTili, adgilobrivi qviTnaSeni kedlebis nangrevebis saxiT iyo SemorCenili. miuxedavadamisa, zedapiruli dazvervebis Sedegad mikvleulixuroTmoZRvruli detalebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeligaxda am nagebobis savaraudo arqiteqturuli gegmarebiswarmodgena. magaliTad, interierSi SeimCneodasvetis msgavsi ori konstruqciuli fragmenti, rac ar gamoricxavdaeklesiis bazilikuri tipisadmi kuTvnilebas.nagebobis daaxloebiTi gare gabarituli zomebi iyo:aRmosavleTisa da dasvleTis kedlebisa _ 6,5 m., CrdiloeTisada samxreTisa ki 7,5 m-mde. samxreTis da Crdiloe-Tis kedlis wyoba saSualod 2 m simaRlemde iyo SenarCunebuli,xolo dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis kedlebiTiTqmis saZirkvlamde iyo daSlili. EeklesiaSi regularuliRvTismsaxurebis Sewyvetidan didi xnis Semdeg, Temismosaxleobas daSlili kedlebi adgilobrivi qvismSrali wyobiT amouSenebia garkveul simaRlemde. eklesiisSida sivrceSi, samxreT kedelze, Zveli wyobazemSrali wyobiT iyo daSenebuli mcire zomis salocavi ni-Si TaxCiseburi RiobiT. samxreTis kedeli, romelSic gadiodakaris Riobi, cicabo kldispirs emijneba. rogoriiyo nagebobis Tavdapirveli konstruqcia da rogor Sediodamrevli eklesiaSi, jer-jerobiT gaurkvevelia.arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad Nnagebobis gegmarebisSesaxeb uaRresad mniSvnelovani informacia ukve 1metramde sisqis naSali fenis aRebisTanave miviReT. saqmeis aris, rom gaTxris dawyebamde saeWvod miCneuli svetisfragmentebis nacvlad miwisa da nangrevi fenis aRebis Sedegadeklesiis interierSi Camoyalibebuli konfiguraciismqone oTxi sruli sveti miviReT: CrdiloeTiTaRmarTul monoloTuri qvis wyvil svets wriuli ganivkveTihqonia (Crdilo-aRmosavleTisa waqceulia,51

samxreT-aRmosavleTis svetis sakmaod maRali monoliTuricilindri ki adgilze dgas); samxreTis wyvili svetimarTkuTxa ganivkveTisaa da qviTkiriT nagebi, amasTan,Crdilo-dasavleTis svetze daSenebuli morkalurikonstruqciis naSTi danamdvilebiT eklesiis navebisgamyofi svetebis da dasavleTis kedelTan damakavSirebeliTaRebis sayrdeni, erTiani qvisgan naTali kapiteliaRmoCnda. Aamrigad, sruliad naTeli gaxda, rom am eklesiasTaRnariani svetebis ori wyvili yofda sam navad daCveni varaudi samlocvelos bazilikurTan mimsgavsebulikonstruqciis Sesaxeb, realobad iqca.interierSi miwis TandaTan dadablebis Semdeg,praqtikulad amomwuravi informacia miviReT am eklesiisgegmiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb. gamoirkva, rom cilindruliformis svetebis wyvili eklesiis aRmosavleTikedlis mTel gayolebaze mowyobil, 1.6 m siganis, iatakidan30 sm-iT amaRlebul baqanze yofila daSenebuli;amasTan, am svetebze mibjenili, aRmosavleT kedlismarTobulad CaSenebuli didroni qvebiT nagebi kedlebi,eklesiis marTkuTxa gegmis sakurTxevels qmnida.sakurTxevlis centralur RerZze, zed aRmosvleTiskedelTan monoliTuri qvis, marTkuTxa paralelopipedisformis trapezis qva mdgara. sakurTxevels gverdiTpastoforiumebi ar hqonia mowyobili _ gverdiTa navebipirdapir adgeboda aRmosavleTis kedels, Tumca sakurTxevlisbaqanis SemaRleba am sivrceebis aRmosavleTkideebSic grZeldeboda da erTi safexuriT SemaRlebuliataks qmnida, rac ar gamoricxavs, rom miniaturuli sakurTxevlebigverdiTa navebsac gaaCndaT (iseve rogorcsaqarTvelos mraval samnavian Tu sameklesiian bazilika-Si).mogvianebiT, taZris funqcionirebis romeliRacetapze, centraluri da CrdiloeTis navebis damakavSirebeliRiobi svetebs Soris, ratomRac amouSenebiaT.Eeklesiis iataki sakmaod mWidrod yofila mogebuliadgilobrivi jiSis fiqalis didroni qvebis filebiT (moxevurdialeqtze `WaWis~ qviT). aseTive qviTaa mofenilicentraluri sakurTxevlis da gverdiTa navebis SemaRlebulbaqanTa iatakebic.U52

unda iTqvas, rom amave jiSis an `monaTesave~ samSeneblomasalas waagavs eklesiis ZiriTad kedlebis asagebadgamoyenebuli, erTmaneTTan kargad morgebuli fleTiliqvis blokebi, Tumca kedlebisTvis imdenad msxvil,kargad SerCeul qvebs iyenebdnen, rom maTi dakuTxulobauxeSad naTali qvis blokebis asociaciasac ki iwvevs.TviT kedlis wyoba zogierT adgilebSi, erTi SexedviTe.w. `ujarmul wyobas~ gvagonebs (gansakuTrebiT safasadowyobebisa).Uunda aRiniSnos, rom eklesiis Tavdapirvel wyobaSiTxeli, e.w. `anatkeci~ sipebi (fiqalebi) praqtikulad araris gamoyenebuli garda iSviaTi gamonaklisebisa, rocamsxvili blokebis TarazulTan miaxloebuli wyobis gasasworebladideboda sipi qva; SedarebisTvis avRniSnavT,rom mTlianad saxuravisTvis ufro Sesaferisi Txeli fiqaliTaaamoyvanili eklesiis dangrevis Semdeg mSraliwyobiT aRdgenili gviandeli kedlebi (amJamad ZnelisaTqmelia Tu ramdenad masStaburi iyo zemoaRniSnuliaRdgena, gadaixura Tu ara salocavi, _ dResdReobiT ase-Ti `damatebuli~ kedlebi oTxiv mxares daax. 1-1.5 m-is simaRlemdeaSemorCenili). Tuki imasac gaviTvaliswinebT,rom qvis ZiriTadi kedlebis saSeni blokebi da aRniSnulidanamati, mSrali wyobis fiqali droTa ganmavlobaSierTnairad `iJangeba~ wiTlad, ferebis erTgvarovnebisada aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis arqiteqturaSi sipebisgamoyenebis metad gavrcelebuli tradiciis stereotipidangamomdinare, amJamad es ori, Tvisobrivad sruliadgansxvavebuli, Zveli da axali samSeneblo fenebi erTmaneTsvizualurad SesaniSnavad erwymis.rac Seexeba eklesiis gadaxurvas, iq TavdapirveladvedanamdvilebiT aRniSnuli tipis Txeli fiqali iyogamoyenebuli. gaTxrebis dawyebisTanave, TiToeul fenaSimravlad aRmoCnda daaxloebiT erTnairi, eTnografiuliyofidan SenobaTa gadasaxuravad gamoyenebuli gavrcelebulizomis sipi. aseTive fiqali iyo mimobneuli Zvel iatakze.SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom saxuravis fiqali salocavisrestavraciis fazis droindelia, magram Tavdapirveliiatakis donis preparaciis drosa kramitis anlorfinis erTi momcro fragmentic ki ar aRmoCnda, Suasaukuneebis sakvlev qronologiur CarCoebSi mTis eklesi-53

ebis gadaxurvis sxva, alternatiuli meTodi ki ar ariscnobili, anu unda vivaraudoT, rom eklesia TavidanvefiqaliT iyo gadaxuruli.imis dadastureba, Tu rogori aRnagobis iyo mTlianobaSigadaxurvis Zveli konstruqcia _ qviTkiris kamaruliTu xis nivnivebiani, faqtobrivi masaliT ver moxerxda.marTalia saqarTvelos eTnografiul yofaSi rogorcsakulto, ise sayofacxovrebo nagebobebis gadasaxuradxis nivnivebze dawyobili fiqalebiani konstruqciebicgvxvdeba (1.) magram am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, gamomdinareiqidan rom eklesia Zalian maRal geografiulniSnulze mdebareobs, isic mTis wverze, mZlavri qarebispirobebSi nagebobas ufro mtkice, qviTkiris kamaruli gadaxurvaunda hqonoda. esec ar iyos, aseTi `skulpturuli~tipis, bazilikuri siluetis eklesiisTvis, ara gvgoniaxis saxuravi daedgaT _ am eklesiis barSi gavrcelebuliprototipebi TiTqmis mTeli SuasaukuneebisganmavlobaSi xom gamonaklisis gareSe kamarulad iyo gadaxuruli.gaTxrebisas gamovlenil arqiteqturuli detalebidangamovyofdiT agreTve CrdiloeTis da dasavleTiskedlebis gayolebaze mowyobil, daax. 30 sm simaRlisa da40-50 sm siganis Camosajdom xarisxs. dasavleTis kedlSiCaSenebul erT mozrdil, brtyel qvaSi gamokveTiliawriuli da marTkuTxa formis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulimoculobebi, romelic erTi SexedviT adamianis siluetsgvagonebs. daniSnuleba jerjerobiT ucnobia.Aamrigad, aRniSnuli konstruqciuli aRmoCenebi danamdvilebiTmigvaniSnebs imaze, rom oqros mamawmindissalocavi miniaturul, TiTqmis kvadratuli gegmis,marTkuTxa formis sakurTxevlian, bazilikurTan miaxloebulitipis eklesias warmoadgenda, sadac bazilikuriTema adgilobriv tradiciebTan da saWiroebasTan iyo misadagebuli.SevecdebiT Tavdapirvelad misi sivrculgegmarebiTiTaviseburebebisa da arqiteqturuli detalebisanalizis safuZvelze gavarkvioT, Sua saukuneebis romeletaps ganekuTvneba oqros mamawmindis eklesia.xuroTmoZRvruli aRnagobis TvalsazrisiT zedmiwevniTaRniSnulis msgavsi eklesiebi saqarTvelos ammxareSi Tu saerTod saqarTveloSi, CvenTvis ucnobia.54

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis zogierT arealebSi,ufro metad qsnisa da aragvis xeobebSi, nairgvari gegmismarTkuTxa sakurTxevliani eklesiebi (trompebzedayrdnobili konqebiT) friad gavrcelebuli yofilaVIII-IX saukuneebSi (22. 26-27). mamawmindas qarTuli saxelmwifosmier qristianizirebuli Crdilo kavkasiis zogierTiregionis ZeglTan, savaraudod adreuli Sua saukuneebismiwurulisa da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebiseklesiebTan bevri saerTo SeiZleba moeZebnos. marTkuTxasakurTxevelTan dakavSirebuli arqiteqturuli Temis reminiscenciebisaqarTvelos aRniSnuli regionis ma-RalmTiani zonis momcro, darbazul eklesiebSi (15. 71-74)gviani Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT periodulad, spontanurad,Semdeg epoqebSic iCenda xolme Tavs (13. 117, 227, 234,237, 283, 328, 477, 452). meores mxriv, sworkuTxa gegmiani sakurTxevlebisakmaod gavrcelebuli elementi iyo IV-VIsaukuneebis siriul saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi da amTemas arcTu iSviaTad wina aziis zogierTi qveynis imaveepoqis eklesiebis mSeneblebic mimarTavdnen xolme (25. )(zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, swored CrdiloeT siriulixuroTmoZRvrebis gavleniT). TviT saqarTveloSic, nekresisnaqalaqarze ukanasknel wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiurigaTxrebis Sedegad amgvar sakurTxevliani grandiozulisamnaviani eklesia gamovlinda, romelic IV s-iTTariRdeba (3. 19) amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom oqros mamawmindiseklesia istoriul xevSi mdebareobs, romelickulturulad im vrceli regionis nawils warmoadgenssadac mainc VIII-IX saukuneebSia yvelaze masobrivad dafiqsirebulimonumentur eklesiebSi aRniSnul yaidazemowyobili sakurTxevlebi, da amasTan, misi mSeneblobisteqnikac am rigis nagebobaTa asociacias iwvevs, mamawmindisdaTariRebisTvis es detalebi angariSgasawevi,magram arasakmarisi argumentebia. Kkidev erTi sabuTi imisa,rom mamawmindis eklesiis ageba swored rom adreuliSua saukuneebis finalur stadias ukavSirdeba, Semdeg garemoebagaxlavT: es eklesia danamdvilebiT bazilikureklesiaTa qarTuli esTetikuri principebis gaTvaliswinebiTgadamuSavebul variacias warmoadgens _ miuxedavadSenobis zeda nawilebis Zlieri dazianebisa, or wyvilsvetze da dasavleTis kedlis kronSteinebze dayrdnobi-55

li grZivi TaRedi mxolod gegmiurad damoklebuli `redaqciiT~warmodgenil bazilikis sqemaze SeiZleba migvaniSnebdes(aseTi gegmuri proporciebi qarTuli bazilikurixuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebis didi umravlesobisTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli V s-is Semdgom) (25. 45-123). garda zemoTaRniSnuli, nekresis naqalaqaris IV s-is bazilikisa,bazilikur eklesiaTa marTkuTxa sakurTxevlebiT dasrulebadRemde ucnobi iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTisTvis.SesaZloa am axlad aRmoCenili eklesiismsgavsad, daaxlovebiT im epoqaSi, msgavsi bazilikebiciyo gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi da aRar SemogvrCa,magram oqros mamawminda erTaderTi nimuSic rom yofiliyobazilikis Temis am mimarTulebiT gadaazrebisa,gardamavali xanis qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebissaerTo tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar undagagvikvirdes, radgan im epoqisTvis axali arqiteqturuliformebis Zieba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo (5. 39-45)oqros mamawmindis gegmarebiTi gadawyveta marTlac sakmaodTaviseburia: adreuli Sua saukuneebis ukanasknelietapis qarTuli bazilikebisgan mas sakurTxevlismarTkuTxovnebis garda miniaturuli aRnagobac gamoarCevs,Tumca am movlenas sruliad logikuri axsna SeiZlebamoeZebnos: aseT maRal geografiul niSnulze mdebareeklesia namdvilad ar iqneboda mravalricxvovanimrevlisTvis liturgiis Casatareblad gaTvlili (Tukiaq marTlac mcire udabno-monasteri funqcionirebda, iqmxolod ramdenime beris moRvaweoba unda davuSvaT).Uunda iTqvas, rom am eklesiis xuroTmoZRvars sakmaodSemoqmedebiTad da warmatebiT gaurTmevia Tavi dasaxulipraqtikuli da esTetikuri miznebisTvis: mas SeuqmniaaRniSnul konkretul landSaftisTvis damoTxovnilebisTvis misadagebuli mcire zomis eklesia,romelic iseTi plastikuri xerxebiTaa gadawyvetili, romtaZris rogorc eqsterieri, ise interieri skulpturulobamdedaxvewili formebiT, harmoniulobis gancdas,amaRlebul sulier ganwyobas iwvevs. xuroTmoZRvrismxatvrul mignebaTagan, magaliTisTvis sakurTxevlis SemomsazRvrelida imave dros TaRebis mzidi monoliTuriqvis cilindruli svetebic gamodgeba. aRsaniSnavia, romsaqarTveloSi monoliTur qvis cilindrul svetebs56

vxvdebiT mxolod adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebisinterierebis gaformebaSi: mag., TianeTis sionis bazilika-Si (V-VI ss), iSxanis, banas (VII s) da sxva cnobiltaZrebSi, romlebsac monumenturoba isedac axasiaTebT.sayuradReboa eklesiis interieris sxva gansakuTrebiTTvalsaCino adgilebSi mozrdili qvis blokebisa Tu filebisgamoyeneba: sakurTxevlis kedlebi, monoliTurisvetisTavebi, iatakis mosapirkeTebeli didi filebi).savaraudod, eklesiis interierSi sivrcis bazilikiseburaddanawevreba Segnebulad, dizainis efeqturobisTvis,arqiteqturul elementad aris Semotanili,radgan eklesiis mcire zoma konstruqciulad saxuravismzid Sualedur sayrdens ar iTxovs.M amasTanave, TviTon faqti miniaturul sivrcis navebaddayofisa, migviTiTebs, rom oqros mamawmindis eklesiismSeneblobis epoqaSi bazilikuri Tema sayovelTadgavrcelebuli iyo saqarTveloSi da am tipis eklesiasmartiv darbazul samlocveloebTan SedarebiT upiratesobaeniWeboda. Aamrigad, am eklesiis ageba Tanxvdeba imxanas, rodesac saqarTveloSi bazilikuri taZrebis mSeneblobafarTodaa gavrcelebuli da imavdroulad, aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos mTian regionebSi aseve sayovelTaodaafexmokidebuli eklesiebis mTavari sakurTxevlebisgegmuri marTkuTxovneba. qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriisSesaxeb Cveni codnis dRevandel etapze, es undaiyos VIII –IX saukuneebi, qarTul saeklesio arqiteqtura-Si `gardamaval xanad~ wodebuli qronologiuri monakve-Ti _ mxolod am dros Sendeboda jer kidev masobrivadaRmosavleT saqarTvelos dabal da mTiswina zonebSisamnaviani bazilikebi, mTian regionebSi ki marTkuTxa sakurTxevlianieklesiebi.Ooqros mamawmindis eklesiis dasaTariReblad, raTqma unda, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba iq mikvleul,sxvadasxva daniSnulebis qvis arqiteqturul detalebzenakveTi dekoratiuli motivebis qronologiuradgansazRvras: Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom TavianT TavdapirveladgilebSi CaSenebul mdgomareobaSi ar dagvifiqsirebia,es metad masiuri qvebi SeuZlebelia eklesiis interierSiSemTxveviT iyos moxvedrili, vTqvaT ~sxva Zeglidanmotanili~, vinaidan am mTis mwvervalidan axlo-maxlo,57

daax. 5-6 km radiusSi aranairi istoriuli nagebobisnaSTi ar gvxvdeba (garda TviT am kompleqsis Semadgeneliusaxuri senakebisa).reliefuri dekoratiuli saxeebiT Semkulia eklesiaSimikvleuli, dangrevis Semdeg adgilmonacvlebuliori detali: orad gatexili, wagrZelebuli, qvis fila(rogorc Cans fasadis morTulobis, SesaZloa lavgardanisfragmenti) da jvris Casadgmeli bazis zeda nawili.grZeli monoliTis naTal pirze martivi lilviseburireliefiT gamosaxulia TaRebiani svetnari (zemodan rkaliTSemosazRvruli 6 Camwkrivebuli Riobis imitacia) daiqve boloSi `mibmuli~ reliefuri medalioni, Sida areSiCawerili tolmklaviani, boloebSi gafarToebuli ZlevisjvriT. MmxolodAam ukanaskneli motivis, e.w. `bolnurijvris~ nairsaxeobis dadasturebidan gamomdinarec ki,oqros mamawmindis eklesiis daTariReba IX-X saukuneebzegviani epoqiT SeuZlebelia (5. ; 26. 31, 32, 40,47), Tumca, arcamave filazegamosaxuli svetnaris motivia ucxo adreuli Suasaukuneebis eklesiebisa da stela-jvrebis dekoratiuligaformebisTvis. TaRebis mwkrivisa da TaRebianimarTkuTxa Riobebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebi gvxvdebarogorc V-VII saukuneebis, ise VIII-IX saukuneebis bazilikuriTu sxva stilis eklesiebis lavgardanebis,sarkmlisTavebis da kapitelebis plastikur SemkulobaSi,agreTve imave periodis qva-jvarebis bazebze da stelebze.A daaxloebiT am stilis reliefebiT SemkuliqarTuli taZrebisa da mxatvruli plastikis nimuSebis CamoTvlaSors wagviyvanda. davasaxelebT mxolod ramdenimes:urbnisis bazilika, anCisxati, kawreTis sameba, agarismonastris sameklesiiani bazilika, wirqoli, maCxani, qoroRoda sxv. (25. 59; 8. XLV-2; 9. 89; 11. 60; 26. 1-3,33), SewyvilebuliTaRediani Riobebis sqematuri gamosaxulebagvxvdeba xandisis da eZanis sionis stelebze (orive VI s).ra Tqma unda, mxolod amgvari TaRedebiT Tu svetnariTgaformeba oqros mamawmindis eklesias zustad ver daaTariRebda,magram is ki sagulisxmoa, rom X s-dan moyolebuliaseT ornamentul motivebs qarTuli eklesiebis dastelebis gaformebaSi praqtikulad veRar vxvdebiT.58

dasavleTis kedelsa da Crdilo dasavleTissvets Soris farTze, iatakis donesTan axlos aRmoCndawarweriani naTali qva, romlis zeda nawilze, or strofadaris CaWriT nakveTi warwera:ckbxvbsli (suli)Cmi (Cemi)amasTan axlos aRmoCnda naTali qvis marcxenanawili aseTive nakveTi warweriT:vfv.... mam.... (mamawminda ?)marjvena nawili motexili da dakargulia.samwuxarod, digitaluri foto wagveSala.paleografiulad adreuli Sua saukuneebisaa.Aoqros mamawmindis eklesiis agebis TariRis dazustebasada funqcionirebis qronologiuri fazebis dazustebaSi,misi interieris arqeologiuri gaTxrebisassxvadasxva horizontze mikvleulma nivTierma masalamgagviwia daxmareba.stratigrafiulad yvelaze maRal horizontze, humusovanifenidan 10-20 sm siRrmezeve aRmoCnda XIX s-isa daXX s-is dasawyisis spilenZis monetebi da kidev ramdenimenivTi, romlebic aSkarad am maRalmTiani regionis mosaxleobaSiukanasknel saukuneebSi fexmokidebul,warmarTuli da qristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebisSerwymaze da Sesabamis sakulto ritualebze migvaniSnebs.magaliTad, aq davafiqsireT liTonis cal mxares gaxsnili,SesakravebiT daboloebuli nivTebi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTis eTnografiul yofaSi mravalgzisdadasturebuli e. w. `xatis uRlebi~, romelTa yelzeSebma salocavSi, `xatSi~ misuli mozrdili Tuarasrulwlovani mlocvelobisTvis, am `xatis~ monobissimboluri gamoxatuleba iyo. Aamave fenaSi aRmoCnda li-Tonis patara zarebi. `zinzilakebi~, romlebic gviani Suasaukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sxvadasxvaregionis “umwyemseli” da nawilobriv gawarmarTebuliqristianuli samlocveloebis, `xatebis~ droSebis59

aucilebeli atributi iyo (2). Aam stratigrafiul fenaSiaRmoCnda agreTve sxvadasxva zomis salesavi qvebi,romlebic, Cveni azriT Semdegi simboluri datvirTvisSesawirebs warmoadgenda: saqarTvelos am mTian mxareebSi,ekonomika praqtikulad erTaderT saarsebo dargze,mecxoveleobaze iyo dafuZnebuli, saqonlis gamozamTrebaki balaxis mosavalze da Tivis sakmao maragis Seqmnazeiyo damokidebuli; swored amitom salesavi qvebis SewirviTmTis mosaxleoba RvTaebebs balaxis uxv mosavalsSesTxovda, romelic am salesavebiT kargad galesilinamglebiT da celebiT unda moeTibaT.Eeklesiis interierSi, Tanamedrove zedapirsa da iataksSoris miwis dadablebisas, Sualedur horizontebze,garda damuSavebuli saamSeneblo masalebisa, artefaqtebiTiTqmis ar Segvxvedria, rac sruliad logikuria: pirvelietapis eklesia erTbaSad ar unda dangreuliyo, pirveladsaxuravi da misi mzidi arqiteqturuli elementebiszeda nawili Cawveboda interierSi (nawili gareTac gadaingreoda),Semdeg ki, aTwleulebis an saukuneebisganmavlobaSi, TandaTan darCenili kedlebic ingreoda daase dagrovda interierSi samSeneblo qvebisa da kir-miwisnarevi. Yyovelive es eklesiisa da misi Semogareni nagebobebiskompleqsis mitovebis da mudmivi meTvalyureobisgareSe darCenis Semdeg unda momxdariyo ganviTarebuliSua saukuneebis miwurulSi, XIV-XV ss-Ta mijnaze anodnav mogvianebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesiisirgvliv mdebare mcire senakebi jerjerobiT arqeologiuradar Segviswavlia, Cveni azriT, eklesiisa da sacxovrebelnagebobaTa es erToblioba Tavdapirveladve samonastroansambli unda yofiliyo.kedlebis mSrali wyobiT droebiTi, nawilobriviaRdgena da interierSi mcire salocavi niSebis Cadgmagarkveuli intervalebiT ganuwyvetliv unda vigulisxmoT,magram vinaidan am epoqaSi, gvian Sua saukuneebsada XIX-XX ss-Si, am momlocvelobas epizoduri xasiaTihqonda da `xatobidan-xatobamde~ aq mudmivad aravinbinadrobda, mosaxleobis kuTvnili sayofacxovrebo Tusakulto nivTebi nangrevebSi didi SemTxveviTobis wyalobiTTu moxvdeboda. vinaidan am nagebobaSi iatakisramdenjerme mowyoba dafiqsirebuli ar aris, iseve ro-60

gorc nebismier, mitovebis Sedegad Tu raime kataklizmisgandangreul istoriul nagebobaSi, aqacZeglis intensiuri funqcionirebis droindeli artefaqtebiZiriTadad erTaderTi iatakis midamoebSi unda SemorCeniliyo_ ufro adreuli, moxmarebis dros dazianebulinivTebis fragmentebi iatakSi SemTxveviT CatkepnilmdgomareobaSi, saboloo fazis droindeli nivTebi kized iatakze, ngrevisgan dakonservebul viTarebaSi.marTlac, oqros mamawmindis salocavis interierSi saukuneebisganmavlobaSi gaCenili nangrevi masis fskeramdeaRebis Sedegad nivTieri masala daaxloebiT aseTi sqemiTdafiqsirda _ qvis filebiT mogebuli iatakis doneze da,nawilobriv odnav ufro dablac, qvis filebs SorisdarCenili `napralebis~ Semavsebel miwis mikro farTobebzeeklesiis funqcionirebis drosve moxvedril sayuradRebonivTebs Tu mcire fragmentebs mivakvlieT. AkerZod, CrdiloeTis navSi, aRmosavleT kedelTanaxlos, zed iatakze, TiTqmis dawvenil mdgomareobaSi mivakvlieTdaax. 1,5 m sigrZis qvis monoliTisgan gamoTlilsada, brtyel zedapirian jvars, romlis TiToeulimklavi marTkuTxa kveTisaa da Qqvedas garda, isiniboloebSi odnav gaganierebulia. qveda mklavs bologaTlili aqvs _ cxadia, rom es bolo bazaSi Casadgmeladaqvs damuSavebuli. TiTqmis ueWvelad am jvris Casadgmelibaza unda iyos zustad am zomis marTkuTxa fosoiani,Sewyvilebuli TaRebiT Semkuli kargad naTaliqva, romelic gaurkvevel viTarebaSi upoviaT eklesiisnangrevebSi da gvian xanebSi, `niSis~ funqcionirebisasCrdilo-dasavleTi svetis kapitelze SemoudgamT. rogorcaRnagobiT, ise aRmoCenis adgiliT (sakurTxevlisCrdiloeT kidesTan), es jvari baziTurT, sakurTxevliswin aRsamarTi jvari unda iyos da eklesiis agebisTanaveunda iyos damzadebuli _ miT umetes, rom bazis Semamkobeliornamentuli motivi stilisturad eklesiis karnizisqvaze SemorCenili, kamarebiani svetnaris dekoratiuligamosaxulebis msgavsia. Aamdenad savaraudoa, rom esqva-jvari oqros mamawmindis eklesiis Tavdapirveli, srulisaxiT funqcionirebisas, dangrevamde, praqtikuladmudam idga mis interierSi.61

Aiatakis doneze, iseTive stratigrafiul situaciaSirogorc qva-jvari, anu zed qvis filebze mimobneulad,aRmoCnda keramikul nakeTobaTa ramdenime fragmenti, romelTaganaczogierTi uformoa da iseTi faqtura aqvs,rom maTi daTariReba uaxlesi, CvenSi jerjerobiT daunergaviteqnologiebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Mmiuxedavadamisa, sabednierod, am artefaqtebSi urevia iseTi nimuSebic,romlebsac zusti paralelebi moepovebaT ganviTarebuliSua saukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSiSeswavlili rigi arqeologiuri Zeglebidan. magaliTad,aq aRmoCnda muq wiTlad gamomwvar keciani Tixis jamisborbliseburi moyvanilobis qusliani Ziris fragmenti.jamis Sidapiri TeTri angobiTaa dafaruli da maszeamokawvris (sgrafitos) xerxiT, Sewyvilebuli zolebiTgeometriuli da mcenareuli saxeebia datanili; Semdeg esornamenti muq-momwvanod da moyviTalo-moyavisfrod Seu-RebavT da WurWlis mTeli Sidapiri gamowvamde ufero,gamWvirvale, kriala WiquriT daufaravT. aRniSnuli stiliTSemkuli jamebi qarTvel mecnierTa mier XII-XIII ssiTaris daTariRebuli (13.L-LIII), Tumca, Cveni bolodroindelimonacemebiT, msgavsi nawarmi XIV s-is miwurulamdemzaddeboda (4. 153-154). eklesiis iatakis zedapirzemivakvlieT sxva stiliT moWiqul WurWlis fragmentsac:es aris wiTlad gamomwvar keciani Tixis jamis patara natexi,romlis TeTrad angobirebul Sidapirze amokawvrisxerxiT datanilia rkalebiT gamoyvanili naxati.gadavlebuli aqvs cisferi, gamWvirvale Wiquri. aseT jamebs,rogorc wesi, kargad gamoyvanili, borblisebriquslebi axasiaTebdaT. am stiliT Semkuli moWiquli jamebididi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili aRmosavleT saqarTvelos,agreTve misi mezobeli qveynebis teritoriaze(somxeTi, azerbaijani). maT mkvlevarebi zogadad XI-XIIIss-iT aTariReben (20. 26; 19. 39; 22. 32; 13. 24-25), magram ukanaskneligamokvlevebis fonze, msgavsi nakeTobebis damzadebaXIV s-is pirvel naxevarSic ar unda gamovricxoT.amave epoqas, ZiriTadad XIII-XIV saukuneebs ganekuTvnebaanalogiur viTarebaSi aRmoCenili kidev ramdenimeTixis WurWlis fragmenti: TeTrad angobirebul Sidapirianida mwvaned moWiquli jamis pir-gverdi; didi,muq mowiTalod gamomwvari, odnav naprialeb zedapiriani62

doqis yelis nawili; dabrtyelebul bakoiani mouWiqavijamis pir-gverdi da sxv. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, romdafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTis mixedviT oqrosmamawmindis eklesiis wyobidan gamosvlisa da aqtiurifunqcionirebis Sewyvetis xana daax. XIII s-is II naxevarsada XIV s-s miwuruls Soris moqceuli qronologiuri monakveTiTganisazRvra. es movlena savaraudod saqarTveloSiTemur-lengis gamanadgurebel Semosevebs undaukavSirdebodes.Orogorc aRvniSneT, oqros mamawmindis eklesiisgaTxrebisas dafiqsirebul ufro adreul keramikuli nakeTobebisfragmentebs ramdenadme gansxvavebul stratigrafiulviTarebaSi mivakvlieT _ iseT fenebSi, sadacisini eklesiaSi mimdinare regularuli RvTismsaxurebispirobebSic SeiZleboda moxvedriliyo: iatakis morigimotkepvna-mowesrigebisas, an sulac eklesiis mSeneblobisdros (Cveni gamocdilebiT, aseTi mcire eklesiis agebasacki ramdenime weli sWirdeboda, amdenad, am periodSi mSeneblebsaraerTi WurWeli dauziandebodaT). magaliTad,danamdvilebiT CrdiloeTis navis qviT mofenil iatakishorizontze dabla aRmoCnda erTi metad sayurdRebonivTi _Ees aris movardisfro-moyviTalod gamomwvari,kargad ganleqil keciani Tixis jamis gverdisfragmenti. Sidapiris SiSvel kecze gavlebulia TeTriangobis farTo zolebi, rkaluri RviZlisferi da mwvanexazebi (rogorc angobis fenaze, ise SiSvel kecze). sabolood,gamowvis win, Sidapirs gadavlebuli aqvs ufero,gamWvirvale Wiquri. WurWlis garepiri odnav naprialebia.am stiliT Semkuli, dabal, borblisebr qusliani jamebididi raodenobiT aris aRmoCenili rusTavis nacixarze,gvxvdeba dmanisis, Tbilisis, Telavis, Jinvalis, ujarmisganaTxar Zeglebze (13. 16), saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebidandadasturebulia somxeTSi, dvinis naqalaqarze (23.43) TariRdeba IX saukuniT.Aeklesiis qvafeniliani iatakis horizontze ufrodabal fosoSi (centraluri navis dsavleT kideSi, zedkedlis ZirSi) aRmoCenil iqna agreTve metad kargadganleqili Tixisgan damzadebuli, movardisfrod gamomwvaridoqis muclis fragmenti, romelic garedankargadaa naprialebi. aseTi ferisa da kecis WurWeli, ise-63

ve rogorc Ria ferisani da movardisfro-wiTlad naprialebni,cnobilia adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuliZeglebidan da maTi damzadebis zeda qronologiurizRvaric IX-X saukuneebia (19. 113; 10. LVIII-2).Aasve stratigrafiulad savaraudod eklesiis mSeneblobisan funqcionirebis periodis fenaSi (sakurTxevlisbaqnis SemaRlebis erT-erTi daZruli qvisqveS) aRmoCnda monacrisfro-moruxod gamomwvari qoTnispir-yelis fragmenti. qoTans piri gadmokecili hqonia, bakoki Signidan odnav CaRaruli. SemorCenili nawilebismixedviT, maT, iseve rogorc CvenTvis saqarTvelos Suasaukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebidan cnobil am rigisqoTnebs dabali yeli, sferoseburi muceli, brtyeli Zirida TiTo saxeluri hqondaT. aseTi qoTnebi, faqturidanda CaRaruli pirebidan gamomdinare, garkveul msgavsebasiCens winare qristianuli xanis Sav da lega keramikasTan,Tundac gvianbrinjaos xanis msgavs qoTnebTan (18. LXIV-LXV), sinamdvileSi, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli da mezobeliqveynebis ganaTxari Zeglebidan cnobili analogiebidangamomdinare, isini aRniSnuli arqauli keramkisuneblie reminiscencias ufro warmoadgenen da TariRdebianVIII-IX ss-iT (14. 52-53; 19. 112-113; 12. VI; 21. 51-52).aRniSnuli nivTebis msgavad, iatakSi Catkepnil mdgomareobaSiaRmoCnda yavisfrad, Calisfrad Tu movardisfrodnaprialeb zedapiriani, sxvadasxva sisqis kecianikidev ramdenime Tixis WurWlis momcro fragmentebi(magaliTad, vardisfrad gamomwvari, pirmoyrili jamispir-gverdi), romlebic qarTul ganaTxar Zeglebze mopovebuliparaleluri masalis moSveliebiT, agreTve VIII-IXss-iT TariRdeba.Aamrigad, oqros mamawmindis eklesiis samSeneblo Tufunqcionirebis adreuli periodis kulturuli fenebisarqeologiurma kvlevam savsebiT daadastura Cven mierxuroTmoZRvrul analizze dayrdnobiT gamoTqmuli varaudiimis Sesaxeb, rom es Zegli VIII-IX saukuneebSi undaiyos agebuli.64

gamoyenebuli literatura:1. bardaveliZe v. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTiane-Tis tradiciuuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi. t. 1,Tb., 1974.2. bardaveliZe v. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTiane-Tis tradiciuuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi. t. II,Tb., 1982.3. baxtaZe n.. nekresis naqalaqaris teritoriaze gamovlenili`Wabukauris~ sataZro kompleqsis arqeologiurikvlevis Sedegebi. Ziebani, 19, 2009.4. baxtaZe n. kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis genezisi daganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2007.5. beriZe v. Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. Tb.,1974.6. zaqaraia p. Nnaqalaqar urbnisis xuroTmoZRvreba.Tb., 1965.7. gverdwiTeli r. anCisxati. Tb., 2001.8. mamaiaSvili n. qalqi Weremi. Tbilisi, 2004.9. marsagiSvili g. agaris monastris uZvelesi eklesia.Zeglis megobari 60. Tb., 1982.10. mWedliSvili b. ivrispira `qvabebis~ 1976 wlisarqeologiuri eqspediciis angariSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifomuzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi, VI. Tb.,1978.11. miwiSvili m. moWiquli WurWeli Zvel saqarTveloSiIX_XIII ss. Tb., 1969.12. sinauriZe m. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adrefeodalurixanis keramika. masalebi saqarTvelos materialurikulturis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1966.13. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTaaRweriloba, 2. Tb., 2004.14. ficxelauri k. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos tomTaistoriis ZiriTadi problemebi (Zv. w. XV-VII ss). Tb., 1973.15. RambaSiZe. g. savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba1973 wels, “mecniereba”, Tb., 1974.16. WilaSvili l. naqalaqari urbnisi. Tb., 1964.17. WilaSvili l. Zveli gavazi. Tb., 1975.65

18. jafariZe v. keramikuli warmoeba XI_XIII ss saqarTveloSi.Tb., 1956.19. Гайдукевич В. Расскопки Мирмикия в 1935-1938 гг,МИА,25. М-Л, 1952.20. Майсурадзе Зураб, Грузинская художественная керамика.Тб., 1954.21. Шелковников Б. Художественная керамика Двинскихраскопок. Ереван, 1940.22. Чубинашвили Н. Зедазени, Кликис Джвари, Гвиара. qarTulixelovneba, #7. Tb., 1971.23. Чубинашвили Г. Архитектура Кахетии. Тбилиси, 1959.24. Чубинашвили Н. Хандиси. Тб., 1972.25. Tchalenko G. Villages antiques de la Sirie du nord, 3 vols, Paris,1953.Archeological research of the church after Golden-Saint Father (OoqrosMmamawminda)in 2009(Summary)The lapsed church after Golden-Saint Father (Okros Mamatsminda) allocatedin Georgia, in the Stephantsminda municipality, north-east farer 5,5 km of villageGoristsikhe, on the mountain `Tsvera` (2772 m above sea level). It is the highestgeographical location in the Europe.The community of village Goristsikhe, under leadership and blest ofStephantsminda and Khevi eparchy, bishop Jehudiel and supported by Ilia O.Eloshvili, decided rehabilitation of the lapsed church after Golden-Saint Father(Okros Mamawminda) rudiments. For the restoration and preparation, the Insitute ofGeorgian and Caucasian Studies in 2009, made the archeological excavations andmeasure off (Dr. Malkhaz Datukishvili and Dr. Nodar Bakhtadze). We introduceyou preliminary results of the extremely trustworthy monument.The complex of Golden-Saint Father (Okros Mamawminda), as it seems,represented powerful centre of Christian culture of Khevi (one of the importanthistorical region of Georgia) inhabitants in the middle ages. Currently localcommunity, which gathers three villages, worships the temple: Goristsikhe,Pkhelshe and Tkarsheti. They celebrate it in 13 th week after Easter. The templestands out for it natural allocation: it built in the top gorge crossed by Tergi river andit brooks and before destroyed it seemed more naturally inserted the picturesquelandscape – on the background of the Caucasian snowy mountain range and alpinevalleys.66

The church of Golden-Saint Father (Okros Mamawminda), beforearcheological researches was saved by the rudiments of well-chosen torn tones andrudiments of walls built by local stones. In spite of it, because of archeologicalsurface reconnaissance found architectural details made possible to work out generalpicture of the possible preliminary architectural layout. For example, the churchmust be a right-angled plan. Besides, there mentioned two naked constructions likecolumns in the interior, which did not exclude its basilica type belonging.Approximately, outside overall dimensions were as follows: east and west walls –5,6 m, north and south 7,5 m long. Order of south and north walls was averagely 2 mhigh was maintained, but west and east walls were destroyed fundamentally. Afterlong time of liturgy secession in the church, local community immediately rebuiltthe walls with local dry stones order until some height. Inside space, on south wallof the church, on the top of old head lately built with dry order, small sized likelumber chink the chapel of alcove. The south wall, where the door’s chink arranged,bordered with rock steepness. Currently is unknown how the parish entered in theoriginal church.It is the first case to discover basilica planned little chapel in the highmountain region in Georgia. It is true, the church of Golden-Saint Father (OkrosMamawminda) alter as off mono-basilica churches has a right-angled plan, but quitehigh artificial plastic decision and decorative facade stones reveal the especiallylayout basilica may played the special missionary role in the glorious conclusion andestablishment of Christianity in VIII-IX centuries. Because there no any populatedare there in 5-6 km distance and one can found little living building traces, we do notexclude the monastery led as an extremely ascetically organized life.Based on artificial methods the church dated back by us and its functioningphases proved by cultural layers of archeological excavations in the building interior– actually there was found some ceramic fragments which are well-known fromarcheological monuments in east Georgia and near abroad countries in VIII-IXcenturies.In the late middle ages, after Tamerlane invasion (on the eve of XIV-XVcenturies), Georgia was in political and economical crises; regular liturgy wasaccordingly deranged in the church of Golden-Saint Father (Okros Mamawminda).Periodically prayers call off the church and because of neglect the church destroyedstep-by-step. Some trying to restore it with dry order stones was not effective andfinally approximately XVI-XX centuries the place was only the memory of old gloryand changed in place of semi-pagan celebrations.The church of Golden-Saint Father (Okros Mamawminda) needs the specialresearch for the future to compare architecture and décor of the Christian churches inthe Caucasia. Archeological excavations proved, Khevi before built of GergetiTrinity, was the centre of extremely important spread of Transcaucasia Christianity.Members of Stapantsminda and Khevi eparchy currently make everything torestore the church of Golden-Saint Father (Okros Mamawminda) and liturgyrenewal.67

68avTandil nikoleiSvilikonstantine gamsaxurdiasaqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianuli religiiserovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi rolis Sesaxebkonstantine gamsaxurdias msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsissafuZvlianad Seswavla yovlad SeuZlebelia avtoris religiuriTvalTaxedvis gaazrebis gareSe. aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmiinteress arsebiTad zrdis is garemoeba, rom mwerlis religiurrwmenasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi problema mis SemoqmedebaSizogjer sruliad gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedviTaa interpretirebuli.k. gamsaxurdias religiuri TvalTaxedvis sfero ZalzefarToa da igi mxolod qristianuli sarwmunoebis masStabebiTar Semoifargleba. garda qristianuli problematikisa, mis SemoqmedebaSimetad sainteresod da originaluradaa gaazrebulisxva religiur aRmsareblobaTa, pirvel yovlisa ki warmarTulsarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebuli bevri sakiTxi.winamdebare naSroms imis pretenzia ara aqvs, srulyofaladda yovlismomcvelad gaaanalizos k. gamsaxurdias sarwmunoebriviTvalTaxedvis ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi mxareebi. Cemimizani am SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT konkretulia: mwerlis publicisturmemkvidreobaze dayrdnobiT, obieqturad da yovelgvariSelamazebis gareSe warmovaCino im damokidebulebis arsi, romelick. gamsaxurdias hqonda Cveni qveynis istoriaSi qristianulireligiis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi rolisadmi.amTaviTve vityvi imas, rom aRniSnuli movlenisadmi mweralserTgvarovani migoma ar aqvs da xsenebuli problemis gaazrebacalkeul SemTxvevebSi Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobiTacxasiaTdeba xolme. miuxedavad imisa, rom k. gamsaxurdiam SesaniSnavadicoda qristianuli religiis umniSvnelovanesi roliCveni qveynis istoriaSi, rac saTanadod aisaxa kidec mis SemoqmedebaSi,am sarwmunoebis msaxurTa erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivirolisa da misiis gaazrebis dros igi zogjer sakmaodkritikul TvalTaxedvasac avlens aSkarad da daufaravad.zviad gamsaxurdias SefasebiT, am SemTxvevaSi `masac Seexoepoqis seni. esTetizmis, nicSeanizmis da dionisizmis samsalamasac CaewveTa sulSi. am epoqidan iwyeba masSi gaoreba, rac aireklamis pirvel romanSi `dionisos RimilSi~, rogorc gmirisgaoreba qriste-dionisos Soris~ (z. gamsaxurdia, gv. 378).cxadia, mkiTxveli zedmeti komentarebis gareSec mixvdebaimas, rom z. gamsaxurdias mier xazgasmul `epoqis senSi~ mxolodsabWouri epoqaluri sinamdvile ar igulisxmeba. am `senis~masStabebi gacilebiT ufro farToa da sarwmunoebasTan pi-

ovnebis damakavSirebel gzaTa Zieba meoce saukuneSi moRvawebevrma didma moazrovnem aqcia gansakuTrebuli interesissagnad.k. gamsaxurdias cnobierebaSi qristianuli RvTismsaxurebaTavidanve aRmoCnda sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebuli erovnuliinteresebis dacvasTan. pirvel yovlisa swored am garemoebisgamo iqca misTvis wminda giorgi yvelaze metad saTayvanebelwmindanad. mwerlis TqmiT, es wmindani mas TviT qristeze metadacki uyvarda. `TeTr taiWze amxedrebuli am raindis~ mimarTmwerlis mTels SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenil gansakuTrebul siyvarulspirvel yovlisa is garemoeba ganapirobebda, rom igi `saqarTvelosmfarveli wmindani iyo~ (k. gamsaxurdia, t. VII, gv.82).wminda giorgi gamonaklisi ar aris da k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi- RvTaebrivi gandidebis obieqtad warmarTulikerpebic xSirad arian xolme qceulni. maTgan uwinares yovlisadionise unda davasaxeloT. s. siguas SefasebiT, `dioniso dawminda giorgi mwerlis prozaSi mSvidad Tanaarseboben. misi`warmarTi~ gmirebi orives etrfian – wm. giorgi nacionalobisganmsazRvrelia, radgan mis niRabqveS mTvare igulisxmeba, xolodioniso – cxovrebis wesia, romelsac enaTesaveba kolxiberTauZvelesi yofa~ (s. sigua, martvili da alamdari, t. II,gv. 163).qristianul religiasTan k. gamsaxurdias damokidebulebisganmsazRvrel princips Cveni qveynis erovnul-saxelmwifoebriviTviTmyofadobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi am sarwmunoebis istoriulimisiis avtoriseuli gaazreba warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa,rom mwerali am misias SigadaSig sakmaod kritikuladac sjidada afasebda (magaliTad, misi erT-erTi Sefasebis mixedviT, `nazarevelimarqsze ufro Zlevauxvi da Zalovani kosmopoliti~iyo), mwerlis azriT, qristianulma religiam qarTveli xalxisistoriaSi zemoTqmuli TvalsazrisiT mainc metad mniSvnelovaniroli Seasrula. misi SefasebiT, `Tumca qristianuli religiaCvenTvis sruliad ara naTesav da ucxo Zalis Seqmnili iyo,magram qarTveli eris SemoqmedebiTi Zalis Tavisebureba da misisiZliere aqac gamoixata. arc erT ers qristianizmi ise ar gaugia,rogorc Cven. CvenTvis qristianizmi poezia iyo.~qarTuli qristianizmis damaxasiaTebel erT-erT umTavresTaviseburebad, k. gamsaxurdias azriT, isic unda CaiTvalos,rom misTvis yovelTvis principulad ucxo movlenas warmoadgenda`espanuri fanatizmi, romaul-kaTolikuri asketizmi dadogmatizmi~. swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom qarTuliqristianobis istorias `arc barTlomes Ramis saSinelebaniaxsovs, arc hugenotebi da arc autodafe~.69

k. gamsaxurdiasaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania isambavi, rom qarTveli saeklesio moRvaweni `monastriskedlebSic eris kacebad rCebodnen~ da iqac pirvel yovlisa`erisTvis, `soflisTvis zrunavdnen~.Tumca, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, k. gamsaxurdia imgaremoebasac dabejiTebiT usvams xazs, qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSiqristianuli sarwmunoeba imavdroulad warmarTuli religiiselementebiTac rom iyo gamdidrebuli. misi TqmiT,`qarTveloba ise vidoda iesos sisxlian kvalze, rom imave drosdionises yvavilovan Subls Tvals ar aSorebda~.k. gamsaxurdias azriT, pirvel yovlisa swored es mxareganasxvavebs qarTul qristianizms sxva qveynebSi damkvidrebuliam sarwmunoebisagan. kerZod, sxva xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT,`arsebiTad kosmopolitur principebze dafuZnebuli es religiagaxda mkvidri safuZveli Cveni erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SesanarCuneblad~.qarTuli qristianizmis es didi istoriulierovnuli misia, mwerlis ganmartebiT, aseTi iyo: `qristianizmi– es mcxunvare aziis udabnodan wamoqrolili qari, mTel indogermanelerebis kulturas ganadgurebas uqadda. arsebiTadkosmopolitur principebze dafuZnebuli sarwmunoeba semiturnaTesavisa, mosisxle mteri yovelgvar Taviseburobis, kukurSiveaWknobda yovel WeSmarit nacionalur kulturis ylortebs.erTa qaosis epoqaSi kaTolicizmma didi romis sakeisro Seiwira.rogorc romaelTa, ise germanel tomis xalxebs didi daTavgamodebiT brZola dasWirdaT, vidre am sarwmunoebas nacionalurdarjakSi gaatarebdnen da Tavisebur saxes miscemdnen.Cvens erovnul sxeulSi ki sakmaod Zlieri aRmoCndaellinuri kavSiri. CvenSi dionise dionises sikvdilis Semdegaccocxlobda.Cveni erovneba swored dionisesa, qriste-nazarevelsa dazaratuStras Soris dgomam ixsna. eg gasaocari dualizmi Cvenisulisa da Cveni bunebisa, uebro malamod ewamla Cvensaverovnul arsebobas~ (k. gamsaxurdia, t. VII, gv. 295).Cveni qveynis istoriaSi qristianuli religiis pozitiurierovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi rolis gansazRvra-Sefasebis dros k.gamsaxurdia xazgasmiT aRniSnavs im faqts, rom saukuneTamanZilze pirvel yovlisa swored es sarwmunoeba iqca calkeulsamefoebad da samTavroebad daSlil-daqucmacebuli Cveniqveynis erovnulad da saxelmwifoebrivad gamaerTianebelmZlavr Zalad.k. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT, qarTuli eklesia, romelic`jer kidev V-VI saukuneebSi daadga nacionalizaciis gzas~, iyois umTavresi Zala, romelic aqtiurad ibrZoda qveynis erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivimTlianobis dasamkvidreblad da gansamtkiceblad.ase rom, qristianuli sarwmunoeba qarTveli xalxi-70

saTvis faqtobrivad iyo `fari erovnuli saxis SesanarCunebladda am mxriv arc politikur wyobilebas, arc geografiul, bunebrivzRudeebs imdeni mfarveloba ar gauwevia CvenTvis, mcireaziidan transkavkasiaSi Semofarebul qarTul rasisaTvis, rogorcsjuls~ (gaz. `saxalxo furceli~, 1917 w. 7 Teb. #789).saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianuli religiis erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivirolis ufro meti simkveTriT warmoCenas k.gamsaxurdia sxva qveynebSi analogiuri TvalsazrisiT arsebulmdgomareobasTan Sedareba-Sepirispirebis gziTac cdilobs. misiazriT, bevri qristianuli qveynisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac am`kosmopoliturma da antinacionalurma sarwmunoebam ara erTsada or ers gauTxara saflavi~, qarTvel xalxs qristianuli religia`uebar malamod moevlina~ da kidev ufro mZlavradwarmoaCina `Cveni erovnuli sulis mZliTi Zala~.ase rom, `saSualo saukuneebis internacionaluri cxovrebismeqanizmis uZlieres berketad~ qceuli es sarwmunoeba, romelic`kosmopolitur fuZeze aRmocenebuli anti-nacionalurimovlena iyo~, k. gamsaxurdias azriT, qarTveli xalxisaTviserovnuli TviTmyofadobis ganmtkicebis umTavres Zalad iqca(gaz. `saxalxo furceli~, 1917 w. 22 marti, #825).magram, rogorc k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis Seswavlaadasturebs, qristianuli religiis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivirolis Sefasebis dros igi yovelTvis erT poziciaze ar dgasda am religiisa da misi msaxurebisadmi mwerlis damokidebulebazogjer sakmaod kritikulicaa da negatiuric. es tendenciagansakuTrebuli ZaliT pirvel yovlisa mis romanebSi poulobsgamoxatulebas.xsenebuli tendenciis ganmapirobebeli umTavresi faqtoriqristianuli sarwmunoebis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi rolisradikalurad gansxvavebuli poziciebidan gaazreba da Sefasebaa.mwerlis amgvari TvalTaxedvis Camoyalibebas sxva mniSvnelovangaremoebebTan erTad im mzakvrulma koloniurma politikamacarsebiTad Seuwyo xeli, romelsac bizantia da ruseTiatarebdnen saqarTvelos mimarT.pirvel yovlisa swored am tragikuli movlenis siRrmiseulmagacnobierebam miiyvana k. gamsaxurdia im daskvnis gamotanamde,riTac qristianuli religiis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivrols zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuliSefaseba eZleva: `savalalod, qristianuli sarwmunoebaCvenTvis is foni gaxda, romelic TavSi kargia da boloSiaxrCobs...Tu igi 17 saukunis ganmavlobaSi ifaravda Cvens xalxsucxo TeslSi arevisagan, 1801 wlidan piriqiT xels uwyobs kidecmas. es weli, rogorc mraval gziT, ise am mxriTac bediTi71

iyo Cveni eris arsebobisaTvis~ (gaz. `saxalxo furceli~, 1917 w.7 Teb. #789).qristianuli religiisadmi k. gamsaxurdias amgvar damokidebulebasupirveles yovlisa is tragikuli Sedegebi ganapirobebdnen,romlebic am sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebulma `yalbmailluziebma~ moutanes Cvens qveyanas. mwerali udidesi sinanuliTada gulistkiviliT saubrobs im qarTveli mefeebisa dapolitikosebis ugunur politikaze, romelTa brmad mindobam`yalb qristianobaze~ damyarebuli iluziuri imedebisadmi Cveniqveyana daRupvis piramde miiyvanes (k. gamsaxurdia, t. VII, gv. 194).`am yalb illuziebSi~ mwerali pirvel yovlisa im imedebsgulisxmobs, riTac Cveni qveynis mfarvel-WirisufalTaerTi didi nawili ruseTTan iyo dakavSirebuli da masze mindobiTeswrafoda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisgadarCenas. samwuxarod, rogorc drom da istoriam daadastura,erTmorwmuneobaze damyarebuli es didi imedimarTlac `yalbi illuzia~ gamodga da sarwmunoebrivi erTobismiuxedavad, ruseTma Cvens qveyanas mahmadianur agresor saxelmwifoebzearanaklebi vneba da ubedureba moutana. k. gamsaxurdiasantiqristianuli poziciis ganmapirobebel faqtorebzemsjelobis dros am movlenas, SeiZleba iTqvas, upirvelesi daumTavresi mniSvneloba aqvs. mwerlis SefasebiT, ruseTisqristianuli eklesia mudam iyo rusuli imperiuli politikisaqtiurad gamtarebeli Zala, romelic `ara marto ruseTissazRvrebs avrcelebda, aramed cocxal rusul enasac~ (k. gamsaxurdia,t. VII, gv. 224). amitomac uwodebs mwerali rusulqristianul eklesias `imperializmis anaforas qveS miCqmalulmaxvils~. misi Rrma rwmeniT, `am eklesiebs arsebiTad ararusulimodgmis erTa qveynebSi igive daniSnuleba hqonda, rac Tavisdroze sabaJoebs, satusaRoebs sazRvris piketebs, JandarmTasammarTveloebsa da gubernatorebis kancelariebs~ (iqve).k. gamsaxurdias, rogorc ruseTis qristianuli eklesiisamgvari imperiuli politikis msxverplad qceuli qveynis Svilis,damokidebuleba am eklesiis mimarT mwerals savsebiT logikuradda marTebulad aRuZravs Sinagani protestis mZafrgrZnobas. misi ukompromiso SefasebiT, rusulma `ortodoqsulmaqristeanobam~ `Zvel ruseTSi gacilebiT meti sibnele daanTxia~,vidre kaTolikurma eklesiam mTels evropaSi. ase rom, `iseTididi imperialisturi perspeqtivebi, rogoric ortodoqsulqristeanobas hqonda~, evropul kaTolicizmsac ki ar hqonia, miuxedavadimisa, rom `igi rkinis lagami iyo adamianis Tavisufaliazrovnebisa~ .aseTia qristianuli religiisadmi k. gamsaxurdias damokidebulebiszogierTi arsebiTi aspeqti. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebarenaSroms mwerlis sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsis srulyofi-72

lad da yovlismomcvelad gaanalizebis pretenzia ara aqvs,vfiqrob, igi mainc Segviqmnis garkveul warmodgenas xsenebuliproblemis avtoriseuli gansja-gaazrebis arsze.damowmebuli literaturak. gamsaxurdia, Txz. aT tomad, t. VII, 1983 w.z. gamsaxurdia, werilebi, esseebi, 1991 w.s. sigua, martvili da alamdari, t. I, 2003 w. t. II, 2001 w.gaz. `saxalxo furceli~, 1917 w. 7 Tebervali, #789. 22marti, #825.gaz. `socialist-federalisti~, 1921 w.25 maisi, #70.Автандил НиколейшвилиКонстантин Гамсахурдия о национально-государственной ролихристианской религии в истории ГрузииВ работе объективно, безо всяких прикрас представлена оценкаКонстанином Гамсахурдия национально-государственной роли христианскойрелигии в истории Грузии.Всестороннее изучение творческого наследия писателя показывает, чтооценка им упомянутого явления не всегда однозначна, равно как иосмысление данной проблемы иногда даже противоречиво.Несмотря на то что К.Гамсахурдия прекрасно осознавал важнейшуюроль христианской религии в истории нашего Отечества, что соответственнои отразилось в его творчестве, он явно и неприкрыто проявляет довольнокритическое отношение при оценке национально-государственной роли имиссии служителей этого вероисповедания.73

74nodar kaxiZeaWaris qristiani mosaxleobis migraciaosmalTa Semosevebisa da batonobis periodSipirveli cnobebi osmalTa Semosevebis periodSi aWarisqristiani mosaxleobis saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi migraciazedaculia XVI saukunis meore naxevris osmalur wyaroebSi,romlebic cnobilia zemo da qvemo aWaris davTrebis saxelwodebiT.davTrebSi aRwerilia aWaris mosaxlebis komlobrivida suladobrivi raodenoba calkeuli livebisa da soflebismixedviT, rac miznad isaxavda gadasaxadebis dadgenasada gaweras anu sagadasaxado sistemis SemoRebas. amave dros,davTrebSi miTiTebulia mosaxleobisagan mTlianad Tu nawilobrivdaclili soflebi.osmalTa Semosevebi yvela dapyrobili qveynis, maT SorissamxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, da kerZod aWaris, mosaxleobasdidi safrTxisa da alternativis winaSe ayenebda.mas an uari unda eTqva qristianobaze gamuslimebis sanacvlod,an mtkiced damdgariyo qristianobaze da mis SesanarCunebladqristianuli saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi SeefarebiaTavi. marTalia, osmalebi pirvel xanebSi adgilobriviqristiani mosaxleobisadmi erTgvar moCvenebiTSemgueblobasac ki iCendnen, magram mas muslimanebisagangansxvavebiT zogjer gazrdili gadasaxdebiT begravdnen.zemo da qvemo aWaris davTrebis mixedviT, romlebic mo-Ziebulia TurqeTis ministrTa sabWos stambulis arqivebSi,osmalebma aWaris dapyroba XVI saukunis 60-ian wlebSi daiwyes.isini dapyrobisTanave amyarebdnen mmarTvelobis TavianTformebsa da adaT-wesebs. miuxedavad amisa, aWaris mosaxleoba,misi mmarTvelebi XIX s. Suaxanebamde vasalur damokidebulebasdidxans inarCunebdnen. g.yazbegis cnobiTmahmadianoba aWaraSi XVII saukunis miwurulidan vrceldeba.xolo TurqeTis faqtiuri gavlena ki mxolod XIX saukunisdamdegidan iwyeba (yazbegi, 1960, 115). aWaris sruli inkorporaciaferxdeboda mosaxleobis Seurigebeli winaaRmdegobisgamo.

zemo aWaris livis vrceli davTridan, romelic savaraudod1566-1574 wlebSi unda iyos Sedgenili sulTan selimmeoris dros, Cans, rom zemo da qvemo aWaris nahiebis SemadgenlobaSiam periodSi Sedioda 94 sofeli (zemo aWarisnahieSi 59, qvemo aWaris nahieSi _ 35). mosaxleobis ricxvi ki,komlSi 5 sulis angariSiT, 2700 kacs aRwevda (zemo aWarisnahieSi - 1600, qvemo aWaris nahieSi _ 1100). am ricxvSi Sediodamxolod gadasaxadebiT dabegrili mosaxleoba, ZiriTadadglexoba feodalTa ojaxebisa da saxelmwifo moxeleebisgamoklebiT, romlebic davTrebSi ar aRiricxebodnen (SaSikaZe,2002, 3-4).davTrebis Sedgenis periodSi ukve saxeze gvaqvs zemoda qvemo aWaris soflebis dacarielebisa da misi mosaxleobissxvagan migraciis faqtebi. mTlianad dacarielebuliCans 35 sofeli (zemo aWaris livaSi _ 24, qvemo aWaris livaSi_ 11). zog sofelSi ki or-ori komli yofila SemorCenili(iqve). mTlianad daclili soflebidan zogis saxelwodebagaurkvevelia, zogic dResac ise iwodeba, rogorc davTarSiamoxseniebuli. magaliTad, mosaxleobisagan mTlianaddaclili yofila kaloTa, kavianisa da oTolTas cixis rabaTebi,qoCaki (qoCaxi), tabaxmela, qudgauri (albaT, dRevandeliquTauri), samxlisi (cxemlisi?), cxemvana (cxemla?),kibe, xerTvisi (dRevandeli xerTvisi sofel aWariswyalTanaxlos) da sxva soflebi (SaSikaZe, 2004, 17. I). samwuxarod, gaurkvevevliaTu sad, saqarTvelos romel kuTxeSi gaixiznaCamoTvlili soflebis qristiani mosaxleoba. jerjerobiTmxolod is viciT, rom Wvanis xeobis sofel inwkirveTidanmTeli Tu ara inwkirvelebis sagvareulos didi nawili guriissofel vakijvarSi gadasaxlebula. inwkirveTSi dRes amgvaris arcerTi warmomadgeneli ar cxovrobs, xolo vakijvarSigadasulma inwkirvelebma dResac ician, rom maTigvari aWaris sofel inwkirveTidanaa mosuli. amis Sesaxebpirveli cnoba 1933 wels aWaris pirveli eqspediciis drosistorikos vukol iaSvils Cauweria (iaSvili, 1948, 103-104).baTumis niko berZeniSvilis samecniero-kvleviTi institutiseTnografiuli eqspediciebis dros inwkirveTsa (1972 we-75

li) da vakijvarSi (1989 weli) es faqti kidev erTxel dagvidastures.SesaZlebelia am periods ukavSirdebodes futkaraZeTanawilis wasvla maWaxlis xeobis sofel safutkreTidan imereTSi,rasac imereTSi mcxovrebi futkaraZeebic adastureben.z.WiWinaZis cnobebiT, romlebic mas maWaxlis xeobaSimogzaurobis dros Cauweria XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis damdegsxeobis sofel zeda CxutuneTidan gadasaxlebulan kaxiZeebida ZnelaZeebi imereTSi, keJeraSvilebi garekaxeTs,zeda maWaxlis sofel mindieTidan qarTlSi (WiWinaZe, 1913,195-196). magram cnobili ar aris romel saukuneSi moxda dasaxelebulisoflebis mosaxleobis gaxizvna saqarTvelossxvadasxva kuTxeSi. Cveni azriT, esec osmalTa moZalebis periodSianu XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi Tu XVIII saukunisdamdegamde unda momxdariyo, rodesac g.yazbegis cnobiTacgamuslimanebis procesi ukve damTavrebuli iyo (yazbegi,1960, 115).migraciuli procesebi ara marto XVI saukuneSi, aramedmomdevno saukuneebSic grZeldeboda, sxvadasxva mizeziTaWaridan mosaxleobis mcire Tu didi jgufebis guriasa dasxva kuTxeebSi gadasvla gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi gaxda XIXs. pirvel naxevarSi (megreliZe, 1963, 87-88, 90, 118). magram mosaxleobisgadaadgilebas am SemTxvevaSi ganapirobebda arareligiuri, aramed socialur-ekonomikuri mizezebi.istoriam Semogvinaxa agreTve cnobebi osmalTa moZalebisperiodSi aWaridan saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSimigrirebul qristian sasuliero pirTa Sesaxeb. amaTgan sampirovnebaze SevCerdebiT. eseni arian: svimon efrateli,markoz aWareli da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetispirveli reqtoris _ petre meliqiSvilis winaprebi.svimon efrateli warmoSobiT maWaxlis, anu Zveli miWixianisxevis, mezobeli imerxevis sofel diobanidan iyo,magram moRvaweobda miWixianis xevis sofel efratis eklesiaSi,romelic maWaxlis dedaeklesiad iwodeboda (WiWinaZe,1895, #147). amdenad, gasakviri ar unda iyos Tu ratom airCiaefratis eklesia samoRvaweod svimon efratelma. Tumca masaq didxans ar umoRvawia. osmalTa moZalebis periodSi igi76

aqaurobas ganridebia da mas saeklesio moRvaweoba bediistaZarSi (oCamCiris raioni) gaugrZelebia. savaraudod, aqveaRasrula man Tavisi moRvaweoba (sixaruliZe, 1995, 16. VIII).bediis taZari, romelic gaerTianebuli feodaluri saqarTvelospirvelma mefem bagrat mesamem (978-1014) aaSena,mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda dasavleT saqarTveloskulturul cxovrebaSi. svimon efrateli gavleniani saeklesiomoRvawe rom ar yofiliyo, bediis taZarSi samoRvaweodar wavidoda. sxvaTaSoris, svimons miewereba Sua saukuneebiserovnuli kulturis iseTi Zeglis gadawera, rogoricaris gulani (sixaruliZe, 1995, 16.VIII). gulanis Semdgeneliki kargad ganswavluli sasuliero piri SeiZleba yofiliyo.petre meliqiSvilis winaprebi erTi gadmocemiT cxovrobdnenSuaxevis raionis dRevandel sofel mWedlurSi,romelic zemo aWaris miTiTebul davTarSi moxseniebul meliqwmindadmoiazreba (SaSikaZe, 2004, 17. II). meore gadmocemismixedviT p.meliqiSvilis winaprebi cxovrobdnen aramWedlurSi, aramed sofel JanivrSi (Wvanis xeoba) (surmaniZe,2003, 12-17).am SemTxvevaSi petre meliqiSvilis winaprebis Tavdapirvelisacxovrisis dadgena imdenad mniSvnelovani araris, ramdenadac im faqtis dafiqsireba, rom isini zemo aWaridanarian gaxiznuli osmalTa moZalebis dros. meliqiSvilebiXVII saukuneSi ganridebian gamuslimanebis process dapirvelad axalcixeSi dasaxlebulan. XIX saukunis 40-ianwlebSi ki TbilisSi gadmosaxlebulan (qamadaZe, 2009, 592).araa gamoricxuli, rom meliqiSvilebTan erTad zemo Tu qvemoaWaridan sxva qristian sagvareuloTa warmomadgenlebic,maT Soris sasuliero pirebic gaxiznuliyvnen sxvagan,magram maT Sesaxeb raime cnoba amjerad ar mogvepoveba,garda mRvdelmonazon markoz aWarelisa.markoz aWarelis gvari da konkretuli sadaurobaucnobia. r.surmaniZis azriT, igi warmoSobiT didaWaridanunda yofiliyo (surmaniZe, 1991, 6. II), sadac maSinmZlavrobda qristianuli tradiciebi. Tumca ar gamovricxavT,rom markozi SesaZloa aWaris sxva qristianulicentridan yofiliyo.77

aWaridan wasvlis Semdeg markoz aWareli Tavis saqmianobasagrZelebda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva saeklesiocentrebSi, maT Soris TbilisSi, garejSi. am drosqarTlis samefo taxts ganagebda rostom xani (1632-1658), romelicdaviT IX-is, igive daudxanis Ze iyo. marTalia,rostomxani sparseTSi daibada da aq mahmadianad gaizarda,magram icoda qarTuli ena. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi iranisorientaciaze idga da iranic mas Tavis kacad Tvlida,qarTlSi qristianoba aSkarad ar idevneboda. rostomxanizrunavda dacarielebuli soflebis aRdgenaze, vaWroba-xelosnobisganviTarebaze. Tavis cols _ mariam dedofals(igi levan II dadianis da iyo) ki dangreuli eklesiebisaRdgenaSi exmareboda (qarTveli mefeebi, 2000, 192).piradad mariamic didad zrunavda saeklesio mwignobriobisganviTarebze, qarTuli eklesiebis moxatvaze, maTiwarwerebiT Semkobaze, saeklesio mwerlobis ganviTarebaze.markoz aWareli am saqmeSi dedoflis marjvena xeli Cans.masve gadauweria ramdenime agiografiuli da apokrifuliTxzuleba (surmaniZe, 1991, 6. II). markoz aWarelis aseTisaqmiani da axlo urTierToba qarTuli kulturis mecenatmariam dedofalTan mravlismetyvelia, iseve rogorc mTlianadmisi moRvaweoba XVII saukunis pirveli naxevrisqarTlsa da kaxeTSi.gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia markoz aWarelis moRvaweobaTbilisis eparqiaSi, sadac igi mTavarepiskopos elisetfilelis davalebebsac asrulebda. elise tfileli mariamdedoflis sulier moZRvradaa miCneuli da did rols asrulebdasaqarTvelos politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSirostomxanis dros. markozma elises miTiTebiT gadaweraerTi apokrifuli krebuli. igi elise tfilels TanaSemwedacedga. ufro metic, markozi XVII saukunis 20-ian wlebSiaoxrebuli da aRdgenili garejis monastris winamZRoladacmoixsenieba (surmaniZe, 1991, 16. II).svimon efratelisa da markoz aWarelis cxovrebisa dasasuliero moRvaweobis istoria dasavleT saqarTvelosada qarTl-kaxeTis saeklesio centrebSi naTeli magaliTiamarTlmamdidebluri qristianuli sarwmunoebis dacva-Se-78

narCunebisTvis brZolisa osmalTa moZalebisa da batonobisperiodSi.Nodar KakhidzeThe Migration of Adjarian Christian Population in the Period ofOsman Invasion and DominationSummaryBased on the Osman materials of the XVI century and writtensources of the XVII-XVIII centuries, as well as the historical-ethnographicdata, the work studies the questions of Adjarian population migration in theperiods of Osman invasion and domination.According to the Osman written sources the invasion of Adjara byOsmans started from the 60s of the XVI century. In order to keep onChristianity and avoid the Muslim religion the part of the Christianpopulation of Adjara took shelter into the different parts of Georgia(Imereti, Kartli, Kakheti). In the 70s of the XVI century from the 94imposed by the Osman taxes villages of Adjara 34 ones in full or in partwere emptied.The migration of Christian and Muslim population of Adjara and theseparate Christian clerics to the different parts of Georgia lasted in thecourse of the three-century Osman domination until Adjara was returned toits motherland – Georgia (1978).gamoyenebuli literaturaiaSvili v. aWara osmalTa batonobis periodSi. baTumi,1948.megreliZe S. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan.baTumi, 1963.sixaruliZe i. svimon evfrateli. - gaz. `aWara~, 1995,16 agvisto.surmaniZe r. vin iyo markoz aWareli? - gaz. `sabWoTaaWara~, 1991, 6 Tebervali (statia pirvelad daibeWda krebulSi`samxreT saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiissakiTxebi~, baTumi, 1978).surmaniZe r. meliqiSvilebi. Tbilisi, 2003.79

qamadaZe m. gvarsaxelebi. - samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosistoriis narkvevebi. aWara. III, baTumi, 2009.qarTveli mefeebi (redaqtorebi: mariam lorTqifani-Ze, roin metreveli). Tbilisi, 2000.yazbegi giorgi. sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. -giorgi yazbegi aWaris Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 1960.SaSikaZe z. zemo aWaris vrceli davTari, rogorcaWaris istoriis wyaro. - iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi. t. 341. Tbilisi,2002, #3-4.SaSikaZe z. aWariswylis xeobis soflebi da mosaxleobaXVI saukunis meore naxevarSi. - gaz. `aWara~,2004, 17 ianvari.WiWinaZe z. evfratisa da imerxevis gaTaTreba, Tamarmefe da evfratis taZari (naambobi evfrateli cecxlaZisagan).- gaz. `iveria~, 1895, #147, 13 ivlisi.80

jemal varSalomiZeqristianuli motivebi aWaris xalxurdekoratiulxelovnebaSi. jvariaWaris tradiciuli dekoratiuli xelovneba qarTulixalxuri mxatvruli Semoqmedebis erT–erTi mniSvnelovaniSemadgeneli nakadia, romelSic aisaxa eris eTnikuriTviTmyofadi kulturis calkeuli elementebi,gansakuTrebiT ki–mosaxleobis materialuri da sulierifaseulebebis iseTi niSandoblivi mxareebi rogoricaa:mravaldargobrivi mxatvruli xelosnobis ganviTarebismaRali done, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis siZliere da religiur–msoflmxedvelobiTiTaviseburebebi. amTvalsazrisiT metad sayuradReboa kacobriobis civilizaciiserT–erTi uZvelesi saxviTi fenomeni – jvari. cnobilia,rom jvris Tavdapirveli magiur–semantikurifunqcia garkveulad Seicvala da qristianuli religiissimbolo gaxda; amasTan erTad ar gamqrala jvris winaqristianuliSinaarsobrivi gaazreba. jvarSi rogorcwarmarTi, aseve qristiani RvTaebriv mfarvel Zalas xedavda.es faqtori imdenad gajerebuli iyo morwmuneTamsoflmxedvelobaSi, rom Tavisi siZliere da sicocxlisunarianoba daamtkica istoriuli avbediTobis xangrZlivperiodSic. saxeldobr, maSin roca erTiani feodalurisaqarTvelos saxelmwifo daiSala samefoebad dasamTavroebad, qveynis zogierT sxva provinciebismsgavsad, aWaraSi imZlavres Turqma dampyroblebma daTavdacviTi nagebobebis, eklesia–monastrebis dangrevisSemdeg daundobeli ZaladobiT daiwyes islamis gavrceleba.mterma warmateba moipova socialurad maRali wriswarmomadgenlebze zemoqmedebiT, riTac SeinarCunes maTprivilegiebi. am mxriv mosaxleobis simtkices masobriviterori mohyva. mosaxleobas swamda, rom qristianobisdaTmobiT asparezi eZleoda mahmadianobas, Sesabamisad,qarTvelobas–erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxe. amitomaciyo, rom Tavdapirvelad islamis iZulebiT aRiarebas nawilobrivgaregnuli, moCvenebiTi xasiaTi hqonda. mosaxleobacdilobda faruli gziT SeenarCunebina qristi-81

anoba, rac minimum jvrisadmi mokrZalebuli damokidebulebiT,misi SenaxviT gamoixateboda.aRsaniSnavia, rom aWaraSi qviT naSenebi qristianuliZeglebidan mxolod sxalTis eklesia saswaulebriv gadaurCadangrevas, 4 Selaxuli iqna interieris moxatuloba,kvamliTa da WvartliT daifara freskebi. aWaris ramdenimeeklesiis nangrevebSi gamovlenilia qvisa da liTonisjvrebi (mamulaZe, 1993, 13-140). samagaliTod aviRoT xulosraionis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, romlebicukeT aris arqeologiurad Seswavlili (mamulaZe, 1993; mamulaZe,2000, 60–98). sof. didaWaris, bakos, xixaZiris,vernebi, agaris, xixanis cixisa da sxva eklesiebis qvisnangrevebSi gamovlenili jvrebis simravle cxadyofs Turaoden didad mniSvnelovani funqcia hqonda mas mosaxleobisreligiur yofierebasa da cnobierebaSi.islamis moZalebisa da qristianuli rwmenis simtkicezemigvaniSnebs sofel dRvanis (Suaxevis r–ni) qedismovakebul teritoriaze, naZvnariT Semofarglulmindorze, romelic daaxloebiT 3 km-iT daSorebulia dasaxlebulipunqtidan, dgas gauTleli qvis lodi (simaRle106 sm, sigane fuZis areSi 105 sm, fuZis sisqe 70sm), romlis forma trapecias mogvagonebs. am qvazeamokveTilia jvari, xolo mis zeda nawilze sanTlis Casadgmeladori budea amoWrili. qvis simaRles Tu gaviTvaliswinebTmuxlmoxrils SeeZlo malulad locva,razedac arsebobs xandazmulTa gadmocemac.cnobilia, rom qristianuli eklesiebi farTod gamoiyenebodamuslimanuri locvis Sesasruleblad. kargadaxsovT sofel axoel (qedis raioni) xandazmul mamakacebswinaprebis gadmocema, rom axoelebi muslimanobismiRebis Semdegac didxans loculobdnen jvar–xatebisaganganZarcvul eklesiaSi. eklesiebSi xdeboda jvrebisSeniRbva, rig SemTxvaSi ki maTi gamrudeba (perpendikularuligadakveTis nacvlad, jvris mklavebi diagonaluradiyo gadajvaredinebuli). am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa,orcveli (qedis raioni). 80 wlis q.abulaZis naambobi: „am4qristianuli sakulto Senobebis nangrevebis aRsaniSnavaddamkvidrebulia toponimebi: naeklesiari, nasaydrali,naqilisevi, namonastrevi, naqarTli (sixaruliZe, 1959, 45,47,50,52,53,56,58,64,72,145,153).82

midamoebSi qilise (eklesia) idga. aqauri mRvdeli ba-TumSi iyo wasuli, roca brundeboda, sofel Zenwmanisxidze misulma gamoixeda soflisaken da dainaxa, rom qilisedangreuliyo. maSin man erTi magrad Camoitira daukan mibrunda. dangreuli qilise Camoitanes da jamed aagesiq, sadac axla kakabaZeebis ubania. aSenebisas ZvelixaCebi (jvrebi) Seabrun–Semoabrunes, gaamrudes. danarCenimTeli masala, namWrelebic (CuqurTmiani), james aSenebazemouxmariaT“ (varSalomiZe, 1998, 118, 119).xeze amokveTil ornamentSi jvris gamosaxulebebigamovlenilia: xulos raionSi, sofel didaWaraSi a.demetraZissaxlis Werze (adamia, 1956, tab. 17), sofel stefanaSvilebSiS. arTmelaZis saxlis karze, Rorjomis jameskarze, vernebSi james mcire kaTedraze, fuSrukaulSijames moajirze, Suaxevis raionSi:– axaldabaSi james qiriSze,WvanaSi james mcire kaTedraze, qedis raionSi: qosofelSia.cincaZis saxlis svetze; axos james moajirze,meZibnaSi james svetze, qobuleTis raionSi WaxaTis jamesWerze; xinos james svetze da minbaris kedelze. maT Soris,zogierTi jvari, cnobili mizezis gamo, iribmklaviania,an calkeul SemTxvevaSi, stilizebuli, SeniRbulisaxiTaa gamoxatuli.jvris gamosaxulebebi, boroti Zalebisagan mfarvelisfunqciiT, amoqargulia qalis tansacmelze (zemoaWara), samajurebisa da mkerdis areSi (samsonia, 2005, 67),Salis ZafiT naqsov windebsa da xelTaTmanebze, mandilosaniTawelze Semosartymel Tor–qamrebze da sxva.aWaris sxvadasxva xeobebSi kargadaa cnobili keczegamosacxobad dakrul Wadze xeliT jvris gamosaxvis Cveuleba.amave xasiaTisaa xulos raionis sofel skvanaSi1970 wels gamovlenili Tixis keci, romelsac amoRarulijvari hqonda. am kecze gamomcxvar mWadze an purze,reliefurad jvari aRibeWdeboda. amave raionis sofelagaraSi kerasTan Camokidebul jaWvze jvris konfiguraciaagamosaxuli.sainteresoa isic, rom meCuqurTme ostatebs xeze gamosaxulebisamokveTamde unda SemoexazaT mosaCuqurTmebelifiguris konturebi, risTvisac Targebs (Sablonebs)iyenebdnen. aseT Targebad jvris saxeebi gxvdeba. jvariigive–„xaCi“ gamoiyeneboda sagvareulo sakuTrebis83

niSnad, saTemo tyeSi samSeneblo masalad SerCeuli xisdapatronebis mizniT.qobuleTis raionis soflebSi moxuci qalebi, axladgamoCekili wiwilebis, abreSumis Wiis Tu Cvili bavSvisnaxvisas, ambobdnen: „jvari weria Cemi Tvalidan“, Tu vinmeTvalmacemars SeamCnevdnen, Cumad Cailaparakebdnen: „Tfui,Tfui, jvari gveweros Seni Tvalidan“.aRsaniSnavia, rom aWaris mosaxleobis yofaSi sxvadasxvasagnebze damowmebuli aSkarad gamosaxuli jvrebi,mzis simboloebTan mtkice kavSirs avlenen. xolo sof.civaZeebSi (Suaxevis raioni) sacxovrebeli saxlis karisTavze mimagrebuli panta blis ori joxiagan damzadebulijvari, an mewveli pirutyvis rqebze Sebmuli pantavaSlis, askilisa Tu panta blis totisagan aRebuli origadajvaredinebuli joxis jvrebi–„saTvaleebi“, mosaxleobisrwmeniT, avi Tvalisa da boroti Zalebisagan ifaravdasagnebs (varSalomiZe, 1998, 119).jvars sapatio adgili uWiravs aWaris toponimikaSi.igi saZovris, saTesis, Cais plantaciis, naeklesiaris,tyis, sasaflaos, buCqnarisa da sxva adgilTa saxelisaRmniSvnelia xulos, Suaxevis, qedis, xelvaCaurisa da qobuleTisraionebSi. amave raionebSi vxvdebiT toponimebs:jvari mindori, sajvare, jvarnaTi, jvari yana, jvarqedi,qvabijvari, faCxijvari, jvarvake, najvarevi, kotajvari,jvarTa, jvariRele, jvari–uRvTo da sxva.warmodgenili eTnografiuli masala saSualebasgvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT aWaraSi jvris simbolosfunqciis mravalferovnebas. xeze kveTilobaSi gamosaxulebaTastilizacia da SeniRbva ganicada im jvrebma,romlebic qristianuli religiis simboloa iyo, aseTjvrebs erTvis mcenareTa gamosaxulebebi. maT xSiradramdenime nawilad aqvT dayofili mkvlavTa boloebi. amrigis stilizebuli jvrebisadmi islamis religiaSemwynareblobas iCenda.yovelive es ganpirobebulia am kuTxis istoriuliwarsuliT. jvris magaliTzec Cans tradiciuli simbolikisrwemna–warmodgenebisa da wes–Cveulebebis gamZleobaZalad Tavsmoxveuli, ucxo religiuri msoflmxedvelobisdamkvidrebisa da batonobis procesSi.84

jvris gamosaxulebebi1. james svetze. xino.1970; 2. james svetze. meZibna.1976;3. karadaze. xiWauri. 1972; 4. james karze. CaqvisTavi 1971; 5.saxlis svetze. qosofeli. 1976; 6. saxlis karze. stefanaSvilebi.1970; 7. james qursze. Wvana. 1972; 8. saxlisWerze. didaWara (i.adamias wignidan); 9. james interieridan.fuSrukauli, 1971; 10.11. james interieridan. axo, 1976;12.13. james karze. Rorjomi. 1970; 14. Tixis keci. yinCauri.1970; 15,16. CuqurTmis Sablonebi. boRauri. 1970; 17.18. qvislodi. dRvani. 19... xelTaTmani. Rorjomi. 1970; 20. xezeamokveTili `xaCi~//“Taji”. riyeTi. 1980; 21. keriis rkinisjaWvi. agara. 1970.85

Дж. ВаршаломидзеХристианские мотивы в народном декоративномискусстве Аджарии. КрестВ орнаменте ряда деревянных жилых соружений, мечетей атакже некоторых предметах бытового назначений в Аджарии имелисьизображения крестов. Некоторые из них представлены встилизованном виде. Явно выраженные кресты связаны с символикойязыческих религиозных представлени, они имели апотропейнуюфункцию. В некоторых случаях кресты, как символы христианскойрелигии, изображались в завуалированном виде. С такими крестами нередко сливаются растительные компоненты декора, что придавало имтрансформированный вид и право на существование в условияхзасилья ислама.literaturai.adamia. qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvreba, aWara,Tbilisi, 1956j.varSalomiZe. jvris gamosaxuleba aWaraSi. Jurn.“jvari vazisa”, Tbilisi, 1998, #1S.mamulaZe. aWariswylis xeobis Suasaukuneebis arqeologiuriZeglebi. baTumi, 1993S.mamulaZe. aWariswylis xeobis materialuri kulturisZeglebi. Tbilisi, 2000i.samsonia. xalxuri tansacmeli aWaraSi. baTumi, 2005i.sixaruliZe. samxreT–dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika,II, baTumi, 1959.86

sergo dumbaZesofel bakos qristianuli warsulidanbako SidamTiani aWaris erT-erTi uZvelesi sofelia(dumbaZe, 2010:231). igi gaSeneblia arsianis qedis ganStoebazemdebare xirxaTis qedis kalTebze, xixanis cixissamxreT-dasavleTis lariviT gaSlil vakeze. bako istoriuladsxalTa-xixaniswylis xeobis saTavesTan dasawyisisofelia marcxena mxares (marjvena mxares gaSenebuliaSuartyali-Txilvana). Sua saukuneebSi es sofeli abuserisZeTasamkvidros erT-erTi nawili iyo. sabWoTa xelisuflebisdros xulos raionis xixaZiris sasoflosabWoSi Sedioda, amJamad calke Seqmnil Txilvanis MTemissakrebuloSia. baTumidan bakomde 110 da xulos raionulicentridan 45 km-ia (dumbaZe, 2005:135).Cven davinteresdiT am soflis istoriiT da araerTistatia Tu werili mivuZRveniT mis Seswavlas.bako werilobiT wyaroebSi pirvelad moxsenebuliaX saukunis ZeglSi – basili zarzmelis `serapionzarzmelis cxovrebaSi~ (zarzmeli, 1981:327-370), xolo XIIsaukuneSi abuserisZe tbelis TxzulebaSi `axali saswaulniwmidnisa giorgisni~ _ xazgasmulia bakoelTa gansakuTrebulaqtiurobaze saeklesio-samonastro da sxvamSeneblobaSi (tbeli, 1998:68).toponim `bakos~ etimologiuri analiziT irkveva,amaSi mogzaur-mklevarTa da eTnografTa monacemebicgvexmareba, rom am sofelSi gadioda savaWro-saqaravno`abreSumis didi gzis~ qveganStoeba `xaSuri-borjomiaxalcixe-bako-SavSeTi-sparseTisyure-xmelTaSua zRva“.bako arsianis qedis gadasasvleli mTis ZirSi mdebareobs.amitom moqaravneebi Cerdebodnen aq, asvenebdnen pirutyvs(cudi amindis SemTxvevaSi kviraobiT, TveobiT da zogjerzamTrobiTac dgebodnen). sofeli maspinZlobda maT, anuasrulebda qaravansarais funqcias da ewodeboda `baki~pirutyvsadgomi,sacavi (zarzmeli 1981:327.370). roca amgzaze moZraoba intersiuri gaxda, `baks~ daemata `bako~ _mogzaurTa vaWar-moqaravneTa sadgomi, stumarTmisaRebi.mis Semdeg toponimi rTul kompozitad iqca `baki-bako~.droTa ganmavlobaSi, roca `abreSumis didi gzis~ baki-bakozegamavalma ganStoebam dakarga aqtualoba, Semcirda87

moZraoba am gzaze, maSin sofels moexsna `bakis~ funqciada darCa `bako~. Cveni varaudiT, es unda momxdariyo arauadresXIII saukunis 30-ini wlebisa, vinaidan abuserisZetbelis TxzulebaSi sofeli moxsenebulia ara `baki~-daramed `bako~-d.bako sayuradReboa sxva mxrivaac. is momswre da monawileaucxo moTareSeTa winaaRmdeg warmoebuli brZolebisa,romelic ki momxdara sxalTis xeobaSi. ximSiaSvilebissazafxulo rezidenciac iyo aq, qoCaxSi. selimximSiaSvilma samSoblosaTvis Tavi gaswira am xeobaSi.sofel bakoSi (seriyanaSi) 1815 wlis 3 ivniss mas osmalosjalaTma Tavi mohkveTa. am tragediidan 190 da dabadebidan250 wlis Semdeg, 2005 wels bakoelebma daawesessaxalxo dResaswauli `selimoba~, romelic aRiniSnebayoveli wlis 3 ivniss. aqve, qoCaxSia dasaflavebuli dudi-xanumbeJaniZe-ximSiaSvili da misi Ze Serif,aleqsandre ximSiaSvili (dumbaZe, 2001:285,24.10).bakos saero istoriuli warsulis paralelurad,dRes, roca qveyana viTardeba religiur-marTlmadideblurisulierebis aRorZinebis gziT, saintereso xdebasofel bakos qrintianuli warsulic. winamdebare statia-Si miznad davisaxeT soflis istorias SevxedoT am rakusiT.Cveni azriT, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes is garemoebac,rom didaWaraSi pirvel saukuneSi qristianuli sarwmunoebisqadagebas bakoelebic SeuerTdnen. es procesi ufrointensiuri gaxda SidamTiani aWaris administraciulicentris didaWaridan sxalTaSi gadanacvlebis Semdeg, kidevufro metad abuserisZeTa moRvaweobis droidan. isiniaSenebdnen, qmnidnen eklesia-monastrebs, saforTifikacionagebobes, anviTarebdnen qveynis ekonomikur da sulierkulturas, werdnen maTSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, maTSoris bakoelTa gansakuTrebuli aqtiuri monawileobisSesaxeb. didi mwerali tbeli wers: `mamulisa CvenisakacTa, wesisaebr, didi Wiri naxes, garna bakoelTa metismetaddidi moiWirves, romelTa vazirobiTa da Semoxuewi-Ta xel-vyav eklesiisa mravliTa saxlovnebiTa aRSeneba¡mun Sina misrulTa salocavad Widroebisa maTisa nugeSissacemlad~ (tbeli, 1998:68).88

motanili amonarididan Cans, rom bakoelebi gansakuTrebulyuradrebas iCendnen saeklesio-samonastro mSeneblobisadmida aqtiurad monawileobdnen masSi. maTi vazirobiT,TxovniT da aqtiuri monawileobiT xixanis cixisteritoriaze arsebuli xis patara eklesia dauSliaT,gaufarToebiaT da qviT auSenebiaT `mravliTa saxlovnebiTa~.amonaridis Sinaarsi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bakoelebiRrmad morwmune marTlmadidebeli qristianebi yofilan,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ase ar iaqtiurebdnen, iniciativasada xelmZRvanelobas ar gaswevdnen. aqve Cndeba azri, Tumosaxleoba ase Rrmadmorwmune iyo da sxvagan eklesiebisSeneblobaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen, rogor, maT sofelSiar eqnebodaT eklesia?aqedan gamomdinare savaraudod vsvamT sakiTxs, rombakoelebs hqondaTa sakuTari eklesia. SesaZloa ufroadre aSenebuli da amitom tbeli mas ar axsenebs TavisTxzulebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi is laparakobs ara aSenebulebze,aramed mSenebare procesebze.bakoSi eklesiis arsebobaze metyvelebs qvemod CamoTvlilinivTieri, toponimikuri, eTnografiuli da sxvamasalebi:1. bakos jvari. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisada aWaris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis erToblivma eqpediciamxulos raionSi mivlinebis dros, 1946 wels aRmoaCinaqvis filaze gamokveTili sami jvari, romelTa zomebia:95X60X28 sm; 85X60X15sm; 38X20X12sm. isini `bakosjvris~ saxelwodebiT 1949 wlidan eqponirebulia aWarissaxelmwifo muzeumis sagamofeno darbazSi. ismis kiTxva:saidan gaCnda es jvrebi, Tu iq eklesia ar iyo?2. bakoSi e.w. `Suaxevis~ (bakosa da mTisubans Sorismdinare qoCaxiswylis marjvena napirze) did lodzeamokveTili jvari warweriT (komaxiZe, 2004:254-259; diasami-Ze, 2009:378-381).3. bakos toponimi nasaydiri_nasaydari (ase hqvia erTerTmetad TvalsaCino adgils, saidanac xixanis xeobiszeda auzis soflebi xelisguliviT moCans.4. aWaraSi, maT Soris bakoSi, odiTganve ician jvrisgamosaxva mWadze an kasrSi karaqis zdapirze.5. bakoSi, aWaris sxva soflebSic, sacxovrebelisaxlebis mSenebloba jvris formiT _ oTxi oTaxi SuaSi89

derefnebiT, an naxevari jvris formiT-erTAmxares darbazi,meore mxares, darbazamde-oTaxebi SuaSi derefniT.6. bakoSi da mis mosazRvre midamoebSi toponimebadgamoyenebuli wmidanebis sakuTari saxelebi, an jvardatanebuligeografiuli saxelebi, magaliTad: `zaqarwmidasmTa~ (tbeli, 1998:61), `jvariqedi~, `qvajvari~ (zarzmeli,1981:327-328).vfiqrobT, am sofelSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi bakoSieklesiis arsebobis Sesaxeb Cvens varauds naTelsmohfens ise, rogorc 1978-1979 wlebSi TxilvanaSi CatarebulmagaTxrebma daadastura Cvens mier 1966 wels pirveladsavaraudod warmodgenili mosazreba geografiulipunqtis `Svartyalis~ (sadac bolok basilma aaSena eklesia)lokalizaciisa da abuserisZe tbelis Svartyal-Txilvanelobis Sesaxeb (mamulaZe, 1993:103105; dumbaZe,1967:1.07).literatura1. abuserisZe tbeli, axali saswaulni wmindisa giorgisni,Txzulebani, s.s. `gamomcemloba aWara~, baTumi,1998;2. basili zarzmeli, serapion zarzmelis cxovreba,qarTuli proza, wigni 1, Tb., 1981, gv. 327-370;3. diasamiZe b., istoriuli etiudebi, baTumi, 2009, gv.378-381;4. dumbaZe s., abuserisZe tbelis sadaurobis sizustisaTvis,`koleqtiuri Sroma~ (xulos raionuli gazeTi),1 agvisto, 1967;5. dumbaZe s., erTxel kidev abuserisZe tbelisa damisi Txzulebis zogierTi geografiuli saxelis Sesaxeb,Jurn. `Woroxi~, #5, 1996, gv. 103-105;6. dumbaZe s., anderZi dedisa da miwis siyvaruliT,gaz. `aWara~, #285, 24 oqtomberi, 2001;7. dumbaZe s., v. mamulaZe, xixanis saarwivodan, s.s.`gamomcemloba aWara~, baTumi, 1998, gv. 20-25;8. dumbaZe s., ras mogviTxrobs tbelis sityvebi dabakos jvari, gaz. `aRorZineba~ #34, 23 dekemberi, 2003;90

9. dumbaZe s., bako _ SidamTiani aWaris uZvelesi sofeli,bsu Sromebi, XV, gamomcemloba `SoTa rusTavelissaxelmwifo universiteti~, 2010, gv. 231;10. dumbaZe s., d. dumbaZe, sofeli bako (istoriuleTnografiulidaxasiaTeba), bsu sik `saistorio macne~,XIV, gamomcemloba `baTumis universiteti~, baTumi, 2005,gv. 194-201;11. komaxiZe T., religia da saRvTismsaxuro nagebobebiaWaraSi, s.s. `gamomcemloba aWara~, baTumi, 2001, gv. 37,265;12. mamulaZe S., aWariswylis xeobis Sua saukuneebisarqeologiuri Zeglebi, baTumi, 1993, gv. 87;13. sixaruliZe i; samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika,wigni I, II, 1958, 1959;14. futkaraZe T., i. ServaSiZe, d. trapaiZe, bakos daxasiaTebisstruqturisa da tipebis klasifikaciis sakiTxisaTvis,bsu Sromebi, 2004, gv. 254-259;15. qamadaZe m., qristianul sakulto nagebobebTan dakavSirebulitoponimebi aWaraSi, ix. didaWaroba, 2009, gv.307-308;С. ДумбадзеИЗ ХРИСТИАНСКОГО ПРОШЛОГО СЕЛА БАКОРЕЗЮМЕВ статье на основе письменного источника (произведениеАбусерисдзе Тбели «Новое чудо святого Георгия») и вещественногоматериала (Бакойский крест, найденный в том же селе научнойэкспедицией в 1946 году и с 1949 года, хранящийся в Аджарскомгосударственном музее), обосновывается точкой зрения автора осуществовании в средние века церкви в селе Бако.S.DumbadzeFROM CHRISTIAN LAST VILLAGE BAKOTHE RESUMEIn tne article the axistence of the church of Midde ages in the villageof Bako is proved. On the basis of a written Source (word of AbuseridzeTbel ‘’Soured George’s New Miracle’’) and a material, - ( the ‘’BakojsykCross’’, Sound in the same village by a sejentific expedition in 1946 andwhich has been stored in the state Muzeum of Adjara) since 1949.91

92malxaz CoxaraZetbeTis kaTedrali mecnierTa da mogzaurTaCanawerebSinaSromi Sesrulebulia qarTvelologiis,humanitaruli da socialurimecnierebis fondis – rusTavelisfondis grantis ( # A_39-09,,SavSeTi”) farglebSi.tbeTi uZvelesi saepiskoposo centria istoriulSavSeTSi. vaxuStis TqmiT, es saxelwodeba axlomaxlomdebare tbaTa gamo gaCenila. X saukunis dasawyisSierisTavT-erisTavma aSot kuxma aq sakaTedro taZari aagoda daniSna pirveli episkoposi stefane mtbevari. sumbatdaviTis-Zis mixedviT ,,aSot erisTavTa erisTavman, Zemangurgen kurapalatisaman, romelsa ewoda kuxi, aRaSenatbeTi SavSeTs da ganasrula igi yovliTa gangebiTa, dadasua pirvelad episkoposad sanatreli stefane”(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, 380). tbeTis eparqiaSi SediodaSavSeTi da aWaris nawili. dimitri baqraZis mier aRmoCenilierTi sigelis mixedviT mtbevaris samwyso iyo ,,daxatulaszedaTi anakerTs aqeTi sula SavSeTi, miWixianTbatonis kaTalikozis, am qveynis epizkopozis iasaulic isyofila, aWara dandalos zeiTi mas hqonia, dandalos qvemoTiaWara quTaTlis samwyso yofila” (baqraZe, 1987, 77).mtbevarebi zogjer umniSvnelovanes rols Tama-Sobdnen qveynis politikur cxovrebaSic. saqarTvelosistoria warmoaCens araerT faqts, roca gansakuTrebiTkritikul momentSi sasuliero moRvaweebs auRiaT Tavzepasuxismgebloba, mefis da mamulis erTgulebiT xsnisgzaze dauyenebiaT qveyana: XI saukuneSi, 1026-1027 wlebSi,bizantiis imperatorma konstantinem gailaSqra saqarTveloze.mcirewlovanma mefe bagrat meoTxem winaaRmdegobaver gauwia berZnebs, xolo zogierTi aznauri ganudga masda cixeebi dampyrobels gadasca. mtris winaaRmdeg brZolisiniciativa da meTauroba Tavis xelSi aiRo eklesiam.,,aRaSena simagre saba mtbevar episkoposman, maxlobeladtbeTis eklesiasa da saxel-sdva mas suetid. da SekribamaSin man eri Tvisi da Sevides mas Sina TviT saba mtbevar

episkoposi, da ezra anCel episkoposi”. male mtris winaaRmdegmebrZol episkoposebs mxarSi amoudga mosaxleoba,,da SavSeTisa aznaurni” da ganZlierda mas Sina”.saba mtbevar episkoposs, romelmac ,,daiWira queyanaSavSeTisa, qmna didi erTguleba bagrat afxazTa mefisaTvis,pativsca RmerTman da ver waruRes queyanamterTa”. amieridan samefo xelisuflebam mtbevars saeroxelisuflebac – SavSeTis erisTavobac uboZa. (jafariZe,2009, 581).tbeTSi gaSlili iyo mniSvnelovani kulturul-saganmanaTleblosaqmianoba. aq Seiqmna stefane mtbevarishagiografiuli Txzuleba ,,wameba wmidisa mowamisagobronisi” (914-918), ioane mtbevaris himnografiuli nawarmoebebi(Xs.) da a.S. aq moRvaweobdnen mwignobrebi daviTtbeli, arqiposi, akvila mtbevari, ioane fukaralis Ze(orive XIs.), abuserisZe, tbeli da sxva. tbeTSi arsebobdamdidari wignTsacavi.tbeTis xelnawerebidan umniSvnelovanesia tbeTis saxareba(995), romelic 995 wels gadauweriaT ,,saydarsa SinatbeTisasa”. SemorCenilia agreTve ,,tbeTis sulTa matianis”teqsti (XII-XVIIss.), romelic mdidar masalas SeicavsSavSeTisa da aWaris istoriuli geografiisa dasagvareuloTa Sesaxeb.X saukunidan moyolebuli taZari ramdenjermeaRadgines an gadaakeTes. sabolood man grandiozulijvargumbaTovani nagebobis saxe miiRo. XVI saukuneSi (1527w.) agebuli samreklo giorgi yazbegis iq yofnisas (1874w.) jer kidev myarad idga, Tumca, misive TqmiT, samrekloaCrdilic ki aRar iyo taZris srulyofilebisa. ,,igiwarmoadgens raRac gancalkevebuls, romelsac araferiaqvs saerTo eklesiis zomebTan da arqiteqturasTan. esaris raRac tlanqi Senoba mTlianobaSic da nawil-nawiladac”(yazbegi, 1995, 80). samreklo 1887 wels daingraTu daangries da zogierTi cnobiT, misi qvebi jamis asa-Seneblad gamoiyenes (WiWinaZe, 1912, 283).osmalTa agresiam jer daaknina, Semdeg pirwmindadmospo tbeTis Zveli dideba. es metad mZime da xangrZliviprocesi iyo: taZarSi wirva-locva tardeboda Turqebismier SavSeTis dapyrobis Semdegac. SavSeTi ki, rogorcmkvlevarma zaza SaSikaZem daazusta osmaluri saarqivo93

masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, osmalebma sabolood1549-51 wlebSi daipyres (SaSikaZe, 2008, 260). Tumca saepiskoposokaTedra aq XVII saukunis II naxevramde maincarsebobda: 1637-1650 wlebSi ixseneba mtbevari gedeonsafriZe (xoStaria, 2005, 251). mogvianebiT kaTedra gauqmdada Senobas muslimebi daepatronen. ucnobia, rodis daiwyojamem funqcionireba magram faqtia, rom XIX saukunis80-ian wlebamde aq jame iyo.qarTveli sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi tbeTiXIX saukuneSi moeqca. mniSvnelovania Rvawli Zveli TuTanamedrove mogzaurebisa da mklevrebisa, romelTacuxsenebiaT, aRuweravT Tu SeuswavliaT tbeTis taZari.mxedvelobaSi maqvs upirvelesad g. yazbegi, d. baqraZe, pr.uvarova, j. murie, n. da m. tierebi, v. jobaZe da sxvani. a.pavlinovma mokle aRwerasTan erTad gamoaqveyna taZrisgegma da 1888 wlis eqspediciis dros gadaRebuli oTxifotosuraTi. 1904 wels detalurad aRwera taZari da misirgvliv nanaxi siZveleebi, gadaiRo fotosuraTebi nikomarmac. es masala uZvelesi da uZvirfasesi wyaroa aw ukveiavarqmnili taZris arqiteqturis Sesaswavlad. aseve, dauRlelmazaqaria WiWinaZem tbeTis Sesaxebac araerTi sainteresocnoba Semogvinaxa. Tanamedrove periodSi mravalmaqarTvelma mecnierma Seqmna mniSvnelovani da sainteresonaSromi xsenebuli regionisa Tu taZris Sesaxeb.am CamonaTvalSi unda vaxsenoT uTuod SoTa rusTavelissaxelmwifo universitetis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelossamecniero kvleviTi centri, sadac, saxelmwifosamecniero (rusTavelis fondis) grantis farglebSidasrulebis etapzea kompleqsuri monografia SavSeTisSesaxeb.,,tbeTis monasters SeuZlia romic ki daamSvenos –ise kargia misi saerTo xedi da saucxooa misi detalebi.”–ase Seafasa taZris grandiozuloba giorgi yazbegma 1874wels. misi Canawerebis mixedviT ,,eklesias gegmaSi berZnulijvris saxe aqvs. igi garedan da Signidan mTlianadSemowerilia erTi feris Tlili qviT (mowiTalo mkvriviqviSaqviT). soflis gareubnebSi am jiSis qva ar moipoveba,amitom yuradRebas imsaxurebs xalxuri gadmocema imisSesaxeb, rom samSeneblo qva daamzades am soflidan ociversis daSorebiT. qvebs xelidan xelSi gadascemda aua-94

ebeli mSenebeli. isini erT rigad iyvnen Camwkvrivebuliqvis samtexlodan samSeneblo moednamde.... gare kedlebidamSvenebuli iyo TaRiani SverilebiT, romlebic lamazboZebs eyrdnoboda. xelovans sxvadasxvagvari GCuqurTmebiSeurCevia, amitom arqiteqtoris Tvali aq mrude xazebisSeTanawyobas naxavs. aRmosavleTis kedelze SemorCeniliaqva, koxta xveuliTa da warweriT... CrdiloeTis mxaremniSvnelovnad dazianebulia, Camoqceulia mTavari Sesasvlelic....Signidan Senoba, svetebis gamoklebiT, mobaTqaSebuliada freskebiT moxatulia. naxatebi mxolod ramdenimeadgils SemorCa, magram es naSTebic mowmoben taZris mSeneblobisperiodSi mxatvrobis maRal kulturaze. SenobisSigniTa nawils mTlianobaSi aqvs grandiozuli Sesaxedaobada ufro did STabeWdilebas stovebs, vidremcxeTis, zarzmisa da safaras taZrebi”. (yazbegi, 1995, 79-80)rogorc ukve vTqviT, am dros Senoba jamed iyo gadakeTebuli.maris cnobiT 1860-ian wlebSi taZarSi Tivamoagroves, SigniT didi cecxli daanTes, raTa freskebiwaSliliyo – mlocvelebi gamosaxulebebs rom ar ecdunebina.(mari, 1996, 47)saintereso istorias yveba zaqaria WiWinaZe –sadRac XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gumbaTis zemoT jvarsmexi dascemia. gumbaTisTvis veraferi dauklia, magramgumbaTis qva Camoutexia erTi arSanis sigrZeze. WiWinaZiscnobiT, am ambavma soflelebi SeaSina, jame moSales dasxvagan gadaitanes, jamis gasakeTebel masalad ki daaqciestbeTis samreklo da es qvebi gamoiyeneso. (WiWinaZe,1915, 283) sxvagan igive avtori ambobs _ mTavrobis SiSiTmoSaleso (WiWinaZe, 1912, 24), Tumca es naklebad sarwmunoCans, radgan rusis mTavroba qarTul taZrebs maincdamaincdidi yuradRebiT ar epyroboda.XIX saukuneSi SavSelebs miaCndaT, rom es taZari,,Tamara dedoflis” aSenebuli iyo. ,,aqeT ar moiZebnebaerTi qarTveli mahmadianic, rom iman Tamar mefis saxeliar icodeso”, _ aRniSnavs zaqaria WiWinaZe (WiWinaZe, 1912,283).tbeTis gulsaklav istoriaSi TvalnaTliv aisaxebasamxreT saqarTvelos tragikuli bedi: miuxedavad95

upatronobisa, taZarma XX saukunis. Sua xanebamde kargmdgomareobaSi moaRwia. d. xoStaria aRniSnavs, rom 1961wels SavSaTis kaimakamis waqezebiT nageboba soflelebmaaafeTqes. amiT mza saSeni masalis uzarmazari maragiSeqmnes. dangreuli taZris qvebi maT sakuTari saxlebismSeneblobisaTvis gamoiyenes. ngreva grZeldeboda afeTqebisSemdegac. soflis mosaxleoba, romelic unda iTqvas,rom ar gamoirCeva religiuri SemwynareblobiT, gansakuTrebiTerCoda jvrebis da adamianebis gamosaxulebebs– 1970 wlebSi gaqra reliefuri jvari aRmosavleT kedelze;80-ian wlebSi – wmindanis gamosaxuleba samxreTfasadze; 1993 wels amotexes didi fila jvris gamosaxulebiT;moispo kedlis mxatvrobac da a.S. (xoStaria, 2005,234).aqve SevniSnavT rom erT-erT Turqul gzamkvlevSitaZris afeTqebis sxva TariRia dasaxelebuli. kerZod, iqaRniSnulia, rom ,,1967 wels nageboba afeTqebul iqnaadgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa mier. gadarCeniliqvebisgan ki meCeTi da skola aaSenes, Tumca,mogvianebiT xelisuflebis pozicia Seicvala da eklesiamfarvelobis qveS iqna ayvanili. dRes soflelebs, romlebicqvebisgan boslis an sxva raime nagebobis aSenebas moindomeben,sasamarTlodan sasamarTloSi daarbenineben.”(sordia, 2003, 81). xelisuflebam, etyoba, pozicia marTlaSeicvala, Tumca, samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, romtbeTis nangrevebs movla-patronobisa dResac araferietyoba. saswaulebrivad gadarCenili aRmosavleTi fasadida gulsaklavad GCawolili nangrevebiRa migvaniSnebenZvel sidiadeze.mamia faRava gadmogvcems soflelTa monaTxrobs,rom ganZismaZieblebma daangrevineso ,,qilisa” (eklesia) –somexma ganZismaZieblebma. (faRava, 2007, 99) tbeTelebma,cxadia, ukeT ician TavianTi soflis avan-Cavani. marTlac,gadamdebi seniviTaa modebuli uceb gamdidrebis survili.ganZis maZiebelTa saqmianobam, romelic saukuneebiagrZeldeba, bevri ubedureba moutana aqaur Zeglebs.tbeTs dRes jevizli (kakliani) hqvia. adgilobriviglexebis cnobierebaSi areulia realuri da gayalbebuliistoria, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gafermkrTalebulgadmocemaTa naSTebi da saxelmwifo ideologia, mexsiere-96

is kunWulSi CarCenili fragmentebi winaparTa vinaobisada absurdamde misuli fantazia. tbeTelTa umravlesobaTavs Turqad miiCnevs. metic, damaxasiaTebelia, rom toponim,,tbeTs” tibetTan akavSireben. maTi TqmiT, isini tibetidanmosuli Turqebi arian. uwin aq gurjebicxovrobdnen, mere ,,ermenebi”, mere Cven davsaxldiTo. cxadia,cnobierebis amgvari deformacia mravalsaukunovanizewolis Sedegia. aqaurebs XIX saukuneSic aRaraxsovdaT qarTuli ena, magram sakuTar fesvebsa da winaprebzeuars naklebad ambobdnen; axsovdaT winaparTaistoriebi, Tamar mefe, sakuTari gvarebi da a.S. nikomarma swored adgilobrivTagan Caiwera tbeTelebisqarTuli gvarebi: cialiZe, niqebeZe, kesereZe (am gvarisiyo adgilobrivi xoja), miadaZe, maskulaZe... (mari, 1996,50). zogierTi qarTuli gvaris xsovna dResac cocxlobstbeTelebSi. zogierTs sadRac mexsierebis kunWulSi Semounaxavs- ,,eski (winaT) gurjebi viyaviTo”. dRemde SemorCeniliaqarTuli toponimebi: bumarxevi, goramovla,zedvaka, TxinaRele, kenWiani, kldikaraTi, kordibaRCa, koxuri,kudaTi, naboslevi, niqabaze (niqabaZe), ruTavi,tevri, qadaguli, RobiZira, WurTi.bunebrivia, droTa ganmavlobaSi Turquli toponimebicSeeria. nugzar cecxlaZis mier tbeTSi Cawerili 115toponimidan 44 qarTulia, 47 Turquli, 14 qarTul-Turquli,erTi zanuri da 9 ucnobi warmomavlobisa (cecxlaZe,2004, 56)axlandelma misvla-mosvlam, cota ar iyos, adgilobrivTainteresi gaaRviZa, magram warsulisadmi pativiscemaukve waSlilia da misi aRdgenis imedi, samwuxarod,aRar arsebobs.literatura1. qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1. Tb., 19552. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWara-Si, baT., 19873. yazbegi g., sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baT., 1995 w.4. niko maris mogzauroba SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi, Tb., 19965. WiWinaZe z., qarTvel mahmadianTa gadasaxleba osmaleTSi,muhajiri, migracia, Tb., 19126. WiWinaZe z., musliman qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTveloSi,Tb., 191597

7. jafariZe a., saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria,Tb., 20098. xoStaria d., klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, Tb.,20059. faRava m., SavSuri Canawerebi, ,,literaturuli aWara”,#1, 200710. SaSikaZe z., qarTul-osmaluri urTierTobebidan XVIsaukunis 30-60-ian wlebSi, prof. nodar Sengelias dabadebis 75wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 200811. cecxlaZe n., Ziebani Woroxis auzis toponimiidan, Tb.,200412. sordia g. tao-klarjeTi Turqul gamocemaSi, ,,aRmosavleTida kavkasia”, # 1, 2003Malkhaz ChokharadzeTbeti Cathedral in the Notes of Scientists and TravelersSummaryTbeti is the oldest episcopic centre in the historical Shavsheti. In X century acathedral was built in this place. Shavsheti and the part of Adjara were included inTbeti eparchy. Episcopes of Tbeti played a great role in ancient Georgia. In themiddle of XVI century Shavsheti, with the other regions of South Georgia, wasconquered by Ottoman Empire. The process of islamization began. In XVII centurythe episcopic cathedral was abolished.In XIX Tbeti once again appeared in centre of attraction of Georgian society.G. Kazbegi, D. Bakradze, N. Marr, J. Mourier, N. and M. Tierres, V. Djobadze andothers described and studied the Tbeti Cathedral.The paper deals with the history of Tbeti Cathedral, analysis of thoughtsand beliefs, data that are depicted in the works of scientist and travelers ofvarious generations.98

sulxan kupraSvilisaqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwiforeligiad gamocxadebis TariRi me-19 saukunis rusulgamocemebSisaqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebisa daganmtkicebis Semdeg saimperio xelisufleba dainteresebuliiyo detalurad Seeswavla saqarTvelosa da mTlianadkavkasiis regionis sazogadoebrivi da kulturulicxovreba. am saqmeSi aqtiurad aRmoCnda Cabmuli rusiistorikosebis sakmaod didi nawilic. Seiqmna solidurimoculobis ramdenime nawarmoebi da istoriuli cnobari,romlebSic Seswavlil iqna saqarTvelos istoriis bevriproblemuri sakiTxi. yuradRebis miRma bunebrivia ardarCenila saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvlis,gavrcelebisa da saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sakiTxebi.amjerad Cvens naSromSi sam istoriul TxzulebazeSevCerdebiT.1865 wels `kavkazski kalendarSi~ daibeWda quTaisisgimnaziis maswavleblis, SemdegSi quTaisis guberniis ma-Rali rangis moxelis aleqsei golovinis naSromi - `Обисторий Грузий~. am 300 gverdian monografiaSi rusi avtorisakmaod detalurad ganixilavs mefe mirianis moRvaweobasada masTan dakavSirebul movlenebs.a. golovini aRniSnavs: ,,mirians didi brZolebis gadatanamouxda osebTan, xazarebTan da somxeTis mefe tiridatTan.romis imperatoris, konstantine didis Tanamedrovemxeli Seuwyo mociqulTa swors ninos saqarTvelosgaqristianebaSi (Кавказский Календарь, 1865, 18). iqve a. golovinigvaZlevs mirian mefis moRvaweobis konkretul TariRs- 263-342 wlebiramdenad marTebulia mirianis mefobis avtoriseulidaTariReba? a. golovini mirianis winare mefed savsebiTsworad asfagurs asaxelebs, magram amave dros asfagurismefobis bolo wlad igi 265 wels asaxelebs (mirianis gamefebasavtori 263 wels miawers). qarTvel istorikosTaerTi nawili mirianis gamefebas nizibinis cnobili zavis(298) axlo winare periods ukavSirebs. amgvari mosazrebagaziarebulia saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis me-299

tomSic, sadac sxva monografiebis msgavsad mirianis mefobiskonkretuli TariRi mocemuli ar aris. amave drosarsebobs mosazreba, rom revis sikvdilis Semdeg qar-Tlis samefo taxtze avida misi Svidi wlis Svili miriani,romelic mefobda 280-337 wlebSi. (m. sanaZe, T. beraZe,2003, 71). rogorc vxedavT a. golovinisa da TanamedroveistorikosTa daTariReba mirianis mefobasTan dakavSirebiTerTmaneTs mTlianad ar emTxveva, Tumca qronologiuriCarCoebi Zalian ar aris erTmaneTisagan dacilebuli.a. golovinis mier dasaxelebuli brZola xazarebTan daosebTan ki mirianis samxedro kontaqtebs unda exebodeskavkasiaSi SemoWril hunebTan.mirian mefe qarTul cnobierebaSi upirveles yovlisaaRiqmeba, rogorc pirveli qarTveli qristiani xelmwife.a. golovinic Tavisi narkvevis umetes nawils wmindaninosa da qarTlis gaqristianebas uTmobs. avtori wers,rom `wm. nino saqarTveloSi movida ierusalimidan 314wels da saqarTvelos mefe da misi xalxi qristianulsarwmunoebaze moaqcia~. (Кавказский Календарь, 1865, 67).a. golovinis azriT mirianis TxovniT imperatormakonstantinem saqarTveloSi gamoagzavna antioqiis episkoposiioane or mRvdelTan erTad. mcxeTaSi mirianma sajarodmiiRo qristianoba, masTan erTad dedofalma nanamda Svilebma. xalxis swrafad monaTvlisaTvis episkoposmaioanem akurTxa mtkvari da xalxi iq monaTla. aqve moinaTlaelioz mcxeTeli - ebraeli. ebraelTagan mxolod50 ojaxi moinaTla - barabas STamomavlebi. mefem maT cixe-didiuboZa. konstantinem gamougzavna mefes mRvdlebida Tanxa eklesiebis asaSeneblad.am mcire monaTxrobSi ramdenime Secdomaa. dedofalmananam qristianoba mirian mefeze adre miiRo. rasac xeliwminda ninos mier dedoflis gamojanmrTelebam Seuwyo.kidev erTi. elioz mcxeTelis cxovrebis periodi avtorsdroSi areuli aqvs da pirveli saukunis ebraelimoRvawe meoTxe saukunis mcxovrebad hyavs warmodgenili.gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom rusi avtori zogierT sakiTxs xandaxanZalian martivad udgeba, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi ukmayofilebisgrZnobas tovebs. magaliTad a. golovins naxsenebiara aqvs cnobili ,,mzis dabnelebis~ legendaruliistoria, romlis Semswreni Seiqmnen mirian mefe da misi100

mxleblebi da romelmac TiTqos gadamwyveti roli iTama-Sa qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebaSi. agreTvenaxsenebi ar aris mirian mefis gadamwyveti RonisZiebebiqristianobis gasavrceleblad saqarTvelos mTianeTSi.Tumca aRniSnulia rom wminda ninom Tavisi moRvaweobadaasrula bodbeSi da misi neSti am monasterSi ganisvenebs.xolo cnobebi wm. ninos Sesaxeb SemogvinaxamRvdelma abiaTarma, sidoniam da misma qaliSvilma salomem,romelic iyo mirianis vaJis revis meuRle.rogorc vnaxeT a. golovinma qristianobis saxelmwiforeligiad gamocxadebis TariRad 314 weli miiCnia.qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebisTariRs exeba `kavkazski kalendris qronologiuri Cvenebebic.~`kavkazski kalendar~-is me-19 saukunis nomrebis umetesnawilSi aRniSnuli gamocemis me-3 ganyofilebis pirvelTavs warmoadgens `qronologia~, anu `RirsSesaniSnavimovlenebi kavkasiasa da amierkavkasiaSi da ruseTis imperiismTavrobis umniSvnelovanesi dadgenilebani am mxareSi~.aRniSnuli `qronologia~ warmoadgens TariRebisnusxas Sesabamisi komentarebiT winareistoriuli periodidangamocemis konkretuli TariRis CaTvliT. amavedros unda aRiniSnos, rom istoriuli TariRebi pirobi-Tad SeiZleba gavyoT or nawilad - 1801 wlamde da misSemdeg. 1801 wels aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi damyarda rusulimmarTveloba da am droidan qarTl-kaxeTs da perspeqtivaSisamxreT kavkasias, ruseTi miiCnevs sakuTar teritoriadda Tuki 1801 wlamde `qronologiaSi~ erT konkretulTariRs erTi, maqsimum ori, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaodmokle komentari axlavs. 1801 wlis da Semdegdroindelimovlenebi sakmaod vrclad aris warmodgenili daerT TariRs xandaxan aTeulamde da ufro meti komentariaxlavs.`qronologiaSi~ sakmaod popularulia qristianobisTema. saubaria mociqulebze, ama Tu im qveynis mier (maTSoris naxsenebia iseTebic, romlebic sakmaod Sors ariankavkasiisagan) qristianobis miRebaze da a. S. bunebrivia,naxsenebia qristianobis Semosvla saqarTveloSi. `qronologiaSi~318 wlis gaswvriv (rogorc Cans, vaxuStize day-101

dnobiT) aRniSnulia, rom am wels, mirianis mefobisdros, wminda ninom iveriaSi iqadaga qristianoba da gverdisbolos kidev ganmartebulia, rom arsebobs ori sxvaTariRi 314 da 325 wlebic.1900 wels TbilisSi daibeWda quTaisis realurisaswavleblis pedagogis - mixeil gluSakovis `Очерки изИсторий Грузий~, romelSic moTxrobilia saqarTvelosistoriuli Tavgadasavali uZvelesi droidan 1800 wlamde.Cveni azriT m. gluSakovi icnobda rusi istorikosebissxva mosazrebebs, maT Soris Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluliavtorebisas. rusma avtorma xazgasmiT aRniSna, romqristianoba saxelmwifo religiad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi318 wels gamocxadda.ra komentari SeiZleba gaukeTdes am TariRebs:qarTlSi da saerTod saqarTveloSi qristianobissaxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebiT mravaliavtoritetuli mosazreba arsebobs. akad. iv. javaxiSviliqarTul da ucxour wyaroebze dayrdnobiT ammovlenas 337 wlis axlo xanebiT aTariRebda. (javaxiSvili,1979, 226). es TariRia damowmebuli saqarTvelos istoriisnarkvevebis meore tomSic. (saqarTvelos istoriisnarkvevebi, 1973, 73). analogiurad gamoTqmulia mosazreba,rom iberiaSi qristianoba saxelmwifo nebadarTul religiad337 wels aRiares. (saqarTvelos istoria, 1958, 89).Tumca gamoTqmulia sxva mosazrebac, romlis mixedviTqarTlis samefo karis mier qristianobis saxelmwifo religiadaRiareba 317-318 wlebiT unda daTariRdes. (goila-Ze, 1991, 83). bolo wlebis saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloTaumetes nawilSi miTiTebulia, rom qristianobasaxelmwifo religiad qarTlSi 326 wels gamocxadda.rogorc vxedavT, `kavkazski kalendar~-Si da m. glu-SakovTan dafiqsirebulia sami mTavari TariRi – 314, 318da 325 wlebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom uciloblad am TariRTamiReba ar SeiZleba, unda iTqvas, rom rusi avtorebisTvalsazrisi sakmaod sainteresoa. amave dros undaaRiniSnos, rom rusi avtorebi, miuxedavad maT mier saqar-Tvelos istoriis SesaniSnavi codnisa, ar asaxeleben nikeispirvel msoflio saeklesio krebas, dasavleT saqar-TveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxade-102

as da mxolod imis aRniSvniT Semoifarglebian, rom andriapirvelwodebulma da simon kananelma qristianobaiqadages `mesxeTSi, axalcixis mazraSi, samegrelosa daafxazeTSi~. (Кавказский Календарь, 1869, 312).rogorc vxedavT me-19 saukunis rusi istorikosebiserTi nawili saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiadgamocxadebis TariRs TiTqmis aTeuli wliT adrevaraudobda. miuxedavad argumentebis simcirisa, CveniazriT am mosazrebebsac aqvT arsebobis ufleba, radganacsaqarTvelos istoriis sxva periodebis (gansakuTrebiTme-18, me-19ss) Seswavlisas rusi istorikosebi zedmiwevniTtendenciurebi arian da warmogvidgebian rogorc `velikoderJavuli~imperiuli istoriografiis msaxurebi.literatura:1. (Кавказский Календарь на 1865, Тиф. 1864; на 1869, Тиф.18682. М. Глушаков, Очерки из историй Грузий, Тиф. 19003. i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t.I, Tb.19794. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.II, Tb.19735. saqarTvelos istoria, Tb. 19586. m. sanaZe, T. beraZe, saqarTvelos istoria, t.I,Tb.20037. v. goilaZe, qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, Tb.1991Sulkhan KuprasviliThe date of endorsement Christianity as the State Religion inGeorgia in the Russian publications of the 19 th centuryAbstractFrom the 19 th century, from the beginning of the Russian ruling inGeorgia, Russian historians got interested in the history of Georgia andCaucasus. There are very interesting views of the Russian historians aboutthe distribution and endorsement Christianity as the State Religion.It’s worth noting that Russian historians approve the early dates ofdeclaring Christianity in Georgia. The following numbers – 314, 316, 317,318 or beginning of the 4 th century are manly pointed in their works.103

amaz xalvaSigalobani anCis xatisaniioane anCelma (rkinaelma) “galobani anCis xatisani”Tamaris zeobis dros dawera, akrostiqiT: “saSinelsaanCisa xatsa ugalob undo iovane anCeli” [1]. am himnografiulikanoniis mixedviT, wm. andria saqarTveloSi hierapolisidan[2] Semovida da anCaSi macxovris xati SemoabrZana.“galobani anCis xatisanis” teqstSi gvaqvs ramdenimesiaxle, romelsac wm. andria pirvelwodebulisadmimiZRvnil adreul qarTulenovan wyaroebSi analogiar eZebneba:1) wm. andria saqarTveloSi hierapolisidan Semodis;2) mas saqarTveloSi Semohyavs macxovris xati;3) mociqulis saqarTvloSi qadagebis nivTierimowmoba anCaSia dabrZanebuli.hierapolisi andria pirvelwodebulis misionerulimogzaurobebis amsaxvel literaturaSi sxvagan arsadgvxvdeba. ioane anCelis sagalobelSi am qalaqis moxseniebashierapolisur keramidions ukavSireben, romelzec“avgarozis epistole” mogviTxrobs (avgarozi 2007: 132-133).hierapolisuri keramidioni edesis mandilionis (tilosxelTuqmneli xatis) pirveli kecze gamosaxul asli iyo.anCis enkaustikuri [3] xati (106 × 71 sm) saqarTveloseklesiis erT-erTi udidesi siwmindea. igi sagangebod SeiswavlaS. amiranaSvilma da VI-VII saukuneebiT daaTari-Ra. kvlevam daadastura, rom xatis gamosaxuleba ekuTvnis“xelTuqmneli” xatis ikonografiul tips, romelic IV-VsaukuneebSi siria-palestinaSi iRebs saTaves (amiranaSvili1956: 13-21).wm. andriasadmi miZRvnil berZnul teqstebSi hierapolisurikeramidioni ar ixsenieba. magram yuradRebasipyrobs is garemoeba, rom “andria pirvelwodebulis mimosvlaSi”fiqsirdeba “avgarozis” apokrifuli cikliskvali da mandilionis mokle istoria. andria mociqulismesame misioneruli mogzaurobis aRwerisas nikita pafla-Ronieli aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi Semosvlamde wm.104

andria ewvia qalaq edesas. aqvea naxsenebi Tadeoz mociquli,edesis mandilioni da avgaroz mTavari (mimosvla2008: 188-189).“galobani anCis xatisanis” interteqsts informaciuladavsebs “avgarozis epistole”, romelic cxadyofs,rom mociqulTa periodSi ierusalimidan edesisken mimavalimisioneruli gza hierapolisze gadioda (avgarozi2007: 131-132).edesis mandilioni 944 wlis 16 agvistodankonstantinopolSi inaxeboda, xolo 966 wels samefo qalaqSigadaasvenes hierapolisis keramidionic (yaraula-Svili 2003: 170, 172, avgarozi 2007: 39). aqedan gamomdinare,saqarTvelo verc edesis mandilionze ganacxadebda pretenziasda verc hierapolisis keramidionze. am mizezebisgamo, ioane anCeli hierapolisidan Semosvenebul anCisxats verc “xelTuqmnels” uwodebda da verc keramidionTangaaigivebda.amgvarad, hierapolisuri warmomavloba da saqarTveloSimociqulTa dros mosvla is mTavari ideebia,romlebic anCis xats hierapolisur keramidionTan akavSirebs.ioane anCelis sagaloblis mixedviT, anCis xati keramidioniar aris, magram xelTuqmneli xatis hierapolisuriaslis memkvidrea.wm. andrias misioneruli mogzaurobebis marSrutSiklarjeTi pirvelad leonti mrovelma Seiyvana, “andriapirvelwodebulis mimosvlis” gamoTqmaze – “vidre mdinaredmdeWoroxisa” – dayrdnobiT (xalvaSi 2009: 201) [4]. ioaneanCelma leonti mroveliseuli tradicia ganaviTarada aRniSna, rom mociqulma klarjeTSi (“uRaRTa RadoTaklarjeTisaTa”) macxovris xati SemoabrZana, romelicanCis sakaTedro taZarSi daasvenes.ase, rom ioane anCelis sagalobelSi dadasturebultradicias ramdenime wanamZRvari gaaCnia: 1) andriapirvelwodebuli saqarTveloSi edesidan Semovida (“mimosvla”);2) ierusalimidan edesisaken mimavali misioneruligza hierapolisze gadioda (“avgarozis epistole”); 3) edesidansaqarTveloSi Semosulma wm. andriam iqadaga Woroxisauzis qveynebSi – “vidre mdinaredmde Woroxisa” (“mimosvla”);4) qarTul oficialur istoriografias Woro-105

xis auzis qveynebidan wm. andrias misionerul marSrutSiklarjeTi Sehyavda (leonti mroveli).amgvari interteqsti uqmnida safuZvels xelTuqmnelixatis hierapolisuri aslis saqarTvelosTan kavSirs:ierusalimi [> hierapolisi] > edesa > qarTli, “vidremdinaredmde Woroxisa” [> klarjeTi (anCa)].anCis xatis memkvidreobiTi kavSiri hierapolisur keramidionTanda edesur mandilionTan ioane anCels imissafuZvels uqmnida, rom es siwminde Tamaris droindelisaqarTvelos politikuri miRwevebisTvis daekavSirebina,iseve rogorc ori saukuniT adre (944-966 ww.) edesis xatigamocxadda bizantiis uZlevelobis simbolod. magram ioaneanCelis sagalobelSi amgvari gaazreba ar SeiniSneba.erTi SexedviT, ioane anCelis zogadqristianuli daRrma sarwmunoebrivi RaRadisi Tavisufali Cans yovelgvaripolitikuri qveteqstebisgan, Tumca es mxolod – erTiSexedviT, radgan sagalobelSi anCis xatis dakavSirdebaandria pirvelwodebulis qadagebasTan xazs usvamda anCiseparqiis prestiJsa da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saqarTveloseklesiaSi. amiT “galobani anCis xatisani”erTgvarad ugulvebelyofs “ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweraSi”aRiarebul princips, romlis mixedviTac, wm. andriam “qadagasacxorebeli qadagebaÁ yovelsa queyanasa saqarTveloÁsasa”(sjuliskanoni 1975: 545-546). amgvari formulirebiTsaeklesio krebaze Sekrebilma mamebma xazi gausvessamociqulo qadagebis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelosa da misieklesiis erTianobisaTvis, mTeli saqarTvelosTvis daara misi romelime regionisTvis (dasavleTi saqarTveloiqneboda es Tu klarjeTi) [5].niSandoblivia, rom ioane anCels ekuTvnis anCis xatismoWedvis iniciativac. man es saqme Tavis eparqiaSimoRvawe cnobil oqromWedels – beqa opizars miando. yvelazemTavari ki is aris, anCeli mTavarepiskoposi amSemTxvevaSi RvTivgvirgvinosan Tamar mefesTan SeTanxmebiTmoqmedebda: “q. brZanebiTa da nivTisa boZebiTaRmrTivgÂrgÂnosanisa didisa dedofalT-dedofalisa TamarisaÁTa,me, ioane anCelman, rkinaelman, Ãelvyav saSinelisaamis xatisa pativiT moWedvad. mfarvelmca ars mefobisamaTisa aqa da saukunesa. moiWeda ÃeliTa beqaÁsiTa.qriste Seiwyale” (amiranaSvili 1956: 8).106

cxadia, anCis xatis oqros CarCoze warwerili saxeli“Tamari” yvelas Seaxsenebda, rom anCis “saSineli xati”erTiani da mTliani saqarTvelos salocavi iyo.am TvalsazrisiT, anCis xatis warwerisa da “galobanianCis xatisanis” teqstebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebaa: 1)sagalobelSi wm. andrias saqarTveloSi qadageba SemoisazRvrebaerTi konkretuli regioniT (klarjeTiT) da araris ganzogadebuli “yovelsa queyanasa saqarTveloÁsaze”;2) xatis warwera ki arafers gvauwyebs andria mociqulisdamsaxurebaze, rom macxovarma swored “mociqulisaandriaÁs mier gamogÂbrwyinva” anCis didebuli xati.ioane anCelis “galobani anCis xatisani” JamTa avbedobisgamo male daiviwyes. Tumca, rogorc irkveva, XIVsaukuneSi sagaloblis teqsts jer kidev icnobdnen. amasadasturebs anCis xatis Wedurobaze daculi warwera(1308-1334 ww.), romelic samcxis pirveli aTabagis beqa jayelisiniciativiT Sesrulda (amiranaSvili 1956: 9).anCis xatis Semdgomi istoria amgvaria: anCis saepiskopososgauqmebisa da samcxis gamahmadianebis Semdeg,1664 wels, igi erTma Tbiliselma vaWarma amirjana ievanguliSvilmaSeiZina, TbilisSi Camoitana da domentikaTalikoss (1660-1676) mihyida (Jordania 1897: 482). am ukanasknelmaxati ganaaxla, Tval-margalitiT Seamko da sakaTalikososaydarSi daasvena, romelsac SemdegSianCisxatis eklesia ewoda.XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi ioane anCelis sagalobeliukve aRar axsovT (teqsti moRweulia erTaderTi nusxiT).aRniSnuli mizezis gamo, am periodSi arc anCis xatis hierapolisuriwarmomavlobaa cnobili da arc is faqti,rom es siwminde saqarTveloSi andria mociqulma SemoabrZana(am Temebs mxolod “galobani anCis xatisanis”teqstSi vxvdebiT, xatis warwera ki amaze dums). aRniSnulimizezis gamo, anCis xatis gviandeli karis mxedruliwarwera gansxvavebul istorias gadmogvcems da amsiwmindes edesis xelTuqmnel xatTan (mandilionTan) aigivebs(aleqsiZe 2002: 12).unda aRiniSnos isic, rom xatis gviandel mxedrulwarweraSi damaxinjebulia mandilionis istoriac –TiTqos xelTuqmneli xati edesidan konstantinopolSixatmebrZolobamde gadaasvenes (da ara 944 wels),107

xatmebrZoli imperatoris leon isavrielis mefobis dros(717-740) ki klarjeTSi gadaiyvanes, anCis saepiskopososaydarSi: “xati ese ÃeliT uqmneli pirvelad edesiiTgankonstantinopolad warmousvenebiaT. da odes leo isavrida sxuani xatTmbrZolni gamoCndnen, mas Jamsa muniTganwamoesvenaT da daesvenaT klarjeTsa saepiskopososa saydarsa.da nivTis boZebiTa mefeT-mefisa TamarisiTa ioaneanCels patiosnad moeWeda” (amiranaSvili 1956: 11).ioane anCelis miviwyebul sagalobels cotaTi gvianmiakvlies da 1721 wels momcro xelnawerSi Seitanes(sxvaTa Soris, amave xelnawerSi daculia tbel abuserisZishimnografiuli kanoni “galobani samTa iovaneTani”).sagaloblis es erTaderTi nusxa sazogadoebam 1903wels gaicno, roca m. janaSvilma A-1040 xelnaweris aRwerilobada “galobani anCis xatisanis” teqsti gamoaqveyna.SeniSvnebi:[1] “galobani anCis xatisani” 1184-1193 wlebiT TariRdeba(sulava 2003: 113).[2] hierapolisi // ierapoli – Tanamedrove membiji(siria).[3] enkaustikuri teqnikiT Sesrulebul xatebsZvel saqarTveloSi “cvilovan xatebs” uwodebdnen. ase-Ti xati naweri iyo wminda sanTelSi gaxsnili ferebisfxvniliT (amiranaSvili 1956: 12).[4] leonti mroveli “qarTlis cxovrebaSi”, erTimxriv, gadmogvcems mociqulTa saqarTveloSi qadagebisistorias (“mefeTa cxovreba”) da, meore mxriv, “ninoscxovrebis” axal redaqciaSi TiTqmis ucvlelad imeorebs“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” cnobas: “etyodes salomeujarmeli da peroJavri sivneli da maT Tana erisTavnida mTavarni... mociqulni Tormetni da sxuani samocdaaTni,da Cuenda aravin moavlina RmerTman, garna Sen,da viTar ityÂ, viTarmed tyue vari me, anu viTar ucxo”(qca 1955: 126-127). rogorc cnobilia, “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs”Sesabamis monakveTze (Zeglebi 1964: 105) dayrdnobiT,iv. javaxiSvilma wm. andrias saqarTveloSi misio-108

neroba gviandel gamonagonad miiCnia (javaxiSvili 1900:36).mecnieris am debulebas safuZvels aclis leontimrovelis teqsti. romelSic, kerZod, aderkis mefobisqronikaSi, avtori aRniSnavs, rom emyareba “moqcevaÁqarTlisaÁs” teqsts, riTac sruliad aSkara xdeba,rom, mroveli episkoposi “moqcevaÁsa” da “mefeTacxovrebas” Soris winaaRdegobas ver xedavs. marTlac,Tu davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT:a) salome ujarmeli, peroJavri sivnieli da “yovelnimTavarni” aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos, qarTlismkvidrni arian da, cxadia, sityvebSi “Cuenda aravin moavlinaRmerTman” isini mxolod da mxolod aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos gulisxmoben;b) leonti mrovelis “mefeTa cxovrebis” mixedviT,wm. andriam mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi iqadagada mociqulTa misionerul marSrutSi ar SedisqarTli: “amisve aderkis mefobasa Sina movidesaTormetTa wmidaTa mociqulTaganni andria da sÂmonkananeli afxazeTs da egriss. da mun aResrula wmidasÂmon kananeli qalaqsa nikofsisasa, sazRvarsaberZenTasa. xolo andria moaqcivna megrelni da warvidagzasa klarjeTisasa” (qca 1955: 38, 42).amgvarad, leonti mroveli, “moqcevaÁs qarTlisaÁs”teqstze dayrdnobiT, uaryofs mociqulTa qadagebassaqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi – qarTlSi (samagierod,mogviTxrobs mociqulTa misionerel mogzaurobebzedasavleT saqarTveloSi). riTac safuZveliecleba im mosazrebas, TiTqos “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” arcnobdes saqarTvelos eklesiis samociqulo xasiaTs.[5] “ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweraSi” aRiarebuli saeklesioda erovnuli koncefciis ugulvebelyofa didxifaTs Seicavda. XV-XVI saukuneebSi, roca saqarTveloseklesiis erTianoba dairRva, “dainteresebuli”mxareebi Seecadnen dasavleTi saqarTvelosa da awyuriseparqiis saeklesio damoukidebloba am regionebissamociqulo xasiaTiT ganemtkicebinaT: 1. 1470-1474 wleb-Si bagrat II-m (1463-1478) ierusalimel-antioqiel patri-109

110arq mixeils ioakime caiSel-bedieli episkoposi “afxazeTis”(dasavleTi saqarTvelos) kaTalikosadakurTxebina da am faqtis dasakanoneblad “mcnebasasjulo” Seadgenina, romelSic aRiarebuli iyo mxolodafxazeTis eklesiis samociqulo xasiaTi; 2. 1486-1515 wlebSi ki samcxis separatisti mTavrebis karnaxi-Ta da uSualo monawileobiT literaturulad gaformda“mesxuri gadmocema”, romlis mixedviTac, wm.andrias qadageba da mis mier pirveli qarTveli episkoposisxeldasxma dakavSirebulia samcxe-saaTabagos saeklesiocentrTan – awyurTan, riTac xazgasmulia saeklesiodamoukideblobis mosurne mesxeTis eklesiis“samociqulo” xasiaTi (xalvaSi 2009: 210-214).

Sorena maxaWaZeqarTuli jvari eris samsaxurSi/konstantine gamsaxurdias ,,didostatismarjvenas” mixedviT/,,qarTlad friadi queyanai aRiracxebis, romelsacaSina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveliaResrulebis” (merCule 2004:170) _ X saukunis mwerlis, giorgimerCules, es sityvebi uzustesad axasiaTebs immniSvnelobas, rac qarTul jvars anu qarTul qristianobasada qarTul enas hqonda saqarTvelos erovnulimTlianobisa da misi TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis saqme-Si. Ddiax, qarTul jvars, radgan roca qarTvelma kacmaqristianoba miiRo, saeklesio dogmebi qarTuli tradiciebiTSeazava, Sedegad, qarTveli kacis xasiaTi da qristianulireligia SeerTda, Seerwya erTmaneTs da qarTulierovnuli sulis gamoxatulebad iqca. swored qristianobisdroSiT ibrZoda qarTveli xalxi nacionaluri TavisuflebisaTvis.samwuxarod, Zalian cotaa saqarTvelos istoriaSiepoqa, roca qveyana politikurad erT ganuyofel organizmswarmoadgenda. xmliT ver xerxdeboda misi gaerTianeba,magram sarwmunoebisa da enis niSniT is erTiani iyo.SeiZleba fizikurad daemarcxebinaT kidec saqarTvelo,rac araerTxel momxdara, magram umTavresi iyo, rom erissuli da guli, qarTuli ena da qristianoba gadarCeniliyo,maSin gamarjvebis, erisa da qveynis aRorZinebis imediisev rCeboda.swored amitom SeimuSava komunistebis batonobisepoqaSi konstantine gamsaxurdiam ,,kulturuli avtonomiis”Teoria. qarTuli kulturis safuZvelTa safuZveli kiqarTuli ena da qristianuli religia iyo. Mmweralma Tavisprozas ori ganzomileba misca: ,,horizontaluri (Tanamedrove)da vertikaluri (istoriuli), romlis simbolojvari da svastikaa, Casmuli magiur wreSi anumxatvrul samyaroSi. vertikaluri niSnavda mTliani saqarTvelosxalxis kidev erTxel gaerTianebas sityviT”(sigua 2001:16).Kkidev meti, mweralma istoriuli warsuli ,,SemoqmedebiTiTavisuflebis Tavisebur navTsayudlad aqcia” (ni-111

koleiSvili 1994:414), Tavisi erovnuli idealebi warsulisTemaze fantazirebis meSveobiT gamoxata, monaxa ideebi,problemebi, romlebic mis Tanamedroveobas exmaureboda,epoqas, roca mwerlis mier saqarTvelos istoriiskonkretuli periodis mxatvruli xorcSesxma ,,feodalizmis,Tavadaznauruli ideologiis, Sovinizmisa da,,Savi Coxis” tradiciis dacvad” (baqraZe 1990:125) cxaddeboda(arcTu usafuZvlod!) da xelovanis winaaRmdeg mimarTulDumTavresmomakvdinebel braldebad JRerda.romanSi ,,didostatis marjvena” daxatulia X saukunisdasawyisis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri vi-Tareba. is mZime sagareo da saSinao mdgomareoba, rac giorgiI-is mefobis periodSi (1014-1027 wlebi) Seiqmna.Bbasili II bulgarTmmusvreli, bizantiis uZlieresiimperatori, Wkviani, agresiuli, sastiki, asketi gamudmebiTebrZoda saqarTvelos. igi bavSvobaSi daviT kurapalatmada Tornike erisTavma ixsnes sikvdilisagan: daexmarnendedofal Teofanias ajanyebuli barda skliarosiswinaaRmdeg brZolaSi, amis sanacvlod ki basians gadaRmaqveynebi miiRes. swored am miwebisaTvis ebrZoda basilikeisari giorgi I-s. Aamas emateboda gandgomil feodalTabrZola ZalauflebisaTvis.aseT rTul politikur viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuliiyo qarTuli eklesiisa da misi winamZRvris roli, Tanadgomaxelisuflebisadmi. Ees kargad icoda konstantinegamsaxurdiam da Tavis romanSi didi adgili dauTmoqarTuli eklesiisa da misi meTauris mxatvruli saxeebisSeqmnas. ,,didostatis marjvenaSi” erT-erTi didebuladgamokveTili saxea melqisedek kaTalikosi. mkiTxvelscocxlad warmoudgeba Tvalwin ubralo, savsebiT gaxunebuljvalos CoxaSi Cacmuli, beruli, orkapiani argniTxelSi mosiarule kaTalikosi, arasodes daaviwydeba misi,,Rilze uwvrilesi da Rameze uSavesi Tvalebi” (gamsaxurdia1966:158) /SemdgomSi citatebs movitanT am gamocemidan,mivuTiTebT mxolod gverdebs/, romelnic sulissiRrmemde swvdebodnen adamians da bevrs rodi SeeZlomaTi ,,daZabuli mzeris simZafris” atana (139).kaTalikosis pirovnebas didebulad axasiaTebs erTidetali: igi cdilobda, Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT ar gamorCeuliyomrevlisagan: igives sWamda, igives icvamda.112

znemaRali, patiosani, keTilSobili adamiani, marTlaciyo erisTvis qristianuli moralis ganmasaxierebeli: ,,Tugsurs zegavlena moaxdino erze, igive unda sWamo, rasacmrevli sWams da iseve Caicva, rac mas acvia” (39).gavixsenoT romanidan: ,,eklesiidan gamosuli ubraloberis Coxas icvamda jvalosas. rac Seexeba yoveldRiurpurobas, stefanoz beris saostignoSi, berebisada morCilebis Tvalwin sWamda mxaleulsa da saerTosamarxos.” (39)Zalian sainteresoa is tropuli saSualebani, rasacmwerali iyenebs kaTalikosis pirovnebis dasaxatavad:,,cisken TavaSveril mamals waagavda melqisedek kaTalikosiSoba dRis qadagebis mTqmeli.raRac ujiaTi Seumusvreloba gamosWviodaxorcdaSretili beris ConCxadqceuli anagobidan. tiranulisisastike garTxmuliyo ZarRvebdaberil Sublsa daenergiul RawvisTavebs Soris” (131).,,idga melqisedeki amayad, Tavaweuli da gaudrekeli,rogorc sefedroSa gamarjvebuli laSqrisa.”,,nawirvebs dadga kankelis win mglisebr Tvalebiani,Cia moxuci, jer odnav uxalisod laparakobda TiTqos,Tavdapirvelad avlSi gaxveuli naRverdaliviT Rvivodnensityvebi. yoveli misi sityva mtkice iyo, rogorc spilenZi”(348).kaTalikosis ucnauri ritoroba araCveulebriv zemoqmedebasaxdenda msmenelze, SemTxveviTi araa, rom sworedmisma qadagebam STaagona arsakiZes iakobis RmerTTanSerkinebis Temis daxatva.kaTalikosi jvriT xelSi daiareboda mTel saqarTveloSida Tvalyurs adevnebda eklesiaTa mSeneblobas;yvela Rones xmarobda qarTuli eklesiis gasaZliereblad,xalxSi rwmenis gansamtkiceblad, amitomac xSiradupirispirdeboda giorgi I-s, romelic, misi azriT,,,bagrat kurapalatsaviT gulmodgined ar eqceodasarwmunoebisa da zneobis saqmeebs”. romanSi vkiTxulobT:,,eqvsi Tvis manZilze gamudmebuli da idumali brZolaiyo axalgazrda mefesa da moxuc kaTalikoss Soris” (37).Aam striqonebis kiTxvisas uneblieT gvaxsendeba ,,grigolxanZTelis cxovrebidan” saero da sasuliero pirTaurTierTobis amsaxveli epizodebi da vrwmundebiT, rom113

mwerlis devizi: ,,win, merCulisaken”, mxolod misi enobrivipoziciis gamomxatveli ar iyo. teqstTa dialogizogjer pirdapiri citirebiT iCens Tavs: ,,melqisedeki garegnuladeqvemdebareboda giorgis, magram qristes mosaydresuryevad sjeroda, rom ,,mefe qveyanasa zedaxelmwifea, xolo qriste _ zecisa, qveynisa da qvesknelisa”(119), zogjer ki Sinaarsobriv-problemuri analogiebiT:kaTalikosi, msgavsad grigol xanZTelisa, mtkicedarajad edga qristianul zneobas da aqtiurad ereodamefis pirad cxovrebaSi. igi win aRudga Sorena kolonkeliZisxursiseul sasaxleSi gadmoyvanas, ,,uweso dedaTa”siyvaruls abralebda mefes: ,,mourideblad aRlesa maxvilimxilebisa da daiwyo giorgi mefis Zageba uSiSrad...uweso dedaTa moyvarulia giorgi. kolonkeliZes Tvalebidaubnela, misi mxolodSobili qali xursiseul sasaxle-Si gadaiyvana da xarWada hyavso” (156). Mmisi brZanebiTaRikveca Sorena monazvnad bagineTis dedaTa monasterSi.Uunda aRiniSnos, rom melqisedekis saxiT daxatuliamSvidobismoyvare, humanisti pirovneba, romelicsisxlisRvris winaaRmdegia mudam, konfliqtebis mSvidobianmogvarebas moiTxovs, vinc ,,yovelgvari mokvdinebisada Tvalebis dawvis winaaRmdegi iyo” (159).Aai, rogori sityvebiT arwmunebs igi giorgis: ,,arabrZanebul ars uflisagan maxvilis aReba, xams saxarebi-Ta da patiosaniTa jvriTa uCvenoT gzai WeSmaritebisaigandgomilTa, rameTu Zelicxovelis jvari patiosani arsmimyvanebeli cxovrebad saukunod da Zalman misman gananaTlosbneli igi guliTa maTTa” (38).kaTalikosis umTavresi sazrunavi saqarTveloSiqristianobis ganmtkiceba iyo, amitomac mefis pirvelsaveTxovnaze, SeuZlod myofi moxuci fxovSi gaemarTa, raTaSeryeuli rwmena ganemtkicebina xalxSi. Mman aRadgeninaeklesia-monastrebi, daadgina moweseebi, berebs oriaTasze meti unaTlavi moxuci da yrma moanaTvlina.GmniSvnelovania, rom gandgomili feodalis, mamamzeerisTavis meuRle bordoxanic ki Tayvans scems melqisedekkaTalikoss, rogorc ,,SesaniSnav mwyemss qristeanobisasda eklesiaTa did aRmSenebels” (45). Aarc mefis dau-Zinebel mters, Savleg toxaisZes sjera kaTalikosis114

gulborotebisa; misi azriT, kaTalikosi brma iaraRi iyomxolod mefisa da spasalaris xelSi.kaTalikosisa da zviad spasalaris dialogSi ikve-Teba qveynis patrioti, mis xvalindel dReze mzrunveliadamianis saxe: ,,arc me mwadis saqarTvelos daqcevismowme rom gavxde. Uumal damvsebia es Tvalni da yurnidamgmanvia, smenad boZebulni uflisa mier.rameTu netar arian igini, visac sikvdili umaluwevs, vidre sakuTaris TvaliT ixilavdnen samSoblosTvisis iavaryofas” (154).sveticxovlis kurTxevis dRes ki kaTalikosis qadagebaSiaseTi sityvebic JRers: ,,yoveli eri Tavis qveyanaSiunda cxovrobdes, yoveli xalxi Tavisufali unda iyoso,rogorc RmerTi” (348). Mmelqisedekis mier aseTi paTosiTwarmoTqmuli es sityvebi bizantiel stumarTa gasagonadiyo Tqmuli da sworedac rom ,,ekorespondireboda”mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqas.uaRresad mniSvnelovania kidev erTi detali taZriskurTxevis ceremonialze: kaTalikosi gverds auvlis keisrismier naboZeb RvTismSoblisa da sxva wmindanTa xatebsda ,,ucnobi qarTveli oqromqandakeblis mier Sesrulebulwminda giorgis xats SehRaRadebs: ,,gankurneo didostatikonstantine!” (349). Tu gavixsenebT, romkonstantine gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi wminda giorgierTi umTavresi erovnuli xatebaa, gasagebi xdeba, rom ka-Talikosi Tavisi arsebiT qarTul jvars emsaxureba.romanSi gansakuTrebiTaa gamokveTili melqisedek ka-Talikosis roli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sedevris,sveticxovlis aSenebis saqmeSi, swored misi daJinebulimoTxovniT gamoyo mefem xarjebi da daiwyo olTisiseklesiis sanacvlod sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba,ufro meti, Tavad adevnebda Tvalyurs mSeneblobis mimdinareobas.Mmisi mosvla mexTatexa iyo taZris mSenebelTaTvis:igi yovelTvis moulodnelad gamoCndebodaxolme da mis danaxvaze: ,,ori aTasamde mona ise gaitvrineboda,alalma Camouqrolao nibliebis grovas” (217).MromanSi xazgasmulia, rom am Cia, avadmyof moxucsudreki suli hqonda da es aZlevda Zalas, gadaelaxa fizikuriuZlureba, amiT igi ers uCvenebda sulis xorczegamarjvebis naTel magaliTs.115

magram mwerali arc imis aRniSvnas erideba, rom ka-Talikoss xSirad yvela wvrilmanSi ,,warmarToba”elandeboda, ,,uneblied ebrZoda berikaci qarTul motivebs,Zvelbizantiur mkvdar sqemebze Seyvarebuli” (198).melqisedeks uniWo qristiani erCivna niWier iranels.,,dedofali da kaTalikosi ise gaitaca brmadmorwmuneobam,rom isini saqarTvelos mters rodi hxedavdnen keisarSi,aramed qristianuli samyaros uzenaes arsebas, romelicviTarca romis imperatori da ,,pontifeqs maqsimum”,mxolod RmerTs uTmobda pirvelobas amqveynad.” (146)arada, gavixsenoT giorgi I-is sityvebi: ,,basili keisarses unda: erTmorwmune saqarTveloc somxeTis daradgadasanslos rogorme, sanamdis pirSi suli midgas, vermoeswreba am dRes ZaRlTapiri basili keisari” (148).samwuxarod, kaTalikosis fanatizmic gaxda didostatkonstantine arsakiZis tragediis erT-erTi mizezi.Ffarsmanma daabezRa igi kaTalikosTan: iakobisRmerTTan SebrZolebis suraTi daxata, romelSic iakobsdamxatvelis Tvalebi hqonda, xolo RmerTs _ kaTalikosisa.,,kaTalikosma ra gaigo, mkrexeluri suraTi dauxatavsoarsakiZes, lazs, moagonda Tavisi qadagebasamTavros taZarSi, warmarTobis SiSma wamouara isev daxeli aiRo xuroTmoZRvris dacvaze” (363); melqisedekisCumi dasturiT mohkveTes xeli sveticxovlis amgebs.miuxedavad amisa, melqisedek kaTalikosi erT-erTiyvelaze saintereso da mimzidveli gmiria romanisa. MmisisaxiT konstantine gamsaxurdiam dagvixata eris sulierimoZRvari da meWirnaxule. kaTalikosi is pirovnebaa, vincjvriT xelSi ibrZoda eris mTlianobisa da zneobriviamaRlebisaTvis, vis sulier-zneobriv faseulobebsaceyrdnoboda imdroindeli sazogadoeba, qveyana.116

gamoyenebuli literatura1. baqraZe 1990: baqraZe akaki, ,,mwerlobis moTviniereba”,gam. ,,sarangi”, Tbilisi;2. gamsaxurdia 1966: gamsaxurdia konstantine, ,,didostatismarjvena”, gam. ,,nakaduli”, Tbilisi;3. merCule 2004: merCule giorgi, ,,grigol xanZTeliscxovreba”, Tbilisi;3. sigua 2001: sigua soso, ,,martvili da alamdari”,t. II, gam. ,,didostati”, Tbilisi;Шорена МахачадзеГрузинский крест как символ национальной самобытности(по роману К. Гамсахурдиа «Десница великого мастера»)РезюмеГрузинский крест на протяжении многих веков сопровождалборьбу грузинского народа за национальную независимость. Именнопоэтому К. Гамсахурдиа в романе «Десница великого мастера»создал весьма интересный и привлекательный образ верногослужителя грузинского креста, духовного наставника нацииМелкиседека Каталикоса. Его главной целью являлось укреплениеверы в народе, нравственное возвышение и духовное возрождениенации. В романе особо подчеркивается историческая рольКаталикоса в деле строительства Светицховели, шедеврагрузинского зодчества.Мелкиседек Каталикос представлял собой личность, чьидуховно-нравственные ценности всегда являлись ориентирами длягрузинского общества.117

118RmerTisa da samyaros mimarTebissakiTxi avicenas filosofiaSivardo beriZe“didi xania warsuls Cabarda Sexeduleba, TiTqos SuasaukuneebSi sakacobrio kulturisa da misi ganviTarebisaTvisRirebuli araferi gakeTebuliyos, TiTqos es dromxolod antikurobis diadi monapovris daviwyebis, religiuriSeurigeblobis, mecnieruli azris devnis epoqa yofiliyos.Tavad saxeli „Sua saukuneebi“, miuTiTebs, rom is, rac amepoqas Sinaars aZlevs, misi sazRvrebis gareTaa. amgvaria is,rac manamde iyo da rac mis Semdeg Seiqmna, e.i. rac man gaaSuala.“/g. TevzaZe/sakacobrio azris istoriis mTlianobaSi gaazrebayvela kulturul xalxs Tavis adgils miuCens kacobriobiskulturaSi. Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria kacobriobiskulturis erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da saintereso monakveTia.am drois inteleqtualur mcdelobaTa mTavari mizanireligiuri msoflmxedvelobis dasabuTebaa. Sua saukuneebSiarabulma mecnierebam da filosofiam mniSvnelovaniroli iTamaSa sakacobrio azrovnebis istoriaSi. cnobilia,rom dasavleTis filosofiuri azrovneba aRmosavleTis filosofiurmaazrovnebam gansazRvra. Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebulqristianul filosofiaze udidesi gavlena moaxdinarogorc ebraulma religiam da filosofiam, ise arabulmafilosofiaarabuli filosofiis udidesi warmomadgenelia abuali ibn sina(980-1037), evropaSi avicenas saxeliT cnobili.naSromSi, upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba gavamaxvilebuliaavicenas msoflmxedvelobis rolze zogadad mecnieruli dafilosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi, kerZod ki, islamurisamyaros filosofiur azrovnebaSi. avicena aRmosavle-Tis erT-erTi udidesi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani moazrovneaimiT, rom man aRmosavleTis im xalxebs, romlebic islamisreligias eziarnen, gaacno antikuri, ZiriTadad berZnuli

filosofia, gansakuTrebiT aristotele, aseve antikurimecnierebis medicinis miRwevebi, hipokrates Sromebi, romelicsafuZvlad daedo SemdgomSi mTlianad arabul medicinas.avicenam islamuri samyaros filosofiur azrovnebaSipirvelma daamkvidra filosofiuri azrovnebis meTodi, raTqma unda, aristoteles zegavleniT, magram man am meTodisdanergvis aucilebloba iseTi logikiT daasabuTa, rom igiusityvod miiRes misma mowinaaRmdegebma, kalamitebma da sufiebma.es aris analizisa da sinTezis meTodi. avicenasTxzulebebi exeboda codnis TiTqmis yvela dargs: logikas,fizikas, metafizikas, medicinas, maTematikas, astronomias,istorias, fizikas, qimias. naSromSi ZiriTadad yuradRebagamaxvilebulia metafizikis erT-erT mTavar debulebaze.avicenas metafizika am epoqis Sesabamisad RmerTis arsebobisdasabuTebas, RmerTsa da samyaros Soris mimarTebis analizsisaxavda mTavar miznad. aqedan gamomdinare, avicenasargumentacia Semdegia: „ qveyana aris Sedgenili, rTuli, amitommisi arseboba yovelTvis SesaZlebelia da ara aucilebeli,e.i. igi SeiZleba arsebobdes da SeiZleba ara. magramraki samyaros arseboba faqtia, unda arsebobdes raRacmisgan gansxvavebuli mizezi, romelmac samyaros arsebobisSesaZlebloba sinamdviled aqcia. es aucileblobiT arsebulimizezi aris RmerTi. RmerTi aris umaRlesi sibrZne, sike-Te da Tavisufleba. igi ucvleli arsia, romelic mxolodTavis Tavs imecnebs. RmerTi da samyaro, rogorc mizezi daSedegi SeuZlebelia erTmaneTis gareSe iqnen moazrebuli“(ibn sina, 1986,137). RmerTisa da samyaros mimarTebis sakiTxsibn sina ixilavs rogorc saerTod Semqmnelisagan Seqmnilisdamoukideblad arsebobis sakiTxis nawils. debuleba:Seqmnilis Semqmnelisagan damoukidebloba SesaZlebelia -avicenas mcdari analogiis Sedegad miaCnia. magaliTad,saxli aaSena xelosanma da Tvlian, rom saxli amis Semdeg misi,rogorc mizezis gareSe arsebobs. sinamdvileSi ki xelosaniaraa saxlis aSenebis mTavari mizezi. man mxolodgarkveuli wesiT daalaga da daakavSira masala. namdvili misesiisaa, romlis mixedviTac aago xelosanma saxli, e.i.saxlis forma, misi struqtura( ibn sina, 1957,176).119

avicenas msoflmxedvelobaSi vxvdebiT azrovnebisiseT elementebs, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba qristianobas,magram bevri ram saerTocaa radgan orive maTgani gamomdinareobenerTi wanamZRvridan - aristoteledan da neoplatonikosebidan.kerZod, misi azriT, qveyanas win uswrebs materia,rogorc SesaZleblobis substanti. maradiulia materiac daqveyanac. es azri ewinaaRmdegeba qristianobas, romelicqveynis maradiulobas uaryofda. am meore principis aRiarebiT(pirveli RmerTia) avicena dualistia.avicena fiqrobs, rom RmerTi qveynis mizezia, oRondara nebis saSualebiT. (esec ewinaaRmdegeba qristianobas),aseT SemTxvevaSi mas eqneboda mizani, - miswrafeba imisaken,rac mas ar aqvs, es ki SeuZlebelia( SeuZlebelia RmerTiiyos naklovani). RmerTi aris saganTa mizezi Semecnebia sa-SualebiT. aq avicenam gaimeora neoplatonizmis principiRmerTidan qveynis emanaciisa.avicenas samyaro deterministulia, winaswargansazRvrulia.amitom aseT samyaroSi TavisuflebisaTvisadgili ar rCeba, Tumca igi arCeviT moqmedebis SesaZleblobasuSvebs, rasac misi azriT, aucileblobis, rogorvRmerTis mier samyaroSi Cadebuli kanonzomierebisSecnobis mniSvneloba aqvs. avicenas azriT, RmerTi aucilebeliyofnaa, xolo qmnilebebSi yofna anu arseboba SemTxveviTia.e.i. Semoqmedsa da qmnilebas erTmaneTisagan arsebobisaucilebloba an SemTxveviToba ganasxvavebs(Tevza-Ze,1996,222).avicena saubrobs samyaroSi borotebis arsebobis mizezebze.igi borotebis arsebobas adamianis TviTnebobasa dacodvaSi Cavardnas ar abralebs. borotebis arseboba masTan,iseve rogorc neoplatonikosebTan, dakavSirebuliaRmerTTan dacilebasTan. misi azriT, „ nakli da borotebasamyaroSi mizani ki araa, aramed - aucilebeli Tanmxlebi.boroteba samyaroSi sikeTis miRebis uunarobisa da sikeTisaryofnis gamomxatvelia, rogorc, magaliTad, avadmyofobajanmrTelobisaryofnisa“(ibn sina, 1986,140).avicenam arabul filosofiaSi daamuSava da daamkvidraiseTi filosofiuri cnebebi, rogoricaa: forma da120

Sinaarsi, substancia da aqcidencia, moZraoba, dro dasivrce, grZnobadi Semecneba, inteleqtualuri Semecneba daa. S. igi samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebze msjelobs filosofiurkategoriebze dayrdnobiT. asabuTebs moZraobis arsebobas,uaryofs sicarielis arsebobas, „ sicarielis ararsebobisgamoa, - wers avicena, rom mTeli samyaro warmoadgenserTian sxeuls, es erTianoba ki xorcieldeba siyvarulis ZaliT.siyvaruli - es RmerTia - wers avicena.amrigad, Teologiuri problemis - RmerTisa da smyarosmimarTebis sakiTxis analizi avicenasTan da ara mxolodavicenasTan, mTlianad aRmosavlur filosofiaSi veriqneboda sxvagvari gamomdinare iqedan, rom am epoqis musulmanursamyaro icavda da aviTarebda antikur samyaroSiwamoWril metafizikur problemebs.ismis kiTxva: ra mecnieruli damsaxurebis gamo iTvlebaavicena marad Tanamedrove moazrovned? mecnierebis romeldargSi hqonda gansakuTrebuli miRwevebi? CamoTvlilikiTxvebi TavisTavad migvaniSnebs im garemoebaze, rom avicenasmsoflmxedveloba mxolod zemoT aRniSnuli metafizikuriproblemebiT ar Semoifargleboda.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, islamuri samyaros filosofiurazrovnebaSi avicenam pirvelma daamkvidra filosofiuriazrovnebis meTodi. avicenas udides damsaxurebad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos isic, rom man pirvelma daakavSira evropulida aRmosavluri musulmanuri kulturebi, rom jer kidevmeTormete saukuneSi laTinur enaze iTargmna misi erT-erTiyvelaze saintereso naSromi „saeqimo mecnierebis kanoni“,romelmac xeli Seuwyo evropuli medicinis ganviTarebas.avicena kargad aRiqva evropis inteleqtualurma samyarom.SuasaukuneebSi avicenas saxeli gvxvdeba rojer bekonis,albert didis, Toma aqvinelis SromebSi. avicenas igonebsdante aligieri Tavis RvTaebriv komediaSi. misiT gansakuTrebiTaRfrTovanebuli iyo Sua saukuneebis filosofosisiger brabantieli, romelic avicenaSi xedavda Tavisufladmoazrovne filosofoss. avicenas filosofiuri dasamedicino Sromebis gacnobam interesi aRuZra evropulsamyaros gulmodgined SeeswavlaT arabul-aRmosavluri121

kultur-inteleqtualuri samyaro. avicenas Sromebma dasavleTissamyaros didi daintereseba gamoiwvia aRmosavle-Tis kulturiT. avicena marad Tanamedrove moazrovne filosofosia,vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, igi aris pirvelisafuZveli aRmosavlur-dasavluri (musulmanur-qristianul)kulturebis daaxloebisa. misi naazrevi gaxda safuZveligansxvavebul kulturaTa dialogisa, romelic TanamedroveepoqaSic erT-erT urTules gadauWrel problemadiTvleba, amitom avicena aRmosavleTis iseTi mecnier-filosofosia,romelsac dasavleTis kulturuli samyaroaRiarebda marad Tanamedrove moazrovned.Вардо Беридзе122Вопрос Отношения Творца и Мира в философии Авице́ннаВ представленной статье отмечается, что в понимании предметаметафизики Ибн Сина следовал Аристотелю. В своей работе“Избранные философские произведения” Ибн Сина различаетвозможно сущее, существующее благодаря другому, и абсолютнонеобходимо сущее, существующее благодаря себе. Ибн Синаутверждает совечность мира Творцу. Творение в вечности Ибн Синаобъяснял с помощью неоплатонического понятия эманации,обосновывая таким образом логический переход от первоначальногоединого к множественности тварного мира. Однако в отличие отнеоплатонизма он ограничивал процесс эманации миром небесныхсфер, рассматривая материю не как конечный результат нисхожденияединого, а как необходимый элемент любого возможного бытия. Космосделится на три мира: материальный мир, мир вечных несотворенныхформ, и земной мир во всем его многообразии. Индивидуальная душаобразует с телом единую субстанцию, обеспечивающую целостноевоскрешение человека; носителем философского мышления выступаетконкретное тело, предрасположенное к принятию разумной души.Абсолютная истина может быть постигнута посредством интуитивноговидения, которое предстаёт кульминацией процесса мышления.literatura:1. Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoriis problemebi, nawiliII. Tbilisi,1984.2. filosofiis istoria, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,Tbilisi, 1962.TevzaZe guram, Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria, Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1996.4. Ибн Сина, Жизнеописание, Тбилиси,1986.5. Ибн Сина, Даниш намеб, Сталинабад, 1957.

Tengiz moiswrafeSvilimarTlmadidebeli qristianoba da islamiaxali religiis - islamis Caoyalibebam Cv. w. aR. VIIsaukuneSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulze didi problemebi Seuqmnamaxlobeli aRmosavleTis qristianebs, gansakuTrebiTki diofizitobis mimdevrebs (diofizitoba SemdgomSimarTlmadideblobis safuZvlad iqca).ramdenadac islami TandaTanobiT iqceoda Zlier saxelmwifoda politikur Zalad, imdenad sustdebodaqristianTa poziciebi. axali religia islami Tavisi SinaarsiTmkveTrad gansxvavdeboda iudaizmisa da qristianobisagan,TavisTavad cxadia zoroasrtizmisagan, romeliciranSi iyo gavrcelebuli. islamis religiis fuZemdebeligaxda muhamedi, arabTa erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili tomis yureiSitebiswarmomadgeneli. muhamedi iyo pirovneba, romelmacTavis kerpTayvanismcemel , warmarT TanatomelebSidaiwyo, erTRmerTianobis qadageba. erTi samyaros, yovlisSemoqmedi Zalis RmerTis aRiarebamde muhamedi iudevelebisada qristianobis zegavleniT mivida. muhamedi erTi RmerTisariarebiT cdilobda gaerTianebina arabTa daqsaqsuli tomebi,romlebsac erTmaneTSi ganuwyveteli SinaomebihqondaT, gansakuTrebiT laparakia momTabare arabebis Sesaxeb,romelTac naxevarkunZulis udidesi nawili ekavaT, maTbeduinebs uwodebdnen, Tumca oazisebSi cxovrobdnen is arabebi,romlebic monoTeisturi religiebis (qristianobisada iudaizmis) aRmsareblebi iyvnen. mag. iemenSi iudaizmisimdeni mimdevari cxovrobda, rom saxelmwifo religiad iudaizmiiyo gamocxadebuli. sakmao raodenobis iyvnen dadResac arian qristiani arabebi. arabebSi qristianulisarwmunoeba siriidan da abisiniidan Sedioda, Zalian bevriwesi da dogmati, romelic islamSi muhamedisa da SemdgomSi,misi gamgrZeleblebis mier iqna dakanonebuli qristianulireligiis zegavleniT Sevida. magaliTad, mkvdreTiT aRdgoma,qalwulis mucladReba, gankiTxvis dRe da sxva.islamis warmoSobis periodSi, mTeli maxlobeli aRmosavleTida afrikis CrdiloeTi nawilis udidesi teritoria123

qristianebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, siria, palestinaSi, egvipte-Si, CrdiloeT afrikaSi moqmedebdnen udidesi saeklesiocentrebiT uZlieresi samonastro kerebi, TavianTi skolebiT,maRali kulturiT, cxovrebis wesiT da rac mTavaria,ganviTarebuli mwignobrobiT. magram saubedurod, am droisaTvisqristianebs Soris didi xania darRveuli iyo erTianoba.qristianobis rRveva gamowveuli iyo pirvel rigSi monofizitobiswarmoSobiT, romelmac gadauxvia tradiciulqristianul gagebas. qriste erTi bunebis mxolod RvTaebrivibunebis matareblad gamoacxada. mas daupirispirda diofizitoba,romelic qristes or bunebianobas aRiarebda, romqristeSi iyo rogorc RvTaebrivi ise adamianuri bunebac.maT Soris daiwyo ideologiuri brZola, romelic politikurbrZolaSi gadaizarda, am epoqisaTvis aRmosavleTisqristianuli samyaros udidesi nawili, bizantiis imperiisSemadgenlobaSi Sedioda da misi patronaJis qveS imyofeboda.bunebrivia aRmosavleTis qristianebi erTnairi eTnikuriSemadgenlobis ar iyvnen, isini sxvadasxva xalxebswarmoadgendnen, romelTac aseve sxvadasxva politikurimiznebi hqondaT, magram maT umTavresi mizani, romelic yvelamaTans aerTianebda is iyo bizantiis imperiis zegavlenisaganTavis daRweva, vinaidan bizantiis saimperatoro kariqalkidonis saeklesio krebis dadgenilebebs iziarebda,romlis gadawyvetilebebi impertorma markianem Tebervlisspecialuri 462 wlis 7 Tebervlis specialuri ediqtiT daadastura.amiT igi brZolas ucxadebda monofizitebs. monofizitebiTavis mxriv mTeli ZalisxmeviT ebrZodnen diofizitebsda maTTan erTad ki bizantiis imperias. aseve aRmosavleTismonofizitebTan, bizantiis xelisuflebasebrZoda da upirispirdeboda nestorianuli eresi, patriarqnestoris moZRvrebis mimdevrebi, isini bizantia-sparseTisomebis dros xalisiT ibrZodnen mazdeanuri iranis mxareze,qristianuli bizantiis winaaRmdeg, monofizitebi da nestorianelebimTels maxlobel aRmosavleTSi SfoTs Tesavdnen,romelsac kargad iyenebdnen imperiis Sinauri Tu gareSemtrebi. bizantiis imperiisadmi dapirispirebuli Zalebikargad xedavdnen, rom monofizitoba aramarto religiu-124

i ganxeTqilebis saSualeba iyo, aramed es iyo SesaniSnaviZala, romelsac SeeZlo didi zaini mieyenebina imperiis politikuricxovrebisaTvis. maT miaRwies mTavar mizans,romlis meSveobiTac sirielebis, somxebis, egviptelebiserovnuli grZobebi gaaigives monofizitur mrwmamsTan, aqedangamomdinare religiurma dapirispirebam centralur xelisuflebasTan,romelic diofizitobas icavda ukiduresadgamZafrebuli brZolis xasiaTi miiRo.amave dros aRmosavleTSi brZola politikuri zegavlenisaTvismimdinareobda im drois or uZlieres saxelmwifosbizantiasa da sparseTs Soris. orive am saxelmwifomdausrulebeli saukunovani brZolebis SedegadSeuwyves xeli urTierTdasustebasa da sakuTari Zalebis gamofitvas,da rac mTavaria maTi yuradRebis miRma darCa isrTuli religiur-politikuri procesebi, rac maT uSualosazRvrebTan xdeboda. rom yalibdeboda axali politikuriZala, sruliad axali religia, romelic SemdgomSi sabeliswerogaxda rogorc sparseTisaTvis, aseve bizantiisaTvis.xalfatis Seqmnidan sul cota xanSi islamis dro-SiT mebrZolma arabebma daamxes uZvelesi kulturis qveyanasparseTi, mazdeanuri sparseTis nacvlad gaCnda islamuriirani, sruliad gansxvavebuli religiiT, SexedulebebiTda daiwyo axali kulturis formireba.rTuli iyo mdgomareoba maxlobeli aRmosavleTisqristianebSi, bizantiis saimperatoro kari dro da drorepresiul RonisZiebebs atarebda aqauri eretikosebis,nestorianelebis, monofizitTa sxvadasxva jgufebis mimarT,xuravdnen maT taZrebs, devnidnen maT samRvdeloebasada mrevls, rac Tavis mxriv eretikosebis winaaRmdegobasiwvevda. isini yovelTvis bizantiis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ZalebismokavSireebad gvevlinebodnen, jer gandgomiliqristianebi mazdeanuri sparseTis mxareze idgnen bizantielebTanwinaaRmdeg brZolaSi , Semdeg ki maT bunebriv mokavSiredmogvevlina arabTa xalifati, muhamedis mierSeqmnili saxelmwifo, romelic xalifas mier imarTeboda.bizantielebTan wamowyebul omebSi muslimi arabebi xalisiTiyenebdnen eretikos qristianTa Zalebs, xolo mas125

Semdeg, rac muslimebma siria, palestina, egvipte daikaves,diofiziti marTlmadidebeli qristianebi mZime mdgomareobaSiaRmoCndnen. Tu xalifebi monofizit qristianebs SedarebiTpirvel etapze mowyaled ekidebodnen, marTlmadideblebismimarT sastik simkacres iCendnen, maT melqitebsuwodebdnen. meliq - arabulad xelmwifes niSnavs, melqiti- ki xelmwifis xalxi, e.i. bizantiis imperatoris qveSevrdomebs.vinaidan bizantiasa da xalifats Soris dausrulebeliomebi mimdinareobda, marTlmadideblebi ganixilavdnenrogorc bizantiis imperiis momxre pirebs da yovelnairadaviwroebdnen mas. tragedia is iyo, rom aRmosavleTis samididi sapatriarqo aleqsandriisa da afrikis, antioqiisa dapalestina ierusalimis muslimTa daqvemdebarebaSiaRmoCnda, maT pirvel rigSi unda SeenarCunebinaT sakuTarimrevli, rac did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, vinaidanqristianTa uflebebi mkacrad iyo SezRuduli muslimTa kanonmdeblobiT,mimdinareobda eklesiebis meCeTebad gadake-Teba, qristianebze dawesebuli suladobrivi gadasaxadijizia, aiZulebda bevr qristians mahmadianoba mieRo.Semcirda marTlmadidebel qristianTa raodenobaaleqsandriis sapatriarqoSi, xolo CrdiloeT afrikaSisruliad aRmoifxvra. netari avgustines, wm. kviprianes, aTanasialeqsandrielisa da mravalwmindanTa samSoblo momTabarexalxebis saTareSod iqca. aseTive mdgomareoba iyoantioqiis sapatriarqoSi, SedarebiT karg mdgomareobaSiaRmoCnda ierusalimisa da palestinis sapatriarqo, vinaidanierusalims im droisaTvis ganagebda metad Wkviani pirovnebapatriarqi sofroniosi, romelmac arabTa elCebs, romlebicmas ierusalimis Cabarebas Txovdnen, ganucxada, rom qalaqsmuhamedis siZes xalifa omars maSin Caabarebda, TuxelSekrulebis gaformebas TviTon xalifa omari daeswreboda.patriarq sofroniosis diplomatiurma niWma ganapirobaaqauri marTlmadidebeli qristianebisaTvis bevri samoqalaqouflebis SenarCuneba, gadaarCina qristianulitaZrebi dangrevasa da meCeTad gadakeTebas. xalifa omarisxelmowerili sigeli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aqaurqristianebs did mfarvelobas uwevda da uwevs kidec Tana-126

medrove periodSi is uflebebi, romlebic dResac gaaCnia palestinis,iordaniis da ierusalimis qristianebs, dafuZnebuliaxalifa omaris xelmoweril sigelzed.miuxedavad SeWirvebisa, muslimTa mier dapyrobilmaxlobel aRmosavleTSi palestinasa da siriaSi marTlmadideblobislampari sruliad ar gamqrala. amis naTeli magaliTiiyo ioane damaskeli, VII-VIII saukunis udidesi saeklesiomoRvawe, romelmac udidesi wvlili SeitanamarTlmadidebeli qristianobis ganmtkicebaSi. man CamoayalibaaRdgomis sazeimo msaxureba, Seqmna RvTismSoblisa dasxva wmindanTa sagaloblebi, rac mtavaria man dagvitovawigni, romelic marTlmadideblobis dacvis yvelazewminda dokumentia. igi daundoblad ebrZoda eretikulmimdinareobebs, monofizitebs, nestorianelebs da asevecnobilia misi antimahmadianuri traqtatebi, sadac igiamxelda mahmadis sjulis simcdares. qarTulad ioane damaskeliiTargmna XI-XII saukuneebSi efrem mciresa da arseniyalToelis mier. aRsaniSnavia, rom ioane damaskeli warmo-SobiT qristiani arabi iyo.aseve siria-palestinisa da mesopotamiis islamizaciisperiodSi moRcaweobda ioane damaskelis erT-erTi SesaniSnavimimdevari haranis (mesopotamia) episkoposi Teodoreabukura VIII saukunis dasasrulsa da IX saukunis dasawyisSi,igi muslimTa wezolas ar uSindeboda, werdatraqtatebs, monofizitebis, iakobitebis, ebraelebis winaaRmeg,magram rac mTavaria , mas bevri werili da traqtatiaqvs dawerili islamis winaaRmeg. amxelda im winaaRmegobebs,romelic islamis religiaSi arsebobda. igi iyo marTlmadideblobisTavgamodebuli apologeti, misma moRvaweobamxeli Seuwyo bevr regionSi SenarCunebuliyo marTlmadideblobada Tu ki dRes axlo aRmosavleTis uZveles qristianulkerebSi aRevlineba marTlmadidebel qristianTawirva-locva es aris didi wmindanebis ioane damaskelisa daTeodore abukuras Tavgamodebuli Rvawlis Sedegi.qarTulad Teodore abukura iTargmna XII saukuneSiarsen iyalToelis mier.127

miuxedavad religiuri dapirispirebisa muslimi xalifebiuars ar ambobdnen qristianuli kulturis gamoyenebaze.laparakia Zveli berZnuli da bizantiuri kulturis nimuSebisSeTvisebaze. zustad qristianuli kulturiselementebis SeTvisebam, safuZveli Cauyara arabul-muslimanuridamoukidebeli kulturuli fenomenis Camoyalibebas,ukve X-XII saukuneebSi islamis kulturulma aRmavlobamda islamuri kanonmdeblobis dawesebulma mkacrma damokidebulebamqristianebis, kerZod ki marTlmadidebeliqristianebis mimarT gamoiwvia axlo aRmosavleTSi qristianulikulturis centrebis gaqroba, aq mcxovreb qristianTa,gansakuTrebiT marTlmadidebel qristianTa umTavres amocanadiqca sakuTari religiuri aRmsareblobis SenarCuneba,romelic maT xSirad sicocxlis fasadac ki ujdebodaT.gamoyenebuli litertura:1. Академик В.В. бартольд – Культура мусульманства ,сочинения , т. 6, изд. «Наука» , Москва, 1966 г.2. Адам Мец - Мусульманский ренессанс , Москва, 1973 г.3. islami. enciklopediuri cnobari, Tbilisi 1999 w.4. goCa jafariZe , saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTisislamuri samyaro. Tbilisi 1995 w.5. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe - saqarTvelossamociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 2, Tbilisi 1998 w.6. qristianuli eklesiis istoria I s. - XV s. Sua wlebi(dasabamidan konstantinopolis dacemamde) Seadginagvanca koplataZem, Tb. 2009 w.128

РезюмеВ статье освешенно положение православных христиандиофизитовв Арабском халифате. Подчеркнуто чтороспрастранению Исламской религии на ближнем востоке, вЭгипет и в Северном Африке во многом способствовали деяниеХристиан Эретиков. Непрекрашаемая борьба междуМонофизитами и Несторианками ослобляли позиции христиан вэтих регионах. Несториани и Монофизити радостью переходилина сторону Мусульман. У них била главная цель - как нибудьотомстить Византиами. После победы мусульман ухудшилисьположение христян-диофизитов. Мусульмане их считалисоюзниками Византии, против них проводили страшниерепрессии. Последными достижениями провославных Христианна ближнем востоке были деятельность двух великыхправословных святых Иоанна Дамаскина и Феодора Абукури -Епископоса Харанского. Они боролись против Эретиков иусилившегося Ислама. Они внесли большой вклад в делеотработки христианской литургики, угасли очаги провославнойхристианскойписьменности в этих местах. Для местныхпровославный-христиан главной задачей стал вопрос сохраненияхристиатской веры.129

ineza zoiZe130qristianoba aWaris mosaxleobistradiciul yofaSiaWaraSi qriastianuli religiis gavrcelebasmohyva mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi sulier da yofiTcxovrebaSi, rac kargad aisaxa mosaxleobis materialurda sulier kulturaSi. qristianobis gavrcelebiskvaldakval aWaris teritoriaze farTod gaiSala eklesia-monastrebismSenebloba.aWaraSi jer patara da ubralo sakulto nagebobebsagebdnen. Semdeg ki xeli mihyves nagebobebis ufronatif mSeneblobas. taZrebs, eklesia-monastrebs amkobdnenCuqurTmebiT, svetebiT, gumbaTebiT, sxvadasxva arqiteqturul-mxatvrulimoxatulobebiTa da warwerebiT. maTgverdiT Sendeboda kultis msaxurTa sacxovrebeli, cixesimagreebi.p. uvarova aWaraSi mogzaurobis Semdeg xazsusvamda im garemoebas, rom religiuri obieqtebi aWaraSiufro meti iyo, vidre afxazeTsa da saqarTvelos sxvakuTxeebSi, romlebic teritoriiT aRematebodnen mas. (П.Уварова, 1881, 230).v. lisovski 1887 wels Tavis samxedro-statistikurkrebulSi _ ` Woroxis mxare~ _ werda, rom aWaraSiqristianoba saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan erTad IV saukuneSigamocxadda saxelmwifo religiad da mxare aivsodidi da patara taZrebiT, eklesiebiTa da monastrebiT (В. Лисовский, Тифл., 1887, 29.)miuxedavd imisa, rom aWaraSi osmalTa batonobisdros eklesia-monastrebi nangrevebad iqca da nangrevebisagangadarCenili taZrebi ki (sxalTis taZari) mrevlisgareSe darCa, mosaxleobaSi mainc SemorCa rwmena da pativiscemaqristianuli samlocveloebisadmi. xalxi SiSiTada krZalviT epyroboda eklesiis nangrevebs. modiodnenam nangrevebTan, sanTels anTebdnen, loculobdnen damsxverplsac swiravdnen. rogorc dimitri baqraZeaRniSnavda: `maTi mexsierebidan ar gamqrala TiToeulitaZris istoria, vin da romeli gvaridan aago, vin iyo misiukanaskneli mRvdeli, sad waiRes xatebi da a.S~. ammxriv sainteresoa aseve T. saxokias cnobac, romelic Cau-

weria mareTis xeobaSi, sofel furtioSi, sadac mozrdilieklesia arsebobda. axla darCenilia mxolod eklesiiserTi qva. am qvasTan xalxi islamis pirobebSic ikribeboda,sanTels anTebda da RmerTs evedreboda. bolos kies qvac daumsxvreviaT, ris gamoc erT moxucebul qalsZalian didi wuxili gamouTqvams da loginad Cavardnila~.(T. saxokia, 19985: 264).aseve, sayuradReboa mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuliTqmulebebi sxalTis eklesiaze, romlebic g. yazbegs Cauweria.erTi Tqmulebis mixedviT islamis mimdevrebs ganuzraxavTeklesiis meCeTad gadakeTeba, magram gagiJebulanda tyeSi gaWrilan. meore Tqmulebis mixedviT ki erTmwyemss taZarSi Seurekavs cxvris fara. mas 200 cxvarigawyvetia. TviTon ki SemTxveviT gadarCenila.sxalTiswylis xeobaSi msgavsi gadmocemebi Cauweria mosaxleobisagand. baqraZesac. e.i. yvela am da amis msgavsSemTxvevas xalxi xsnida, rogorc qristes Surisgebaswminda adgilTa wabilwvisaTvis. (g. yazbegi, 1995:43)Tu gadavxedavT aWaris toponimikur monacemebs, davinaxavT,rom adgilTa umetesi saxelwodeba dakavSirebuliaqristianul religiasTan, eklesiebis arsebobasTan.magaliTad, adgilTa aseTi saxelwodebebia: jvari,jvarTavake, naeklesievi, namonastrevi, nasaydrali, eklesiagverdi,naqilisvari da sxva.aWaraSi xSirad pouloben qvaze, xeze da liTonzeamokveTil jvrebs da sxva sayofacxovrebo nivTebs,xelsaqmis nimuSebs, romlebic mTlianad qristianulisimbolikebiT aris Semkuli. maTi ZiriTadi nawili dResinaxeba aWaris x. axvledianis saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumSi.aWaraSi imdenad Rrma safuZveli hqonda qristianobasda mis ideologias, rom ucxo reJimis samsaukunovanibatonobis pirobebSic ki xalxis sulier kulturaSi waruSlelikvali datova. daviwyebas ar eZleoda qristianuldResaswaulebTan dakavSirebuli ritualebis Sesruleba.qristianuli sawesCveulebo dResaswaulia bzoba,romelmac Tavisi mniSvneloba islamis pirobebSic ar darakga,magram saxelwodeba `bzoba~ Seicvala `gzobiT~,romelsac xalxi aRniSnavda didi xuTSabaTis momdevno131

wiTel paraskevs. aWaris zogierTi eklesiis nangrevebisirgvliv dRemde xarobs bzis buCqebi. Cans, Tavis drozemosaxleobas bza xelovnurad gauSenebia eklesiis mimdebareteritoriebze.gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavda aWarismusulimi mosaxleoba saeklesio dResaswauls `fericvalebas~.igi bunebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba.rodesac civdeba wyali, mwifdeba mosavali, bunebaSi yvelaferiicvlis fers. dResaswauli aRiniSneboda Cveulebrivagvistos TveSi. gadmocemiT, roca islamis pirobebSimosaxleoba aWaraSi didi pompezurobiT ver zeimobda,Rorjomidan baxmaros mTiT axerxebda guriaSi gadasvlasda monawileobdnen aq gamarTul dResaswaulebSi.(j. noRaideli, 1971: 135).osmalTa batonobis dros aWaris mosaxleobis sulieryofaSi ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba aRdgomisdResaswaulsac. marTalia xalxi mas farulad, SedarebiTsaxeSecvlili formiT aRniSnavda, magram amas mainc didimnivneloba hqonda, radgan maT SeZles momavali TaobisaTvisgadaecaT winaprebis sulieri monapovari. mis sainteresomagaliTs warmoadgens sofel maxunceTSi (qedisraioni) mcxovrebi o. diasamiZis monaTxrobi: kargadmaxsovs, Zalian patara rom viyavi bebiaCems gazafxuliserT-erT mzian dRes Cumad gavyavdiT sasaflaoze, sadacwiTlad SeRebis kvercxebs dagvagorebinebda. mTqmeli TandasZens, rom bebiamisi muslimi iyo.( m. erisTavi. qristianulireligiis wes-Cveulebebi aWaraSi. – awaris saxelmwifomuzeumis xelmawerTa fondi, #203, gv.7.)qristianuli wes-Cveulebebi sakmaod farTod aisaxamosaxleobis xalxur gadmocemebSic, andazebSic da sulieriyofis sxva sferoebSi. aWaraSi farTod iyogavrcelebuli xalxuri mkurnaloba mcenareebiT. imadgils, sadac samkurnalo mcenareebi izrdeboda, xalximariamis baRCas uwodebda, TviT samkurnalo mcenareens kiewodeboda qristes sisxla da qristes beWeda. amiT xalxiRvTisa da RvTismSoblis mimarT Tayvaniscemasac gamoxatavdada Sesabamisad, mkurnalobac ufro damajerebelixdeboda. qristesa da sxva wmindanebis saxelebiadamkvidrebuli xalxur SelocvebSic. xalxur zepirsityvierebaSiSemonaxuli qalmariami ki mkurnal132

RvTaebaTaa cnobili. aWaraSi, gansakuTrebiT ufros TaobebSidRemde Tveebis saxelwodebebi qristianuli kalendrismixedviT aris damkvidrebuli. magaliTad,agvistos eZaxian mariamobas anu wminda RvTismSoblis saxels,ivliss erT-erTi wmindanis, kvirikes saxeli ewodeba,noembers giorgobas uwodeben da a.S .( i.beqiriSvili,1991:114)amrigad,qristianulma religiam didi roli SeasrulaaWaris mosaxleobis sulier cxovrebaSi. aWaris mosaxleobistradiciul yofaSi imdenad Rrmad aisaxaqristianuli wes-Cveulebebi, rom ucxo reJimis samaswlianibatonobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos am ZirZvel kuTxesar Seuwyvetia aqtiuri monawileoba qarTveli xalxis materialurida sulieri ganviTarebis procesSi.literatura1. i. beqiriSvili, qriastianoba aWaraSi, Tb., 1991,2. g. yazbegi sami Tve TurqrTois saqarTveloSi, baTumi,1995,3. j. noRaideli, narkvevbi da Canawerebi, baTumi, 1971, gv.135.4. m. erisTavi. qristianuli religiis wes-Cveulebebi aWara-Si. – aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelmawerTa fondi, #203,gv.7.5. baqraZe d. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWara-Si, baTumi, 19876. saxokia T. mogzaurobani, baTumi, 19857. Лисовский В.Я. Чорохский край. Тифлис, 1887.8. Уварова П. Кавказ, Абхазия, Аджария, Шавшетия, Поцховскийучасток. ч. II. М., 1881.Инеза ЗоидзеХристианство в традиционном быту населения АджарииВ статье рассмотрены элементы христианской религии в традиционномбыту населения Аджарии. С распространением христианской религии вАджарии произошлирезкие изменения в духовной жизни и в быту, что нашло отражение вматериальной и духовной культуре.Христианские традиции и порядки настолько глубоко отразились нажизни населения, что, несмотря на трехсотлетнее иностранное правление, вэтом древнейшем уголке Грузии не прекращалось активное участие местногонаселения в процессе материального и духовного развития грузинского народа133

134naila CelebaZeqristianuli motivebi xinos mosaxleobisfolklorul-eTnografiul masalebSimiuxedavad imisa, rom warsuli drois SemorCenilisaintereso naSTebi sadReisod veRar iZlevian istoriulimovlenebis zust suraTs, xinos xeobaSi warmodgeniliyofisa da kulturis mravalferovani folkloruleTnografiulimasalebidan Cans, rom qristianoba warmoadgendaam kuTxis istoriis umniSvnelovanes da umTavresetaps. mosaxleobam yvelaze didxans aq - kintriSis zemoxeobaSi SesZlo qristianuli rwmenis Semonaxva. am viTarebas1873 wels aWaraSi mogzaurobis dros adasturebdad. baqraZe guriaSi mopovebuli erTi aqtis safuZvelzec,romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom xinom, sadac episkoposiijda, musulmanoba 1780 wlamde cota xniT adre miiRo(baqraZe, 1874, 22). Ppativcemul mkvlevars xinos sakaTedrotaZaris nangrevebTan unaxavs axali sanTlebi, ramac safuZvelimisca gaekeTebina Tamami daskvna: `. . . am miyruebulsofelSi jer kidev savsebiT ar gamqrala xsovnaodesRac gabatonebuli qristianuli religiisa”(baqraZe,1987,83). d. baqraZe am azrs sxva faqtebis moSveliebiTacasabuTebs: `. . . Cveulebriv avadmyofobas, yovelgvar ubedurebas,saqonlis gawydomas isini maT mier mitovebulitaZrebisa da xatebis risxvas miaweren. amitomac drodadroswiraven maT cxvrebs, qaTmebs” (baqraZe, 1874, 16).eTnograf m. beqaias cnobiT, saydarSi SesawiradmihqondaT agreTve puri da tabla. sagulisxmoa, romamgvar SewirulobebsA mosaxleoba gansacdelis JamssabWoTa periodSic mimarTavda. es faqtebi SemdegieTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelzec dasturdeba:`nabraleb //nabralev maqo” da gauSvebdnen qaTams (aWaris. . , 1945; CelebaZe, 1988), an - `neta eklesia xom ar damiwvavso”(CelebaZe,1988). uSvilobis SemTxvevaSi RmerTswyalobas ase SesTxovdnen: `gamCeno RmerTo am qals arSerCa baRana, SearCine da agi SegeÁwirvoso”. (beqaia, 1960,122). xeobis mkvidris, mkvlevar a. qaTamaZis CanawerebSimocemulia gadmocema uSvilobis gamo xinos eklesiaSioqros akvnis Sewirvis Sesaxeb,Erac zogadqarTul movlenaswarmoadgens. eTnograf s. makalaTias cnobiT varZia-

Sic yofila ori patara vercxlis akvani (makalaTia, 1938).uSvilobis mizeziT akvnis Sewirva mowmdeba guriasa dasamegreloSi (bedukiZe,1973, 124). sagulisxmoa, rom qarTulmiTologiur simbolikaSi am mizniT swored oqros akvanidominirebda (kiknaZe, 1985,376;108). interesmoklebuli arunda iyos isic, rom mezobel regionebSi gardacvlilibavSvis akvnis sasaflaoze datovebis kvali ramdenadmeqvemo aWaramac Semoinaxa, sadac saflavis aRmniSvnel sinonimadgvxvdeba termini akvana.Tu ramdenad morwmune da RvTismoSiSi iyo xinos mosaxleoba,kargad Cans Semdegi gadmocemis mixedviTac:`gamoqceuli kaci koxs (xinos xeobis mosazRvre sofelin.C.)Semeiarda da xinos miwaze Semovidoda, is naCuqariiyo xinos naTliscemis eklesiaze, imas sasjeli aRaredeboda” (mgelaZe, 1960,62).mosaxleoba didi tkiviliT Sexvda adgilobrivmcxovrebTaAmuhajirad wasvlas, rac leqsiTac gamoxates:`xino muhajirad mivaWaxaTlebs tkiva muceli” da a.S. (mgelaZe,1960,79).qristianobis kvali Cans toponimebis Semonaxuloba-Sic: sodomuri, nambavebi//gemis nambavebi, kidobani, xucuri,saydari, nasaxtrevi da sxv. (CijavaZe, 1960, 12; mgelaZe,1960, CelebaZe,1988 da sxv.). mosaxleobam xeobaSi moRvawemRvdelmsaxurTa saxelebic Semoinaxa, magaliTad, romanxucesis, episkopos arTmelaZisa da sxv.qarTul istoriografiaSi vaxuStidan mokidebuli,cnebebi `marTlmadidebeli qristiani” da `qarTveli”faqtobrivad sinonimuri terminebia. `Cveni Zvelebiityodnen, rom aqauroba naqarTlia da Cvenc maTi STamomavlebivarTo” (mgelaZe, 1960,6). sagulisxmoa, rom kintri-Sis xeobaSi toponimi `naqarTli” asaxavs ara martoqarTizaciis process, aramed naeklesiari adgilisaRmniSvnel terminsac warmoadgens. am adgilebisadmi gulisxmierida mowiwebiTi damokidebulebis gamomxatveliatradicia, romliTac eklesiis teritoriidan ikrZalebodaraimes waReba. gadmocema kargad asaxavs WeSmaritiqristianisaTvis saeklesio qonebis mimarT damokidebulebas.am wesis damrRvevs ewyeboda Tavis tkivilebi dacxviridan sisxldena manam, sanam igi waRebul nivTs ukanar daabrunebda (CelebaZe, 2001). naeklesiari adgilebi-135

sadmi mosaxleobis amgvari damokidebulebis Sesaxeb d.baqraZe SeniSnavda, rom isini gamoirCeodnen Tavisi`..wminda koromebiT, romelsac aravin vnebs”-o (baqraZe,1874, 19).xeobis mosaxleobis rwmena-warmodgenaTaAkompleqsSisxvadasxva doneze SeiniSneba qristianuli elementebisnakvalevi. magaliTad, m. beqaias damowmebiT qorwilisdros dedofals dedamTili an mamamTili `sanTliT gamoegebeboda”(beqaiam., 1960, 56). aseve, mowmdeba jvris simbolikapurze, mWadze sayofacxovrebo nivTebsa da TviTmeCeTis karebzec (j. varSalomiZe, 1979; CelebaZe, 1988;2001)).Ees garemoeba kargadaa Semonaxuli kalendarSic:qristeSobisTve, mariobisTve, ivanobisTve, RvinobisTve,aseve didi xuTSabaTi (baqraZe, 1987, 161-162; noRaideli,1971;CelebaZe, 1988). magaliTad, 6 agvistos feriscvalebasTandakavSirebiT, moxuci qali specialurad sami mxarisigrZis mrgvalad daxveul sanTels daanTebda da dilamdeloculobda.miuxedavad imisa, rom tradiciulma RirebulebiTmaorientirebma arasaxarbielo cvlilebebi ganicades, saukuneebmamainc Semogvinaxa qristianulad motivirebulixalxuri Selocvebi da zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi (WiWinaZe,1891; gurieli, 1891; noRaideli, 1937). mosaxleobismexsierebaSi Rrmadaa CabeWdili codna bibliuri adgilebis(ierusalimi, iordania da a.S.), bibliuri personaJebisada siuJetebis Sesaxeb (warRvna, samoTxe, jojoxeTi, meoredmosvla, samyaros kosmiuri suraTi, cis gaxsna,aRdgoma, mariamoba, fericvaleba, eliaoba, lazaroba, mariamRvTismSobeli, wmida giorgi, wmida nino, miqaeli dagabrieli da a.S.), romlebSic moixsenieba ieso qriste dawmida sameba, riTac iwyeba TiTqmis yvela Selocva. gansakuTrebuliyuradReba eqceva SelocvaTa calkeuli adgilisaTu Sesabamisi ritualis Sesrulebis sakralur mxares.xalxur mexsierebaSi Rrmad CabeWdili wmidaTa saxelebiaraerTi Selocvidan Cans, magaliTad: `sulosulTan,gulo-gulTan, netav ram SegaSina, SeSinebulisadgili wm. giorgis saxtaria, Zala wm. giorgis, eSmakebisafrTxeSia. . . ” da a.S. mosaxleobam qarTvelTa legendarulimefe Tamaris saxels daukavSira araerTi gadmocemada xeobis calkeuli adgilis saxelwodebac.136

qristianuli elementebia Semonaxuli saojaxo dasazogadoebrivi yofis calkeul sferoSi. gansakuTrebiTigrZnoba qristianuli kanonikis gavlena bavSvis gaCenasTan,qorwilTan, ganqorwinebasTan, datirebadakrZalvasTanda sxva institutTan dakavSirebiT (noRaideli,1937; CelebaZe, 1988; 2001).amrigad, xinos mosaxleobam sakmaod kargad Semoinaxaqristianuli elementebi, romlebic arseboben xalxurirwmenis erTiani sistemis CarCoSi. qristianuli codnisfragmentuli xasiaTis miuxedavad,OmaTi cxovrebis yvelasferoSi igrZnoba qristianuli moraliT nasazrdoebi suli.Naila ChelebadzeChristian Motives in folklore-ethnographic materials of Khino populationSummaryThe diverse folklore-ethnographic materials, describing the lifeand culture of the population in the Khinostskali Gorge, show thatChristianity was the most important and basic stage in the history of thisland. Despite the adoption of Islam the population has always consideredthe spots of destroyed churches as their own property and their attitude wasexpressed with great respect and worship. There also the facts of donation,especially within the period of peril for the population. The followingChristian toponyms can also testify a fact: vicious (sodomuri), spots whereships were bound up (gemis nambavebi), ark (kidobani), etc. For example:the toponym “Nakartli” (that means that the land belonged to Kartli before)expresses not only the process of “Kartlization”, but also it is the termdenoting the spots of destroyed churches.Christian elements are preserved in many nuances of family andsocial life. The Christian notions are kept in the biblical plots and thenames of characters (Flood – tsargvna, Paradise – samotkhe, Hades –jojokheti, The Second Appearance – meored mosvla, the space picture ofthe universe – samkaros kosmiuri surati, Sky opening – tsis gakhsna, Easter– agdgoma, Virgin Mary’s day – mariamoba, Transfiguration –feritsvaleba, St. Lazare’s Day – lazaroba, etc. The symbol of cross onbread, maize-bread, and the things of everyday use is very interesting. Thiscircumstance is found in the folk calendar in the names of different months,such as the month of Christmas, the month of Virgin Mary, the month ofSt. John, and others. The memory of people has deeply engraved the namesof the Saints – Mariam, Nino, Tamar.137

The incantation of the folk verbal sayings of the Gorge is deeplyconnected with the natives’ social or cultural history and religion that ismostly influenced by Christianity. Besides the God and Saints the names ofholy places (Jerusalem, Jordan, etc.) are often mentioned in theincantations. In the tailpieces of the incantation texts the Holy Cross,candle, water sprinkling, etc. are often used in order to strengthen themagic power and fulfill the request.gamoyenebuli literatura:1. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis arqivi. fondi #5.19452. `baton dimitri baqraZis mokle narkvevi guriis,Curuq-susa da aWaris Sesaxeb” winaswari angariSi (1874wlis 22 ianvari)3. baqraZe d. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa daaWaraSi. baTumi, 1987.4. bedukiZe l. xalxuri aveji aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTSi. Tb.,1973.5. beqaia m., `aWaruli ojaxi da qorwineba”. Bbskif,anaweri#5, saqme# 16.6. varSalomiZe j. ornamenti xeze, BAbaTumi, 1979.7. kiknaZe z. qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTasistema. Tb., 1985.8. makalaTia s. mesxeT-javaxeTi. Tb., 1938.9. mgelaZe v. `qobuleTis raionis dasaxlebismorfologiis Sesaxeb”, bskif, 1960, anaweri#5, saqme#1710. noRaideli j. eTnografiuli narkvevi aWarelTayofa-cxovrebidan. baT.,1937.11. noRaideli j. narkvevebi da Canawerebi. wigni I,baTumi, 1971.12. qaTamaZe a., aWaris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumisarqivi. 1940.13. qarTvel mahmadianT locvebi (gamoc. Tavad grigoldaviTis Zis gurielis mier). Tb., 1891.14. CelebaZe n., 1988 da 2001 ww. kintriSis xeobiseTnografiuli eqspediciis masalebi.15. WiWinaZe z. qarTveli mahmadianebi kintriSis xeobaze.Tb., 1891.138

abesalom aslaniZezogierTi bibliuri saswaulebi yuranSiyvela religiis msoflxedvelobaSi saswauls mniSvnelovaniadgili ukavia. am mxriv arc islamia gamonaklisi.qristianoba da islami erT geografiul garemoSi aRmocendada am or msoflio religias bevri saerTo hqondaT. amasTan,islami rogorc ufro gviandeli movlena, gavlenebs ganicdidasxva, ufro adreuli religiebisgan, gansakuTrebiTki qristianobisagan [aslaniZe, 1992]. saerTod esa Tu is religiaitans cvlilebebs Tavisi formirebisas, romelic Seesabamebamis adgils civiluri regulaciis saerTo sistema-Si [erasovi]. sainteresoa, Tu rogor aisaxa muslimTa wmindawignSi - yuranSi bibliuri saswaulebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos,rom yurani biblias wminda wignad aRiarebs („da es wigni, romelicCven gardmogivlineT Sen, kurTxeulia, im WeSmaritebisdasturad, rac iyo gardmovlenili masze uwin“[kraCkovski, 1986, 6:92]; „da masze uwin garmovleniliqna wigni musasi, winamZRolad da wyalobad. da es wigni -WeSmaritebis damadastureblad arabul enaze“ [kraCkovski,1986, 46:11], „ara, igi WeSmaritebiT movida da daadasturawarmogzavnilni“ [lobJaniZe, 2006, 37:36, aseve, 3:2; 3:78; 4:135;5:47-48 da sxv.]) da Sesabamisad masSi mniSvnelovanwilad aRiarebuliabibliuri saswaulebic, Tumca garkveuli saxecvlilebiT,rac gamowveulia sxavadasxva garemoebebiT.islami, rogorc zeerovnuli religia aRmocenda me-7saukunis dasawyisSi da swrafad gavrcelda msoflios mravalqveyanaSi, rasac Tavis mxriv didad Seuwyo xeli misiaRmocenebis periodSive SeZenilma politikurma funqciam.islami aRmoCnda is msoflio religia, romelmac yvela sxvareligiaze metad gauwia metoqeoba qristianobas. religiaTaSoris ideologiuri brZola SeiniSneboda Tavidanve. amassxvadasxva faqtorebi ganapirobebda da erTmaneTis mimarTbrZolis xerxebic mravalferovani iyo, romelTagan mTavariiyo im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu romelia is raligia, romelic139

adaminTa WeSmarit gadarCenas emsaxureba. am dapirispirebaSiki saswaulebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda.winaswar SevniSnavT, rom statiaSi yuradRebas vamaxvilebTzogierT im bibliur saswaulebze, romlebic aisaxayuranSi, sadac araerTgzis xazgasmulia, rom islami ar arisraRac saerTod axali, aramed arsebobda yovelTvis, rogorcmociqulTa religia. amgvarad mtkicdeba uZvelesi winaswarmetyvelebebismemkvidreobiToba da WeSmariteba. muhamadismisia iyo arsebuli kanonis reformireba da ara misiakrZalva. xolo bibliaSi arsebuli „Zneli adgilebi“ imisSedegia, rom sistematurad xdeboda iudaisturi da qristianulisamRvdeloebis mxridan bibliis Sinaarsis damaxinjeba[aidinali-zade]), aseve ver moxerxda qristianobis monoliTursistemad CenarCuneba da daiyo seqtebad, risTvisacisini mkacrad daisjebian [kraCkovski, 1986, 2:175: 6:160]. am garemoebebmaki Seqmna aucilebloba wminda wignebis adreuliteqstebis Secvlisa imis gamo, rom isini damaxinjebuli iyoadamianuri SemoqmedebiT [besami, 1997, 5], rac dauSvebelia.ase rom yvelaze didi saswauli RmerTisgan movlenili yuraniada is raime saxis gadaxedvas ar eqvemdebareba.saubari unda daviwyoT yuranis im aiaTi, romelic gvauwyebsbibliur winaswarmetyvelebas, axali winaswarmetyvelis,muhamadis mosvlis Sesaxeb. muslimi RvTismetyvelebiimowmeben yuranis Semdeg aiebs: „imaT, visac vuboZeT wigni,icnoben mas, rogorc icnoben sakuTar Svilebs, Tumca maTinawili Segnebulad malavs WeSmaritebas“ [kraCkovski, 1986,2:141], „gana ar yofila maTTvis saswauli is, rom ician isisraelis ZeTa swavlulebma“ [lobJaniZe, 2006, 26:197; aseve, 2:83; kraCkovski, 2006, 2:39; 6:20 da sxv.]. gadmocema ieso qristesmiawers sityvebs: rodesac me davinaxe is (muhamadi - a.a.), Cemisuli aRivso simSvidiT da me vTqvi: muhamad, SenTan iyosRmerTi! da damdos man pativi Segikra fexsacmelze Tasmebida Tu es pativi mergo, me viqnebi udidesi winaswarmetyvelida wmindani RmerTisgan [16]. aq unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arisaucilebeli winaswarmetyvelis mosvla nawinaswarmetyveleviiyos romelime wina winaswarmetyvelis mier. igive muslimuriRvTismetyvelebis Tanaxmad aseTi winaswarmetyveleba140

ar yofila arc mose winaswarmetyvelze da arc abraamze. mixedavadamisa, xSirad imowmeben swored bibliis teqstebs,sadac maTi azriT muhamadis mosvlaa nawinaswarmetyvelebida marTlac, xalxas rom eWvi ar Separvoda muhamadis winaswarmetyvelebaSi,yuranSi xazgasmulia, mas rom es misiadaekisreboda nawinaswarmetyvelebia bibliaSi. muslimiRvTismetyvelebi am mxriv imowmeben araerT leqss bibliidan:„Sen rom xar, iseT winaswarmetyvels davudgen moZmeTawridan, bageze davudeb Cems sityvebs da is gamogicxadebsyvelafers, rasac me vubrZaneb. Tu vinme ar Seismens Cemssityvebs, romelTac is gamoacxadebs Cemi saxeliT, Tavad memovTxov mas pasuxs“ [biblia, meore rjuli, 18:18, 19]. sworedamitomaa, rom muslimebi yuranis yoveli Tavisa Tu nawyvetiswakiTxvas iwyeben sityvebiT: „bismilahi raxmani raxim“ –„RmerTis saxeliT mowyalisa da mwyalobelis“, garda me-9Tavisa (monanieba), Tumca am Tavis nawyvetebis wakiTxvisacaucilebelia aRniSnuli formula.„da vTxov mamas, da mogivlenT sxva nugeSismcemels, ra-Ta iyos TqvenTan ukunisamde“ [biblia, saxareba ioanesi,14:16];„magram WeSmaritebas geubnebiT: gijobT, rom wavide;radgan Tu ar waval, ar mova TqvenTan nugeSismcemeli; xoloTu waval, mogivlenT mas“ [biblia, saxareba ioanesi, 16:7];„xolo nugeSismcemeli, suli wminda, romelsac mamamoavlens Cemi saxeliT, gaswavliT da mogagonebT yvelafers,rac me giTxariT“ [biblia, saxareba ioanesi, 14:26];„xolo rodesac mova nugeSismcemeli, romelsac mogivlenTmamis mier, WeSmaritebis suli, romelic gamodis mamisgan,is imowmebs CemTvis“ [biblia, saxareba ioanesi, 15:16]„xolo rodesac mova igi, WeSmaritebis suli, wagiZRvebaTTqven yoveli WeSmaritebisaken; vinaidan TavisiT ki arilaparakebs, aramed rasac moismens, ityvis, da momavals gauwyebTTqven. is madidebs me, vinaidan Cemgan miiRebs da TqvengauwyebT“ [biblia, saxareba ioanesi, 16: 13,14]. am leqsebis[14:16,26; 15:16; 16:7,13,14] safuZvelze muslimuri RvTismetyve-141

leba Tvlis, rom aq saubaria adamianze,anu winaswarmetyvelzeda ara wminda sulze, rom TviTon iesom iwinaswarmetyvelamuhamedis mosvla [17]. „da, aha, uTxra isa ibnmariamma: o, israilis Zeno, WeSmaritad, me var mociquli alahisaTqvenTan, dasadastureblad imisa, rac Cems uwinaaTavraTisagan da maxareblad mociqulis, romelic modisCems Semdgom. misi saxelia ahmadio...“ [lobJaniZe, 2006, 61:6]damowmebuli aiebi ara marto imis demonstrirebaa, rommuhamadis mosvlaa nawinaswarmetyvelebi bibliaSi, aramedimisa, rom es udidesi saswauli, anu mociqulTa Soris bolomociqulis („ara yofila muhamadi aravisi mama Tqveni kacebidan,aramed igia mociquli alahisa da beWedi winaswarmetyvelTa...“[lobJaniZe, 2006, 33:40]; „im dRes(gankiTxvis dRe a. a.), rodesac Cven yovel erSi gamovagzavniTmowmes maT winaaRmdeg da mogiyvanT Sen mowmed amaT winaaRmdeg....“[kraCkovski, 1986, 16:91]) mosvla ramdenime saukuniTadre iyo cnobili. am saswaulis dasturad muslimiRvTismetyvelebi iSvelieben moses sityvebs: „mosem Tqva mamebismimarT: ufali RmerTi aRgidgenT Cemnair winaswarmetyvelsTqveni Zmebidan; ismineT yvelaferi rasac isgetyviT. da iqneba ase: yoveli suli, romelic ar mousmens imwinaswarmetyvels, amoiZirkveba xalxidan“ [biblia, mociqulTasaqme, 3:22-23]. aq muslimebi xazs usvamen ramdenimemoments: 1) winaswarmetyvels Tqveni Zmebidan 2) iseTs rogorcSen 3) yoveli suli, romelic ar mousmens im winaswarmetyvels,amoiZirkveba xalxidan da gulisxmobenSemdegs: 1) ebraelebi da arabebi miekuTvnebian semiturjgufs da arian moZme xalxebi, amitomac mociquli unda iyosarabebidan. 2) es winaswarmetyveli msgavsi unda iyos moseze.3) suli, romelic ar mousmens im winaswarmetyvels, amoi-Zirkveba xalxidan. aq Cven yuradRebas SevaCerebT mxolod immomentze, Tu rogor xsnian muslimi winaswarmetyvelebi muhamadismsgavsebas moseze da riTac adastureben muhamadismisiis WeSmaritebas [bibliuri winaswarmetyveleba...]:142

mose ieso muhamadiSedarebismxareebidabadebanormaluridabadebaubi-saocari,wod SobanormaluridabadebamisiamSoblebiojaxuricxovrebasaku-Tarixalxis miermiRebapolitikurixelisuflebaoponentebzegamarjvebasikvdilidakrZalvaRvTaebriobamociqulismisiisdasawyisiaRdgoma dedamiwazemxolodwinaswarmetyvelimama da dedacoli, SvilebiiudevelebmamiiRes ismoseshqonda is(ricxvTa 15:36)faraonidaixrCouwodesSviliRvTismxolodwinaswarmetyvelimxolod deda mama dadedaarasdros ar daqorwinebulacoli,Svilebiiudevelebmauaryves igimaszeiesom uari TqvagasamarTlebuliiqna jvarcmiTarabebmamiiRes ismuhamadshqonda ismeqelebiganadgurebuliqnenbunebrivisikvdilidakrZaluliqnasaflavSiargaRmerTebulabunebrivijvars acvessikvdilidakrZalulcarieli safla-iqna visaflavSiargaRmerTebuliagaRmerTebula qristianebis mier40 30 40TiTaRdgaar aRmdgaramkvdre-araRmdgarasaerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom muslimi RvTismetyvelebismier saswauli gaazrebulia sakuTari gagebidan gamomdinareda esaa pirvel rigSi zeciuri niSani [maqsimovi].isini dawvrilebiT ganixilaven saswaulis Teorias da axde-143

nen saswaulebis klasifikacias rogorc karama (xarizmatuliqcevebi), xolo winaswarmetyvelTa saswaulebi - mujizi(ganumeorebeli qcevebi). es ori tipis saswaulisa yovelTvismkacrad gansxvavdeboda. iTvleboda, rom Tu saswauli-mujiziRmerTis nebiT exmareba winaswarmetyvels sajarod iqadagosTavisi moZRvreba, moaxdinos saswauli Tavisi misiis dasadastureblad,saswauli-karama eZleva muslim wmindansmis mier arCeuli gzis WeSmaritebis niSnad da ar unda gaxmaurdes[islami, 1991, 131; 168].cnobilia, rom muhamedis droindeli arabebi saxelganTqmuliiyvnen ritorikasa da poeziaSi miRwevebiT.swored es iyo mizezi imisa, rom muhamads brals sdebdnenxalxis motyuebaSi, xolo yurani miaCndaT poetur qmnilebad.muslimTa azriT, muhamadis yvelaze didi mujiza, anusaswauli iyo yurani („uTxari: Tundac SeerTdnen adamianebida jinebi imisaTvis, rom moitanon msgavsi am yuranisa, vermoitanen mis msgavss....“ [lobJaniZe, 2006, 17:90]; „WeSmaritad,esaa kurTxeuli mociqulis sityva! es araa poetis sityva“[kraCkovski, 1986, 69:40,41]). muhamadamde arcerT arabs sazogadoebisTvisar SeuTavazebia msgavsi ram. naTelia, rom am gagebiT,saerTod, saswaulis Cadenis, romelic damaxasiaTebeliaqristianobisaTvis, pirovnuli motivaciis nivelirebaxdeba.. Tu biblias gadavavlebT Tvals, vnaxavT, rom masSiaris orive saxis saswaulebi, RmerTis nebiT Tu mociqulissurviliT.am mimarTebebiT sainteresoa yuranis [lobJaniZe, 2006]me-3 Tavis 43-e aia sadac iesos sityvebia: „... me mogitaneTsaswauli Tqveni uflisagan. me gagikeTebT Tixisagan Citisqandaks, Cavberav mas suls da iqneba frinveli, alahis nebiT.gamovajansaReb dabadebiT brmebsa da keTrovanT, gavacocxlebmkvdrebs, alahis nebiT, da gacnobebT imas, ras WamTda ras imaragebT Sin. WeSmaritad, amaSi saswauliaTqvenTvis, Tqven rom iyoT morwmuneni“. aqedan naTlad Cans,rom saswaulis arsi mdgomareobs ara adamianuri tkivilisSemsubuqebaSi, aramed winaswarmetyvelis misiis WeSmaritebisdasamtkicebaSi.144

ogorc ukve aRiniSna saswauls yuranSi ukavia Tavisi,gansazRvruli, kanonieri da saWiroebis TvalsazrisiT arcTu bolo adgili. saswauli - esaa umaRlesi wesrigis damamtkicebeli.esaa wyalgamyofi, romlis Semdegac adamianispasuxismgebloba aRwevs kritikul zRvars: Tu aSkara saswaulisSemdeg is ar irwmunebs, maSin dauyonebliv saSinladdaisjeba. magram vin unda moaxdinos saswauli, an vin moaxdinais? islamis orTodoqsuli RvTismetyveleba „WeSmaritsaswaulmomqmedebad“ cnobda mxolod islamamdel mociqulebs.metic, saswaulebi iTvleba arc Tu ise Rirseul saqmedWeSmariti winaswarmetyvelisTvis [piotrovski, 1991, 107].rac Seexeba muhamads, yuranSi araerTxel uaryofilia mis mierraime saswaulis moxdenis SesaZlebloba, piradad mansaswaulebs ar axdens da es arcaa misi movaleoba.„mociqulis movaleobaa - mxolod Setyobineba; alahmaki uwyis, rasac amJRavnebT da rasac faravT“ [kraCkovski,1986, 5 : 99];„raTa ar emonoT aravis, Tvinier alahisa. WeSmaritad,me var TqvenTan misgan Semgonebeli da maxarobeli“ [lobJaniZe,2006, 11:2];„Cvens mier wrgwavnili xar mxolod maxaroblad daSemgoneblad“ [kraCkovski, 1986, 25:58];„amboben isini, romelTac ar irwmunes : - netav,gardmovlenil iqnas masze erTi saswauli mainc misiuflisgano . Sen ki Semgonebeli xar...“ [lobJaniZe, 2006, 13:8,aseve, 7:188; 11:2; 11:33; 13:8; 17:95; da sxv.]. SevniSnavT,rom amasxeli ar SeuSlia adreul gadmocemebSi imis dafiqsirebas,Tu rogor axdenda saswaulebs mociquli.yuranSi aris bibliuri saswaulebi, romlebic bibliispirdapiri ganmeorebaa (magaliTad, moses mier ebraelTa gamoyvanaegviptidan, kedlidan wylis gamodena, mosaxleobisdapureba, qristes aRdgoma, iosebis mier Tavisi perangiTbrma mamis gankurneba da sxv.), Tumca aris muslimuriinterpretaciac (mag. ieso ki aRsdga, magram is ar arisRmerTis Ze da apokalifsis Semdeg is xalxs moevlineba ararogorc RmerTi, aramed, rogorc rigiTi mociquli...).145

cnobilia, rom orTodoqsuli muslimuri RvTismetyvelebaar cnobs wmindanTa kults. amis fonze STambeWdaviaqristianuli wmindanebis saswaulebi. amis miuxedavad rigi-Ti muslimebis cnobierebaSi, sufizmSi, SiizmSi, islamisaRmocenebidanve ukavia garkveuli adgili, gaaCnia mdidariistoria da Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi. Tumca xazi unda gaesvasim garemoebas, rom muslimuri wmindanebis saswaulebixdeba SeZenili TvisebiT an faruli Zalebis gamoyenebiT, anritualuri formulebiT, magram ara piradad RmerTis monawileobisZaliT am saswaulebSi. rogorc ar unda iyos,saswauls mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs rogorc qristiani,aseve muslimi wmindanebis cxovrebaSi, Tumca aris arsebiTigansxvavebac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saswaulis muslimuriaRwerilobis mizania STaugonon adamianebs SiSi RmerTis winaSe,maSin rodesac analogiuri qristianuli gadmocemebixazs usvamen RmerTis mowyalebas adamianis mimarT. qristianuligageba saswaulisa, romelsac axdenen wmindanebi, sulsxvanairia. wmindani warsdgeba RmerTis winaSe, mTlianadcxovrobs RmerTSi da RmerTic, rogorc Svilsa damemkvidres.... aZlevs Zalas moaxdinos saswauli. magramWeSmarit saswaulmoqmedad rCeba TviTon RmerTi.muhamads miewereba sityvebi: ”saswauli - esaa mamakacebismenstruacia”. ”es gamonaTqvami... niSnavs, rom sawauli gadisadamiansa da RmerTs Soris. rogorc qmari gaurbisqalTan urTierTobas im dReebSi, zustad aseve RmerTi uarseubneba mistikur erTobaze imaT, vinc axdens saswaulebs”.dasasruls unda aRiniSnos, rom islamisa da qristianobis,aseve bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebebis mimarT damokidebulebasxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli iyo. ase magali-Tad, sufizmis erTerTi mama, aT-Tirmizi(gard. 898 w) iesosayenebda muhamadze maRla [meci, 1996, 7]. saerTod qristianobisgavlena islamze me8-9 saukuneebSi didia da Sesabamisades aisaxa muslimur RvTismetyvelebis ganviTarebazec, maTmier bibliuri saswaulebis Sefasebaze da a. S. ase, rom winamdebarestatiaSi ver moxerxdeboda yvela bibliuri saswaulisaq ganxilva, romelic yuranSi aisaxa. vfiqrobT sa-146

kiTxis srulyofili Seswavla aqtualuria da am mxriv muSaobaunda gagrZeldes.gamoyenebuli literatura:1. aslaniZe a. islamis warmoSobis garemo. Jur. „macne“, filosofiisada fsiqologiis seria, № 4, 1992.2. yurani. arabulidan Targmna, Sesavali werili daganmarTebani daurTo giorgi lobJaniZem. Tb., 20063. biblia. Tb., 1989.4. Айдин Ариф оглы Али-заде. Библия и Коран.http://www.gumer.info5. Бесам М. Медани. Библия и ислам. М., 1997.6. Библейские пророчества о Мухаммаде(мир ему).www.islamreligion.com7. Ерасов Б. С. О сравнительном изучении мировых религии.http://www/gumer.info8. Ислам. Энциклопедический словарь. М., 1991.9. Климович Л. И. Книга о коране. М., 198810. Коран. Перевод и коментарий И.Ю. Крачковского. М., 1986.11. Максимов Ю. В. Пониятие Чуда в християнстве и исламе.http://mission-center.com12. Мец Адам. Мусульманский ренесанс. М., 199613. Описаие пророка Мухамада (ДАР) в Библии. http://arabu.narod.ru14. Пиотровский М. Б. Коранические сказания. М., 199115. Фон Грюнебаум Г. Э. Класический ислам. М., 1988.16. http://www.islam.ru/lib/Varnava/44/.17. www.islamreligion.comResumeAbesalomAslanidzeChristianity and Islam originated from one and the same geographicalenvironment and these two religions have too much in common. Besides, Islam wasWorld Religion and it competed with Christianity more than other religions. Theideological struggle among religions was recognized from the beginning. The meansof struggle was diversified and the important thing was to find out which of thereligions served more to rescue human beings truly. Miracles had decisiveimportance. According to the mentioned things the article refers to biblical miraclesreflected in Koran and considering these Muslim Miracles. The great importance isgiven to the miracles done by foretellers.147

Tamaz futkaraZeaxireTi//qveskneli istoriuli saqarTvelosmosaxleobis warmodgenebSi(borCxisa da murRulis masalebis mixedviT)adamians uxsovari droidan ainteresebda bunebis saidumloebaTaSecnobis, sikvdilisa da sicocxlis,imqveyniuri da amqveyniuri yofis sakiTxebi. sikvdilisgardauvalobis gacnobierebis kvaldakval iqmneboda sxvadasxvawarmodgenebi imqveyniuri samyaros Sesaxeb, romelicgulisxmobda mis agebulebas, horizontalur davertikalur dagegmarebas da samyaroSi saaqaod da saiqioddayofas.uZvelesi warmodgenebis mixedviT samyaro sami sknelisagan(zeskneli//zeda qveyana//zeca, Suaskneli//Suaqveyana//dedamiwa,qveskneli//qveSa qveyana//qveca) Sedgeba. Sesabamisadisini TeTri, wiTeli da Savi ferebiT arianwarmodgenili. Cveneburebi borCxasa da murRulSiqvesknels odunias, Suasknels ki budunias (Turq) eZaxian.maT cnobierebaSi yvela rwmena-warmodgena, tradicia Turituali islamizirebulia. Odunia iyofa jenneTad (samoTxe)da jehennebad (jojoxeTi). ,,jenneTi ieSilia (mwvane),jehennebi – Savi”. niSandoblivia, rom qarTvelixalxis calkeul eTnografiul jgufebSi (mag. xevsurebTan)jojoxeTi SaveTis saxeliT aris cnobili (kotetiSviliv., 1961: 286, 289). Sav ferebSi sikvdilis maradiuliraobaa gamoxatuli. Suaskneli – rogorc zesknelisada qvesknelis damakavSirebeli nawili iqaurTa warmodgeniTwiTeli feriT gamoixateba. Aadamiani samive sknelSimoqmedebs, magram cxovrobs SuasknelSi.miwisqveSeTi sulTa sakrebuloa. Ees qveyana maTiwarmodgeniT ,,tyvili duniaa”. Aadamiani aq droebiTaa dasaxlebuli.Ggardacvalebis Semdeg miwisqveSa dunia-Si//axireTSi iyreba yvela suli. yiameTis (warRvna)mosvlamde micvalebuli uqeifod mousvenradaa. Mmisi ganawilebajenneT-jehennebSi moxdeba yiameTis Semdeg.codva-madlis gansjisaTvis RmerTi agzavnis melaiqs(angelozs), romelic anawilebs sulebs samoTxesa da jojoxeTSi.148

jojoxeTSi Tavs iyris boroti da urwmuno adamianebissulebi. iq xdeba maTi wameba. jehennebSi 7 yaTis(sarTulis) simaRlis cecxliadanTebuli. Aadamianebma unda gaiaron bewvis xidze,romlis qveS arismduRare wyali. ,,xaxaxura kaci ver geiars, Cavardeba”.SeuZlebelia naTesav-axloblebis SewirulobiTcodvebis gamosyidva da wvalebis Semsubuqeba jehennebSimoxvedrili adamianisaTvis.rac Seexeba jenneTs (samoTxes), iq xvdebian RvTismoSiSi, keTili adamianebi, romlebic sargebloben yvelaimqveyniuri sikeTiT, uzrunvelyofili arian sakvebiT,dasvenebiT, garTobiT. iqac eyoleba igive coli, vinc amqveyanaSi uwevda meuRleobas. Aaseve Svilebic, Tumca axaliSvili ar gaCndeba. iq araviTari sazrunavi ar eqnebaT,ar iqneba sapirfareSos arsebobis saWiroeba (mTxrobelimemed ilmaz-Turqi (TavdgiriZe), sof. Ddevsqeli (borCxisraioni)Rrmad morwmune remzie iiTi (sof. Bbujuli, murRulisraioni) gadmogvcems, rom igi aris RvTis moSiSi,mudmivad fiqrobs sikvdil-sicocxleze, amitomac unaxavssizmarSi saiqio. misi warmodgeniT adamianis dasaflavebissemdeg saflavis marjvena da marcxena mxares arsebulikarebidan erT-erTi gaixsneba. Mmarcxena karis gaxsnisSemTxvevaSi micvalebuli xvdeba qvewarmavlebSi, marjvenakaris gaRebisas ki piriqiT, samoTxeSi. respondentimogviTxrobs: ,,sizmarSi me rom movkvdi, kakvenadan(marcxnidan) gaiRo karebi, vxedav, cecxli anTia da miaxlovdeba.Uukan-ukan miviwev, cecxli momyveba, magram moulodneladgamoCnda cocxi, cecxli gadaWra da Caaqro.Aam dros miwa marjvnidan gaiRo da gamoCnda dedei (babua)TeTri wveriT da damiZaxa. masTan misulma davinaxeyvavilis baRebi, romelsac zemodan wyali epkureboda. iqdavinaxe erTi nacnobi qali, hajobaze rom acviaT, iseTtansacmelSi iyo gamowyobili, idga wyalTan da mTavazobdamis dalevas. Ees iyo namdvili jenneTi” (mTxrobeliremzie iiTi, sof. Bujuli (murRulis r-n). sayuradReboarom am monaTxrobSi figurirebs cocxi. Igi magiuridatvirTvis elementia da gamoiyeneba melogine qalisa TuCvili bavSvis demonuri Zalebisagan, sakuTriv alisagan149

dacvis mizniT. cocxi figurirebs agreTve sxva gadmocemebSic.erT-erTi gadmocemis mixedviT axladmoyvanilrZals gardacvlili dedamTilis kuboze daunaxavs moqanavecocxi da es ucnobebia qmrisaTvis, TviTon kimomkvdara.rogorc warmodgenili aRwerilobidan Cans,sikvdil-sicocxlisa Tu jojoxeT-samoTxis sakiTxebiislamuri dogmebiTaa axsnili. aRniSnuli warmodgenebisamyaros Sesaxeb warmarTobidan iRebs saTaves, magram esSexedulebebi mogvianebiT gamoiyenes monoTeisturma religiebma,maT Soris islammac. warmarTuli saiqio wyvdiadiTada bneleTiT moculi mxarea. Qqristianuli swavlebajojoxeTisa da samoTxis Sesaxeb erTmaneTs upirispirebsnaTelsa da bnels. Aam SemTxvevaSi bneli warmarTulia.warmarTuli saiqio – wyvdiadia. Bbudistur moZRvrebaSisamyaros Sesaxeb warmodgenebi efuZneba brahmanizmisideebs (nadaraia m., 1974: 119), Tumca yvela religiaSi saiqiozearsebuli warmodgenebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebiskvaldakval ganicdis garkveul transformacias. D,,dantesRvTaebriv komediaSi” saiqios struqtura (rac srulyoqristianulma Teosofiam) warmodgenilia jojoxeTissalxineblis anu sulTa gansawmendelisa da samoTxis saxiT(dante alighieri, 1967: .384). marTlmadidebloba araRiarebs gansawmendelis arsebobas. Aarc islami cnobsjenneTisa da jehennebis garda sxva romelime samyaroSiarsebobas axireTSi, Tumca kaTolikobam igi aRiara TavisdogmatSi. Aam SemTxvevaSi kaTolicizmi efuZneba antikurwarmodgenebs saiqios sam samyarod dayofis Sesaxeb(ukvdavi RmerTebis olimpi, mokvdavTa sulebis samyofida Zveli RmerTebis adgili – tartari), oRond imgansxvavebiT, rom maTi adgili daikava samoTxem, salxinebelmada jojoxeTma – eSmakis samyofma mxarem. axire-Tis jenneTad da jehennebad dayofis Sesaxeb warmodgenebiefuZneba qristianul dogmats (samoTxe, jojoxeTi)dayofis Sesaxeb.warsuli warmodgenebi mokvdavTa sulebis mudmivisamyofelis Sesaxeb kaTolicizmma qristianoba aqciadroebiT adgilad, gansawmendelad, romelic erTgvari winakariasamoTxeSi Sesasvlelad. saboloo instancia kiRmerTebis sasufeveli ciur sferoSia da igi miuwvdome-150

lia mokvdavTa sulebisaTvis. arsebiTad analogiuristruqturebisaa samyaro yvelaze Zvel monoTeistur religiaSi.budizmSi: nirvana (igivea, rac samoTxe), SuaTana(salxinobeli) da jojoxeTi. marTlmadidebloba daislami ki saiqios orwevriani samyaroSi saxiTwarmogvidgens.samyaros Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebis ganxilvisasgansakuTrebul interes iwvevs is meqanizmi, razecaaagebuli es warmodgena. igi gamoixateba konkretulcifrebSi. cnobili mklevari segali Tavis erTaderTnaSromSi (Сегал Д., 1972: 338) dawvrilebiT mimoixilavssamyaros Sesaxeb indielebis warmodgenebs da aRniSnavs,rom sakraluri da mamodelirebuli roli akisria ricxvoTxs. is win gamodis ara mxolod sivrciT damokidebulebismodelirebisas Hhorizontalis mixedviT samyaroSi,aramed proeqtirdeba vertikalzec, sadac fundamentalurkontraqts warmoadgens ara triada, aramed diada (СегалД. 1972: 338-341). vertikalur samwverianobaze Samanisturiwarmodgenebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas avtori ganixilavshorizontalur sivrcsac (Сегал Д. 1972:342-343). vertikaluriTvalsazrisiT samyaro Sedgeba zesknelis, qvesknelisda Suasknelisagan, e. samwevriania. horizontaluriganzomileba ki aerTianebs samyaroSi oTxive mxares (dasavleTi,aRmosavleTi, CrdiloeTi, samxreTi). Aaqedanunda iyos warmomdgari sityva, ,,samoTxec”, samyaroSivertikaluri (samwevra) da horizontaluri (oTxwevra)suraTi, samyaroSi mTlianobis gamomxatveli simbolurisakraluri cifrebi (sami da oTxi).borCxeli da murRuleli qarTvelebis warmodgenaSisaiqio orwevriania, magram TiToeuli wevris samyaroSi,(jeneti jeenebi) aqvs Tavisi ca. cisa da miwis dapirispirebaeduniasi gadaitaneba axireTSic (saiqioSic), radganmiwisqveSeTsac aqvs Tavisi ca. vRebulobT miwisqveSa damiwiszeda or-or samyaroSi. TiToeul samyaroSi erTiRmerTisTvsaa gankuTvnili, meore adamianebisTvis. samyaroaris ara ganuyofeli da erTiani, aramed diferencirebuli.aseTi ganixileba samyaro budistur, qristianul,antikur da qarTul warmarTul warmodgenebSic.151

gamoyenebuli literatura:1. dante Aalighieri dante, RvTaebrivi komedia,k. gamsaxurdia, rCeuli Txz., t.VIII, Tb. 19672. kotetiSvili v., qarTuli xalxuri poezia,Tb., 19613. mTxrobeli memed ilmaz-Turqi (TavdgiriZe),sof. Ddevsqeli (borCxis raioni)4. mTxrobeli remzie iiTi, sof. Bujuli(murRulis r-n)5. nadaraia m., samyaro qarTveli xalxis uZveleswarmodgenebSi, macne, istoriis, arqeologiisada eTnografiis seria, 1974, #46. Сегал Д. Мифологические изображения у индийцевсеверо-западного побережья Канады, сб. статей, м. 1972б ст.338-341).152

guli ServaSiZereligiuri ganaTlebis RirebulebiTiorintirebebikacobriobis kulturuli da zneobrivi memkvidreobisSeswavla-gacnobiereba, zneobrivi kanonebis siwmindisSenaxva religiuri ganaTlebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.RmerTis saxeliT moqmedeba kanonis aRsrulebisaTvis yovelTvissaukeTeso niadagi iyo. sokrate Tavisi, saubrebiTmowafeebs aCvevda codvili midrekilebebisagan TavSekavebas.Tumca “berZnebma ver miaRwies gonis absoluturiusasrulobis Semecnebas verc TavianT filosofiaSi,verc TavianT religiaSi. Aamitomac adamianuri gonis mimarTebaRvTaebrivTan berZnebis azrovnebaSi jer absoluturadTavisufali araa. Mmxolod qristianobaSi, romelmacwamoayena moZRvreba RvTis gankacebisa da morwmuneTakrebulSi suli wmidis Tanamyofobis Sesaxeb, mianiWaadamianur cnobierebas savsebiT Tavisufali damokidebulebausasrulobasTan da amiT SesaZlebeli gaxda arsebismwvdomi Semecneba gonisa mis absolutur usasrulobaSi”_wers hegeli (hegeli, 1984,120)RvTisagan naswavli zneobrivi sibrZne adamians sulier,inteleqtualur srulyofaSi exmareba. misi urTierTobasazogadoebasTan da samyarosTan keTilganwyobilida gawonasworebuli xdeba. eris sulieri gadarCenisaTvisqristianuli zneobis swavlebis aucileblobas qadagebsepistoleebSi saqarTvelos kaTalikos- patriarqi,uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II. Mmas miaCnia, rom esproblema swarafad mogvarebas moiTxovs: “ra aris ganaTleba,Tu adamianisagan ar modis naTeli, yvelam undagaviziarod, rom rwmenasTan Tanaziari codna gvxdisuflis megobrad” (ilia II, 2010, 2).swavleba qristianul zneobaze uZvelesi droidaniRebs saTaves. Mmsoflios mraval warmatebul qveyanaSireligiur ganaTlebas aRzrdis ZiriTad amocanad Tvlian,miTumetes, rom mecniereba da religia kvlevis sxvadasxvasferos gamo ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. rwmenasTanTanaziari codna SeuZlebelia religiuri ganaTlebis gareSe,romelic gulisxmobs, erTis mxriv, ganaTlebis mi-Rebas uSualod sasuliero saswavleblebSi, meores mxriv153

sajaro ganaTlebis sistemaSi religiuri swavlebis Sinaarsisada meTodikis gansazRvravs, raSic igulisxmeba ganaTlebissistemis saxelmwifo seqtori, romlis stili,gezi da orientacia imave saxelmwifos oficialurad gaazrebulRirebulebis unda Seesabamebodes.axalgazrdobis religiur ganaTlebas didad uwyobsxels saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebuliaxalgazrdobis sulieri da inteleqtualuri ganviTarebiscentri. centrTan TanamSromloben skolis damamTavrebeliklasebis moswavleebi, studentebi, sxvadasxvaumaRlesi saswavleblis kursdamTavrebulebi.centri axalgazrdebs jansaRi cxovrebis wess Tavazobs,zrdis maT pasuxismgeblobas eris winaSe, uqmnis TviTrealizebisyvela pirobas.religiuri ganaTlebis RirebulebiTi orientirebireligiuri eTikis-kacobriobis zneobis ganviTarebis safuZvelSidevs. am azris naTeli dasturia qristianobisaTi mcneba, rac gvaswavlis, rom ar arsebobs problema,romlis gadaWra ar SeiZlebodes mSvidobiani gziT.religiuri ganaTlebis RirebulebiTi orientirebiikveTeba qristianuli moZRvrebis SinaarsSi, sadacumTavres arsad siyvarulia gamocxadebuli. siyvarulisgamovlenis araCveulebrivi nimuSia arqimandrit amborosixelaias qadageba, romelic afxazeTSi, oCamCires qarTuleklesiaSi warmoiTqva 90 wlis winaT. qadagebis potenciurimsmenelebs- afxazebs, sasuliero piri eTnosis istoriul-kulturuliganviTarebis gzasa da ganviTarebissruliad ara logikur mimarTulebas Soris sTavazobsarCevans, rasakvirvelia, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi faqtorebismiTiTebebiT, arCevanis uflebiT, rogorc umniSvnelovanesiadamianuri uflebis, gaTvaliswinebiT (mania, gaz:qarTuli universiteti 2010, 2}qadageba Semwynareblobis iSviaTi nimuSia, avtoriqristianuli siyvaruliT icavs iberiis eklesiis erTianobisda logikur momavals ar ukargavs ori eris saerToistoriis Tvalxilul naSTebs-ilors, drandas, webeldas...ambrosi xelias azriT, roca mkvidrdeba kacTa Sorisqristianuli siyvaruli, myardeba imnairi damokidebuleba,imnairi urTierToba, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba arse-154

obdes maT Soris siZulvili, mmtroba da uTanxmoeba.siyvaruli da sarwmunoeba qmnian sulier erTobas, maTSorisac ki, romelnic STamomavlobiT erTi tomisani ararian... yovelni Tanasworni arian RvTis winaSe.qristianuli kultura da religia yovelTvisaqcentirebuli iyo codnasa da ganaTlebaze. Tanac ise,rom Tavidanve gansazvruli iyo dadebiTi da uaryofiTiRirebulebebi, ganaTlebisaTvis aucilebel moTxovnadiTvleboda liturRiuli teqstebisa da wminda werilebisganmartebebi, saRmrTo werilis zepirad codna, qarTulisada ramdenime ucxo enis, aseve araqristianuli filosofiisada mecnierebis (soflis sibrZnis) da rac mTavaria,Sesaswavli masalidan keTilisa da “jerkualis” anuqristianobisaTvis miuRebeli Sesaswavli masalis gamorCeva.naTqvamis dasadastureblad SeiZleba gavixsenoTGgiorgi merCules mier Ggrigol xanZTelis daxasiaTeba:“gulisxmierebai swavlisai gansakvirvebeli iyo friad,rameTu mswrafl daiswavla “daviTi” da xmiTa saswavlebeliswavlai saeklesioi, samoZRruoi qarTulsa enasa Sinayovel daiswavla... xolo sibrZneca igi amis soflisa filosofosTaiiswavla keTilad da romeli povos sityuaikeTili, Seiwynaris, xolo jerkuali ganagdis”_ Salva nucubiZisazriT, mocemul citataSi ena araa pirdapirimniSvnelobiT naxmari _ igi ufro niSnavs sxvadasxva filosofiurmimarTulebas, vidre enas, rogorc azris gamoTqmissaSualebas.Ees rom asea da “mraval enaTasibrZne”, am SemTxvevaSi, enaTa gansxvavebas ar usvamsxazs, naTelia imdenad, rom am adgils Ggiorgi merCulescnobaSi mosdevs SerCevis aRniSvna sibrZneTa Soris, romelTaganzogi sworadaa miCneuli da zogic mcdarad anu“jirkualad”. Ees ukanaskneli imdenad uaryofiTi xasia-Tisaa, rom misi “gangdeba” Seqmnila saWiro (nucubiZe,1956, 353).religiuri RirebulebiTi normebis saswavlo procesSiCarTva ramdenime mimarTulebiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT:1)religiur RirebulebaTa swavlebaSi CarTviTsaswavlo procesis efeqturobis amaRleba, moswavleebisaTvisRirsebis grZnobiT aRzrda da Zaladobisa daagresiis ganeitraleba; 2) kritikuli azrovnebis safuZvlebisganviTareba da misi zogadi donis amaRleba,155

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kritikuli azrovneba: damoukidebeli,motivirebuli codnis SeZenisadmi, problemebzefokisirebuli, organizebuli daTrgunvisagan Tavisufalisocialuri azrovnebaa. yvelaze mTavar sakiTxad rCebareligiur-eTikur normaTa swavlebisa da SeTvisebisaTvismizanSewonili organizaciuli formebis SerCeva, rac,cxadia, gansakuTrebul kvlevas saWiroebs. winaswar sworaddaugegmavi swavleba da Sesabamisad moumzadebelimaswavlebeli SesaZloa ufro did zians miayenebssaswavlo process, vidre es religiur gaunaTleblobasmoaqvs. indusi mociquli sadu sundari-singi profesoriskiTxvaze, Tu rogor uyurebs is qristianobis istoriisSeswavlas, pasuxobs: WeSmariteba erTia. is mxolodgansxvavebulad Suqdeba sxvadasxva adamianis mier, maTigagebis Sesabamisad. iqnebian isini wina saukuneebiswmindanebi, Tu dasavleTis an aRmosavleTis qristianebi...seminariaSi Teoriuli swavlebiT cota miviRe. saWiroa,rom Cveni Tavi GgulTan erTad muSaobdes; harmonia mxolodam SemTxvevaTi miiReba. erTi WeSmaritebis SeswavlisasCven SegviZlia dasavleTis Zmebisagan viswavloT daaRmosavleTis Zmebisganac. Mme viyavi amerikasa dainglisSi, iq vesaubre wmida adamianebs da maTgan bevriram viswavle. Mmagram iq vesaubre studentRvTismetyvelsac, romelTa Sorisac SeiniSneboda Semdegimovlena: maT uceb guli ucruvdebodaT da fakultetsstovebdnen. Mme maT vkiTxe mizezi. Ees imiT aixsneba, rommaTSi Teoriam iwyo cocxali sulis Cakvla da maTwasvla amjobines”-(sadu, 1992, 64).Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im cvlilebebs, rasac adgiliaqvs Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi, mxedveloba-Si gvaqvs unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba, migvaCnia, rom religiurRirebulebebze orientireba Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblosivrces mniSvnelovan samsaxurs gauwevs. savsebiTveTanxmebiT dekanoz roland CxeiZis mosazrebas(dekanoziCxeiZe, 2009, 14) imis Taobaze, rom saxarebis teqstismixedviT ufali Cvengan moiTxovs mosmenas, sadac sityvaayvelaferi. verbaluri unarebis meTodologiuri miznebiki ase gamoiyureba: sityvis mniSvnelobiT Secnoba; calkeulisityvisa da gamoTqmebis Sinaarsis axsna dakonteqstis amocnoba; sakvanZo sityvebisa da frazebis mo-156

Zebna; sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebis gageba; calkeuliabzacis funqciis gansazRvra.... wanamZRvrebis safuZvelzeswori daskvnis gamotana da a. S. Tu religiuri ganaTlebisRirebulebiT orientirebs marTlmadidebluriswavlebis TvalsazrisiT warmovidgenT aseT suraTs mivi-RebT:…marTlmadidebluri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi orientirebiiqneba:ganaTlebis mizani --- uflis didebis Semecneba;moralis arsi ---- kanoni RvTisa;centraluri faseuloba; --- ufalTan siaxlove;ZiriTadi Rirseba --- siyvaruli uflisa da moyvasisa;rwmenis safuZveli – ieso qriste;codnisadmi damokidebuleba – uflis Ziebis saSualeba;religiuri ganaTlebisadmi saero damokidebulebebisgansazRvra ki aseT suraTs gvaZlevs: 1)religiurcxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli. 2) ganaTleba religiis Sesaxeb.3) religiasTan dakavSirebuli ganaTleba;saorganizacio-samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT pirveliiqneba konfesiuri, meore da mesame sajaro, disciplinuriTvalsazrisiT – pirveli doqtrinuli, meore mecnieruli,mesame pedagogiuri; Cveni interesebis sagani sworedis problemaa, rogor gamoviyenoT religiuri ganaTleba,ganaTleba religiis Sesaxeb da religiasTan dakavSirebuliganaTleba sazogadoebis zneobrivi gajansa-RebisaTvis.Tanamedrove ganaTlebis erT-erTi mTavari amocanasamoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebaa, xolo moqalaqereligiur qadagebaze hqvia mas, vinc flobs udides sajuTrebas:sicocxles, mis mniSvnelobas da pasuxismgeblobas...…essityvac aris mZime da Sinaarsiani…... moqalaqeobagulisxmobs…... sulier cxovrebas, brZolas TavisTavTan, Tavis wresTan da sibnelesTan im azrebis daprincipebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, romelnic mas aRelveben...Cven ers swored amisTana ubralo da martivi moqalaqenisWirdeba. moqalaqeoba moiTxovs Segnebas, patiosnebas;moiTxovs azrovnebas, fiqrs, mxneobas, Wkuas,windaxedulobas, ganaTlebas, sxvisi azris gaziarebas,157

adamianSi adamianis Zebnas da dafasebas. Mmoqalaqeobaaris msxverplis gaReba, -- sakuTari Tavis dawva sxvis gasanaTleblad(GrigolferaZe) da marTlac, ganaTlebas dagansakuTrebiT religiur rwmenas SeuZlia ganawyos adamianidrosa da sivrcesTan sabrZolvelad agresiis gareSe.Lliteratura:1. Salva nucubiZe, qarTuli filosofiisistoria, t.1, Tbilisi, 19562. hegeli, gonis filosofia, Tbilisi, 19843. ilia II sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi,saSobao epistole, 20104. roland CxeiZe, ra SeiZleba mogvitanosswavlebaSi brma mimbaZvelobam, Jurnali “karibWe”,#25, 20095. sadu, iesos ferxTiT, - Jurnali “religia”,#19926. mania, gazeT “qarTuli universiteti”, #2,2010РезюмеВ современной системе образования происходит массовоеувлечение информатизацией и технологизаций процесса обучение в ушербгуманитарной. Какови ценности, таковы и общество и личность. При этомследует иметь в виду, что за отрицанием старых ценностей скриваетсяотрицание старых форм жизни общества и личности. Роль педагога, егонравственный и профессионфльный авторитет имеют ключевое значениев деле формирования человеческой личности. Необходимо объеденитьусилия государственных и общественных институтов и провословнойцеркви. Господь нам Иисус Христос был учителем в самом высокомсмысле этого слова. Живое личное общение, простота и любовь былиположени им в основу взаимоотношении с учениками, что и сталоосновой всего христианского воспитания и образомания.158

lali zaqaraZeqarTuli ganmanaTleblobis filosofiissaTaveebTanroca “ganmanaTleblobis” Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, undaaRiniSnos, rom am cnebam Tavisi warmoSobisTanave sawinaaRmdegomosazrebebi gamoiwvia evropul azrovnebaSi dagansakuTrebiT germaniaSi. maSin roca inglissa dasafrangeTSi mas sagagangebo yuradReba eTmoboda, germaniaSicru rwmenebiT iyo garSemortymuli da naklebaddafasebuli (Shalk 1971: 620). “ganmanaTlebloba” gansakuTrebiTme-18 s.-is inteleqtualur moZraobas ukavSirdeba.germanul zmnas ‹aufklären› jer kidev laibnici iyenebda.me-18 saukunis Sua wlebidan am cnebis SinaarsiTandaTan konkretdeba gotSedTan. mendelsoni kantisnaSromze _ “ra aris ganmanaTlebloba” (1784) _ dayrdnobiTganasxvavebs ganmanaTleblobas da ganaTlebulobas.karl bardti ki Tavis statiaSi “ganmanaTleblobisgansxvavebuli gagebis Sesaxeb” ganmanaTleblobas SemosazRvravs,rogorc “sulierebis garkveul safexurs, romelsacis Tavis TavSi moicavs” (Shalk 1971: 620).me-18 saukuneSi es cneba konkurencias uwevs TeologiaSiarsebul “naTlis metaforikas”. evropul enebSi“ganmanaTlebloba” sinaTlis metaforas ukavSirdeba,romlis ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobs gonebis upiratesobisaRiarebaSi: “Savbneli Sua saukuneebis Semdgom gonebis na-Teli unda kaSkaSebdes” 5 . RvTaebrivi gamocxadebisgverdiT gonebrivi Semecnebis gzasac Tavisi mniSvnelobaunda SeeZina.aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul enaSic “ganmanaTlebloba”naTels _ sinaTles, ganaTebas ukavSirdeba.Tavdapirvelad ganmanaTleblobis es saxe sabunebismetyvelomecnierebebSi Teoriul Semecnebas moicavda.5germanuli aufklären Seesabameba inglisur ‹enlightenment›,frangulSi _ ‹les lumières›, italiurSi _ ‹i lumi›, ‹illuminismo›,espanurSi _ ‹ilustraciуn›, rusulSi _ просвещение.159

VII s.-is axali drois safuZvels qmnida am droisTviswarmoqmnili bunebismetyveleba, kerZod ki, galileo galileisada isaak niutonis fizika. mogvianebiT, manTandaTan socialuri praqtikis, politikis, moralis daistoriis sferoc moicva. amgvarad, ganmanaTleblobaorgvar moZraobas aRniSnavs, erTi mxriv, is iyo imgvaritradiciis kritika, romelic dogmaturad da araTavisufladaRiqmeboda; am TavalsazrisiT samagaliToa pierbeilis kritikuli da istoriuli leqsikoni 6 . meoremxriv, ganmanaTlebloba iyo mcdeloba axali da sakuTariazrovnebis sfero agebuliyo. kantma zemoaRniSnulnaSromSi _ “ra aris ganmanaTlebloba” _ ganmanaTleblobissayovelTaod cnobili definicia mogvca: man es procesidaaxasiaTa, rogorc “adamianis gamosvla sakuTariTavisadmi misjili arasrulwlovanebidan” (Ehrhard 2008:9).umwifroba niSnavs, sakuTari gansjis sxvebis xelmZRvanelobisgareSe gamoyenebas. am umwifrobis mizezi ar arisgansjis nakleboba, aramed gadawyvetilebisa da gabedulebisarqona, rom es gansja sxvebis xelmZRvanelobis gareSegamoiyeno. “gqondes vaJkacoba – gamoiyeno sakuTarigoneba” – es aris ganmanaTleblobis devizi. amTvalsazrisiT is modernis proeqtadac SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli:is Tavisi arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebiT profanulia,radgan mxolod miwier faqtebsa da mizezebs aRiarebs. isamave dros aris refleqsiuri, radgan axali codnis dafuZnebasTviT adamianis SesaZleblobebis farglebSicdilobs. Tavisi pretenziis mixedviT is tolerantulia,radgan Zveli WeSmaritebebis ukugdeba niSnavs principuladgansxvavebuli da sawinaaRmdego azrebis gaTvaliswinebasac.DdRevandeli gadasaxedidan ganmanaTlebloba mecnierulwinsvlas ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvisdadasturda, rom es mecniereba araviTar SemTxvevaSiar iyo warsulis gadagdeba, aramed gviani Sua saukuneebisazrobriv gadamuSavebas warmoadgenda ufro metad,vidre amas Tavad aRiarebda, Tanadrouli filosofosebismier is mainc gagebuli iqna, rogorc “gadamwyveti mecnie-6am leqsikonis pirveli gamocema daibeWda 1697 welsroterdamSi, meore gafarToebuli gamocema ki – 1702 wels.160

uli gardatexa” (Shalk 1971:621). amdenad, ganmanaTleblobamgza gauxsna kidec filosofiur refleqsias, rogorcsamyaros axali suraTis, ise axali mecnieruli meTodologiisazriT.* * *ganmanaTleblobis filosofiis ZiriTadi ideebi ase-Ti saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:ganmanaTleblobis epoqa dakavSirebulia mecnierebis,filosofiis da sazogadoebrivi azris aRmavlobasTan.Tavad termini upiratesad me-18 saukunis filosofiurmimdinareobas miekuTvneba, Tumca is romelime filosofiuriskolis saxelwodebas ar warmoadgens; arsebiTad,is iyo evropuli filosofiuri azris gansazRvrulimimarTuleba. ganmanaTleblobis filosofiis safuZvelsimdroindeli tradiciuli institutebis, moralisda wes-Cveulebebis kritika qmnis. axali droisazrovnebis axalma ideebma gadasinja Sua saukuneebis ideologiisprincipebi. adamianuri moqmedebis da azrovnebisZiriTad wyarod Tavad adamianis goneba gamocxadda.ganmanaTleblobis filosofiam “axali samyaros” ideaSeqmna. mecnieruli miRwevebi iqca socialuri proeqtebisarsebobis da kacobriobis miznebis gansazRvris saSualebad.“gonebis mefobam” Searyia aristokratiis avtoriteti,eklesiis gavlena socialur, inteleqtualur dakulturul cxovrebaze. ganmanaTleblebis mizani iyo ganaTlebisgavrceleba farTo masebSi, rac feodalizmidankapitalistur wyobaze gadasvlas moaswavebda. idealissaxiT isini win wamoswevdnen Tanasworobis princips, rogorcjansaRi azris moTxovnas.amdenad, ganmanaTleblobis filosofiis mniSvnelovaniaspeqtebia: 1. adamianuri gonebis rwmena; 2. crurwmenebiswinaaRmdeg brZola; 3. tradiciisa da sqolastikisuaryofa; 4. samarTlianobis ideis dacva (Iremadze 2009:35-36).* * *sad unda veZeboT qarTuli ganmanaTleblobisfilosofiis saTaveebi?qarTul samecniero literaturaSi am sakiTxis SesaxebaraerTgvarovani azri arsebobs. vxvdebiT sxvadasxvaSefasebebs qarTveli ganmanaTleblebis an qarTuli ganma-161

naTleblobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuliganmanaTlebloba, ZiriTadad, literaturul-istoriulianalizis WrilSi ganixileba da ara filosofiuriazrovnebis konteqstSi. qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis filosofiiskonturebi ar aris gansazRvruli da is amitomqarTuli sazogadoebriv-literaturuli azris tradicia-Si ganixileboda; qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis istoriaSiganasxvaveben adreul ganmanaTleblobas da XIX s.-isganmanaTleblobas (m. gafrindaSvili). ganmanaTleblobisprogramas, “ganaTlebis saukunis gonebriv moZraobas”(vaxtang kotetiSvili) qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSisxvadasxva avtors ukavSireben (aq, xSirad, termini “ganmanaTlebloba”arc gvxvdeba); ase, magaliTad, qarTuliganmanaTleblobis tradicias miekuTvnebian: daviT reqtorida ioane bagrationi (g. javaxiSvili), anton bagrationi,besiki da daviT guramiSvili (s. kakabaZe, g. leoniZe),ilia WavWavaZe (g. qiqoZe 7 ), adrindel ganmanaTleblobas ki– arCil bagrationi (r. baramiZe), anton bagrationi, vaxuStibagrationi da sulxan-saba orbeliani (v. kotetiSvili),s. dodaSvili da f. kiknaZe (m. zandukeli) daa.S. konstantine kapanelis azriT adrindeli qarTuliganmanaTlebloba moicavs saazrovno periods sulxan-sabaorbelianidan aleqsandre WavWavaZemde da ioane bagrationamde.m. gafrindaSvili Tavis monografiaSi “qarTuliganmanaTleblobis istoriografiisaTvis” ganmanaTleblobisepoqas XVIII s. da XIX s.-is 60-80-ian wlebs miakuTvnebsda mis warmomadgenlebad giorgi wereTels,sergi mesxs da niko nikolaZes miiCnevs da maT uwodebs“naTel ganmanaTleblebs” (gafrindaSvili 1966:142).* * *ganmanaTleblobis ZiriTadi niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT,qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis filosofiis saTavedsulxan-saba orbelianis filosofiur-eTikuri Sexedulebebiunda iqnes miCneuli. misi Semoqmedebis filosofiurianalizi am azris safuZvels gvaZlevs; saba iyo mravalmxrivimecnieri, qarTuli mwerlobis enciklopediurimoZraobis saTave da wamomwyebi;7gviandel SromebSi g. qiqoZe “pirvel qarTvelganmanaTleblad” ioane bagrations aRiarebs.162

sulxan-sabas “qadagebebi” anu “swavlani” gamoirCevaTanadrouli epoqis saqarTvelosTvis saWirboroto,mtkivneuli sakiTxebis dayenebiT. qristianuli moralisada zneobis analizTan erTad, igi win wamoswevs erovnulproblematikasac. aRsaniSnavia, rom “qadagebebi” mkveTradscildeba dogmatur CarCoebs da novatoruli xasiaTismatarebelia.mniSvnelovania sulxan-sabas wvlili qarTulibibliis Sesworeba-mowesrigebis saqmeSi (caiSvili a: 92-93);vfiqrobT, rom sulxan-sabas azri adamianis TavisTavadiRirebulebis Sesaxeb imdroindel saqarTveloSiudaod win gadadmuli, gabeduli nabiji iyo; is, rom adamianipiradi RirsebebiT, gaweuli RvawliT, mis mierganvlili cxovrebiT unda dafasdes da ara warmomavlobiT,sabas progresuli azrovnebis maCvenebelia. amas misiSemdegi mosazrebac adasturebs: sabas mixedviT, zogierTuRirs mefeze maRla ubralo mwyemsi SeiZleba idges da,amdenad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, taxti masze Rirseuls,Tundac dabali warmomavlobis adamians unda daeTmos(“sibrZne sicruisa”).igavSi “Zala erTobisa” saba Riad amxels damkacrad akritikebs imdroindeli saqarTvelos feodalebs,romlebmac saqarTvelo ufskrulis piras miiyvanes.igi xazs usvams erTianobis da urTierTmxardaWerismniSvnelobas saxelmwifoebriobis konteqstSi. undaiTqvs, rom es mosazreba dResac mniSvnelovania.saba akritikebs da kicxavs adamianur crurwmenebs.igi Zalze cxadad aCvenebs Tavis igavebSi, rom adamianiaTavis Tavis batoni, sakuTari yofierebis damdgeni daganmsazRvreli, rom is mxolod RmerTis imedze ar undaiyos damokidebuli (“ugunuri mcuravi”). moqmedeba, aqtivoba,goniereba aris gansacdelidan adamianis TavdaxsniserTaderTi gza. azrovnebis dogmaturobis uaryofiTsulxan-saba axali drois TvalsaCino moazrovned gvevlineba.dabolos unda aRiniSnos, rom sulxan-sabas SemoqmedebidanCvens mier zemoT gamokveTili aspeqtebi safuZvelsgvaZlevs qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis filosofiisZirebi mis filosofiur eTikaSi veZioT.163

Lali ZakaradzeHe Origins of the Philosophy of Georgian EnlightenmentHardly did any other concepts cause so many contradicting opinions inEuropean thinking beginning from the history of their formation as it was in case ofEnlightenment. Enlightenment was a definite direction of philosophical thought. Thebackground of the Enlightenment philosophy was the negation of that time traditionand scholastics, struggle against superstition and prejudice, belief in the power ofhuman mind and the idea of justice. With these characteristic features ofEnlightenment in mind, the origins of the Georgian Enlightenment philosophyshould be traced from Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani’s philosophical-aesthetic views. Theproof of this are the following: his “Georgian Dictionary” compiled on the strictacademic principles, his critique of traditional morale and prejudice, glorification ofthe idea of justice and human activeness, correction of Georgian Bible andprotection of the principles of freedom.gamoyenebuli literatura:1. gafrindaSvili 1996 a: gafrindaSvili m. qarTuli ganmanaTlebloba,Tbilisi.2. gafrindaSvili 1989 b: gafrindaSvili m. qarTuli ganmanaTleblobisistoriografiisaTvis, Tbilisi.3. kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturisistoria, t. II, Tbilisi.4. menabde 1997: menabde l. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuliliteratura, Tbilisi,5. nucubiZe 1958: nucubiZe S. qarTuli filosofiis istoria,t. II. Tbilisi6. orbeliani 2005 a: orbeliani sulxan-saba, mogzaurobaevropaSi, solomon iordaniSviliseuli pirveli gamocemis (1940w.) reprinti, Tbilisi,7. orbeliani 1986 b: orbeliani sulxan-saba, sibrZne sicruisa,Tbilisi8. caiSvili 1981 a: caiSvili s. maradiuli saxeebi, Tbilisi9. caiSvili 1966 b: caiSvili s. literaturuli werilebi,Tbilisi10. Ehrhard 2008: Hrsg. von Ehrhard Bahr, Was ist Aufklärung? Thesenund Definitionen. (Kant, Erhard, Hamann, Herder, Lessing, Mendelssohn, Riem,Schiller, Wieland ), Stuttgart11. Iremadze 2009: Iremadze T. Die Welt des Wissens: Das Enzyklopädie-Projekt von Diderot und d’Alembert // samecniero krebuli: “sazogadoeba,codnis transformacia, filosofia”. Tbilisi12. Shalk 1971: Shalk F., Aufklärung // Historisches Wörterbuch derPhilosophie, Bd. I, Hrsg. von J. Ritter, K. Gründer, G. Gabriel, Basel, “SchwabeVerlag”, S. 620-633.164

irma bagrationiSua saukuneebis qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebisesTetikuri principebirogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebisganviTarebis adreuli periodi im zogadesTetikurprincipebs avlens, rac dasavlur (bizantiur) xelovnebasaxasiaTebs. Tuki antikur xelovnebaSi sulierebisa da materialurisinamdvilis harmoniuli Serwyma gveZleoda ukanasknelisprimatiT, Sua saukuneebis qristianulma xelovnebammxatvruli saxis principad am ori mxaris dapirispirebaaqcia, yuradReba gadaitana adamianis sulier procesebze damxatvruli saxis Sinaarsad adamianis intimurobis sferoaqcia. freskul xelovnebaSi mxatvruli saxe „xilulidanuxilavisken“, grZnobadidan zegrZnobadisken aRmasvlas gamoxatavs.qarTul freskebze es imiT gamoixateba, rom formebikristalur xasiaTs iZenen, ferwerul gaazrebas cvlis xazobrivi,plastikuri moculoba, xazgasmuli sivrcobaadgils uTmobs sibrtyiT warmosaxvas. Sua saukuneebissaxviTi xelovneba amjobinebs STagonebuli eqstazis gamoxatvasulamazo „galeul sxeulSi“, antikuri proporciuligaregnoba disproporciulobiTa da deformaciiT icvleba.es ise ar unda gavigoT, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTulma xelovnebamsaerTod uari Tqva mSvenierebaze, ubralod sxvasilamazis Ziebis dro dadga.rogorc viciT, antikuri xelovneba naklebad RrmavdebafsiqologizmSi. rusi filosofosi al. losevi sworedantifsiqologizms miiCnevs antikuri esTetikis erT–erT Taviseburebad(losevi 1988:47). qristianuli xelovneba ki STagonebulieqstazis gamoxatvas amjobinebs; Sinagani gancdebi,intimi, sasoeba, locva, molodini, natvra aris gamoxatulihagiografiul literaturaSi, monumentur freskebze.qarTveli mkvlevari S. amiranaSvili Semdegnairad axasia-Tebs bizantiur freskas, xazs usvams ra mis sulier, SinaganamaRlebulobas: „sulieri gamomxatvelobis centri ferwerulnimuSebSi (freska, xati) xdeba Tavi, igi imorCilebs sxe-165

ulis danarCen nawils, sxeuli mTlianad gadadis meoreplanze... igi imaleba tansaburavis Txeli naoWebis miRma.antikur qandakebaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs torsi,bizantiur xatze ki – Tavi. Tavis kompoziciaSi aqcentirebuliamaRali, naTeli Subli da farTo Tvalebi... Tvalebi issulieri sarkmelia, romliTac viyurebiT gmiris sulSi... yuradRebaeqceva kidurebis, gansakuTrebiT, xelis mtevnebisdamuSavebas. wagrZelebuli xelis mtevnebis JestikulaciarTul daZabul Sinagan cxovrebaze miuTiTebs...“ (amiranaSvili1961:74) analogiuris Tqma SeiZleba Zvel qarTulfreskebzec. aseTad warmosdgeba Cvens winaSe daviT garejis,beTaniis, ubisis freskebis wmindanebi, iSxnis, martvilis WedurnimuSebze gamosaxuli jvarcmuli qristes figurebi. magaliTad.akad. g. CubiniSvili iSxnis jvarcmis SesaxebaRniSnavs, rom masSi eqspresia miRweulia saxis gamometyvelebiT:„daxrili Tavi, Cacvenili Tvalebi, saxe savseatanjviT, mwuxarebiT, moqanculobiT....“ anu xelovans aq itacebsara fizikuri, aramed sulieri tanjvis gamoxatva daamis miRweva surs deformirebuli, araharmoniuli, araproporciuliformebiT.aRniSnulis miuxedavad, qristianul xelovnebaSi maincara gvaqvs silamazis, rogorc RvTis mier Seqmnili samyarosniSan–Tvisebebis, sruli ignorireba, RmerTma Seqmna adamiani„xatad Tvisa“, qristem, miwieri mariamis Svilma, miwier sinamdvileSiicxovra adamianuri cxovrebiT da jvarcmulisekliani gvirgvinic adamianebis xeliT daidga. es SemTxvevi-Ti rodia, igi miwieri, materialuri Rirebulebebisadmiqristianobis pozitiur mimarTebas usvams xazs. qristianobasara mxolod amqveyniuri, imqveyniuri arsebobac warmodgeniliaqvs xorcielis saxiT – qristianuli dogmatiT,usxeulo arseboba mxolod mama–RmerTs, Zesa da suli wmidasmiewereba. Sesabamisad, qristianuli xelovneba gadaxsniliaCveulebrivi adamianis sulisaTvis. maSin, rodesac antikuriqandakeba civia Tavisi didebulebiT, Sua saukuneebis qristianulixelovnebis idealSi „ar aris Cveni tanjva–wamebani da166

igi maradiulad warmogvidgeba rogorc raRac netari“ (losevi1988:79).rodesac vsaubrobT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebissaxeebSi gamJRavnebuli ZiriTadi esTetikuri principebisSesaxeb, u. y. gvainteresebs Teoriuli azri xelovnebisama Tu im saxis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb (Tuki aseTi azri arsebobsqarTul filosofiur–esTetikur azrovnebaSi), meoremxriv, TviT xelovnebis nawarmoebTa konkretuli faqtebisanaliziT SeiZleba gamovyoT is esTetizmi, ris safuZvelzecviTardeboda xelovnebis esa Tu is saxe Sua saukuneebSi. yvelazesruli saxiT cnobebi da masalebi mogvepoveba literaturuliZeglebis Sesaxeb. Sua saukuneebis azrovneba literaturisspecifikis uzogades ganmartebas gvTavazobs: literaturaaris sinamdvilis mxatvruli sityvismieri asaxva(basil zarzmeli): „mcire sityvismieri gamoxatvaΩ cxovrebisaΩ...“(amiranaSvili 1969:109) berZnuli naazrevis gavleniTqarTul literaturaSic gvxvdeba azri imis Sesaxeb, romcodna iyofa or dargad: sibrZned („sofia“) da xelovnebad(„teqne“). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom VII– VIII saukuneebidanqarTuli himnografiis Seqmnam erovnuli mravalxmiani sagaloblebiswarmoqmna ganapiroba. rogorc daviT maCabeliwerda: „qarTvelebi „pirvelsave qristianobaSi“ romkonstantinepoliTgan sarwmunoeba miiRes iqiTganve „galobisaca“SemomRebi iyvnen. magram SemdegSi „ganuviTarebiaTigi TavianTs sakuTars gemozed“ (javaxiSvili 1990:127). da,mainc, Suasaukuneobrivi qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebiserovnuli, TviTmyofadi xasiaTi, yvelaze gamokveTili saxiT,mainc sataZro arqiteqturaSi vlindeba (mcxeTis jvarida wromis taZari, daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsi daiSxnis, oSkis, xaxulis nagebobani).167

l i t e r a t u r a:1. amiranaSvili S., qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tbilisi,1961.2. amiranaSvili j., „adre feodaluri xanis qarTuliarqiteqtura“, Tbilisi, 1969.3. losevi a., „sityva qarTul renesansze“. qarTuli renesansissakiTxebi, Tb., 1988.4. javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadisakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1990.Irma Bagrationi (Batumi)Aesthetic Principles of Medieval Georgian Christian ArtA b s t r a c tThe present paper discusses, that Georgia is one of the countries,whose Christian literature, music and architecture becomes one of the maintopics of the conversation if you start talking about its culture. There is not asingle part of the country without the ancient buildings, sites of ancienttowns or villages, churches, castles, bridges of the pre-antique period or theMiddle Ages.The paper underlines, that Medieval Georgian Architecture has beeninfluenced by many civilizations. There are several different architecturalstyles for castles, towers, fortifications and churches. The "Jvari" (Cross)Cathedral in Mtskheta and Oskhi, Khakhuli or Tbeti, "The BagratiCathedral" in Kutaisi are some of the finest examples of medieval Georgiancastle architecture.The paper emphasises, that Georgian ecclesiastic art is one of themost fascinating aspects of Georgian Christian architecture, whichcombines classical dome style with original basilica style. Georgian culturestrongly emphasizes individualism and this is expressed through theallocation of interior space in Georgian churches. The most important thingis that the characteristic compactness of such dwelling places and theirerectness, is characteristic of the whole Georgian architecture of the MiddleAges and new times as well, thus, being an essential national feature.168

gabriel episkoposi (qiqoZe) bavSvTazneobrivi aRzrdis Sesaxebnodar basilaZearian adamianebi, romlebsac sicocxlis mTavarmiznad qveynis samsaxuri, axloblebisa da mezoblebissiyvaruli, siTbo da Tanadgoma miaCniaT. aseTi adamianebimTeli TavianTi sicocxlis manZilze Tavdauzogavad dauangarod emsaxurebian mSobel xalxs, erisa da qveynissasikeTo saqmes, samagieros ki aravisgan ar moiTxoven. ma-Ti devizia: `yvelaferi xalxisaTvis, araferi TavisaTvis~.erT-erTi aseTTagani iyo XIX saukunis meore naxevrisgamoCenili qarTveli sasuliero moRvawe, imereTiseparqiis episkoposi gabriel (eriskacobaSi gerasime) qiqo-Ze, romelic 1860 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde, 36 wlismanZilze, Rirseulad asrulebda dakisrebul movaleobas.swored am moRvaweobaSi hpova man cxovrebis azri.1865 wels gamovida gabriel episkoposis wigni`sityvani da moZRurebani~, romelic ori wlis SemdegiTargmna da gamoica londonSi inglisur enaze, 1893wels ki _ rusul enaze. 1884-1885 wlebSi TbilisSi gamovidagabriel qiqoZis qadagebanis I-II tomi, xolo 1913wels quTaisSi _ orive tomi. es gamocema 1989 welsucvlelad dastamba ganmeorebiT gamomcemloba `sabWoTasaqarTvelom~.gabriel episkoposs didad afasebda da pativsscemda ilia WavWavaZe. `gansvenebuli Rrmad-miwevnilimecnieri iyo da imodenadve Rrmad-morwmuneca... _ werdailia. _ igi sarwmunoebas amecnierebda da mecnierebasasarwmunoebda...~ (g. episkoposi, 1989, gv. XII-XIII).gabriel episkoposis SemoqmedebiTi niWi, upirvelesyovlisa, gamovlinda mis qadagebebSi, im sityvebsa damoZRvrebebSi, romelTac sistematurad warmoTqvamdaxolme igi eklesiebSi mrevlTan Sexvedrebis dros. `TavisiSromebiT gabrieli gvevlineba mWermetyvelad, romelicyoveldRiurad ganumartavs mrevls maradiul, zneobrivRirebulebebs, aswavlis im gzas, romlis saSualebiTacunda veziaroT sulier harmonias~ (i. basilaZe,2000, gv. 35-36).169

gabriel episkoposi Tavis qadagebebSi, sxva sakiTxebTanerTad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs ojaxSi bavSvTazneobrivi aRzrdis sakiTxebzec. aRzrda-ganaTlebis Ziri-Tad miznad did moZRvars miaCnda adamianis momzadeba sazogadoebrivida imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis; misi Seiara-Reba im codna-gamocdilebiT, romelic aswavlis kacs bunebisZalTa Secnobas da mis gamoyenebas sazogadoebissakeTildReod. es ki pirovnebis harmoniuli ganviTarebisgareSe SeuZlebelia, raSic gadamwyvet rols zneobriviaRzrda asrulebs. zneobrivi aRzrdis pirvel keras kiojaxi warmoadgens, radgan drois umetes nawils igiojaxSi, mSoblebTan atarebs.gabriel episkoposs zneobrivad srulyofili adamianisupirveles movaleobad miaCnda sikeTis qmna, samadlosaqmis keTeba. misi azriT, WeSmarit qristian adamiansunda SeeZlos meore adamianis wuxilisa da dardis gageba,Wir-varamis TvalebSi amokiTxva. igi mudam mzad undaiyos, daxmarebis xeli gauwodos davrdomilsa da ga-Wirvebuls, guli gauTbos dadardianebul da damwuxrebuladamians.moyvasisadmi sikeTis qmna yoveli adamianis damaxasiaTebeliTviseba, Sinagani moTxovnileba unda iyos, raSicigi siamovnebas unda poulobdes, magram, gabrielisazriT, `didi brZola da Zalisxmevaa saWiro, rom miiyvanoTTavi am mdgomareobamde~ (g. episkoposi, 1993, gv. 171).amasTan, sikeTe kargia mxolod maSin, roca pirovneba mas`sakuTari gulis karnaxiT~, uangarod asrulebs, radgan`Tu sikeTes mizezi aqvs, is ukve aRar aris sikeTe, Tu amsikeTes aqvs Sedegi _ jildo, esec aRar aris sikeTe. aserom, sikeTe mizez-SedegTa jaWvis gareSea~ (l. tolstoi).amitomacaa, rom gabriel mRvdelmTavari gmobs im adamianTasaqciels, romlebic maT mier `mdidrulad dauxvad~ gaRebul mowyalebas qveyanas mosdeben, buksa danaRaras dascemen, wara-mara trabaxoben. aseTi mowyaleba,Tavis gamoCenis, qeba-didebis mizniT sruldeba, _ dasZensgabrieli, _ rac uzneo saqcielia.zogierTi adamiani, gabrielis azriT, Tavs imiT inugeSebs,rom cudi araferi Caudenia, codva ar awevs kiserze,rom igi `ar aris qurdi, kacis mkvleli, memruSe!~es, ra Tqma unda, kargia, magram zneobrivad srulyofili170

pirovnebisaTvis sakmarisi araa. adamiani, romelic arafersaSavebs, magram arc sasikeTo saqmes akeTebs da misisaqmianoba mxolod da mxolod sakuTar Tavze zrunviTamoiwureba, zneobriv pirovnebad ar CaiTvleba.biwierebis, uzneobis niSnad gabriel episkoposs miaCndaorpiroba, farisevloba, angareba da ampartavnoba,anu qedmaRloba da mediduroba.WeSmariti zneobrivi aRzrdis safuZvlad ki igi miiCnevssimarTlismoyvareobasa da saqmeSi bejiTobas, romelsac,misi azriT, unda daefuZnos `gamozrda SvilTa~.am or TvisebaSi xedavs igi rogorc amyveyniuri, iseimqveyniuri cxovrebis safuZvels.zneobrivad srulyofili adamianis erT-erT damaxasiaTebelTvisebad gabriel episkoposs miaCnia patiosneba.misi azriT, patiosneba bavSvs unda Caenergos pataraobidanve,radgan yvelaferi bavSvobaSi iwyeba, `Cven yvelaniCveni bavSvobidan movdivarT~ (sent-egziuperi).gabrielis azriT, yvela is mankieri Tviseba, racadamianebs axasiaTebT, imis Sedegia, rom isini`siyrmiTganve iyvnen moklebulni keTil-goniersa yuradRebasada gamozrdasa~. amitom yvela Rone unda vixmaroTimisaTvis, rom norCis gulSi sikeTis nergma ixaros.bavSvTa aRzrdaSi g. qiqoZe did rols aniWebda imgaremos, romelSic igi cxovrobs da izrdeba. `rodesacbavSvi Seiqmneba samisa anu oTxisa wlisa, ese igi, fexirom aidga, Tavis Tavad SeiZlo siaruli, _ wers gabrieli,_ am JamiTganve dawyebuli igi aris sruliad Tavisufalida aSvebuli; dadis yovelgan, darbis quCebSi; rasnaxavs, ras gaigonebs, ras eCveva, ra hazri da Tviseba gauCnda,amas aravin ikiTxavs... TiTqmis suyvelani am JamiTgansruliad ganiryvnebian, yovels cuds saqmes gaigebenda mieCvevian, ise rom mSobelni verc ki Seityoben,sad ra iswavla sawyalma bavSma~ (g. episkoposi, 1989, gv.363-364).aqedan gamomdinare, gabrieli moZRvravs mSoblebs,rom maT uyuradRebod, quCis amara ar miatovon bavSvebi,radgan maTi gauwvrTneli goneba `yovels cuds saqmes~SeiTvisebs da `ganiryvneba~. `bavSvs, rogoradac mdabiuradityvian, _ wers gabrieli, _ Wkua TvalSi aqvs: rasac171

xedavs, imas mieCveva; rac esmis, imas daixsovnebs~ (g.episkoposi, 1989, gv. 364).gabrielis azriT, im ojaxSi, sadac adgili aqvserTmaneTs Soris siZulvils, urTierTSexlasa da mtrobas,_ `Zma Zmas emtereba, mama da Svilni veRar sdgebianerTad; dedani xSirad swyevlian SobilTa TvisTa, ZeniaRar emorCilebian mSobelTa~ (g. episkoposi, 1989, gv. 467),_ wesieri adamiani ar gaizrdeba.gabrieli gmobs imdroindeli mSoblebis mierSvilTa aRzrdis meTods. `CvenSi kargad gazrdili yrmais aris, _ wers igi, _ romelman iswavla kargad Tavisdakvra, kargad Sesvla da gamosvla, stumrebTan dgoma dajdoma, Sesaferi zrdilobiani laparaki da pasuxis-geba,erTi sityviT, romelic aris kargi darbaiseli, amas eZaxianCvenSi gazrdas!~ (g. episkoposi, 1989, gv. 459). magrammRvdelmTavars aseTi aRzrda ar akmayofilebs. igiTvlis, rom garegnuli Tavazianoba mxolod maSin arissaqebi da pativsacemi, roca igi Serwymulia Sinagan suliersifaqizesa da sikeTesTan.mSoblebis upirveles movaleobad g. qiqoZe miiCnevs,bavSvebSi Sromis siyvarulis Canergvas, radgan `miwa damamuli gvaqvs friad nayofieri, garna mainc RaribnivarT~. misi azriT, `am mSveniers mamulSi rom idgnen vinmeucxo Teslni, Zriel mdidarni da gakeTebulni iqnebian~(g. episkoposi, 1989, t. gv. 468).amis mizezi, Ggabriel episkoposis azriT, aris is,rom Sroma zogierTebs, gansakuTrebiT ki didgvarovanTaSvilebs, sasircxo saqmed miaCniaT. `Sroma da muSaoba ardaamdablebs kacsa, _ gvaswavlis igi, _ aramed uqmobaumetesad waaxdens da daamdablebs keTilSobilsa wodebasa~(g. episkoposi, 1989, gv. 468).dabolos, gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom gabriel episkoposiTavis mravalricxovan gamosvlebSi yvelgan da yovelTvisyuradRebas amaxvilebs mSoblebis, aRmzrdelmaswavleblebisTu moZRvris pirad magaliTze, maTisityvisa da saqmis erTianobaze. am sakiTxs gabrielma xazigausva Tavis pirvelsave sityvaSi 1860 wlis 8seqtembers gelaTis monasterSi. kerZod, aq man Tqva:`...episkoposi, romeli sxvaTa aswavebs siwmindesa da moiTxovs,raTa yovelni ubralod da ubiwod atarebden172

Tviss cxovrebasa, TviT pirveli unda aZlevdes maT saxesakeTilad cxovrebisasa, _ ara Tu mxolod sityviTa,aramed saqmiTaca da yovliTa cxovrebiTa TvisiTa~ (g.episkoposi, 1989, gv. 2).gabriel episkoposis `sityva da saqme yovelTviserTi iyo, _ wers misi yofili moswavle seminariaSi iakobgogebaSvili. _ namdvili gulwrfeloba da samarTlianobaaxasiaTebda yvela mis qcevas, moqmedebas da mTel miscxovrebas. mis bages erTi aramarTali sityvac ki arasodeswamoscdeboda. erTxel, erTma moswavlem icrua seminariisreqtor arqimandrit izrailis winaSe. reqtorimoswavles eubneboda: `rogor ar grcxveniaT, ase romcruobT, aiReT magaliTi Tqveni inspeqtorisagan, romelSicaraviTari siyalbe ar aris~ (i. gogebaSvili, 1990,gv. 160).rogorc davinaxeT, Ggabriel episkoposis qadagebebSidasmuli bevri problema iseve sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisada aqtualuria dRevandeli Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis,rogorc im periodisaTvis iyo, roca isini warmoiTqva.amitom gabrielis qadagebebsa da Segonebebs dResacar daukargavT TavianTi cxovelmyofeloba da arcarasodes dakargaven. am Segonebebze izrdebodnen dakvlavac aRizrdebian Cveni Svilebi da SviliSvilebiWeSmarit mamuliSvilebad, erisa da qveynis msaxurebad.173

gamoyenebuli literatura1. basilaZe imeri, gabriel episkoposis (gerasime qiqoZis)qristianuli pedagogika, quTaisi, 2000.2. gabriel episkoposis qadagebani, t. 1, Tb., 1989.3. gabriel episkoposi, cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi,Tb., 1993.4. gogebaSvili iakob, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, Tb.,`ganaTleba~, 1990.5. keWaymaZe ilia, tragikuli bedis moZRvari, mecnieri,fsiqologi, gaz. `aWara~, 1997, 5 marti.6. nikoleiSvili avTandil, gabriel episkoposi(qiqoZe), Tb., `merani~, 1990.Нодар БасиладзеГабриэл Кикодзе о нравственном воспитаниидетей в семьеРезюмеГабриэл Кикодзе с 1860 до 1896 года, до конца своей смерти,был епископом Имерети. В своих многочисленных проповедяхГабриэл большое внимание уделял вопросам воспитанияподрастающего поколения. Целью воспитания он считал подготовкумолодежи к вечной будущей жизни. В этом деле он огромную рольпридавал нравственному воспитанию. По его мнению, азбуканравственности закладывается в детстве. Поэтому воспитание ребенкаследует начать с первых шагов его сознательной жизни. В ребенке сдетства надо формировать доброту, чуткость, отзывчивость,честность, правдивость, трудолюбие, ненависть к злу, кнесправедливости и т.д.В нравственном воспитании детей Габриэл Кикодзе большуюроль придавал также той среде, в которой находится ребенок uличному примеру родителей, единству их слов и дел.174

niWierebis biologiuri safuZvlebiskvlevis istoriidannodar baramiZeniWierebis problemis mecnieruli kvleva zogadi gonierebisSeswavliT daiwyo. igi saTaves iRebs XIX saukunismeore naxevridan, rodesac inliselma f.galtonma safuZvelidaudo adamianis individualur TaviseburebaTa(gansxvavebaTa) eqsperimentul kvlevas. galtonis SromebSiZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda sakiTxis biologiur(genetikur) aspeqtze. XX saukunis dasawyisSi Casaxulitestologia (frangi a.bine da sxv.) niWierebis maCvenebladTvlida testuri amocanebis gadawyvetaSi warmatebebisxarisxs. faqtobrivad ugulebelyofili iyo niWierebiszogadi Teoriis damuSavebis saWiroeba (bainduraSvili,1985; Дружинин, 1999).niWierebis problemisadmi interesi dResac didia,magram niWisa da zogadi gonierebis problematika jerovnadmainc ar aris garkveuli. es exeba niWierebisproblemis rogorc biologiur (fiziologiur) mxares,ise fsiqologiursac.winamdebare naSromSi laparaki gveqneba niWierebisbiologiuri safuZvlebis Seswavlis, “geniosobis” materialuridasabuTebis erTi saidumlo cdis Sesaxeb. radganes cda didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gasaidumloebuli iyo,naSroms SeiZleba ufro meti informaciuli Rirebulebahqondes, vidre mecnieruli. magram problemisadmi interesidanda misi aqtualobidan gamomdinare, saWirod CavTvaleTnaSromis winamdebare saxiT warmodgena.rogorc cnobilia, jer kidev leninis sicocxleSi,gansakuTrebiT ki misi sikvdilis Semdeg partiuli dasabWoTa organoebis maRal eSelonebSi (da ara mxolod)Zalian bevrs laparakobdnen leninis genialobis, misiunikaluri, arnaxuli inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebisSesaxeb. leninis sikvdilis Semdeg ki politbiuroSigaCnda idea moewyoT leninis Tavis tvinis saidumlomecnieruli Seswavla msoflio proletariatis beladisgeniosobis materialuri dasabuTebisaTvis. cxadia, yvelaferies Tavidanve gaTvlili iyo propagantistuli mizne-175

isaTvis, romlis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: leninisgenialuri azrebi ibadeboda mis genialur tvinSi.aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom leninis inteleqtualuriSesaZleblobebis Seaxeb iyo gansxvavebuli azric. leninigansakuTrebuli, arafers vambobT, genialuri niWierebiTrom ar iyo dajildoebuli, amis Sesaxeb werdnen daambobdnen mis sicocxleSic. amasve adastureben misisikvdilis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli publikaciebic (ix. mag.,a.zinovievis Sesavali statia e.gusliarovis wignSi (Гусляров,2003).vinaidan laparakia fsiqikis ZiriTad organoze – Tavistvinze, saWoro iqneba gavixsenoT, rom lenins meoTxedsaukuneze met xans awuxebda Tavis tkivilebi.erTi-erTi mizezi Tavis tkivilebisa, mecnier-medikosTaazriT, iyo fsiqikuri daavadeba, memkvidrulad ganpirobebulifsiqopaTiuri movlenebi. Sesabamisi saarqivo masalebiadastureben, rom leninis papis mama – moiSa isakisZe blanki – yofila fsiqikurad avadmyofi adamiani.SemTxveviTi araa, rom lenini axalgazrdobaSi ucxoeTisfsiqonevrologiur klinikiebSic dadioda, xolo 1922-1923wlebSi misi mkurnali eqimebis umravlesoba (mTlianobaSi8 ucxoeli da 19 sabWoTa eqimi) fsiqiatrebi da nevropa-Tologebi iyvnen.leninis Tavis tkivilebis meore mizezi ki, rogorcirkveva, SeZenili xasiaTisa yofila. axalgazrdobaSi leniniavad iyo veneriuli sneulebiT. rogorc TviTon aRiarebsdisadmi miweril werilSi, 1895 wlis zafxulSi,ucxoeTSi Tavisi pirveli mogzaurobisas, erT SveicariulkurortSi “maxeSi gaeba” (uweso cxovrebis gamo aikidaveneriuli daavadeba – n.b.) da moxvda saavadmyofoSi.aq man arasrulyofilad imkurnala da rogorc Cans daavadebisniSnebi SemorCa da ganviTarda sikvdilamde, racmisi tvinis sisxlZarRvebis seriozuli dazianebisa dasikvdilis mizezTaganic gaxda.Tumca, eqimTa oficialur daskvnaSi, agreTvejanmrTelobis dacvis maSindeli saxalxo komisris n.semaSkosSesabamis statiaSi, romelSic igi aRwers beladisavadmyofobasa da gardacvalebas, sikvdilis ZiriTad mizezadaRiarebulia aTerosklerozi, sisxlis mimoqcevis176

procesis darRveva, sakvebis ukmarisoba da sisxlCaqcevebitvinSi.gasagebi mizezebis gamo sabWoTa xelisuflebam,partiulma elitam sazogadoebas daumala leninis sikvdilisZiriTadi mizezi, Torem leninis sikvdilamdeTiTqmis erTi wliT adre avtoritetul eqimTa 1923 wlis21 martis konsiliumze, igive n.semaSkos TandaswrebiT,yvela Sejerda im mosazrebaze, rom pacientis daavadebaiyo sifilisuri warmoSobis. SemdegSi Tavis tvinis gamouqveynebelmamikroskopulma gamokvlevebmac daadastura,rom lenini daavadebuli iyo sisxlZarRvebis sifilisiT.sxvaTa Soris, cnobili rusi fiziologi akad. i.pavlovic,romelic sabWoTa wyobilebas adarebda sam yvelaze saSineldaavadebas – sifiliss, kibos da tuberkulozs – Taviskolega mecnierebTan saubarSi adasturebda, rom leniniavad iyo sifilisiT.aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela rodi iziarebs ammosazrebas. magaliTad, d.volkogonovi Tvlis, rommxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli sisxlZarRvTa daavadebisadmimemkvidruli warmoSobis midrekilebac. amasmowmobs leninis mamis, misi debis da Zmis sikvdilic aTeroskleroziT.agreTve, gasaTvaliswinebelia 47 wlis TavisufaliadamianisaTvis misTvis uCveulo movaleobis –saxelmwifos meTauris funqciis Sesrulebac, romelicyoveldRiur daZabul muSaobas moiTxovda, rasac ver gauZloleninis organizmma, igi “gatyda” (Волкогонов,1997:363).ra Tqma unda, es faqtorebic gasaTvaliswinebelia,magram versad wauvalTYleninis tvinis samedicino gamokvlevisSedegebs da zemoaRniSnul sxva faqtebs.asea Tu ise, bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi leniniiyo umZimes mdgomareobaSi: ver laparakobda, ver dadioda,normalurad ver azrovnebda. zogjer mas hqondaSeSlili adamianis saxe, zog SemTxvevaSi – bavSvuri gamoxedva.igi sulierad da fizikurad sruliad umweo, sacodavarsebas warmoadgenda. aseT mdgomareobaSi myofilenini gardaicvala 1924 wlis 21 ianvars.1925 wlis TebervalSi, politbiuroSi arsebuli ideisrealizaciis mizniT, Sedga winaswari Sexvedra partiulmoRvaweebsa da mecnier-medikosebs Soris. medikosebs177

dausves kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara leninis Tavis tviniscitoarqiteqtonurma Seswavlam mianiSnos misi geniosobismaterialiur dasabuTebaze? uklebliv yvelasgan,maT Soris berlinis universitetis profesor foxtisganacmiRebuli iqna dadebiTi pasuxi. rac Seexeba tvinisgamokvlevis teqnikur mxares, mecnierTa azriT, tviniunda daWriliyo 1,8 santimetris sisqis fenebad. fenebiunda damuSavebuliyo specialuri xsnariT da moTavsebuliyoparafinSi. Semdeg saWiroebisamebr maTgan unda gake-Tebuliyo Txeli anaWrebi paTologoanatomiuri gamokvlevebisada fotografirebisTvis. politbiuros gadawyvetilebiT,moskovSi Seiqmna leninis tvinisSemswavleli laboratoria, romelic SemdegSi gadakeTdainstitutad.ra Tqma unda, adamianis Tavis tvinis mecnieruliSeswavlis mniSvneloba eWvs ar iwvevs, magram imTaviTvenaTeli iyo partiuli xelmZRvanelobis arajansaRi, crumecnierulimiswrafeba mieRoT iseTi Sedegebi, romlebicmaterialurad daasabuTebdnen leninis Tavis tvinisgansakuTrebulobas, mis upiratesobas sxvebTan SedarebiT.foxtma semaSkosagan miiRo leninis tvinis erTi ana-Weri, romelsac igi farTod iyenebda Tavis leqciebSi dasajaro gamosvlebSi germaniaSi. am anaWrisagan ilustraciisTvisgakeTda diapozitivebi, romlebsac adarebdnensxva adamianebis, maT Soris damnaSaveebis Tavis tvinisanaWrebs.1927 wels foxtma partiisa da mTavrobis wevrTaviwro wreSi gaakeTa moxseneba leninis tvinis Sesaxeb.masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom SeiZleba vilaparakoT leninisTavis tvinis gansakuTrebiT maRali organizaciis SesaxebmTeli rigi niSnebis mixedviT. magaliTad, tvinis naoWebisxarisxisa da xveulebis mixedviT da a.S.leninis tvinis Seswavla grZeldeboda. mas adarebdnenaTobiT “saSualo”, aseve, cnobili adamianebis –maiakovskis, bogdanovis da sxvebis Tavis tvinTan. foxtiamtkicebda, rom leninis tvinSi ufro maRalia procentiSublis wilis naoWebisa, vidre kuibiSevis, lunaCarskis,menJinskis, bogdanovis, miCurinis, maiakovskis, akad.pavlovis, klara cetkinis, ciolkovskis Tavis tvinSi.178

mecnieri arafers ambobda imis Sesaxeb, rom es iyomZimed daavadebuli adamianis Tavis tvini, romelic woniT(1340 gr.), marTalia, saSualod miRebuli normis (1300-1400 gr.) farglebSi Tavsdeboda, magram romelsac aSkaradetyoboda xangrZlivi avadmyofobiT gamowveuli anomaliebi.prof. zalkindis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “leninistvini warmoadgenda sifilisuri procesis zemoqmedebiTgardaqmnil-gadagvarebul damaxasiaTebel qsovils(Арутюнов, 1999 :265).foxtma leninis tvinis Seswavlis, saTanado masalebisanatomiuri analizis safuZvelze wamoayena leninisgeniosobis meqanikuri Teoria. am Teoriis arsi argumentirebuliiyo tvinSi didi raodenobiT da Taviseburadganlagebuli piramidiseburi ujredebiT. am TeoriiTaRtacebulni iyvnen kremlSi. magram es sixaruli xanmokleaRmoCnda. politikuri Seferilobis da, arsebiTad,politikuri dakveTis safuZvelze Sesrulebuli e.w.“mecnieruli” gamokvleva” yalbi aRmoCnda.saqme imaSia, rom prof. foxtis “sensaciuri” aRmoCenisSemdeg, sulier daavadebaTa germanul enciklopedia-Si, agreTve sxva gamocemebSi gaCnda gansxvavebuli mtkicebulebani.magaliTad, prof. Spilmeieri asabuTebda, romaseTi didi raodenobis piramidiseburi ujredebi gaaCniaTgonebrivad sustebsac.ase rom, bolSevikebis mcdeloba naZaladevad, didifuladi jildoebis fasad daemtkicebinaT proletariatisbeladis geniosoba, kraxiT dasrulda. sagulisxmoa,rom marcxi erTnairad Seexo maSindeli politbiurosyvela wevrs, vinaidan isini erTsulovanni iyvnenaRniSnul mcdelobaSi. SeiZleba TiToeul maTgans Taviseburadsjeroda leninis geniosoba, magram faqtia, romyvelas hqonda survili materialurad dadasturebuliyoes. gansxvavebuli azri TviT stalinsa da trockis Sorisacki ar dafiqsirebula. kerpisadmi damokidebulebaerTnairi iyo. sxva sakiTxia, Tu vin rogor fiqrobda misi“geniosobis” da “genialuri ideebis” gamoyenebas.unda aRvniSnoT, rom mecnierebisaTvis am SemTxvevaSiprincipuli mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, leninis tvins exebodaSesrulebuli gamokvleva, Tu sxva adamianis tvins.mTavaria kvlevis obieqturoba da misi moraluri sijansa-179

Re. samwuxarod, arcerTi niSniT ar iyo gamorCeuliaRniSnuli muSaoba. bolSevikebma marqsis sityvebic ki daiviwyesimis Sesaxeb, rom... dadgeba dro, rodesac adamianisazrovnebas daiyvanen Tavis tvinSi mimdinare fizikoqimiurcvlilebebamde, magram gana amiT amoiwureba yvelaferi?aseTia marqsis gamonaTqvamis arsi. Tumca, marqsira mosatania, moralsa da sakacobrio Rirebulebebs isicRalatobda. faqti ki erTia. problemisadmi aseTma midgomam,niWierebis (geniosobis) materialuri safuZvlebis direqtiuligzebis Ziebam sasacilo mdgomareobamde miiyvanabolSevikebi.niWierebis biologiuri safuZvlebis Seswavlis am(faqtobrivad saidumlo) cdis Semdeg aTeulobiT weligavida. momdevno periodSi aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT,oRond yvelasaTvis misawvdomi formiT Sesrulda araerTigamokvleva, magram “niWierebis molekulebis” sakiTxikvlavac Riad rCeba. Zieba grZeldeba.literatura:1. n. bainduraSvili, niWierebis problema fsiqologiaSi,J. “macne”, filosofiisa da fsiqologiis seria, #3,1985.2. В.Дружинин, Психология общих способностейб СПб, 1999.3. А.Арутюнов, Досье Ленина без ретуши, М., 1999.4. Д. Волкогонов, Ленин, кн. 2, М., 1997.5. Е. Гусляров, Сталин в жизни, М., 2003.180

Из истории исследования биологическихоснов способностей человекаР е з ю м еБарамидзе НодарВ работе речь идет о засекреченном научном исследованииголовного мозга Ленина, проведенном по соответствующему решениюПолитбюро. Целью данного исследования было материально доказатьгениальность вождя пролетариата.Это попытка завершилась крахом. По Мнению автора даннойстатьи, здесь принципиального значения не имело то, чей головноймозг изучался. Главное объективность и моральный аспектисследования. В данном же случае была попытка достичьпропагандистских целей директивными путями.Nodar BaramidzeFrom the History of the Research of a Gifted Person’s BiologicalBasisSummaryThe secret scientific research of Lenin’s brain is discussed in thework. It was carried out according to the decision of Politburo. The aim ofthe research was to prove the genius of Proletariat leader from materialpoint of view.The attempt failed. In the author’s opinion, it was not importantwhose brain would have been investigated. The main purpose was theobjective study and its moral fiber. However, the given case was the effortto achieve the propagandistic aims by enforceable ways.181

182Tina WeiSvilisruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqiuwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II – Semoqmediuwmindesisa da unetaresis sruliad saqarTveloskaTolikos patriarqis ilia II-is cxovreba da moRvaweobamravalferovania, rogorc padagogiur- mecnieruli, iseSemoqmedebiTi TvalsazriTiTac. misi epistoleebis, qadagebebisada sityvebis gacnobis Semdeg ,mxolod erTidaskvnis gakeTeba SevZeliT _ igi aris udidesi pirovneba,didi mecnieri, filosofosi, sociologi, ekonomisti,moazrovne-analitikosi da amave dros udidesi Semoqmedi.,,xelovnebis istoria qveynis Seqmnis dRidan iwyebada pirveli miuwvdomeli xelovani RmerTia Tavad”_ambobsuwmindesi. (yamarauli, 2009, 59). sworedRmrTisagan miniWebuli, mravalmxrivi SemoqmedebiTi ni-WiT aris dajildovebuli Cveni patriarqi. misi Semoqmedebisareali da masStabebi Zalian didia, rogorc xatweraSi,ise musikaSi. misi xelnawerebi qarTuli kaligrafiissaukeTeso nimuSebia, miT umetes, rom studentobisada cxum-afxazeTis eparqiaSi moRvaweobis dros ZiriTadadrusul enaze uxdeboda muSaoba.patriarqi gviqadagebs, rom…,,mecniereba da xelovnebaunda emsaxurebodes im RvTiur madls da sikeTes, romelicnergavs xalxTa Soris progress, sixaruls, rwmenas,siyvaruls da urRvev megobrobas. xelovnebaRvTisgan miniWebuli is sikeTea, romelic mTlianad exebaadamianTa ara xorciel bunebas, aramed mis sulier samyaros.ramdenadac maRldeba Cveni sulieri samyaro, imdenadmetad vuaxlovdebiT Cveni saukunis winandelbeTlems da vamaRlebT imisaken, vinc warmoudgenladmaRla dgas xelovnebaze” (yamarauli, 2009, 59).qarTuli saeklesio mxatvrobis tradiciebis aRdgenasada ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqs. misi locva-kurTxeviTa daxelSewyobiT Tbilisis sasuliero akademiasTan CamoyalibdaxatmwerTa skola, romelmac mravali niWierimxatvar–restavratori aRzarda. swored maT mier iqnarestavrirebuli da aRdgenili mravali qarTuli eklesia-monasteri.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqisferweriT gatacebis Sesaxeb Zalian cotam icoda. pirveladsazogadoebam amis Sesaxeb Seityo didubisRvTismSoblis eklesiis moxatvis dros, 1978-1979 wlebSi.didubis eklesis moxatvaze muSaobda cnobili mxatvarialeqsandre (Sura) banZelaZe. morwmuneni xedavdnen, romuwmindesi da unetaresi TiTqmis yoveldRe midioda ta-ZarSi. istoriuli gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, didubis eklesiaSi,jvari dauweria wmida mefe Tamars. uwmindesma ameklesiis kedelze Tamar mefis xati Seqmna. wmida mefisoTx freskas miemata mexuTe _ Cveni patriarqis mierSesrulebuli.” (vardosaniZe, 2008, 434).saqarTvelos Zvel sapatriarqo rezidenciaSiuwmindesma da unetaresma dawera wminda didmowame giorgisxati, romelic erT-erTi gamorCeulia xatweraSi.xatze gamosaxuli TiToeuli figura: mTavarangelozebi,mze, kravi da mtredi, romelic mSvidobis saxe-simboloswarmoadgenen, mimarTulni arian mTavari figuris,urCxulTan mebrZoli,TeTr cxenze amxedrebuli wmindagiorgis warmosaCenad, rac kidev ufro aZlierebsmorwmunis rwmenasa da gancdebs. uwmindesis mier SeqmnilinamuSevrebidan aseve aRsaniSnavia wminda mefe vaxtanggorgaslis xati. axovan mefes erT xelSi droSa uWiravs,meoreSi – etrati. uyureb am STambeWdav portrets daTvalwin cocxldeba samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvismebrZoli didi mefis Seudrekeli xasiaTi,qristianuli sarwmenoebisaTvis Tavdadeba da momavlisimediT ivsebi.uwmindesisa da unetaresis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuliadgili ukavia mis mier Sesrulebul wmindaxatebs, rogoricaa yovladwminda RmrTismSoblis, miqaelda gabriel TavarangelozTa da yovladwmida samebis xati,romelic dawerilia wminda samebis sakaTedro taZrisaTvis,romelzedac amotvifrulia patriarqis mierSeqmnili locva.ilia II-is ferwerul namuSevrebSi naTlad Cans Cvenisaxelovani mefeebis mdidari sulieri samyaro da fizikurigaregnobis Seudarebeli swrafva samSoblos Tavisuflebisada damoukideblobisaTvis. aseTi xatebisricxvs miekuTvneba wmida mefe vaxtang gorgaslis, daviT183

aRmaSeneblis, Tamar mefis, ebraelTa mefis solomonis,wmida daviT winaswarmetyvelis xati. aseve sainteresoaxatebi: ,,qarTlosis” portreti, da “ufali sabaoT”.patriarqma Tavisi namuSevrebi miuZRvna sayvarelmSoblebs, romelTac igi yovelTvis didi mowiwebiTa damadlierebis grZnobiT moixseniebs, xSirad imeorebs maTSegonebebs, darigebebs, qcevebs, qarTuli tradiciebisadmimaT pativiscemas. deda _ natalia kobaiZis da mama_ giorgi SiolaSvilis portretebi didi sifaqiziT arisSesrulebuli, aRbeWdilia maTi Wkvianuri gamoxedva,rwmena momavlisa da locva-kurTxeva Svilebis da mTlianadsaqarTvelosadmi. uwmindesma rogorc portreti, aseveskulpturuli namuSevari miuZRvna Tavis saxelovan winapars,Siola RuduSaurs.XX saukuneSi araerTi gamoCenili mxatvari moRvaweobda,magram kanonikuri xatweris didi tradicia TiTqmisdaviwyebuli iyo. uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II,vfiqrobT, samarTlianad iTvleba XX saukunis qarTulikanonikuri xatweris ubadlo ostatad.aRsaniSnavia, uwmindesis udidesi roli, qarTulisaeklesio galobis aRdgena-ganviTarebaSi. igi ara martoqarTuli galobis stils icavs ucxouri gavlenisagan,aramed Tavad gvevlineba qarTuli erovnuli sagaloblebisSemoqmedad.qarTuli galoba aris siyvaruli uflisadmi, xoloqarTuli simRera _ siyvaruli moyvasisadmi, musikaSiaJRerebuli da gadmocemuli.”- ambobs patriarqi. da aqveixsenebs: ,,musika bavSvobidanve miyvarda, rogorcambobdnen, saukeTeso smena mqonda... ra Tqma unda, yvelazesaamo CemTvis qarTuli sagaloblebis mosmenaa. amasTanavesaaTobiT SemiZlia vijde da vusmino klasikur musikas.gamorCeulad miyvars mocarti, faliaSvili. RmerTmayvela ers misca siyvarulis madli, maT Soris _ Cvenc,qarTvelebs, romelic pirvel rigSi, Cvens uZvelesxalxur simRerasa da saeklesio galobaSi Cans. (Jurnali,,saqarTvelos sapatriarqo,” #1, 1997)ilia II Tavis sulier grZnobebs, fiqrebs warsulsada momavalze melodiurad gadmoscems. is rasac grZnobsda ganicdis erT patara oTaxSi musikad iRvreba, aq misisulis nawili da RvTis saswauli xarobs, romelic masSi184

melodias badebs. aseTi ukve ocamde harmonia daixvewa:,,daviRale,’’ ,,gixaroden, friad mSveniero,’’ ,,ufalo iesoqriste,’’ ,,mamao Cveno,’’ ,,mrwamsi,’’ ,,diptiqi,’’ ,,Cemi vedreba,”,,micvalebulTa kvereqsi,” ,,irakli brZolis win’’ daa. S. samwysom xSirad arc ki icis, rom sulSi Camwvdomi,,wmindao RmerTo’’ ara winaprebis danatovari, aramed ma-Ti mwemsmTavris Semoqmedebaa, es baTumis sakaTedro ta-ZarSi, mRvdelmsaxurad gamwesebuli axalgazrda mRvdelmonazoniilias pirveli sulis simfoniaa. uwmindesis mierSeqmnili yvela sagalobeli sainteresoa, magramgansakuTrebiT dadebiTad moqmedebs msmenelis grZnobebzeda amaRlebs mas sagalobeli_,,kirieleison”.uwmindesi da unetaresi qmnis rogorc sasuliero,aseve saero nawarmoebebs. sainteresoa mis mier Seqmnilisaero musika(,,irakli brZolis win”). igi aris gaazrebuladdaSenebuli qarTuli harmoniis safuZvelze, sakadansoformulebiT, qarTuli gadaxra-modulaciurisaqcevebiT, xmebis erTmaneTTan damokidebulebiTa da samixmis erTobiT (rogorc samebis erTarseboba).xazgasasmelia, rom mis musikas aRtacebaSi mohyavsmsoflios musikosebi, radgan rogorc harmoniul vertikalSiagaTvaliswinebuli qarTuli suli, ise musikisaranJirebaSi sagrZnoblad JRers evropuli sagundo wesiTxmaTa partiebis TanaSewyoba, rac erTerTi, umniSvnelovanesadrTuli da sayuradRebo momentia sagundo xelovnebaSi.unda aRiniSnos, rom am bolo dros, patriarqma kideverTi unikaluri hangi Semata qarTul sagaloblebs.RvTismSoblis sadideblad Seqmnilma - ,,ave mariam’’didimowoneba da aRtaceba gamoiwvia qarTvel msmenelSi.uwmindesobis musika, romelic gankuTvnilia qarTulitradiciuli liturgiisTvis, aris unikaluri movlena,xidia da nimuSi Tanamedrove harmoniis Zvel hangTanSerwymisa.qarTuli mravalxmiani sagaloblebis ganviTarebasemsaxureba misi uwmindesobis locva-kurTxeviT samebissakaTedro taZarTan Seqmnili qarTuli sagaloblebisumaRlesi skola, romelic niWier axalgazrdebs saSualebasaZlevs Rrmad daeuflon qarTul galobas.185

RvTis siyvaruli vlindeba xatweraSi, sagalobelSi.srulyofilia pirovneba, romelic SemoqmedebiTi niWiTemsaxureba uzenaes WeSmaritebas. WeSmariti daMSvenieriki Tavad RmerTia.amiT vamTavrebT Cveni moxsenebis Temaze saubars.vgrZnobT, rom msmeneli Cvengan elodeboda mkiTxvelebsSoris, patriarqis saxeliT gavrcelebuli leqsis ,,yvelaferikargad iqneba”-s avtoris Sesaxeb sityvas. esleqsi marTlac sasiamovnod aRiqmeba, parvel rigSi misiCanafiqriT – keTili imediT aRavsos mkiTxveli, magramunda ganvacxadoT, rom es leqsi ar ekuTvnis Cvens patriarqs.Cven gadavamowmeT es faqti da sapatriarqos sarwmunowyarom ar daadastura leqsis ,,yvelaferi kargadiqneba”, iliaII-is avtoroba.gamoyenebuli literatura1. vardosaniZe s., _,,sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi,uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II,”Tb. 2008w;2. Jurnali ,,saqarTvelos sapatriarqo,” #1, 1997w;interviu uwmindesTan da unetaresTan, sruliad saqartveloskaTolikos- patriarqTan ilia II-sTan.3 . yamarauli s., _ ,,sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,ilia II-is cxovreba da moRvaweoba,” gamomc. ,,meridiani,”2009w;Tina CheishviliHoliness and Beatitude Catholicos Patriarch of All Georgia IliaII”-creator.AbstractPictorial and musical works of Ilia II proudly stand by thedevelopments of modern art. The value of his works is more important ashe gives the future generation the best examples that are based on his ownexperience. The youth shouldn’t get only the theoretical knowledge aboutArt but they themselves should be creators and they should make us believethat beauty will dominate over a person only with the love of God.186

Tina SioSviliqarTuli xalxuri saSobao leqs-simRerebibibliuri swavlebis Tanaxmad, adamianis arsebobauqmad da uaryofiTad ar Caivlis da WeSmaritad eziarebaieso qristes Semecnebas, Tuki gulmodgined ecdeba, yoveliRone ixmaros, raTa rwmenaSi saTnoeba warmoaCinos,saTnoebaSi _ Semecneba, SemecnebaSi _ TavSekaveba, TavSekavebaSi_ moTmineba, moTminebaSi _ RvTismosaoba, Rvi-TismosaobaSi _ ZmaTmoyvareoba, xolo ZmaTmoyvareobaSi _siyvaruli; “ xolo visSic ar aris es, brmaa da beci, vinaidandaiviwya uwindel codvaTagan ganwmenda Tvisi”(biblia, II petresi, 1988, 5-9).macxovriseul SemecnebaTa gaTavisebasa da maTTanziarebas saukuneTa manZilze eswrafvoda Cveni xalxi dauzenaes zneobriv gakveTilebs iRebda rogorc bibliidan,ise _ sasuliero-religiuri zepirsityvierebidan.xalxuri poezia udidesi siyvaruliTa da mowiwebiTeTayvaneba ieso qristes da rudunebiT Zerwavs mis verbalurxats macxovris Sobidan dawyebuli jvarze gakvrisada zecad amaRlebis epizodebis CaTvliT.macxovris ciklis qarTuli xalxuri poeziis erTerTiubania saSobao leq-simRerebi, anu sagaloblebi, romelTawyaroc aris biblia da apokrifuli mwerloba.uflis Zis amqveynad movlineba, zepirsityvierebaSikargad cnobili miTologiuri personaJebisa Tu egreTwodebulikulturologiuri gmirebis uCveulo dabadebisdarad, zebunebriv movlenad aris warmodgenili. “alilos”mesxur sagalobelSi, romelic axali wlis win karikarCamovliT ritualSi sruldeba, naTqvamia:ocdaxuT qristeSobasa qriste dabadebulao.beTlemisa qvebsa Sina marwevelni arweveno.trednic RuRuns ityviano, angeloznic _ galobasa.(qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t. I, nakv. I, 1973. 120)guruli “alilos” sagalobeli, romelic j. jayelmaCaiwera ozurgeTis raion sofel SromaSi daniel kubusi-Zisagan 1977 wels, aseve, kardakar CamovliT ritualebSisruldeboda. iesos dabadebis sixarulTan erTad, racxalxisaTvis am diadi dResaswaulis mixareba da milocva187

iyo, sagalobelSi xazgasmulia maxarobelTa dajildoebisaucileblobac:ocdaxuT qriSobisTvesa qriste iSva beTlemsao.alaTasa, malaTasa, xeli Caye kalaTasa,amoiRe vercxlis fuli, dagvirige yvelayasa!(nbifa, saqme #221, 92)Soba dilas an wina saRamos “aliloze” mavalTxalxi asaCuqrebda fuliTa da sursaT-sanovagiT, umetesad_ kvercxiT, rac sicocxlisa da nayofierebis simbolodiyo miCneuli.ivane javaxiSvilis universitetis folklorularqivSi daculi saSobao leqs-simRera, romelic dafiqsirebuliaozurgeTis raionis sofel SromaSi 1977 wels,Seicavs rogorc macxovris Sobis mixarebas, aseve _ mealiloeTamier xalxis dalocvasa da saCuqris moTxovnistradiciul motivebs; aqve vxvdebiT qarTuli xalxurisazRapro eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli dasasrulis(“mTas uremi gamovWeri, wamovida gorebiTa, aqsicocxliT gamiZexiT, saiqios _ cxonebiTa”) variacias:ocdaxuTsa dekembersa qriste iSva beTlemsao daha-ha-ha, halilo!RmerTma ise agaSenoT, rogorc Sios maranio!mogceT Svidi vaJiSvili, pirze hqondeT balanio!ha-ha-ha, halilo1alaTasa balaTasa, xeli Cavkar kalaTasa,amoviRe Svidi kvercxi, RmerTi mogcems baraqasa1ha-ha-ha, halilo!mTaSi uremi gavTale, wamovida gorebiTaSeni ojaxi aivsos fuliTa da qonebiTa!maspinZelo, gamogvxede, Sobis maxarobeli varT!arieli, marieli, nu gagviSvebT carieli!(ijufa, #6590)profesor qsenia sixaruliZis mosazrebiT, paralelizmiTSekruli teqstis (“mTas uremi gamovWeri...”) meorenawili maCvenebelia misi qristianuli warmoSobisa.Mmkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Tavdapirvelad is “alilos” sagalobeliiyo da Semdeg daukavSirda zRapars dasasruliformulis saxiT (sixaruliZe qs., 1960, 239).188

imeruli “saSobao alilos” teqstSic, romelic zurabTandilavam maiakovskis raionis sofel qveda dimSiCaiwera 1982 wels (nbifa, saqme #248, 32-33), xazgasmuliamaspinZelTa mier karikar CamomvlelTa kvercxiT dasa-Cuqrebis aucilebloba:alaTasa, malaTasa, xeli Cavyav kalaTasa.hai, hai, haim alilo1amoviRe kvercxis guli, yinvam damwva xelis guli.hai, hai, hai, alilo!maspinZelo pawiao, gamogvxede karSiao.hai, hai, hai, alilo1matarebeli gaCerda, Seni ojaxi aSenda!hai, hai, hai, alilo daa!Te maspinZelma ar gamoixeda da alilos Semsruleblebiar daasaCuqra, ase miumRerebdnen:matarebeli geiqca, Seni ojaxi deiqca!hai, hai, hai, alilo daa!Tuki maspinZeli gamoxedavda mealiloebs da saTanadodacdaasaCuqrebda, miumRerebdnen:mTaSi uremi gavTale, wamovida gorebiTa,Tqveni ojaxi aivso fuliTa da qonebiTa!hai, hai, hai, alilo daa!cnobilia, rom yoveli bunebrivi feri konkretulimoraluri Tvisebis matarebelia. TeTri, igive naTeli,RvTaebasTan ziarebas, sikeTes aRniSnavs (mosia, b., 2008,144-145). erT-erT saSobao leqs-simReraSi ieso qristes dabadeba“TeTrad gaTenebas” edreba:agaSenoT! ocdaxuTsa am Tvesaqriste dabadebula, _ TeTrad gaTenebula!TiTo kvercxi mogveciT, korkoti SegvaWameT.(qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba, 1958, 232)cnobili raWveli mestviris _ zaqaria eraZiseulleqsSi “qveynad ro mobrZanda” (qarTuli xalxuri poezia,t.I, nakv. II, 1973, 120-121) vkiTxulobT:qriste ro qveynad mobrZanda, xuoda mTa da baria,Tan axldnen angelozebi, ukres buki da zaria...qristeSobasTan dakavSirebuli qarTuli xalxuripoeziis erT-erTi saintereso nimuSia jemal noRaidelismier 1960 wels qobuleTis raionis sofel aWyvisTavSi Cawerili“alilo” (aWaris xalxuri poezia, I, 1969, 77); es189

saSobao sagalobeli erT-erTi dasturia imisi, Tu ra didida Zlieria saSobao tradicia da _ ra gamZlea am ritualTandakavSirebuli sagalobeli, romelic saqarTveloserT-erT uZveles qriastian kuTxeSi _ “aWaraSi” SemorCa:oi, alilo, mogvilocavs qristes Soba,oi, alilo mogvilocavs qristes Soba,qristes Soba beTlemsao!nebac iyos maRla RvTisa, nebiTa Tu mSvidobiTa!alilo, alilo, alilo, aqa mSvidoba!Ggamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:1. biblia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gam-ba, Tb., 1989.2. aWaris xalxuri poezia, I, Tb., 1969.3. ivane javaxiSvilis universitetis folkloruli arqivi(ijufa), saqme #6590.4. mosia bela, qarTuli folkloris saxismetyveleba, Tb.,2008.5. niko berZeniSvilis institutis folkloruli arqivi(nbifa), saqme #221.6. niko berZeniSvilis institutis folkloruli arqivi(nbifa), saqme #248.7. sixaruliZe qsenia, sawesCveulebo poezia, _ krebulsi:qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedeba, I, Tb., 1960.8. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t. I, nakveTi II, Tb., 1973.9. qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba. mTiuleT-gudamayari,Tb., 1958.Грузинские народные рождественские стихи-песниВ грузинской народной духовно-религиозной поэзии об ИусусеХристе, основными источниками которой являются Библия и апокрифическаялитература, особенное внимание привлекает рождественские стихи—песни«Алило». 25 декабря – Рождество Христа торжественно отмечалив Грузии. В ночь под Рождество по дворам ходили мужщины и хоромисполняли ритуалные стихи-песни, которые славили Христа, поздравляявсех с этим святым днём.Исполнители «Алило» обходили соседей, прося хозяеввознограждения, в первую очередь – яйц, как сивмола жизни иплодовитости.Вместе с песней «Алило» исполнялся стихотворный текст,являющийся одной из концовок грузинских сказок, которая у истоковэтой традиции исполнялась с песней «Алило», и лишь впоследствии еёдобавили к сказке в качестве завершающей присказки.190

nani diasamiZeilia WavWavaZe da iakob gogebaSviligabriel episkoposis moRvaweobis SesaxebXIX saukunis didi sazogado moRvawis, qadagebaTaortomeulisa da cdiseuli fsiqologiis avtoris gabrielepiskoposis Sesaxeb, ara erTjer Tqmula da dawerila, magrammisi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb Sefasebebi gansakuTrebiT RirebuliaiseTi didi moRvaweebisa, rogorebicaa ilia WavWavaZe daiakob gogebaSvili. Cvens gamosvlaSi swored am SefasebebzeSevCerdebiT.gabriel episkoposis sasuliero da samecniero moRvaweobaermaneTisagan ganuyofelia da warmoadgens mecnierebisada sulierebis Tanaarsebobis TvalsaCino magaliTs.swored amas miaqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba i. WavWavaZemTavis sityvaSi, romelic warmoTqva man gelaTSi.“me ar vici amisTana sxva kaci, _ saero Tu samRvdelo, _romlis gulSiac mometebulis mSvidobis-yofiT, mometebulisda-ZmobiT erTad dabinavebuliyos samoqmedod mecnierebada sarwmunoeba. gansvenebuli Rrmad-miwevnili mecnieriiyo da imodenadve Rrmad morwmuneca. aq aris, Cemis fiqriT, misiaRmatebuleba, misi mniSvneloba aramc Tu marto CvenTvis,sxvisTvisac, radganac bevrsa hgonia, rom mecniereba dasarwmunoeba erTmaneTSi mourigebelni da mouTavsebelni ariano.igia magaliTi am morigebisa da moTavsebisa.” (WavWavaZe,1987. 12). aqve, ilia WavWavaZe ganmartavs mecnierebisa da religiisurTierT damokidebulebas. misi azriT SeuZlebeliaerTi meoris gareSe da amis saukeTeso magaliTad mohyavsgabriel episkoposis cxovreba da moRvaweoba. igi ambobs:“mTeli moZRvreba awgansvenebulis saxelovanismRvdelmTavrisa rom aviRoT, Znelad ipoviT magaliTs, rommecniereba gaewiros sarwmunoebisaTvis, an sarwmunoeba _mecnierebisaTvis. piriqiT, igi sarwmunoebas amecnierebda damecnierebas asarwmunoebda, Tu ase iTqmis, da mTeli sibrZneamaSia damokidebuli.” (WavWavaZe, 1987. 12).zemoT aRniSnul sityvaSi ilia WavWavaZe axasiaTebsgabriel episkoposis keTilSobilur bunebas, mis uangarobasda usazRvro siyvaruls moyvasisadmi, rac dafuZnebuli iyoara brmadmorwmuneobaze, aramed religiis Rrma mecnierul191

gaazrebasa da kvlevaze,: “igi erTs Tavis qadagebaSi sTxovdaTavis samwysos, romelic yovelTvis sulis-gakmendiT usmendaxolme, evedreboda RmerTs, rom momces me Zala jerovnadvemsaxuro eklesias, ese igi, Tqvens cxovrebasao, radgan Ti-Toeuli Tqvengani da Cvengani erTad Seadgens im krebuls, romelsaceklesia RvTisa hqviano. es misTvis litoni sityva ariyo saRvTo werilidan amokiTxuli da gazepirebuli. es iyomisi gamecnierebuli sarwmunoeba da gasarwmunoebuli mecniereba,es iyo is, rasac sibrZnes eZaxian da ris gareT msaxurebaTavis msaxurebad ar miaCnda, Rvawli _ Rvawlad, madli _madlad, saqme _ saqmed. ar aris arc erTi magaliTi, rom sadmeda raSime esustnos am rwmenisaTvis, piriqiT, TavisixangrZlivi samsaxuri marto am rwmenas Seswira da Sealia. kacisaTvismsaxureba msaxurebaa RvTisaao, _ amas marto Rrmadgamecnierebuli sarwmunoeba ityvis da amisTana sarwmunoebisaiyo igi, visic sibrZne marto Cven ar gvancvifrebs.” (WavWava-Ze, 1987. 12).aseve udides Sefasebas aZlevs gabriel episkoposisRvawls, mis pirad magaliTs, iakob gogebaSvilic, Tavis gamosaTxovarwerilSi: “mTavari Rirseba gabriel episkoposisada saukeTeso Zegli”, is Rrma anilzs akeTebs mRvdelmTavris,rogorc mecnieris, pedagogisa da RvTis kacis moRvaweobisSesaxeb. werilis dasawyisSi igi svams kiTxvas, Tu romeli iyogabriel episkoposis mravali Rirsebidan mTavari? pasuxadmohyavs kievis sasuliero akademiis profesorTa azri arqimandritqiqoZeze, mas Semdeg rac maT gaicnes misi “cdiseulifsiqologia” da moismines iakobisagan gabrielis cxovrebisada moRvaweobis Sesaxeb: “ ai ra azri gamoTqves: rogorc yvelafridgansCans, arqimandriti qiqoZe erTsa da imave drosSemkulia Rrma sarwmunoebiT da safuZvliani, mraval-mxrovaniawindeli ganaTlebiT. da es Rirseba-ki yvelgan Zlier iSviaTiada bevrisaTvis Seadgens ideals, miuwvdomels sagansnatvrisa.” (gogebaSvili, 1990. 143).iakob gogebaSvili aRniSnavs, rom “mTavari Rirseba TavisisaTayvanebeli mTavarmwyemsisa imerma xalxma mdabiodaRniSna ori sityviT: mecnieri arqierio.” (gogebaSvili, 1990.143).iakob gogebaSvili eTanxmeba xalxis azrs “mecnieriarqieris” Sesaxeb da dasZens: ”(gabriel episkoposis) spetak192

gulSi Rvioda, enTo Zlieri, Seuryeveli sarwmunoeba da gonebaSi_ safuZvliani da mraval-mxrovani ganaTleba, mecnierebada orive _ sarwmunoeba da mecniereba harmoniulad iyvnenSeTvisebulni, Sezrdilni da Seadgendnen erTs rTulsmomxiblavs sasuliero Zalas, brwyinvale inteleqtsa.” (gogebaSvili,1990. 144). aqve igi mRvdelmTavars adarebs msoflioeklesiis didebul mamebs, romlebic iyvnen ara mxolodRvTismetyvelni, aramed zedmiwevniT qondaT Seswavlili romisada saberZneTis mecniereba. “aki amitomac iyvnen es wmindanimamani namdvilni mnaTobni eklesiisa, samSoblosi, kacobriobisa.”(gogebaSvili, 1990. 144).vfiqrobT, rom aseTi mnaTobi iyo da aris dResac,qarTveli erisaTvis episkoposi gabrieli, radgan mTeli Tavisicxovreba da moRvaweoba man miuZRvna Tavis xalxis ke-TildReobasa da ganaTlebaze zrunvas. “mecnier arqiers”qveynisa da eris gadarCenis mTavar saSualebad xalxSi rwmenazedafuZnebuli ganaTleba miaCnda.gamoyenebuli literatura1. gogebaSvili i. “rCeuli Txzulebani”, Tb. 1989w. t. I;2. WavWavaZe il. “sityva Tqmuli gelaTis monasterSi Ggabrielepiskoposis dasaflavebis dRes”, publicisturi werilebi, t. IV. Tb.1987w.Nani DiasamidzeIlia Chavchavadze and Iakob Gogebashviliabout Bishop Gabriel’s activityRezumeSpecial attention is paid to Bishop Gabriel activities as a seientist and asa religious person as Ilia Chavchavadze wrote: “He made the science be religiousand religious scientific” But, the phenomenon which the scientists couloln’t study,for example the endless of the Universe, this type of the phenomenon hecomprehended by his belief in god.193

194izolda belTaZe,,saqarTvelo – sulze tkbili dedobili”26 saukune gavida ebraelTa saqarTveloSidamkvidrebidan da dRes qarTveli ebraeli ase mReris :,,..... israeli Cemi deda samSobloa, saqarTvelo-sulzetkbili dedobili..... sionis da sinagogas mrevlTa SorismSvidoba da Salomia mociquli. “ebraeli da qarTveli xalxis urTierTobis fesvebiSoreuli warsulidan modis. qristianoba xom ebraelTawiaRSi iSva. TviT “iese” berZnuli formaa Zvelebraulisaxelisa ieSua, rac “mxsnels” niSnavs. qriste berZnuliTargmania Zvelebrauli sityvisa maSiaxi _ mesia, racqarTulad mironcxebuls niSnavs. qristianebs ar SeuZliaTdaiviwyon, rom ieso iyo ebraeli, cxovrobda ebraelTamiwaze da rwmenis Tavisi principebi Camoayalibasulis ebraul faseulobebsa da ebraul filosofiazedayrdnobiT. amitomac ar SeiZleba qarTvelobam, rogorcqristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi Tavdadebulma erma pativiar sces ebrael ers da es SeZlo kidevac.dRes mTeli saqristiano samyaros winaSe qarTvelieri amayobs imiT, rom qristianTaTvis uZvirfasesi reliqvia,maTi mamisa da macxovris kvarTi inaxeba mcxeTismiwaze da misi saqarTveloSi Camomtani mcxeTeli ebraelieliozi iyo. elioz “ warmovida ierusalimiT da wamoiRokvarTi igi wmidai.” eliozma, mcxeTelma ebraelma,macxovris kvarTi rom Camogvitana es qarTvels ar SeiZlebadaaviwydes” (prof. manana gigineiSvili). am wmida-Tawmidis wyalobiT mcxeTas “meore ierusalims” uwodeben.qristes kvarTma sulierad daakavSira palestina dasaqarTvelo, macxovris taZari da sveticxoveli. ierusalimSiaqristes saflavi, ierusalimidan mcxeTeli ebraelismier Camotanili kvarTi uflis mcxeTaSivea dafluli.wminda nino, saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebeli, aRizardaierusalimSi. qristes kvarTis moZiebis survilma is saqarTveloSimoiyvana (ciciaSvili, 2003, 287-290)ar SeiZleba aseve ar SevexoT biblias, romelic raTqma unda ebraul enaze iyo dawerili da iTargmnaqarTul enaze. amasve adasturebs cnobili qarTveli

mkvlevari pavle ingoroyvac. is aRniSnavda: qarTulibiblia, rogorc irkveva, Tavdapirvelad ebraulidan yofilaTargmnili.”qarTuli tradiciis mixedviT, pirveli qarTveliqristiani mwerlebi iyvnen qarTveli ebraelebi abiaTarida misi asuli sidonia. abiaTarsa da sidonias, miewerebasaqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb fsevdoepigrafiuliteqstebis avtoroba. rogorc p. karbelaSvilimiiCnevs ,,saqarTveloSi Semoxiznuli ebraelebisSemweobiT da gavleniT saRmrTo werili pirdapir ebraulidaniTargmna qarTul enaze mcxeTaSi”xbos tyavze naweri wignad akinZuli sami bibliaamsoflioSi. erTi aris siriaSi, alepos wignTsacavSi. meorepeterburgis saltikov_SCedrinis saxelobis sajarobiblioTekaSi, mesame lailaSSi_ leCxumis raionis sofellailaSSi.amdenad SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos xbos tyavze dawerilierT_erTi bibliis Semonaxva saqarTveloSi.ai, saidan modis urTierT pativiscemisa da megobruliurTierTobis fesvebi qarTveli da ebraelixalxisa, romelmac drois gamocdas gauZlo. sworedqarTvelma ebraelobam saqarTvelos saxeli gaitanamsoflioSi. arcerT sxva ers ar gamouxatavs qarTvelierisadmi madlierebis, siyvarulis da pativiscemis grZnobamsgavsad ebraelebisa, rasac qarTveli eri arasodesar daiviwyebs.istoria umowyalo aRmoCnda am xalxis mimarT. dasavleTevropaSi ebraelTa devnis Sesaxeb (576w, 582 w)yvelaze adreul cnobebs gvawvdis VI saukunis franguliwyaro grigol turelis ,,frankTa istoria” (gr.tureli,1987:123,170). gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCines maT mimarTsafrangeTis mefeebma filipe IV-m (1285-1314) da SarlVI-m (1380-1422).arasaxarbielo iyo maTi bedi inglisSic. mefeebi,episkoposebi, feodalebi sargeblobdnen ebraelTa samsaxuriT.rogorc ki saxelmwifo xazinas fuli daakldeboda,maSinaTve gadasaxadebebs uzrdidnen ebraelebs, aseveaxdendnen maTi qonebis konfiskacias (d.salzmani, 1931:13).ebraelebi idevnebodnen inglisSi riCard lomgulis (1189-1199), eduard II (1272-1307) mmarTvelobis dros (stabsi, 1903,195

123) swored am ukanasknelis dros daiwyo ebraelTa masobrivigadasaxleba kunZulidan da gagrZelda 1655wlamde.ebraelma xalxma marTlac didi moTmineba gamoiaraTavisi istoriis manZilze. Cven savsebiT veTanxmebiT moSedaianis Sefasebas, romelic bibliis ganmartebiT cdilobsganWvritos Tavisi eris momavali. is afasebs, rodesacsakuTari ena da qveyana im naklianad giyvars, romelicSenTvis sruliad miuRebelia da ris gasaqarwyebladTavdauzogavi msaxurebisTvis xar mzad. rodesac uangaroxar, ampartavnobisagan Tavisufali da sayvareli xalxisaganSeracxulic ki, usamarTlod ganawyenebuli kacis pozaSiar Cadgebi sxvagan ukeTes sacxovriss ar eZieb (daiani,1996, 129)ebraeloba idevneboda evropis sxva saxelmwifoebSi:espaneTSi italiaSi, germaniaSi, poloneTSi, litvaSi daruseTSi. germanelma faSistebma omis periodSi udidesiwamebiT gaanadgures 6 mln. evropeli ebraeli. msgavsifaqti eTnikuri wmendisa ar axsovs istorias. nacistebmamarto sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze gaanadgures 532 sinagoga.magram, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, isini ar idevnebodnensaqarTveloSi. ebraelebis msgavsad veravin SeZloqarTveli xalxis dafaseba.cnobilma qarTvelma ebraelma ioseb eligulaSvilmasworad Seafasa qarTveli xalxis damsaxureba. misiazriT saqarTveloSi ebraelebi arasodes ar warmoadgendnenSuris, devnis obieqts, ar iyvnen darbevismsxverplni. qarTveli xalxi yovelTvis iyo Cvens mimarTkeTilganwyobili da loialuri (ciciaSvili, 2003, 352).cnobilia, rom bagrationi mefeebi Tavs daviT winaswarmetyvelisSTamomavlad Tvlidnen.sumbaT daviTis Zis naSromi: “cxovreba da uwyebabagrationTa” gvauwyebs, rom qarTveli mefeebi TavsTvlidnen eTnarqebis, abraamis, iakobis, ieses, noes, solomonisSTamomavlad da oficialur titulaturaSi “lesian”-daviTian-solomonianebad iwodebodnen.ebraeloba rom mudam erTguli iyo qarTveli xalxisadmiamasve adasturebs zaqaria WiWinaZec: qarTvel uriassaqarTvelo ZvelTaganve ise uyvarda, rogorc Tavisi196

qveyana, samSoblo da misi mfarveloba, sadac mas TavisufladSeZleboda yofna da Tavisi qonebis da col-Svilisdafarva. qarTveli eri mas ise uyvarda rogorc uvnebelimfarvelni pativismcemelni da vaWrobasa da meurneobaSididi meqomageni. sazogadod qarTvelebs CveulebadhqondaT, rom vinc ki maT qveyanas miekedleboda da dasaxldeboda,imas igini metis TavaziT da pativiscemiTumzerdnen. amitomac iyo, rom qarTvelni ebraelT did pativsacagebdnen qarTvelni yovelTvis zneobriv movaledTvlidnen Tavs, radganac qarTvelT bagratovanebi maTSTamomavlebad miaCndaT (WiWinaZe, 1904, 20).ufro metic ebraelebs, romlebic eweodnen savaWrosaqmianobas, TviT mgzavrobis drosac gzaSi samgzavrodkacebs atandnen (dasacavad-i.belTaZe) maTi gamZarcvavi damkvlelnic sastikad daisjeboda. vaWari uriis yovelivezarali unda aRedginaT (WiWinaZe, 1904,31).WiWinaZis cnobebidan Cans, rom ebraelebi eweodnensavaWro saqmianobas da amave dros icavdnen maT uflebebssaqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebisagangansxvavebiT.saqarTvelodan wasuli sxva erebis warmomadgenelnimravlad arian ucxo qveynebSi, magram TiTqmis aravis gamouxatavsCveni qveynisadmi madlierebis iseTi grZnoba,rogorc es ebraelobam gamoiCina.,,Cven ZmasaviT sxvasac movekideT, magram sxvam ardagvifasa. gamonaklisi qarTveli ebraelia. amdenad iserToba, rac ebraelebs da qarvelebs Soris arsebobs,albaT imdenad qarTvelTa damsaxureba ar aris, ramdenadacebraelTa (gigineiSvili, 1998).1980 w 29 maisidan 3 ivnisamde misi uwmindesoba, sruliadsaqarTvelos kaTolikos- patriarqi ilia II ierusalimispatriarqis benediqte I-is miwveviT ierusalimSiimyofeboda. mTeli msoflio gaaoca im faqtma, romqarTvel patriarqs aRtacebis SeZaxilebiTa da cremlebiTSexvdnen qarTveli ebraelebi, romlebic gamoxatavdnenudides siyvarulsa da pativiscemas misi uwmindesobisada misi saxiT, sruliad saqarTvelos mimarT.israelis religiis saqmeTa ministrma uwmindesTanSexvedraze ganacxada;_verc erTi qveyana ver Seedreba saqarTvelosebraelebTan Tbili, megobruli urTierTobis197

TvalsazrisiT. saukuneTa manZilze am urTierTobebSi aryofila araviTari gaugebroba. madloba Tqven amisaTvis(yamarauli, 2009, 83).Cveni azriT, qarTvelTa da ebraelTa Soris arsebulierToba ganpirobebuli unda iyos orive eris damsaxurebiT.ar SeiZleba aseve ar avRniSnoT is faqti, rom 1918wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisdamoukideblobis iuridiul aqtze sxvebTan erTad xeliaqvs mowerili sam qarTvel ebraels: finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobisministris moadgiles ioseb eligulaSvils,Sromis ministris moadgiles ilia goldmans daSemdgomSi cnobil rabins moSe davaraSvils.swored ioseb eligulaSvils unda vumadlodeT,rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1922 wels SeiZina parizTanaxlos daba levilSi mamuli da or sarTuliani sasaxle.da 70 wlis manZilze didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTulemigracias (ciciaSvili, 2003, 355).ebraeli yovelTvis warmoTqvamda: kurTxeul xar,RmerTo, ufalo meufeo qveynierebisao, rom ar gamaCinemonad!, mSidoba Senda (Salom aleixom), SenTan arsRmerTi (eloxim imxa), am imediT loculobda yvelasagandamonebuli ebraeli.ebraelobam mTel msoflios sikeTis dafasebis sanimuSomagaliTi uCvena. ebraeli da qarTveli xalxis megobrobaorive eris damsaxurebiT aixsneba. orive eri iyoTavdadebuli sakuTari sarwmunoebisa da tradiciebisadmi,riTac SeinarCunes TviTmyofadoba da Tavisi istoriadRemde moitanes.198

Izolda BelTadzeFrom the history of relationship between Jewish and GeorgianpeopleSummaryThe history of relationship between Jewish and Georgian people hasits deep roots. The friendly relationship of these two nations has been testedby time.The rights of Jewish people in Georgia have always been protected.There are many representatives of different nations from Georgiawho emigrated into other countries but no one has ever expressed so muchgratitude towards our country as Jewish people did.The Jewish people were exiled in European countries but they havenever been treated this way in Georgia. It is not only due to Georgianpeople but to Jewish people as well. The Jewish nation has appropriatelyappreciated Georgian people. They have showed a great example ofkindness to the whole world.gamoyenebuli literatura:1 gigineiSvili m., ,,qarTvelT xurianT” gaz. ,,literaturulisaqarTvelo”, 1998 weli 4-11 seqtemberi;2. daiani m., cxovreba bibliiT, Tb., 1996.3. ciciaSvili a., ebraelebi da saqarTvelo, Tb., 2003;4. WiWinaZe z., qarTveli ebraelebi saqarTveloSi Tb.,1904;5. yamarauli s., sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikospatriarqis, uwmindesis ilia II-is cxovreba da moRvaweoba.Tb., 2009;6. Турский Гр., История Франции, М., 1987;7. Salsman L. F., The English Trade in the Middle ages. Oxford,1931;8. Stubbs. W., The Constitutional History of England, L., 1903, v.II.199

manuCar loriadokumentur filmSi „mravaleTnikurisaqarTvelo” asaxuli istoriulida eTnokulturuli aspeqtebi (berZnebi)saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivma mauwyeblobam 2007 welssaqarTvelos erovnuli integraciis programis farglebSimoamzada dokumenturi filmebis cikli saqarTveloSimcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis – somxebis, azerbaijanelebis,ebraelebis, berZnebis, qurTebis, qistebis, udiebis,ukrainelebisa da osebis istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb.proeqti daafinansa aSS–s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentom(USID) da ganaxorciela saqarTvelos gaeros asociaciam.naSromSi amjerad ganvixilavT mxolod saqarTveloSimcxovreb berZnebTan dakavSirebul istoriul da eTnokulturulaspeqtebs. berZenTa mniSvnelovani raodenobisarseboba saqarTveloSi TiTqos ramdenadme agrZelebsberZnul-qarTuli urTierTobebis im tradicias, romelicTavisi warmoSobiT uxsovar droebamde adis da albaTmsoflios sxvadasxva xalxTa kontaqtebis istoriaSi TavisixangrZlivobiTa da intensiurobiT sruliad gansakuTrebulmovlenas warmoadgens. magram saqarTvelos berZnuli mosaxleobisabsolutur umetesobas ver miviCnevT verc saqarTveloSimosul uZveles berZen kolonistTa uSualoSTamomavlebad, verc bizantiel misionerTa da ostatTamemkvidreebad. isini CvenSi ZiriTadad XIX-XX saukuneebisganmavlobaSi gadmosaxldnen im regionebidan, sadac e.w.pontos anu pontoeli berZnebi mosaxleobdnen (garayaniZe,2000:28-70; gordeziani, 2000:11-27; fxakaZe, berZeniSvili,2000:71-83; jaoSvili, 1984: 233; jaoSvili, 1996: 79-290).filmSi moTxrobilia berZnebis istoria. marTebuladaaaRniSnuli, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis winaprebianatoliidan Camovidnen. TurqeTis am provinciidanmaTi saqarTveloSi Camosaxleba erekle meores dros daiwyo.meTvramete saukunis bolos. mefe ereklem anatoliidanberZeni ostatebi axtalaSi rkinis, vercxlis da oqros saba-200

doebis dasamuSaveblad moiwvia. 1829-1830 wlebSi ki saqarTveloSiberZenTa pirveli didi nakadi Camoasaxles. maTsacxovrebeli miwebi TrialeTis mxareSi gamouyves.berZnebma iq ramdenime sofeli gaaSenes. maT Soris yvelazedidi iyo barmaqsizi, romlis adgilzec Semdeg qalaqi walkadaarsda.erTmorwmune berZnebs qarTveloba iolad Seegua. saqarTveloSiCamosuli berZnebi TurqeTis teritoriaze, SavizRvis piras cxovrobdnen da amitom, pontoel berZnebseZaxdnen. maT kulturasa da enasac Turquli gavlena etyoboda.emigrantebma saqarTveloSic am berZnul-Turqulikulturis narevi Camoitanes.pontoel berZnebs Turqebma ultimatumi wauyenes. maTena da sarwmunoeba unda daeTmoT. berZneba qristes rjulsar uRalates. sarwmunoeba iyo is yvelaze didi faseulobarac berZnebma ucvlelad SeinarCunes. maT saqarTveloSi CamosaxlebisTanavetaZrebis mSenebloba daiwyes.walkaSi, sadac berZnebi yvelaze kompaqturadcxovrobdnen, maTi didi nawili qarTul enas srulyofiladver flobs, gansakuTrebiT ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi,romelTac sabWoTa periodSi ZiriTadad qondaT rusuli ganaTlebamiRebuli. es gasakviri araa, rameTu rusuli enis gabatonebadakavSirebuli iyo sabWoTa periodSi bilingvizmis,meore mSobliur enad rusulis aRiarebis propagandisada zeerovnuli erTobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobasTan.rac wiTel zolad gasdevs imdroindel gamocemebs:enobrivi erTianoba damaxasiaTebelia yvela eTnosisaTvisda yvela eTnosi Tavisi Camoyalibebis procesSi Cveulebriviyenebs erT enas, magram sruliad araa aucilebeli, rom TavisiSemdgomi arsbeobis mTel manZilze is sargeblobdesmxolod am eniT (Бромлей, 1973:57, 1983: 114). g. grigorievapirdapir aRniSnavda, rom: rusuli enis Seswavla da misicodnis ganmtkiceba aris TiToeuli xalxis obieqturimoTxovna... Cveni qvynis xalxTa Soris nacionalur-rusuliorenovnebis gavrcelebis farTo procesi pasuxobs ssrk-syvela xalxis interesebs (Григориева, 1984:82). niSandobliviaisic^ rom TrialeTis Turqulenovani berZnebis sofleb-201

Si TiTqmis aravin icis berZnuli^ Tumca maTSi bevriaTurquli enis mcodne& 8 Tumca saintereso momentia is, romisini berZnuls miiCneven mSobliur enad^ e&i& obieqturienobrivi situacia da eTnikuri kuTvnileba ar emTxvevaerTmaneTs& es aris eTnikuri TviTSegnebis emociuri elementi^nostalgia^ romelic perspeqtivaSi orientirebuliaberZnuli enis aRorZinebaze (futkaraZe, 2006: 260)& filmSiam aspeqtzecaa sworad yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.berZnebi saqveynod cnobili qvis mTlelebi arian.sarTveloSic maT saxeli swored Seudarebeli ostatobiTgaiTqves. Tbilissa da sxva qalaqebSi pontoelma berZnebmabevri Senoba aaSenes. am Senobebis didi nawili TbilisisZvel ubnebSia ganTavsebuli.filmSi aseve sworadaa gaanalizebuli is, rom dRes saqarTveloSiberZnebis saqmianobas mTlianad qarTulikultura da garemo gansazRvravs. magaliTad, kaxeTSimcxovrebi berZnebis umravlesoba ise rogorc am kuTxeSimcxovrebi qarTveloba mevenaxeobiTaa dakavebuli. maTi kulinariacTiTqmis qarTulia, Tumca tradiciul ojaxebSiberZnul kerZebs dResac amzadeben. magaliTad caZiki(mawvnis sawebeli), berZnebis sadResaswaulo ritualebi TuyofiTi wesCveulebani umeteswilad qarTuli gavlenas ganicdis.maT gansakuTrebiT SemorCaT Zveli tradiciebi,berZnuli xasiaTi da Zlieri eTnikuri TviTSegneba, yoveliveamas berZnebs bavSvobidan unergaven.saqarTveloSi sazRvrebis gaxsnam berZenTa masobrivgadasaxlebas Suwyo xeli saberZneTSi. amis mizezi ZiriTadadekonomikuri faqtori iyo. Tu 1979 wels saqarTveloSidaaxloebiT 120 aTasi pontoeli berZeni cxovrobda, dRes ma-Ti raodenoba 10 aTass ar aRemateba.8 Turqulenovan berZnebs urumebs uwodeben. am terminis qveS igulisxmebianTurqebis mier dapyrobili provinciebis mosaxleobaeTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad (futkaraZe, 2006: 259)&202

literatura1. garayaniZe i. saqarTveloSi berZenTa gadmosaxlebisistoria (XVIII-XX).- berZnebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2000;2. gordeziani r. berZnul qarTuli urTierTobebisistoriisaTvis.- berZnebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2000;3. dokumentur filmSi „mravaleTnikuri saqarTvelo”,saqarTvelios sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba, 2007;4. futkaraZe T. aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis istoriul-eTnologiuriproblemebi, baT., 2006.5. fxakaZe m., berZeniSvili l. berZenTa saqarTveloSigansaxlebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da tendenciebi.-berZnebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2000;6. Бромлей Ю. В. Этнос и Этнография, Москва, 1973;7. Бромлей Ю. В. Очерки теории этноса, Москва, 19838. Григориева, 1984 - Григориева Г. А. Этноязыковые процессыВ Чувашской АССР.- Расы и Народы, ~ 14, Москва, 1984МАНУЧАР ЛОРИЯИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫОТОБРАЖЁННЫЕ В ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНОМ ФИЛЬМЕ«МНОГОНАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ГРУЗИЯ»(Греки)РЕЗЮМЕФильм «многонациональная Грузия» представляет собойобщеобразовательный фильм, где надлежащим образом переданыисторические и этнокультурологические особенности проживающих вГрузии диаспор, в том числе и греков. Примечательно и то, что фильм203

способствует ещё большему утверждению и популяризации толерантныхотношений в грузинском многонациональном обществе.Предки проживающих сегодня в Грузии греков приехали изАнатолии. Их переселение из этой провинции Турции в Грузиюначалось во время царя Ираклия второго. В конце восемнадцатого векацарь Ираклий пригласили греков из Анатолии в Ахталу для обработкижелезных, серебряных и золотых рудников. В 1829-1830 годах вГрузию переселили первый крупный поток греков. Земли дляпроживания им выделили в Триалетском краю. Греки построили тамнесколько селений. Среди них самым крупным селом был Бармаксиз,на месте которого в дальнейшем был основан город Цалка.Греки являются известными во всем мире каменотесами. ВГрузии они также прославились несравненным мастерством. ВТбилиси и других городах Грузии понтийские греки построили многиездания. Большая часть этих зданий расположена в Старом Тбилиси.Праздничные ритуалы греков и бытовые обычаи по большей частигрузинские. Они почти не сохранили истинно греческие традиции,которые передавали поколениям в неизменном виде.Открытие границ вызвало массовую эмиграции Греков. Если в1979 году в Грузии проживали около 120 тысяч понтийских греков,сегодня их число не превышает 10 тысяч.204

avtorebi1. abesalom aslaniZe – filosofiis akademiuridoqtori, aWaris ar umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris kabinetisufrosi2. irma bagrationi – SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent profesori3. nodar baramiZe – SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori4. nodar basilaZe – pedagogikur mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesori5. vardo beriZe – asocirebuli profesori, SoTarusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis filosofiis departamentisxelmZRvaneli6. izolda belTaZe – SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.7. malxaz daTukiSvili – istoriis akademiuridoqtori, qarTul–kavkasiuri kvleviTi institutis direqtori8. biWiko diasamiZe – profesor–emeritusi, SoTarusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis qristianulikulturis kvlevis centris xelmZRvaneli9. nani diasamiZe – ganaTlebis magistri10. sergo dumbaZe – istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori11. tariel ebraliZe – istoriis akademiuridoqtori, baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis mecnier–TanamSromeli12. jemal varSalomiZe – istoriis akademiuridoqtori, n. berZeniSvilis institutis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli13. ineza zoiZe – SoTa rusTavelis universitetisasocirebuli profesori205

14. lali zaqaraZe –SoTa rusTavelis universitetissruli profesori15. amiran kaxiZe – profesor–emeritusi, baTumisarqeologiuri muzeumis direqtori16. nodar kaxiZe – istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori, niko berZeniSvilis institutis eTnologiisganyofilebis gamge17. sulxan kupraSvili – quTaisis akaki wereTlissaxelmwifo universitetis, sqarTvelos istoriis departamentisxelmZRvaneli, asocirebuli profesori18. manuCar loria – istoriis akademiuri doqtori,SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis sainformacioteqnologiebisa da komunikaciebis samsaxuris ufrosi19. guram lorTqifaniZe – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaerovnuli akademiis wevr–korespondenti, Tsu profesor–emeritusi20. SoTa mamulaZe - SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori21. marika mSvildaZe - quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.22. Tengiz moiswrafeSvili - filosofiis akademiuridoqtori23. Sorena maxaWaZe - SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori, reqtoris moadgile24. ramaz surmaniZe – medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori25. avTandil nikoleiSvili- quTaisis akaki wereTlissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori,qarTuli literaturis departamentis xelmZRvaneli26. mamia faRava - SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetissruli profesori27. Tamaz futkaraZe – SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori206

28. ramaz xalvaSi - SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori,qarTuli filologiisdepartamentis xelmZRvaneli29. Tina SioSvili - SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori30. guli ServaSiZe - SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori31. malxaz CoxaraZe - SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori32. naila CelebaZe - istoriis akademiuri doqtori,n. berZeniSvilis institutis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli33. guram yifiani - istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti34. Tina WeiSvili - ganaTlebis magistri35. anania jafariZe – manglis-walkas eparqiismitropoliti, saq. teq. universitetis Teologiis katedrisgamge207