SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifouniversitetijemal karaliZeaWara 1878-1903 1903 wlebSipolitikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuriviTarebagamomcemloba`SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~baTumi _ 2009

monografiaSi ganxilulia XIX saukunis bolomeoTxedisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis aWarissazogadoebriv-politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis ZiriTadi problemebi.wigni gankuTvnilia studentebis, specialistebisda saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis _ aWaris istoriiTdainteresebuli mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.redaqtori:vaxtang guruli - istoriis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesorirecenzentebi: oTar gogoliSvili - istoriis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesorinana xaxutaiSvili _ akademiuri doqtori,asocirebuli profesoriirakli gorgilaZe – istoriis mecnierebaTakandidatiISBN 978-9941-409-99-8© `SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~ _ 20092

SesavaliTavisi moxerxebuli geografiuli mdgomareobis gamokavkasia uxsovari droidan evropasa da azias SorisdamakavSirebel gzajvaredins warmoadgenda. masze gadiodagzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac rogorc dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi,ise CrdiloeTi da samxreTi erTmaneTTan politikur,ekonomikur Tu kulturul urTierTobebs amyarebda.am gzebis dauflebisa Tu maTze kontrolis dawesebissurvili yvela drois did saxelmwifoebs hqondaT.saqarTvelo faqtiurad kavkasiis gasaRebs warmoadgenda,ris gamoc misdami interesi gansakuTrebuli iyo. mZimegansacdelis xana daudga Cvens samSoblos gvian SuasaukuneebSi, roca feodaluri winaaRmdegobebiT dasustebulda praqtikulad danawevrebul saqarTvelos sxvadasxvamxridan Zlieri dampyobi gamouCnda. samwuxarod,krizisiT moculma qveyanam mravalricxovan mterTan gamklavebaver SeZlo. gansakuTrebiT mZime viTareba SeiqmnasamxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi. regioni, sadac qarTulisaxelmwifoebriobis akvani dairwa da Zveli civilizaciismniSvnelovani centri – kolxeTi Camoyalibda, osmalTabatonobis qveS moeqca. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos danarCenimxareebis bedi gaiziara aWaramac, XVI saukunidanisic osmal dampyrobTa batonobis qveS aRmoCnda.osmalTa batonoba metad mZime da xangrZliviaRmoCnda. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobisSemdeg osmalebma aq sasurveli wesrigis damyarebadaiwyes. dapyrobil qarTul miwa-wyalze osmalTa mtkicedgabatonebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqondamiwaTmflobelobis osmaluri wesebis danergvas. cxadiiyo, rom osmalTa mizans qarTuli feodaluriweswyobilebis sruli ganadgureba Seadgenda.aWaris mosaxleobas arasdros daukargavsdedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis imedi. samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTvelos mtrisagan mitacebuli miwa-wylis3

213 sanacvlod ruseTs uTmobda samxreT besarabias, xolokavkasiaSi yarss, baiazeTsa da baTums.san-stefanos sazavo pirobebi ruseTis seriozulwarmatebebs akanonebda rogorc balkaneTSi, ise kavkasiaSi.es ki miuRebeli iyo inglisisaTvis, romelsac mxarsuWerdnen avstria-ungreTi da safrangeTi. gaformebulizaviT evropis saxelmwifoTa ukmayofileba mxolodprotestiT ar Semoifargleboda. maT aSkarad omisaTvisdaiwyes mzadeba.ruseTi axali didi omis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.ris gamoc iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda san-stefanossazavo pirobebis gadasinjvas evropis saxelmwifoTakongresze.1878 wlis 1 (13) ivniss berlinSi gaixsna evropisdidi saxelmwifoebis kongresi, romelsac unda gadaesinjasan-stefanos zavis pirobebi. kongresis muSaobaSimonawileobdnen ruseTis, osmaleTis, inglisis, germaniis,avstria-ungreTis, safrangeTisa da italiis delegaciebi.konferenciaze mwvave kamaTi gamoiwvia baTumis sakiTxma.ingliss aSkarad ar surda aseTi mniSvnelovanistrategiuli da ekonomikuri centri ruseTs gadascemoda.sabolood baTumi ruseTs gadaeca porto-frankos-Tavisufali savaWro navsadguris statusiT. inglisisdelegacia daTanxmda baTumis porto-frankodgamocxadebas im mizniT, rom momavalSi mas ruseTiswinaaRmdeg samxedro da ekonomikuri SetevisaTvis gamoiyenebda.berlinis kongresis Semdegac baTumi osmalTa xelSirCeboda. baTumis gadacemis sakiTxis sabolod SesaTanxmebladSeiqmna ruseT-osmaleTis erToblivi komisia. ruseTisdelegacias xelmZRvanelobda kavkasiis armiis mTavrsardlisTanaSemwe general-adiutanti Tavadi sviatopolkmirski.Sereuli komisiis sxdoma gaimarTa q.quTaisSi 12-20agvistos. osmaleTis mxarem valdebuleba aiRo, rombaTumidan jarebs gaiyvanda 25 agvistosaTvis.5

19 agvistos ruseTis jarebma daikaves qobuleTi(Curuq-su), 25 agvistos, 11 saaTze rusTa da qarTvelTajari baTumSi Sevida. TurqTa ukanasknelma nawilebmadevriS faSas sardlobiT baTumi datova.aWaris ganTavisuflebas da deda saqarTvelosTandabrunebas aRtacebiT miesalma qarTveli inteligencia.ilia WavWavaZe werda:¨...Cveni Zmebi, Cvenisisxlxorci,CvenTan erTad mebrZoli Savi bedisa, Cvenigmirebis bude, Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo, Cveni ganaTlebisada swavlebis akvani, dRes Cven SemogvierTda”.carizmis dampyrobluri interesebisa da SemdegSi mismier warmoebuli koloniuri politikis miuxedavad aWarisdedasamSoblosTan dabruneba udavod progresuli daistoriuli mniSvnelobis movlena iyo.swored es, aWaris dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebidanbaTumis olqis aRdgenamde monakveTi gavixadeT sakvlevperiodad. saarqivo masalebis, Tanadrouli presis, sxvadokumenturi wyaroebisa da arsebuli samecnieroliteraturis gamoyenebiT SevecadeT kompleqsuradSegveswavla 1878-1903 wlebis aWaris socialurekonomikurida sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebisrTuli, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi, magram amave dros metadsaintereso istoria.ÅÀ áÀÁÀÈÖÌÉÈ ÓÖËËáÄÁÉÝ ÀÌ ÂÆÉÈ ÓÀÖÊÍÉÓ6

T a v i Iwyaroebi da istoriografia§ I wyaroebi1878-1903 wlebis aWaris politikuri da socialekonomikuriganviTarebis Sesaxeb didZali masalaadaculi saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio,quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo, aWaris centralurisaxelmwifo arqivebis fondebSi, aWaris samuzeumogaerTianebis xelnawerTa fondebSi. mravalmxrivi dasayuradRebo cnobebi moipoveba Sesabamisi periodisqarTul Tu rusul presaSi: ¨droebaSi¨, ¨iveriaSi¨,¨kvalSi¨, ¨cnobis furcelSi¨, ¨kavkazSi¨, ¨obzorSi¨ da sxv.\+\ saukunis meore naxevrisa da \\ saukunis dasawyisisaWaris Sesaxeb metad mravalferovani cnobebia motanilirogorc im periodis qarTvel da ucxoel mogzaurTa, iseucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa diplomatiuri korpusiswarmomadgenelTa: d.baqraZis, g.yazbegis, T.saxokias,z.WiWinaZis, a.frenkelis, v.lisovskis, j.palgrevis dasxvaTa naSromebsa Tu oficialur moxsenebebSi. sainteresoda mravalferovani masalebia daculi da gamoqveynebulisxvadasxva statistikur Tu saiubileo krebulebSi.saarqivo masalebi. didZali da mniSvnelovanimasalebia daculi saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifosaistorio arqivis fondebSi. gansakuTrebulimravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblissamoqalaqo nawilis (sasamarTlo ganyofileba 1883-1905ww) (fondi 12) da kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelariebi(1905-1917 ww) (fondi 13). am fondebSi daculi masalebiZalze mniSvnelovania Cveni sakvlevi periodis aWaris (dasaerTod samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos- avt.)sazogadoebriv-politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis istoriis Sesaswavlad.7

am TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo cnobebia saqarTveloscentraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivis sxvafondebSic, kerZod:kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelariasTanarsebuli samxedro-samoqalaqo mmarTveloba (1883-1908 ww.)(fondi 229), kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis samoqalaqonawilis samSeneblo-sagzao komiteti (1868-1883 ww) (fondi203), kavkasiis rkinigzis sammarTvelos gzebisa daSenobebis SekeTebis samsaxuri (1892-1918 ww) - fondi 292,gzaTa mimosvlis kavkasiis mxaris sammarTvelo (1868-1918ww) - fondi 324, miwaTmoqmedebisa da saxelmwifoqonebaTasaministros kavkasiis rwmunebuli (1883-1917 ww) - fondi243, kavkasiis saufliswulo mamulebis sammarTvelosinspeqtori (1892-1917 ww) - fondi 351, saufliswulomamulebis sammarTvelo (1831-1918 ww) - fondi 354,amierkavkasiis saarqivo sammarTvelo - fondi 370, kavkasiissabaJo okrugis sammarTvelo (1831-1918 ww) -fondi 378,amierkavkasiis statistikis komiteti (1875-1917 ww) - fondi415 da sxva.zemoT aRniSnul fondebSi moipoveba metadsaintereso masalebi gansaxilveli periodis aWaraSimiwaTmflobelobisa da miwaTsargeblobis formebis, kerZomiwismflobelTa, muhajirebis adgil-mamulebis,kolonistebis dasaxlebis, saerTod miwebis yidva-gayidvis,begara-gadasaxadebis, baTumis olqis adgilobrivimosaxleobisa da moaxalSeneebis saCivrebis, ruseTiscentraluri xelisuflebidan mosuli instruqciebis,dadgenilebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Zvirfasi pirvelwyaroarogorc saerTod aWaraSi social-ekonomikuri viTarebisSesaswavlad, ise carizmis kolonizatoruli politikiswarmosaCenad axladSemoerTebul mxareSi. amave fondebSimniSvnelovani masalebia baTumis olqSi samrewvelomiwaTmoqmedebis (meCaieobis, mecitruseobis, meTambaqoeobisda sxv.) da saerTod kapitalisturi warmoebis, calkeulmewarmeTa, maT mier daqiravebuli muSaxelis, warmoebuliproduqciis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.8

gansaxilveli periodis aWaris Sesaxeb metad mniSvnelovanicnobebia daculi quTaisis centralur saxelmwifoarqivSi. 1883 wlis 12 ivniss baTumis olqi gauqmda da igiquTaisis gubernias SeuerTda. 20 wlis manZilze baTumisada arTvinis okrugebi administraciulad quTaisisguberniaSi Sedioda. baTumis olqis, rogorcadministraciuli erTeulis aRdgena moxda 1903 wlis 1ivniss. 1883-1903 ww. quTaisis guberniis JandarmeriissammarTvelos, saokrugo sasamarTlos, miwaTmoqmedebisada saxelmwifo qonebaTa sagubernio sammarTvelosuflebamosileba vrceldeboda aWarazec, sadac maTispecialuri warmomadgenlebi imyofebodnen TanaSemwisstatusiT. isini sagubernio uwyebebs awvdidnen srulinformacias maT kompetenciaSi Semaval sakiTxebTandakavSirebiT. am gziT aWaris Sesaxeb statistikurimonacemebi xvdeboda quTaisis guberniis yovelwliurangariSebSi, rac dRes saSualebas gvaZlevs mniSvnelovaniinformacia miviRoT aWaris socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis (soflis meurneobis, mrewvelobis, soflismosaxleobis Semadgenlobis, administraciuli dayofis,baTumis samrewvelo sawarmoebis, masSi dasaqmebulimuSaTa raodenobisa da sxvaTa) Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiTmniSvnelovani cnobebia daculi quTaisis centralurisaxelmwifo arqivis me-18, 130-e da 186-e fondebSi.1878-1903 ww. aWaris Sesaxeb sayuradRebo masalebiadaculi aWaris centraluri saxelwifo arqivis fondebSi.aRsaniSnavia, rom aq zogierTi iseTi masalaa daculi,romelic sxva arqivebSi ar gvxvdeba. baTumis olqissamxedro gubernatoris fondSi (i-1) gvxvdeba cnobebiaWaraSi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisSesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa aWaraSi muSaTarevoluciuri moZraobisa da politikuri partiebissaqmianobis amsaxveli masalebi.miwebis yidva-gayidvis, ijaris da saijaro fasebis,adgil-mamulebis sakuTrebaSi damtkicebaze Txovna –9

saCivrebis, notariusis gacemuli sabuTebis, sasamarTloganaCenebis, saqalaqo meurneobis, mrewvelobisa da transportisSesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebia baTumis qalaqisgamgeobisa (i-6) da baTumis saqalaqo saTaTbiros (i-7) fondebSi.navTobis eqsportis, baTumis savaWro tvirTbrunvis,navsadguris mSeneblobis, gemebis mimosvlis, portofrankosperiodis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovanimasalebia baTumis (i-14) da Curuq-sus sabaJos (i-15) dabaTumis savaWro navsadguris sammarTvelos (i-34)fondebSi.aWaris, rogorc subtropikuli kulturebis moSenebisaTvismetad xelsayreli (gansakuTrebiT misi zRvispirazolis) adgiliT rogorc rusi moaxalSeneebis, isesaufliswulo mamulebis mTavari sammarTvelos daintereseba,i.klingenis CaqvSi Camosvlis, xelisuflebis mier aqsaufliswulo mamulis mowyobisadmi gansakuTrebuliyuradRebis, samrewvelo meCaieobisa da mecitruseobispirveli warmatebebis Sesaxeb saintereso masalebia Caqvissaufliswulo mamulis (i-22) fondSi.aWaris 1878-1903 wlebis istoriis SesaxebmniSvnelovani masalebia aWaris saxelwifo muzeumisxelnawerTa fondebSi. aq gvxvdeba baTumis olqis Sesaxebyofili sabWoTa kavSiris arqivebidan amoRebuli masalebi,sxvadasxva pirTa mogonebebi, savele muSaobisas SekrebilieTnografiuli cnobebi. maTSi moTxrobilia CvenTvissintereso periodis aWaris mrewvelobis, soflismeurneobis,fulad-sakredito urTierTobebis, vaWrobis,miwaTmflobelobis, sazogadoebriv-politikuri daagraruli moZraobis, politikuri partiebis Sesaxeb.saintereso masalebi moipoveba quTaisis guberniisada baTumis olqis mimoxilvebSi. baTumis olqis mimoxilvasul orjer gamoqveynda (61*1904) xolo quTaisis guberniismimoxilva sistematurad gamodioda. maTSi mocemulia 1883-1903 wlebis cnobebi baTumis olqis da kerZod aWaris10

Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli cnobebi gvexmareba aWaris da saerTodsamxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos social-ekonomikuriganviTarebisa da administraciuli mmarTvelobismdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. am mimoxilvebis Rirsebaisicaa, rom isini xSirad ar ifarglebian olqsa TuokrugSi Seqmnili viTarebiT da calkeul sapolicioubnebSi arsebul mdgomareobasac asaxaven.sayuradRebo wyaroa ¨kavkasiis kalendari¨, romelSicSetanilia mravalferovani statistikuri cnobebi daistoriul-geografiuli Tu socialur-ekonomikurimimoxilvebi mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis,miwaTmflobelobis, gadasaxadebis, erovnuli Tusocialur-klasobrivi Semadgenlobis, administraciulimmarTvelobis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.¨kavkasiis klendarSi¨mocemuli masalebi xSirad gvexmareba Tvali gavadevnoTaWaris ganviTarebis process, davinaxoT misi ganviTarebisgarkveuli Tviseburebebi.baTumis olqSi (aWaraSi) samTamadno mrewvelobisSesaswavlad sayuradReboa kavkasiis samTamadnomrewvelobis sammarTvelos angariSebi, romlebSicdetaluri cnobebia baTumisa da arTvinis okurgebSiwiaRiseuli resursebis Ziebis, madneulis amoRebis,metalurgiuli qarxnebis mSeneblobis da maTi saqmianobisSesaxeb, naCvenebia is ucxoelebi, romlebic am dargSisaqmianobdnen (62*1914).aWaris Sesaxeb mravalmxrivi da uxvi masalaamocemuli baTumis ruseTTan SeerTebis 25 wlisTavTandakavSirebiT gamocemul krebulSi (57*1906). n.derJavinis,m.janaSvilis, t.stefanovis, general potos, a.krasnovis,s.timofeevis, l.markovis, n.wereTlis, i.mesxis statiebSiganxilulia aWaris istoriul-arqeologiuri dageografiuli, osmalTa periodis administraciulimmarTvelobis, rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis,mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, vaWrobis, fuladsakreditourTierTobebis, miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxebi.11

marTalia krebuli Sedgenilia tendenciurad, carizmiskoloniuri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram igigvawvdis didZal faqtologiur masalas aWaris 1878-1903wlebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva sakiTxis gasaSuqeblad.aWaris 1878-1903 wlebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mravalmxrivicnobebi moipoveba Sesabamisi periodis qarTul Turusul presaSi. qarTuli gazeTebi ¨droeba¨ da ¨iveria¨jer kidev 1877-1878 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebamdeyuradRebiT akvirdeboda ¨osmalos saqarTveloSi¨mimdinare movlenebs. araerTi statia miuZRvnes maTsaerTod samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos da kerZod,aWaris istorias, dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg TavdadebulbrZolas, riTac ucxoel dampyrobTa batonobis qveS myofTvistomTa erovnuli gamoRviZebis saqmeSi fasdaudebeliroli iTamaSes. qarTuli presa fxizlad adevnebda Tvalsori didi dampyroblis – ruseTisa da osmaleTisgamwvavebul urTierTobas, omisaTvis samzadiss, vrcladaSuqebda omis msvlelobas, xolo aWaraSi ruseTisbatonobis damyarebis Semdeg samzeoze gamohqonda rusulimmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg Seqmnili mZimemdgomareoba, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis muhajiradwasvlis mizezebi da cdilobda maT aRmofxvragamosworebas.qarTuli presa ¨droeba¨, ¨iveria¨, ¨kvali¨)dawvrilebiT aSuqebda aWaris cxovrebaSi mimdinare yvelasiaxles. gamoqveynebuli werilebi gvawvdian Zvirfasmasalas gansaxilveli periodis aWaris socialurekonomikuriganviTarebisa Tu sazogadoebriv-politikuricxovrebis sxvadasxva sakiTxze.\+\ saukunis bolosa da \\ saukunis dasawyisis aWarisistoriis Sesaswavlad aucilebelia qarTuli Tu ucxoelimogzaurebis cnobebis gaTvaliswineba. zogierTma maTganmaaWara moinaxula jer kidev osmalTa batonobis periodSi,xolo zogma rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg. amTvalsazrisiT maTi cnobebi saSualebas gvaZlevsdavinaxoT momxdari cvlilebebi.12

useT-osmaleTis mosalodneli omis viTarebaSi qar-Tuli inteligencia samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuliwarsulis warmoCeniT cdilobda carizmis dainteresebasam mxaris SemoerTebisadmi. swored am mizniT omis winaperiodSi aWaraSi imogzaures cnobilma mecnierebma,romelTac am mogzaurobis Semdeg brwyinvale naSromebidagvitoves, romelic dRes Zvirfasi wyaroa aWaris TusaerTod samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriissxvadasxva sakiTxis Sesaswavlad.dimitri baqraZem 1873 wels imogzaura guria-aWaraSida SesaniSnavi naSromi dagvitova (6*1987,56*1873). mis mieraRweril mdidar arqeologiur da eTnografiul monacemebTanerTad CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa aWarismkvidrTa sameurneo saqmianobisa da calkeuli dargebisganviTarebis amsaxveli cnobebi.1874 wels aWaraSi imogzaura giorgi yazbegma dagamoaqveyna SesaniSnavi naSromebi: ¨sami Tve TurqeTissaqarTveloSi¨, ¨Военно-статистический и стратегический очеркиЛазистанского санджака (составленные генерального штаба подполковникомъКазбеком¨ (47*1995, 58*1876). aRniSnul naSromebSisxvadasxva eTnografiuli xasiaTis cnobebTan erTadavtori mimoixilavs aWaraSi miwaTmoqmedebis, mevenaxeobis,mexileobis, mefutkreobis, meTambaqoeobis, xelosnobisa davaWrobis ganviTarebas. igi gvawvdis saintereso cnobebsaWaris sxvadasxva raionis sameurneo specializaciaze.\+\ saukunis damlevis aWaris Sesaxeb sayuradRebocnobebs gvawvdis Tedo saxokia (30*1985). man vrcladaRwera aWaris mosaxleobis SromiTi saqmianoba dakulturuli ganviTareba, daaxasiaTa socialuriSemadgenloba. calke paragrafi miuZRvna mxarisekonomikur ganviTarebas: miwaTmoqmedebas, mevenaxeobas,mefutkreobas, mexileobas, xelosnobas.osmaleTis batonobisagan ganTavisuflebuli aWarisSeswavlisaTvis sainteresoa cnobili moRvawis zaqariaWiWinaZis saqmianoba. man aRwera aWarelTa sameurneo13

saqmianoba, xelosnobis ganviTareba, socialuri urTier-Tobebi (52*1907).aWaris Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan statistikur cnobebsgvawvdis samxedro korespondenti a.frenkeli, romelmac1878 wels imogzaura ruseTis axladSemoerTebul mxareSida dagvitova sayuradRebo naSromi ¨Очерки Чурук-су иБатума¨. avtori gvawvdis cnobebs aWaris mkvidrTa ojaxis,qalis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, aseve sameurneo saqmianobisSesaxebac. cnobebi Seexeba calkeul soflebsac ki.sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis v.lisovski, romelmac1887 wels imogzaura aWaraSi da aRwera sameurneosaqmianobis sxvadasxva dargi.baTumis olqis fizikur-geografiul daxasiaTebisada sameurneo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi cnobebimoipoveba frangi orientalistis Jan muries naSromSi, mankavkasiaS \+\ saukunis 80-ian wlebSi imogzaura.amrigad, sakvlev periodTan dakavSirebiT Cvens miergamoyenebuli mravalferovani wyaroebi saSualebasgvaZlevs Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan gavaSuqoT daSevafasoT 1878-1903 wlebis aWaris ganviTarebis istoriissxvadasxva sakiTxi.§ II. istoriografiaaWaris istoriis mecnieruli SeswavlagansakuTrebuli interesiT daiwyo \\ saukunis 50-ianiwlebidan. 1878-1903 wlebis aWaris istoriis sxvadasxvasakiTxi ganixiles da sayuradRebo naSromebi gamoaqveynes:x.axvledianma, a.avalianma, i.anTelavam, a.bendianiSvilma,i.baramiZem, k.babiloZem, n.berZeniSvilma, p.guguSvilma,o.gogoliSvilma, v.gurulma, al.dauSvilma, j.vardmaniZem,n.varSaniZem, T.vaxtangiSvilma, o.TurmaniZem, v.iaSvilma,n.kaxiZem, T.komaxiZem, S.megreliZem, m.nikoleiSvilma,14

d.nacvalaZem, v.siWinavam, m.sioriZem, ab.surgulaZem,m.svaniZem, i.sixaruliZem, o.tatiSvilma, r.uzunaZem,z.SaSikaZem, v.SamilaZem, n.Sengeliam, j CxeiZe, v.jiqiam,v.jaoSvilma da sxv.CvenTvis saintereso periodis aWaris Sesaxebgamoqveynebul samecniero naSromebTan dakavSirebiT undaaRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa epoqaSi gamocemuli naSromebizedmetad ideologizirebulia, gvaqvs faqtobrivimasalebis gayalbebis SemTxvevebic. tendenciurobagansakuTrebiT atyvia sazogadoebriv-politikurimoZraobis istoriis sakiTxTa Seswavlas. politikuripartiebisa da organizaciebis moRvaweoba, socialdemokratiisbolSevikuri frTis garda, SefasebuliauaryofiTad. ZiriTadad yuradReba gamaxvilebulia muSaTaklasis socialur gamosvlebze da TiTqmis miCqmaluliamoZraobis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli xasiaTi.miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa periodSi gamocemul naSromebssamecniero Rirebuleba dResac gaaCnia. maTimeSveobiT samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semovida mravalisaarqivo masala da sxva pirvelwyaro, ramac Semdgomkvleva-Ziebas saTanado istoriografiuli baza Seuqmna. amnaSromebma kidev ufro gaaZliera mkvlevarTa interesiCveni istoriis am metad rTuli da Tanac sainteresoperiodis mecnieruli Seswavlisadmi.ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 ww. omis sruli istoria,samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba da amerovnul saqmeSi qarTveli xalxis erTsulovanimonawileoba ganxilulia S.megreliZis SromebSi (23*1956,24*1963, 25*1974). mkvlevarma samecniero mimoqcevaSiSemoitana manamde ucnobi araerTi saarqivo dokumenti. misnaSromebSi sainteresodaa gadmocemuli 1877-1878 ww.ruseT-osmaleTis omis sabrZolo operaciebi, samxreTdasavleTsaqarTveloSi gaSlili ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraoba, qarTvelTa Tavganwiruli brZola osmalTabatonobisagan TanamoZmeTa gasaTavisufleblad. avtori,15

saTanadod aSuqebs didi saxelmwifoebis dainteresebaskavkasiiT, gansakuTrebiT berlinis kongresze Seqmnildapirispirebas baTumis sakiTxis gamo, inglisisdelegaciis, kerZod premier-ministr dizraelismcdelobas ar daeTmoT baTumi ruseTisaTvis. S.megreliZemcalke naSromi uZRvna ganTavisuflebis Semdeg (1878-1882ww.-avt.) aWaraSi Seqmnil viTarebas, kerZod mahmadianiqarTvelebis erTi nawilis osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis, e.i.muhajirobis problemas (23*1956).bolo periodSi aWaraSi da saerTod samxreTdasavleTsaqarTveloSi muhajirobis problemisSeswavlas xeli mohkida mkvlevarma j.vardmaniZem (14*2002).aWaris da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriisSeswavlis saqmeSi gamorCeuli Rvawli miuZRvisx.axvledians, romelmac am mxaris problemebs araerTinaSromi miuZRvna (2*1944, 3*1956, 4*1972, 5*1987). maTSimoTxrobilia osmalTa mflobelobis periodis samxreTsaqarTvelos mdgomareobaze (osmalurmiwaTmflobelobaze, tyveTa syidvaze, ekonomikurcxovrebaze, saqarTvelos am mxaris SvilTa ganmaTavisuflebelbrZolaze), ruseTis politikaze kavkasiaSi da mismier aWaris SeerTebis cdebze, 1877-1878 ww. ruseTosmaleTisomze da aWaris ganTavisuflebaze. ruseTTanSeerTebis Semdgomi periodis aWaris cxovrebaze –muhajirobaze, mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis,transportis, vaWrobis ganviTarebaze avtoris sasaxelodunda iTqvas, rom man wina planze wamoswia erovnulganmaTavisuflebelimoZraobis manamde ucnobi detalebi,gamoyo am moZraobis etapebi, saTanadod daaxasiaTaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi.\+\ saukuneSi kavkasiaSi ruseTis damkvidrebas dapoziciebis gamyarebas aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegeboda inglisi.igi cdilobda am mizniT gamoeyenebina osmaleTi da irani.ruseTisa da inglisis winaaRmdegobebi gansakuTrebiT16

gamwvavda \+\ saukunis meore naxevarSi, rac gamovlindayirimis omisa da ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 ww. omis dros.am sakiTxebs eZRvneba a.CxeiZis saintereso monografiebi(49*1973, 50*1974). maTSi avtori ucxour wyaroebzedayrdnobiT ganixilavs didi saxelmwifoebis,gansakuTrebiT inglisis dainteresebas baTumiT, racaSkarad gamovlinda berlinis kongresis msvlelobaSi.aWaraSi osmalTa batonobis istorias, osmalurimiwaTmflobelobis xasiaTs da aWaris mkvidrTa brZolasmtris winaaRmdeg exeba v.iaSvilisa (19*1948) da a.avalianis(1*1960) naSromebi.\+\ saukunis baTumis istorias, saqalaqo cxovrebisganviTarebas, baTumis olqSi naosnobis ganviTarebis problemebs,mis rols mxaris social-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSiganixilavs Tavis SromebSi r.uzunaZe (44*1997, 45*2001).samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi xelosnobis ganviTarebisproblemebs, maWaxlis xeobis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis Taviseburebebs eZRvneba n.kaxiZisgamokvlevebi (20*1974, 21*2004).1877-1878 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg samxreTdasavleTsaqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebas, muhajirobismizezebs, saadgilmamulo urTierTobebs, am mimarTulebiTruseTis xelisuflebis aSkara koloniur politikas exebai.baramiZis naSromi (7*1999).saadgilmamulo urTierTobebs samxerT-dasavleT saqarTveloSiosmalTa batonobis xanaSi, ruseTis damkvidrebisSemdeg soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva dargisganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT axali, subtropikulikulturebis moSenebas, maT samrewvelo damuSavebas exebao.TurmaniZis naSromebi (16*1973, 317*2001, 18*2004). avtoriswavlobs iseT dargebs, rogoricaa meCaieoba,meTambaqoeoba, mecitruseoba, meyvavileoba, zeTisxilismoSeneba. gaanalizebulia carizmis agrarul-koloniuripolitikis xasiaTi aWaraSi, socialur ZalTa struqturada ganlageba. TurmaniZem specialurad Seiswavla rusuli17

mmarTvelobis sistema, baTumis olqis sasoflo-sameurneosazogadoebebi, rusuli axalSenebis Seqmna aWaraSi, Caqvissaufliswulo mamulis Seqmna da misi roli saqarTveloSisubtropikuli kulturebis gavrcelebis saqmeSi.samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo, kerZod, md.Woroxisauzi iyo metalurgiuli warmoebis uZvelesi kera. misisaqarTvelosTan dabrunebis (1878 w.) Semdeg daiwyo intensiurisaZiebo-geologiuri samuSaoebi. \+\ saukunis ukanaskneliaTwleulidan samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo (maTSoris aWarac-avt.) iqca wiaRiseuli resursebis mopovebisada samrewvelo damuSavebis mniSvnelovan kerad. iqmnebodametalurgiuli mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargisganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. am sakiTxebze sayuradRebonaSromebi aqvT gamoqveynebuli g.margians (22*1976),T.vaxtangiSvils (15*1976) da sxvebs.aWaris samrewvelo ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti rolibaTumma Seasrula. ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg baTumi iqcabaqos navTobis eqsportis ZiriTad bazad. baqodannavTobis transportirebis, baTumSi navToproduqtebisgatanisaTvis saWiro WurWlis warmoebis ganviTarebisa dasaerTod baTumidan navTobis eqsportTan dakavSirebulisakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvT o.tatiSvils (42*1948),q.muSkudians (27*1982), n.tyeSelaSvils (43*1958), g.margians(22*1976).1878-1903 wlebis baTumis socialur-ekonomikuri dasazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis istoriisSesaswavlad sayuradReboa v.siWinavs monografia (34*1948),vtori mdidar saarqivo masalebsa da pirvelwyaroebzedayrdnobiT ganixilavs mrewvelobisa da vaWrobisganviTarebas baTumSi. gaSuqebulia navTobis gasataniWurWlis warmoebis procesi, navTobproduqtebis eqsportissakiTxebi, fulad sakredito urTierTobebi, bankebissaqmianoba. v.siWinava exeba sazogadoebriv-politikuricxovrebis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs: muhajirobas, rusulimmarTvelobis damyarebas da carizmis koloniur18

politikas, muSaTa klasis Camoyalibebasa da revoluciurgamosvlebs baTumSi. bevri Rirsebis miuxedavad, avtoribaTumis samrewvelo ganviTarebis gaSuqebisaskmayofildeba mxolod navTobis eqsportTandakavSirebuli mrewvelobis ganxilviT da gverds uvlisan zogadad exeba baTumSi arsebul sxva samrewvelosawarmoebs. aseve ar migvaCnia sarwmunod muhajirobisZiriTad mizezad baTumis porto-frankos reJimis moyvana.vfiqrobT, rom porto-frankos reJimTan dakavSirebulmaxelovnurma garTulebebma garkveuli gavlena moaxdinamuhajirobis procesze, magram is gadamwyveti faqtori aryofila. aseve gadaWarbebulad migvaCnia baTumis muSaTamoZraobaSi social-demokratiis bolSevikuri frTiserTaderT warmmarTvel Zalad gamoyvana.\+\ saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis baTumis socialurekonomikuriganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboam.nikoleiSvilis wigni (28*1994).baTumis ganviTarebisa da saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis Camoyalibebis, misi saqmianobisSeswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovaniaal.bendianiSvilis naSromi (8*1982).baTumSi muSaTa klasis Camoyalibebas, marqsistuliideebis gavrcelebas, pirveli marqsistuli jgufebis,Semdeg rsdmp baTumis komitetis Camoyalibebas dasaqmianobas specialuri narkvevi miuZRvna i.Culokma(63*1970). masSi agreTve ganxilulia rsdmp baTumiskomitetis sagamomcemlo, organizaciuli, saagitaciopropagandistulimoRvaweoba, Sinapartiuli mdgomareoba,misi roli revoluciur moZraobaSi. unda aRiniSnos, romi.Culokis naSromSi rsdmp baTumis komitetis istoriagadmocemulia aSkarad tendenciurad, gazviadebuliabolSevikebis roli. mcdaradaa ganxiluli rsdmp baTumiskomitetis ori jgufis – bolSevikebisa da menSevikebisSidapartiuli dava.19

aWaris sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobis SeswavlaSimniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana p.cqvitariam (51*1959).¨aWaraSi revoluciuri moZraobis istoriis narkvevebSi¨avtori exeba mxaris socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebissakiTxebsac. ZiriTadi msjeloba exeba revoluciurimoZraobis istoriis Seswavlas. unda avRniSnoT, romavtors gamoyenebuli aqvs mdidari wyaroTmcodneobiTimasala. magram p.cqvitaria msjelobisas aSkaraduaryofiTad aris ganwyobili yvela politikuri partiiswarmomadgenlis mimarT, garda bolSevikebisa. 1902 wlismartis movlenebze saubrisas exeba ra k.CxeiZisa dai.ramiSvilis da maTi momxreebis saqmianobas, maT uwodebs¨oportunistul jgufs, romelic uaryofda muSaTastiqiur moZraobaSi socialisturi Segnebis garedanSetanas, revoluciuri inteligenciis rols muSaTamoZraobaSi¨(51*103-104). p. cqvitarias naSroms aSkarademCneva sabWouri epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cenzurisgavlena.aWaris istoriis sxvadasxva sakiTxebi asaxuliam.nucubiZis (29*1976), j.CxeiZis (48*1859), v.jaoSvilis(53*1966), g.qarCavas (46*1970), i. jiblaZis (54*1960), v.jiqias(55*1973) da sxvaTa naSromebSi.aWaris istoriis srulyofilad Seswavlis saqmeSimniSvnelovania abel surgulaZis gamokvlevebi (36*1962,37*1972, 38*1973, 39*1978, 40*1986, 41*1986), aWaris istoriissxvadasxva sakiTxs man araerTi monografia miuZRvna:erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoria aWaraSi,aWarel mamuliSvilTa cxovreba-moRvaweoba, portofrankosperiodis aWaris cxovreba, muSaTa moZraobisdawyeba da pirveli marqsistuli wre baTumSi, ai, sakiTxTaarasruli CamonaTvali, romelTa Seswavlasac eZRvnebamisi naSromebi.CvenTvis sayuradRebo piriodis Sesaxeb gasaTvaliswinebeliamalxaz sioriZis naSromebi (31*1987, 32*1995,33*2003). misi gamokvlevebi ¨baTumis roli navTobis20

msoflio bazrisaTvis brZolaSi¨, samTo-metalurgiulimrewveloba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi da ucxourikapitali (1878-1921 ww.)¨, ¨baTumis sabaJo¨, ¨porto-frankobaTumSi¨ (TanaavtorobiT), gansaxilveli periodis aWarisistoriis mniSvnelovani SenaZenia. mdidari dokumenturimasala, movlenaTa ganxilva zogadi istoriuliprocesebis WrilSi, udavod Rirsebas matebs m.sioriZisSromebs.baTumSi social-demokratiuli organizaciisCamoyalibebisa da rsdmp baTumis komitetis SeqmnisSesaswavlad sayuradReboa v.gurulisa da m.vaCnaZismonografia (12*1999).i.stalinis rols rsdmp baTumis komitetis Seqmnasada 1902 wlis martis movlenebis organizaciaSi ganixilavsal.dauSvili Tavis wignSi (13*2004).bolo periodSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelossazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobis istoriaswarmatebiT ikvlevs oTar gogoliSvili (9*1996, 10*2001,11*2005). misi monografiebi ¨sazogadoebriv-politikuriviTareba baTumis olqSi 1900-1910 wlebSi¨, ¨socialuri daerovnuli moZraoba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1900-1921 wlebSi¨ da samecniero statiebi gamoirCevagamoyenebuli saarqivo masalis siuxviT, erovnuliproblematikis win wamoweviT, analizis siRrmiT. avtorimdidar dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT axerxebssamzeoze gamoitanos sabWour istoriografiaSimiCqmaluli baTumSi moqmedi sxvadasxva politikuriZalebis – social-federalistebis, erovnul-demokratebisda sxvaTa realuri saqmianoba.saerTod gvinda avRniSnoT, rom aWaris istoriisSesaxeb postsabWour periodSi gamoqveynebuli samecnieronaSromebi, romlebic dafuZnebulia axal saarqivodokumentebze, Tavisufalia ideologiuri gavlenisagan,qmnian mkvidr istoriografiul bazas am mxaris marTlac21

Tuli da saintereso istoriis srulyofiladSesaswavlad.22

T a v i IIpolitikuri viTareba aWaraSi 1878-19031903wlebSi§ I aWaris ganTavisuflebada baTumis olqisSeqmna da rusuli mmarTvelobis sistemisSemoRebagviani Sua saukuneebis xanaSi saqarTvelosZnelbedoba yvelaze metad qveynis samxreT-dasavleTraionebs da kerZod, aWaras daatyda Tavs. politikuraddasustebulma da danawevrebulma saqarTvelom ver SeZlosxvadasxva mxridan moZalebuli dampyroblis mogerieba.samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili damaT Soris aWarac osmalTa batonobis uRelqveS moeqca.aWaris osmalTa mflobelobaSi gadasvlis zusti TariRidRemde ucnobia. e.Celebis cnobiT, sulTan suleimankanunis (1520-1566) dros aRweril iqna trapizoni, masbaTumis sanjayic SeuerTda da calke vilaieTi Seiqmna.trapizonis vilaieTi xuTi sanjayisagan Sedgeboda: janhas,qvemo baTumis, zemo baTumis, goniosa da trapizonis.baTumis livaSi 13 ziameTi da 72 Timari iyo (109*82).Turquli cnobebiT baTums \|++ saukuneSi beglar-begihyolia ¨mTeli saqarTvelos serasqerad dauniSnavTbaTumis beglar-begi omer-faSa¨ (107*259). qarTulistoriografiaSi gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT aWarasamcxe-saaTabagos teritoriebs Soris yvelaze gvian, \|++saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iqna osmalTagan dapyrobili.aseTi Sexedulebebis safuZvels qmnida is faqti, rom 1595wels Sedgenil ¨gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTarSi¨aWara ar aris Seyvanili. aRniSnul sakiTxze boloperiodSi sayuradRebo mosazreba gamoTqva mkvlevarmaz.SaSikaZem, TurqeTis arqivebSi bolo dros aRmoCenilimasalebis safuZvelze igi miuTiTebs:¨irkveva, rom aWaris23

xeoba 1561 wlidan ukve osmaleTis imperiis Semadgenelinawili xdeba da mis teritoriaze myardeba Turquliadministraciuli mmarTveloba. es ki, amasTan erTadniSnavs osmaluri miwismflobelobis formebis dasagadasaxado sistemis damkvidrebasac, rasac adasturebenaWaris Sesaxeb arsebuli, momdevno wlebiT daTariRebulidokumenturi masalebic” (106*151). osmalTa aseTi mkacrimmarTvelobiTi sistemis Camoyalibeba-damyareba TandaTanunda momxdariyo. amas dampyrobs \|+ saukunis politikuriviTarebac aiZulebda. ¨osmaleTis xelisuflebajerjerobiT mxolod xarajiTa da baJiT kmayofildeboda¨(108*41). dapyrobil qarTul miwa-wyalze osmalTa mtkiceddamkvidrebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqondamiwaTmflobelobis osmaluri wesebis SemoRebas.¨osmaluriwesiT miwaTmflobeli aucileblad mxedari, samxedropiri unda yofiliyo. amasTan erTad igi unda yofiliyomuslimani. ara muslimans osmaleTSi iaraRis tarebisuflebac ki ar hqonda¨ (86*49-50). amis miRweva mterserTbaSad ar SeeZlo. qarTvelobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi mismowinave nawils, kargad hqonda Segnebuli, rom am wesebisSemoReba ¨osmalobis¨, rogorc socialur-politikurisistemis damkvidrebas moaswavebda praqtikulad es erisgadaSeneba iqneboda. amitom qarTveli mosaxleobaosmaleTis mTavrobas Seupovar winaaRmdegobas uwevda¨(85*33). osmalebi frTxilad, magram mizanmimarTulad moqmedebdnen.ebrZodnen yovelive qarTuls:miwaTmflobelobisa da mmarTvelobis formebs, enas,sarwmunoebas, kulturas saerTod. maT TandaTan miaRwieswarmatebas. SemoiRes osmaluri mmarTvelobiTi sistema(vilaieTi, sanjayi, yaza, nahie), romelTa saTaveSigamahmadianebuli qarTveli feodalebi daayenes. SemoiResmiwaTmflobelobis osmaluri formebi (mulqi, vayufi,erazi-mirie da sxva)aWaraSi osmaleTis gabatonebis TvalsazrisiT didimniSvneloba hqonda \+\ saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi24

TanzimaTis (reformebis) periodSi gatarebulRonisZiebebs. dampyroblebma qarTuli feodaluri weswyobilebisSemorCenil elementebze miitanes ieriSi. ¨ \+\saukunis 30-iani wlebidan ki, TanzimaTis ganxorcielebiT,viTareba radikalurad icvleba. am kuTxis (igulisxmebaaWara - avt.) separatizmis aRmofxvrisa da mosaxleobismTliani gaosmalebis daCqarebis mizniT centralurmamTavrobam yvela adrindeli SeRavaTi gaauqma¨ (103*10).aWaraSi Cqari tempiT daiwyes qarTuli socialekonomikurida politikuri wyobis ukanaskneli naSTebisamoZirkva da mis nacvlad cxovrebis yvela sferoSiosmaluri wesebis, zne-Cveulebebisa da institutebisdanergva, osmaluri adminitraciis Seqmna da enisZaldatanebiT gavrceleba (71*122). osmalebi mahmadianurisarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis mizniT aZliereben jame-medreseebisgaxsnas (110*36). adgilobrivma mosaxleobam sworadSeafasa reformebis gatarebiT gamowveuli safrTxe daaRsdga arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis. TanzimaTiT gaTvaliswinebulimiwaTmflobelobis samxedro-lenurisistemis gauqmeba safrTxes uqadda qarTvel feodalTaSTamomavlebis privilegiebs, bunebrivia, isini ¨aseTRonisZiebebs pasiurad ar Sexvdebodnen. maTiprivilegiebisa da pativmoyvareobis dakmayofilebissafuZveli swored samxedro lenebi iyo... aWaras dasaerTod osmalur saqarTvelos hqonda udidesi samxedrostrategiuli mniSvneloba, rac centralur mTavrobasaiZulebda erTgvar daTmobaze wasuliyo adgilobrivifeodalebis winaSe. amgvari kompromisis safuZveliqarTveli xalxis medgari winaaRmdegoba iyo¨ (72*42).osmalTa xangrZlivma batonobam gamousworebeliziani miayena samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZodaWaris materialuri Tu sulieri cxovrebis yvela sferos.¨saqarTvelos bevri dampyrobi unaxavs. Turqebma samarTlianaddaimsaxures maT Soris uaresTa saxeli. mxolodsikvdili, aoxreba da gavelureba mohqondaT maT yvelgan,25

sadac ki isini gamoCndebodnen. maT mier dapyrobilqarTul olqebSi ganviTarebuli materialuri kulturaramdenime safexuriT CamoqveiTda. qalaqTa cxovrebamTlianad Cakvda, iq, sadac igi winaT sduRda dagadmoduRda. gahqra intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneokulturebi... mxecurad, araadamianurad sdevnidnenqarTveli xalxis wmidaTawmidas - mis enas, mis kanonebsada tradiciebs, mama-papaTa kulturasa da tradiciebs... urCmosaxleobas masobrivad erekebodnen mamapapeuliadgilebidan. iq,sadac |+++ saukuneSi agebul iqna banastaZari, msoflio xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi SesaniSnaviZegli, iq, sadac, \++ saukuneSi gaisma rusTavelis ukvdavixma, sadac \+| saukuneSic aSenebuli iyo Wulesa dasafaris didebuli taZrebi, TurqeTis Semosevis Semdeg damaTi batonobis mTel manZilze araferi dadebiTi arSeqmnila. meCeTebadac ki qarTul eklesiebs iyenebdnen.magram TurqTa batonobis qveS moxvedrili qarTvelimosaxleoba mudam ganagrZobda mCagvrelTa winaaRmdegbrZolas. Turqebma ver SeZles, ramdenadac ar ecadnenaRmoefxvraT maT mier mowyvetili samxreTis raionebisorganuli kavSiri saqarTvelosTan¨ (117*1945).qarTveli politikosebis araerTi Taobis daJinebulida Tavganwiruli cda, gaeTavisuflebinaT mtrisagan mitacebulimiwa-wyali, warmatebiT ver dasrulda. \+\ saukunisdasawyisSi ki qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebimoeqca meore didi dampyroblis, ruseTis imperiisSemadgenlobaSi. qarTuli samefoebis gauqmeba ruseTisSorsmimavali interesebiT iyoganpirobebuli.¨imierkavkasiis mTianeTis damorCilebisaTvis,osmaleTis winaaRmdeg momavali SetevebisaTvis,sparseTze gavlenis mopovebisaTvis da saerTod SuaaRmosavleTis politikur qiSpSi Zlierad gamosvlisaTvisruseTs exla amierkavkasiaSi susti mokavSire –saqarTvelo aRar akmayofilebda. samxedro feodalurimperias aq, amierkavkasiaSi, mtkice dasayrdenis Seqmna26

gadaewyvita. amisaTvis ki sakmarisi aRar iyo sustisaqarTvelos mokavSireoba, aramed saWiro iyo misiqveSevrdomoba¨ (76*248). qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SeerTebiTruseTi mtkiced ikidebs fexs amierkavkasiaSi daosmaleTis mTavari metoqe xdeba kavkasiaSi batonobisaTvisbrZolaSi (87*212).aWaris, kerZod baTumis SeerTeba ruseTis amierkavkasiaSidamkvidrebis Semdgomdroindeli sagareopolitikis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. 1806-1812 wlebisruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebamde, osmaleTis sazRvrebSimoqceuli Savi zRvis gamagrebuli punqtebisa danavsadgurebis, kerZod ki baTumis daWera, erT-erT ZiriTadamocanad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. 1806 wels ruseTissagareo saqmeTa ministri general gudoviCs werda: ¨SavizRvis napirebze osmaleTTan Cveni sazRvrebismdgomareobaSi moCans is uxerxuloba, rom tamanisnaxevarkunZulidan dawyebuli ruseTis mflobelobawyvetili xdeba anapis, suxum-kales, anakliis cixesimagreebiT,Semdeg iwyeba samegrelos sanapiro, romelicekuTvnis ruseTs, rionis SesarTavamde. mdinaris gaRmakvlav iwyeba TurqeTis sanapiro samflobeloebi foTi,baTumi, gonio. yvela es dasaxlebuli punqti ZvelTaganveekuTvnoda saqarTvelos samefos. maSasadame, ar SeiZlebaar visurvoT ruseTis saxelmwifoSi yvela am adgilisgaerTianeba, rom amiT uzrunvelvyoT ruseTis batonobasaqarTveloSi¨ (118*525). am omis Sedegad rogorcaxalcixis safaSos, ise aWaris diplomatiuri Tu samxedroRonisZiebebiT SeerTebis mcdeloba marcxiT damTavrda.baTumis SeerTebis ganzraxva ZalaSi rCeboda 1828-1829wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis drosac. Tavis mxrivTurqebic kavkasiis frontze ori mimarTulebiT apirebdnenSetevas:ZiriTadi Zalebi aleqsandropolis gavliT undawasuliyvnen Tbilisis mimarTulebiT, meore dajgufeba,romelic Tavs iyrida baTumSi, guriis gavliT undaSeWriliyo samegrelosa da imereTSi.27

usebic Setevas gegmavdnen. 1828 wlis ivnisisdasawyisSi generali gese, romlis gankargulebaSi 3qveiTi batalioni da saartilerio rota iyo, foTs miadga.ramdenime dReSi foTTan mivida dadiani milicielTa 1500kaciani razmiT. foTis cixe-simagrem 14 ivlisswinaaRmdegoba Sewyvita da kapitulacia gamoacxada(121*117-118). imave wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi ruseTisjarebma daikaves ozurgeTi, nagomari, askana da lixauri(100*27). amis Semdeg geses mTavar amocanas baTumze Setevawarmoadgenda. amave dros rusebi warmatebiT utevdnenyarsisa da baiazeTis mimarTulebiT. 1828 wlis 23 ivliss,4 dRiani garemocvis Semdeg rusebma aiRes yarsi. osmalebigaafrTebiT cdilobdnen axalcixis dacvas, magram 15agvistos rusTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebulma laSqarmaigi aiRo. gamarjvebul paskeviCs TbilisSi grandiozulisazeimo Sexvedra mouwyves. aseTi warmatebebis SemdegpaskeviCma daavala geses gaegrZelebina Seteva dadaesrulebina saomari kampania aWarisa da baTumisdamorCilebiT. geses Setevis paralelurad aWaraSiaxalcixis mxridan unda Sesuliyo meore razmi generalmaiorbaron osten-sakenis meTaurobiT (121;124). gamocdilipaskeviCi baTumis mimarTulebiT Seqmnil viTarebas sworadafasebda da auCqarebel moqmedebas moiTxovda. igi baTumispirdapiri ieriSiT aRebas saerTod gamoricxavda damiiCnevda, rom qalaqis aReba SemovliT, samxedro manevrissaSualebiT unda momxdariyo (119*773). gesesgankargulebaSi mxolod 6 batalioni da 8 qvemexiimyofeboda, roca osmalebma baTumi-cixisZirismimarTulebiT Zlier dajgufebas mouyares Tavi. ruseTissardloba iZulebuli gaxda Seecvala Tavdapirveli gegma– paskeviCma baTumis mimarTulebiT geses Setevazegadasvla daavala. Seteva 1829 wlis 5 marts daiwyo. mterigaafrTebul winaaRmdegobas uwevda rusTa jars. gesecixisZiris misadgomebTan SeCerda. osmalebma agitaciiTada daSinebiT moaxerxes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis28

garkveuli nawilis mimxroba. gerem scada qobuleTisbegebis mimxrobac, magram ver SeZlo (100*31). 4 agvistosSetevaze gadavida rusTa jari kintriSis mimarTulebiT.polkovnik prisockis razmis garRvevis wyalobiT rusTada qarTvelTa razmebma 9 agvistos kintriSis simagredaikaves. 15 seqtembers gesem cixisZirze Seteva daiwyo,magram warumateblad. didi msxverplis Semdeg iZulebuligaxda ukan daexia. ruseTisaTvis warumatebeli aRmoCndaaxalcixis mxridan aWaraSi osten-sakenis razmis Setevac.paskeviCis davalebiT osten-sakeni molaparakebasawarmoebda axmed-beg ximSiaSvilTan ruseTisqveSevrdomobis miRebis Taobaze. Tumca am diplomaturmisias Tavi ver gaarTva. maSin igi aWaraSi SeiWra, 16agvistos ukve xuloSi iyo. axmed ximSiaSvilzezemoqmedebis mizniT mSvidobiani soflebi gaZarcva dagadawva (94*64). rusebis aseTma saqcielma mosaxleobaaRaSfoTa da iaraRi aaRebina xelSi. maT osten-sakeni didizaraliT ukuagdes aWaridan. osten-sakenis saqcielmamTavarsardal paskeviCis guliswyromac gamoiwvia. amdenad1828-1829 wlebis omis dros aWarisa da baTumis dakavebiscda ruseTisaTvis marcxiT damTavrda. magram ruseTma1826-1828 wlebis ruseT-iranisa da 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omebis Sedegad mniSvnelovani teritoriebidaiWira amierkavkasiaSi. ruseTis poziciebis ganmtkicebakavkasiaSi mosvenebas ar aZlevda ingliss. ¨inglisi gansakuTrebiTimis gamo iyo gaRizianebuli, rom ruseTiamierkavkasiis SeerTebiT Savi zRvis sanapiroebis mniSvnelovanmonakveTzec dafuZnda, xolo 1833 wels unkiariskelesisxelSekrulebis ZaliT, sruteebSi sagrZnobiupiratesoba moipova¨ (112*10). inglisma male, 1841 wlislondonis konvenciiT SeZlo TurqeTisagan ruseTisflotisaTvis sruteebis Caketvis Tanxmoba mieRo. es kiseriozul safrTxes uqmnida ruseTis aRmosavlur politikas.nikoloz 1-ma gadawyvita osmaleTTan axali omiT29

mieRwia Sav zRvaze gabatonebisa da sruteebSi ruseTisflotis gatarebis uflebis mopovebisaTvis.aWarasa da baTums ruseTis samxedro gegmebSimniSvnelovani adgili eWira yirimis omis periodSic.ruseTma ¨yirimis omSi baTumis SeerTeba praqtikulamocanad daisaxa¨ (112*11). 1854 wlis maisSi kovalevskisrazmi zemo aWaraSi SeiWra da daikava soflebi bako,Txilvana¨ (120*802). magram am Setevas seriozuli warmatebaar mohyva. ufro Sedegiani iyo 1855 wels guriis razmisSeteva qobuleTis mimarTulebiT (93*45). magram osmaleTismxareze omSi inglisisa da safrangeTis Cabmam ruseTismdgomareoba gaarTula, is sabolood damarcxda da lamiskavkasiaSi adre opovebuli warmatebebic dahkarga. e.i.aWarisa da baTumis sakiTxi ruseTisaTvis kvlavgadauWreli darCa.\+\ saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ruseTis sagareopolitikis mizans parizis araxelsayreli sazavopirobebis gauqmeba warmoadgenda. samrewvelo-ekonomikuriCamorCeniloba, romelmac gansazRvra ruseTis marcxiyirimis omSi, dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebTanaraTanabar pirobebSi ayenebda mas da hqmnida imissafrTxes, rom ¨ruseTis mrewveloba Cakluli iqnebodaucxouri saqonlis eqsportiT, xolo TviT saxelmwifosaerTaSoriso asparezze meorexarisxovan rolsSeasrulebda¨ (123*23). am safrTxis gamosasworeblad\+\saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi ruseTis xelisuflebammniSvnelovani social-ekonomikuri da samxedro xasiaTisreformebi ganaxorciela. \+\ saukunis 60-70- ian wlebSiruseTis sagareo politikis ZiriTad mizans yirimis omisSedegad Selaxuli saerTaSoriso avtoritetis aRdgenawarmoadgenda. amdenad, ruseTis sagareo politikaSiZiriTadi kvlav ¨aRmosavleTis sakiTxi¨ iyo.1875 wels balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze osmalTawinaaRmdeg slavi xalxebis ajanyeba daiwyo. ruseTi,romelic tradiciulad balkaneTis slavTa mfarvelis30

olSi gamodioda, mouwodebda osmaleTis xelisuflebasSeewyvita qristiani mosaxleobis darbeva daganexorcielebina reformebi. osmaleTma, romelicrumineTis kvlav damorCilebasa da kavkasiaSi ¨dakarguli¨teriotoriebis kvlav dabrunebaze ocnebobda, yurad ariRo es moTxovna. ruseTis mxridan Semdgomi yoymanibalkaneTis xalxebSi mis prestiJs dascemda. 1877 wlis 12(24) aprils imperatorma aleqsandre 11 kiSiniovSi xelimoawera manifests osmaleTTan omis dawyebis Sesaxeb.ruseTi am omSi warmatebis SemTxvevaSi gegmavda yirimisomis Sedegad dakarguli samxreT besarabiis dabrunebasda baTumis SeerTebas (123*196). omis gamocxadebas miesalmaruseTis liberaluri demokratia.¨moskovis uwyebani¨ omisdawyebas ¨did movlenas¨ uwodebda, romelsac didi xaniaeloda ¨mTeli rusuli miwa¨ (128*1877).qarTveli sazogadoebrioba sixaruliT Sexvda osmaleTTanomis dawyebas, vinaidan miiCnevda, rom ¨mas Sedegadmohyveboda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos TurqTabatonobisagan ganTavisufleba¨ (100*440). mtrisaganmitacebuli miwa-wylis dabrunebisaTvis swrafva qarTveliers arasodes ganelebia. \+\ saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSibalkaneTis problemis gamwvavebam ruseT-TurqeTis morigiomi gardauvali gaxada. qarTuli presa, kerZod ki ¨iveria¨da ¨droeba¨ gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT mimoixilavdabalkaneTis sakiTxis irgvliv Seqmnil viTarebas, misdamievropis didi saxelwifoebis damokidebulebas. ¨droeba¨1877 wlis 12 ianvars mowinaveSi ¨omis saqme¨werda:¨osmaleTi arc erT im winadadebaze ardaTanxmebula, romelic stambolis konferenciam (aqsaubaria balkaneTis problemebis mosagvareblad Sekrebilevropis didi saxelmwifoebis konferenciaze-avt.)warudgina imas. did rCevas gadauwyvetia, rom osmalosministrebma sjac ar unda iqonion am evropiswarmomadgenelTa winadadebazeo. Tu hsurT, SeuZlian imwinadadebaze daiwyon konferenciis wevrebma molaparakeba,31

omelic Cven warvudgineTo. konferencias amaze Tavismxriv uari gamoucxadebia da amnairad amis movaleobagaTavebula,... konferencia daTxovnilia... evropam Tavisimovaleoba aasrula, undoda omi aecilebina Tavidan,undoda osmalosa da ruseTs Soris Setakeba armomxdariyo, undoda da am hazriT stambulis konferenciaSeikriba, magram... vera gaawyo ra... konferenciis daSlamoaswavebs imas, rom ruseTi da osmalo axla Tavisnebazed iqnebian miSvebulni, SeuZliaT pirdapir omigamoucxadon erTmaneTs...¨ (40*1877).ruseT-osmaleTs Soris omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSikavkasia saomari moqmedebebis asparezad iqceoda. ramoeloda am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos? saerTod rogoriunda yofiliyo qarTvelTa damokidebuleba mosalodneliomisadmi? am kiTxvebze pasuxs iZleva gazeT ¨droebaSi¨dabeWdili n. nikolaZis werili ¨saqarTvelo-omi Tuiqna¨:¨aRmosavleTis omi Tu atyda, brZola marto ruseTsada osmaleTs Sua ki ar dabolovdeba. marto erTSemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia amgvari ¨omis SemosazRvra¨. TuruseTma TavdapirvelSive xeirianad daamarcxa osmaleTisrazmebi, ise rom osmaleTs omis gagrZeleba aRar SeeZlosda Tu ruseTis dplomatiam im wamsve warudgina osmaleTsadvilad misaRebi morigebis piroba, maSin SesaZlebelia,rom omi advilad da male dabolovdes. Tu brZolagaWianurda maSin ki osmaleTis evropuli momxreebimisTvis aucileblad Tavs gamoideben da brZola mTelsevropas moedeba... Cvens qveyanas didi strategiuli dapolitikuri mniSvneloba moelis aRmosavleTis omSi.saqarTveloTi ruseTi pirdapir Sedis osmaleTSi...saqarTvelos ki, exla mainc, didi politikuri dastategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs inglisis TvalSi¨(42*1877).movlenaTa Semdgomma msvlelobam daadastura n.nikolaZiswerilSi mocemuli analizis utyuaroba. marTlac,inglisi mTeli \+\ saukunis manZilze cdilobda SavizRvidan da Sua aRmosavleTidan Seesustebina ruseTis32

poziciebi kavkasiaSi (112*30). gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilimizani hqonda ingliss baTumis mimarT. ¨dizraeli 1876wels inglisis interesebis Sesabamisad axloaRmosavlurisakiTxis ¨mogvarebis¨ konkretul gegmebsac amuSavebda. amgegmebSi mcire aziis aRmosavleTi da kavkasiis samxreTdasavleTimiwebis, kerZod baTumis mimarT dididaintereseba igrZnoboda. es imas niSnavda, rom jer kidev1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebamde inglismaTvali daadga im miwebs, romelTa mimarT pretenziebiruseTsac gaaCnda... baTumis xelSi Cagdebis sakiTxidizraels praqtikulad kabinetis winaSec dausvams¨(113*14-16). Tu rogori pozicia unda daeWira qarTvelobasmosalodneli saomari moqmedebis dros, n.nikolaZe amasTandakavSirebiT werda:¨nu daviviwyebT, rom Cveni qveynissaxeli, sikeTe da momavali Cvens sakuTars saqcielzeadamokidebuli. nu SevircxvenT dRemde pativcemulsaxels,... nu davimalviT soroSi. Cveni gonieri, wesieri dapatiosani saqcieli maRla aswevs saqarTvelos saxels damtersa da moyvares daanaxvebs, rom Cveni xalxisiyvarulis, pativiscemis, moridebis da keTildReobisRirsia¨(43*1877).ruseTis mier osmaleTisadmi omis gamocxadebisfaqts ¨iveria¨ ase exmaureboda: ¨12-s aprils xelmwifeimperatorma kiSiniovSi moawera xeli umaRles manifestsa,romliTac omi gamoucxada osmaleTs da mxedrobasruseTisas, sazRvrebzed Sekrebilsa, brZaneba miecaosmeleTis imperiaSi SesvlisaTvis... es xma elvazedumales moedo mTels qalaqsa da yvelani marto amaskiTxulobdnen... ors saaTzed mTeli sionis sobori aivsoxalxiTa, kaciTa da qaliTa... banzed, Cveulebriv xalximogrovda¨, werili mowodebiT mTavrdeboda: Cvenc xmalsxeli unda vikraT da Cvens ZmebTan erTad sisxli vRvaroT¨(57*1877). qarTvelTa aseTi ganwyobilebis mizezs kargadxsnis p.umikaSvili werilSi ¨osmalos saqarTvelo¨:¨oRondmovides kvlav is bednieri dRe, rom Cven erTmaneTs kvlav33

SevuerTdeT, erTmaneTi viZmoT da Cvenda sasiqadulod,kvlav daumtkicebs qveyanas, rom igi ar erCis adamianissinidiss da didi xnis ganSorebuls Zmas Zmuradvemiiyrdens, TvalSi sixarulis cremlmoreuli qarTveli daTu amisaTvis saWiroa, rom sixarulis cremls uwinaresjer Cveni sisxli daiRvaros, nuTu qarTveli ukudrkeba daTavs ar Seswiravs mas, risTvisac oriaTasi weliwadi TaviuwiravT CvenTa didebulTa mama-papaTa¨ (59*1877).(aRsaniSnavia, rom petre umikaSvilma adrec araerTiwerili miuZRvna osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi myofiqarTuli mxareebis (istoriuli samcxe-saaTabagos)istorias, geografias, iqaurTa yofa-cxovrebas, riTacfasdaudebeli saqme gaakeTa - avtori).saomari moqmedebebi erTdroulad or frontze –balkaneTsa da kavkasiaSi gaCaRda. orTave fronts mefisZmebi xelmZRvanelobdnen – dunais armias sardlobda didimTvari nikoloz nikolozis Ze, xolo kavkasiis armiasmefisnacvali didi mTavari mixeil nikolozis Ze ruseTismTavarsardlobis gegmiT, kavkasiis fronts undadaebandebina TurqTa Zalebi mcire aziaSi da aeZulebinaosmaleTis sardloba gadmoesrola rezervebi ammimarTulebiT.saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobisas arsebiTi mSinvnelobahqonda osmalTa mier dapyrobil teritoriebzemcxovrebi mahmadiani qarTvelebis pozicias, miT ufromxardaWeras. ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebamde samxreTsaqarTveloSi da kerZod aWaraSi antiosmaluri ganwyobilebaZlierdeboda. konsuli j.palgrevi, mimoixilavda raosmalTa batonobis bolo periodis viTarebas, werda:¨osmaleTis xelisufleba ar uyvarT aq (igulisxmeba aWara– avtori) kidev ufro metad, vidre focxovsa daCildirSi, rac xSirad ajanyebis sababadgvevlineba¨(131*122). \+\ saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSiosmaleTSi gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad SeqmniliviTarebiT aWaris arc zedafena iyo kmayofili. Serif-beg34

ximSiaSvili ivane kereseliZesTan saubarSiacxadebda:¨RmerTma qnas, rom male daiwyos omi, me mzadvar, rom maSinve Cemi qveyana qarTvelT Svilebs SevuerToda rogorc adre yofila saqarTvelo, dReis Semdegac isegaxdes¨ (116*29-30). ruseTis carizmi did imeds amyarebdaqarTvel molaSqreebze, romelTac regularuli armiisgverdiT unda ebrZolaT. sul omis dros 30 aTasiqarTveli moxalise iyo mobilizebuli¨ (127*47). ruseTisxelisufleba cdilobda adgilobrivTa keTilganwyobismopovebas, miT ufro, rom osmalTa propaganda aqtiuradcdilobda ruseTis sawinaaRmdegod mosaxleobisgadabirebas. kavkasiis mefinacvali, didi mTavari mixeili,romelic imavdroulad kavkasiaSi moqmedi jarebismTavarsardalic iyo, ase mimarTavda aWarisa daqobuleTis mosaxleobas:aWarisa da qobuleTis mcxovrebno!sruliad ruseTis xelmwife imperatorma ineba dajari Cvendami mondobilis kavkasiis mxedrobisa modisTqvens qveyanaSi.Cvenma keTilismyofelma da kacTmoyvare xelmwifemamoiRo xmali ara imisaTvis, rom dahsCagros mSvidobismoyvaremcxovrebni... igi gzavnis jars CagrulTadasafarvelad da mCagvrelTa Sesakaveblad. xelmwifesasurs daicvas simarTle da pativi. maSasadame arc muqariTmodis Tqvens qveyanaSi mxedroba rusTa xelmwifisa da arcraime SiSi mosdevs mas mSvidobismyofel mcxovrebTaTvis.nu geSinisT! yovels Tqvengans, romelic mtrad armogveqceva, Cven miviRebT da mis colSvilsa, ojaxsa daqonebas Cven TviTon mfarvelad veyolebiT. rusis jarisyofnam Tqvens qveyanaSi unda gvaSoros erTmaneTis mtrobasiZulvilida guliT SegvaTvisos da dagvaaxlovos CvenTqvenTan. hoi, Zeno keTilSobilis qarTvelis tomisano,Zmano yovelTvis erTgulTa da sayvarelTa qveSevrdomTarusis imperatorisaTa¨ (58*1877). samuslimano saqarTvelosmosaxleobas jer kidev ar daekarga erovnuli cnobiereba.35

swored amis Sedegi iyo, rom ¨ruseT-osmaleTis (1877-1878w.w.) omis dros aWara mtkiced dadga ganmaTavisuflebeliarmiis mxareze¨(103*45).saerTod qarTveloba am omSi arnaxul enTuziamzsavlenda. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen guriis mcxovrebni.¨gurulebi Zalian mxneobasa da SesamCnev survils brZolaSimonawileobisas iCendnen. amas winaT ramdenime 12-16wlis ymawvilebi movidnen Turme jaris ufrosTan daiTxoves, rom saca Cveni mamebi da Zmebi arian, Cvenc iqunda viyveTo. Tofi mogveciT da jarSi CagvayeneTo¨(44*1877).ruseT-TurqeTis omisadmi qarTveli sazogadoebisgansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamo ¨iveria¨ da ¨droeba¨moipovebda da aqveynebda omTan dakavSirebul yvela mniSvnelovanmasalas: jarebis gadaadgilebis, maTiSeiaraRebis, simagreTa mSeneblobis Sesaxeb informaciebs.jer kidev omis oficialurad gamocxadebamde exeboda ra¨osmalos saqarTvelos¨ Temas ¨droeba¨ iuwyeboda:¨trapizons aqeT sul 5000 baSi-buzuki hyavs osmaleTsdamzadebuli. yvela amaT axali sistemis Tofebi aqvTdarigebuli. TviTon qobuleTSi 4000 kaci akribes, yvelasagreTve Tofebi dauriges. mas garda TiTo sofelSi CauSi(unteroficeri) aris dayenebuli, romelsac kviraSiorjer gamohyavs miliciaSi Cawerili kacebi da Tofisxmarebasa da sxva samxedro wesebs aswavlis¨ (41*1877). omisdawyebis Semdeg xSirad ibeWdeboda cnobebi meomarmxareTa jarebis raodenobaze - ¨sul evropaSi osmaleTsSeuZlian gamoiyvanos 263.000 kaci. aziaSi SeuZliangamoiyvanos 130.000 (maT Soris yarsSi-18.000, baTumSi -16.000, erzrumSi - 20.000, baTumSi -7.000)¨ (58*1877). saomarimoqmedebebis aRwerisas vrceli masalebi ibeWdebodabalkaneTis frontis Sesaxeb, xolo kavkasiis frontzegansakuTrebiT Suqdeboda baTumis mimarTulebiT mimdinarebrZolebi: ¨29 aprils general oklobJios mowinave jarimuxaestatedan dabrunda da omiT dauWeria Zalian kargad36

gamagrebuli osmalebis mier xucubnis maRlobi, am omSiosmalebisa bevri kaci daxocila. Cveni 12 jariskacimouklavT. 1 maiss am xucubnis maRlobzed, uwindelssaqristiano taZris nangrevebzed Cvenebs paraklisigadauxdiaT da RvTisaTvis madloba SeuwiravTgamarjvebisaTvis¨ (60*1877). qarTuli presis yuradRebismiRma ar rCeboda baTumis mimarTulebiT samxedrooperaciebis arcerTi detali. 1877 wlis Semodgomazemeored darCa saWiro osmalTagan xucubnisganTavisufleba.¨15 noembers derviS-faSam uecrad daixiaukan xucubnidam da iq mxolod mcireodeni jari dastova.gamTeniisas polkovniki yazbegi sami batalioni qveiTijariT, 200 cxenosani yazaxiT da rva zarbazniT miadgaxucubans da daatovebina iq darCenil jars es pozicia.osmalebi mdinare kintriSs gaRma gaiqcnen da Cvenebmasamebamdin da cixisZiramdin sdies imaTa¨ (40*1877).ozurgeTidan baTumis mimarTulebiT Setevazegadasul ozurgeTis razms general-leitenanti oklobJiomeTaurobda. mas mogvianebiT qobuleTis razmi ewoda.brZolam TandaTan gaWianurebuli xasiaTi miiRo. rTulreliefs Tan erTvoda uamindoba. saqmes arTulebda isic,rom zRvaze osmalebs hqondaT upiratesoba. amis gamobrZolebi baTumis mimarTulebiT imdenad nela warimarTa,rom cixisZirs qobuleTis razmma mxolod ivlisisdasawyisSi miaRwia. saqmes verc kavkasiis armiismTavarsardlis mixeil romanovis brZolis wina xazze(sof.muxaestatesTan) stumrobam uSvela. kavkasiis frontismTavarsardloba ver iTmenda baTumis mimarTulebiTSeqmnil viTarebas da mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniTgadawyda, rom baTumisaken Setevaze qobuleTisa daarTvinis razmebi erTdroulad gadasuliyvnen. oriverazmis meTaurad generali konstantine komarovi dainiSna.masve daevala saswrafod daewyo Seteva cixisZirismimarTulebiT. seriozuli msxverplis miuxedavad 1878wlis 18 ianvris Setevas Sedegi ar mohyolia.37

samagierod ruseTis jarebs didi warmatebebi hqondaTbalkaneTSi, sadac aiRes plevna da konstantinepolsmiuaxlovdnen. ruseTis armiam gadamwyvet warmatebasmiaRwia kavkasiis frontis ZiriTad mimarTulebaze- aiResZlieri yarsis cixesimagre. yarsisa da plevnis dacemisSemdeg osmaleTma dahkarga omis warmatebiT dasrulebisimedi da evropis saxelmwifoebs mimarTa ruseTTan sazavomolaparakebaze Suamdgomlobis TxovniT (127*88). am dros,baTumi jer kidev osmalTa xelSi rCeboda. maSin roca,ruseTs baTumisadmi, rogorc brwyinvale navsadgurisa damniSvnelovani strategiuli punqtisadmi gansakuTrebuliinteresi gaaCnda. am ganwyobilebas kargad gamoxatavda¨droeba¨ mowinaveSi:¨baTumis dapyroba marto imitom ki araris CvenTvis saWiro, rom es Cinebuli navsadguri CvenTvisdavinarCunoT, aramed imisaTvisac, rom Semdeg rionismxares aqedam arasodes araviTari SiSi aRar hqondes¨(45*1877). miuxedavad aseTi gegmisa da arerTgzis Setevisa,ruseTis jarma cixisZiris gadalaxva da baTumisganTavisufleba omis msvlelobaSi ver SeZlo.ruseTis mxarem Tavisi moTxovnebi gadascamowinaaRmdege mxares, romlis mixedviTac osmaleTs undadaetovebina arzrumi, baiazeTi da baTumi. molaparakebebismimdinareobisas grZeldeboda saomari operaciebi,romelSic warmatebiT Setevas ganagrZobda ruseTis armia.aman aiZula sulTani daekmayofilebina gamarjvebulismoTxovnebi. 19(31) ianvars adrianopolSi mxareebma xelimoaweres omis Sewyvetisa da momavali sazavoxelSekrulebebis safuZvlebze SeTanxmebas¨ (124*208). 1878wlis TebervalSi san-stefanoSi daiwyo sazavoxelSekrulebaze molaparakeba. ruseTis mxareswarmoadgenda n.ignatievi da p.nelidovi, xolo osmalTamxares safvet-faSa da sadulah-faSa. osmaleTisdiplomatebi cdilobdnen gaeWianurebinaT molaparakebebisprocesi, radgan imedovnebdnen winaswari SeTanxmebispirobebis gadasinjvas evropis qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT38

inglisis) mxardaWeriT. Tavis mxriv rusuli diplomatiacxvdeboda, rom xelSekrulebis gaformeba aiZulebdaevropas ecno misi pirobebi. ramdenime dRis daZabulidapirispirebis Semdeg, 1878 wlis 19 Tebervals (3 marts)gaformda sazavo xelSekruleba, romlis pirobebisavsebiT Seesabameboda gamarjvebuli ruseTis interesebs.san-stefanos sazavo pirobebiT balkaneTisnaxevarkunZulze viTareba ruseTis moTxovnebisSesabamisad wydeboda – serbia, Cernogoria da rumineTidamoukideblobas Rebulobda. bulgareTs eniWebodasamTavros statusi (damoukidebeli mTavrobiT) osmaleTismfarvelobaSi.omis Sedegad miRebuli zaralisaTvis ruseTmamoiTxova da brwyinvale porta valdebulebas Rebulobdagadaexada:a) 900 milioni maneTi samxedro xarjebisaTvis (armiisSenaxvis, sursaTis, samxedro dakveTebis xarjze)b) 400 milioni maneTi ruseTis samxreTze miyenebulizaralisaTvis (vaWrobaze, mrewvelobisa da rkinigzazemiyenebuli zianisaTvis)g) 100 milioni maneTi kavkasiaSi SeWris drosmiyenebuli zaralisaTvisd) 10 milioni maneTi TurqeTSi ruseTisqveSevrdomebisa da rusul dawesebulebebze miyenebulizianisaTvis.sul aTas oTxas aTi milioni maneTi (132*169).iTvaliswinebda ra osmaleTis mZime finansur mdgomareobasda sulTnis survils, imperatori daTanxmda gadasaxdeliTanxis didi nawilis sanacvlod mieRo teritoriulidaTmobebi. osmaleTi gadasaxdeli Tanxis 2/3sanacvlod uTmobda ruseTs samxreT besarabias, xolokavkasiaSi yarss, ardagans baiazeTsa da baTums (133*170).aRniSnuli teritoriebi eZleoda ruseTs aTas asi milionimaneTis sanacvlod (132*170).39

san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebis 21-e statiiTruseTisaTvis gadacemuli teritoriebis mosaxleobas,romelTac survili eqneboda gadasaxlebis, SeeZloT gaeyidaTTavisi uZravi qoneba xelSekrulebis ratifikaciidan3 wlis ganmavlobaSi.amgvarad, ruseTma aiZula Turqebi daeTmoT is teritoriebi,romelzec saubari iyo pirveli kavkasiuri proeqtiT:baTumi, yarsi, baiazeTi da mTeli teritoria soRanluRisqedis CaTvliT (127*101).san-stefanos sazavo pirobebi ruseTis seriozulwarmatebebs akanonebda rogorc balkaneTSi, isekavkasiaSi... rac miuRebeli iyo evropissaxelmwifoebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT inglisisaTvis. masmxars uWerdnen avstria-ungreTi da safrangeTi. evropissaxelmwifoTa ukmayofileba mxolod protestiT arSemoifargleboda, maT omisaTvis daiwyes mzadeba. premierministrbikonsfildis (dizraelis) SuamdgomlobiTdedofalma viqtoriam 1878 wlis martis bolos TadarigSimyofTa mobilizacia gamoacxada. inglisis gemebidardanelisaken daiZrnen. (122*226). ruseTi axali didiomis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda – amitom daTanxmda sanstefanossazavo pirobebis gadasinjvas evropissaxelmwifoTa kongresze. ruseTis xelisuflebam TaviselCs inglisSi graf Suvalovs daavala daezustebina Tura daTmobebs moiTxovda inglisi ruseTisagan. 1878 wlis18 (30) maiss londonSi Suvalovma da solsberim xelimoaweres inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebas san-stefanosxelSekrulebis cvlilebebis Taobaze.¨es SeTanxmebagansazRvravda ruseTis daTmobebs, romelTa mniSvnelovaninawili amierkavkasiaze modioda (95*86). TurqeTsubrundeboda alaSkertis veli, arzrumi da baiazeTi,magram inglisi am warmatebas ar dasjerdeboda da 4ivniss osmaleTTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT valdebulebasRebulobda saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi samxedro ZaliTdaxmareboda mas.40

kavkasiis mefisnacvlis savele kancelariis ufrosipolkovniki Tavadi grigol daviTis Ze gurieli daruseTis yofili konsuli baTumSi judiCi. osmaleTismxridan komisiis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen: varnisyofili komendanti nead-faSa, ali-bei da suleiman-bei daramdenime diplomati. Sereuli komisiis sxdoma gaimarTaqalaq quTaisSi 12-20 agvistos. osmaleTis mxarekisrulobda baTumidan jarebi gaeyvana 25 agvistosaTvis.SeTanxmebis mixedviT ruseTs unda daekavebina Curuq-su,sameba da kvirike – 17 agvistos, cixisZiri 21 agvistos,Caqvi – 24 agvistos. ruseTs unda gadascemoda saxelmwifodawesebulebaTa dokumentebi da arqivebi. miuxedavadSeTanxmebisa osmalebma gaitaces isini. 19 agvistosruseTis jarebma daikaves qobuleTi, (Curuq-su) (121*96). 25agvistos 11 saaTze rusTa da qarTvelTa jari baTumSiSevida. imave dRes rusTa meore korpusi treiterismeTaurobiT Sevida xuloSi, furtioSi, WvanaSi da daiZrabaTumisaken sviatopolk-mirskis jarebTan SesaerTeblad(111*24). TurqTa ukanaskneli nawilebi devriS faSassardlobiT baTums tovebda. kavkasiis mefisnacvalma didmamTavarma mixeil nikolozis Zem imperator aleqsandre 11-sdepeSiT miuloca:¨Имею счастье поздравить ваше императорскоевеличество с занятием Батума¨ (133*100).baTumis mSvidobianad ganTavisuflebas aseexmaureboda ¨iveria¨: ¨ai, baTumic daucala osmalebmaruseTs da madloba RmerTs araviTari vaivaglaxi dasisxlis Rvra ar mohyva am garemoebas... dro arisdamSviddes da cota mainc dalagdes cxovreba.mSvidobianobas, namdvil mSvidobianobas TandaTan fexiSemoaqvs Cvens cxovrebaSi da unda vinatroT, rom didixniT mainc gvewvios, Tu ara samudamod¨ (61*1878).aWaris gaTavisuflebas da deda samSoblosTan dabrunebasaRtacebiT miesalmeba qarTveli mowinave inteligencia.i.WavWavaZe werda:¨berlinis xelSekrulebam CvenerTi didi sikeTe SegvZina... Cveni Zmebi, Cveni sisxlxorci,42

CvenTan erTad mebrZolni Savi bedisa, Cveni gmirebis bude,Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo, Cveni ganaTlebisa da swavlebisakvani, dRes Cven SemogvierTda¨ (115*158).i.WavWavaZisa da s.mesxis TaosnobiT mTelsaqarTveloSi daiwyo SewirulobaTa Segroveba omis mZimeSedegebiT gawamebuli, axladSemoerTebuli mxarismosaxleobis daxmarebisaTvis. qarTveli inteligenciisgulisxmieri damokidebulebis gamoxatuleba iyo 1878wlis noemberSi TbilisSi samuslimano saqarTvelosdelegaciis gulTbili miReba. mowinave inteligenciamaWarelTa Soris imTaviTve aqtiuri kulturuli saqmianobagaaCaRa, rasac uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqondasamuslimano saqarTvelos mkvidrTa erovnuli cnobierebisaRdgenis saqmeSi.1878 wlis 20 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvalmamixeil nikolozis Zem xeli moawera baTumis olqisadminitraciuli mmarTvelobis droebiT debulebas.ruseTTan SerTebamde yofili lazistanis sanjayi, romlisteritoriazec Camoyalibda baTumis olqi, TurqulidayofiT iTvlida 7 mxares anu nahies: baTumis, Curuq-sus(qobuleTis), zeda-aWaris, qveda aWaris, maWaxlis, arTvinisda gonios. yoveli sasoflo Temis anu makrialis saTaveSiidga mosaxleobis mier arCeuli muxtari. ramdenimemakriali Seadgenda nahies, romelsac saTaveSi edgamudiri. ori nahies gaerTianeba Seadgenda kazas (mxares),romelsac kaimakami xelmZRvanelobad. kaimakams niSnavdabaTumis muTesarifi (gubernatori) (134*4).mefisnaclis debulebiT Seiqmna baTumis olqi,romelsac saTaveSi Caudga samxedro gubernatori. pirvelisamxedro gubernatori gaxda general-maiori konstantinebesarionis Ze komarovi (121*105). mas piradi Tvisebebi xelsuSlida adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan urTierTobaSi, risgamoc male Secvales da gubernatorad dainiSna generalmaiori b.smekalovi.43

debulebiT (igi 14 muxlisagan Sedgeboda) baTumsewoda ¨sanavsadguro qalaqi¨ TviT baTumis olqi daiyo samokrugad: (134*122).a) baTumis okrugi – baTumis, kintriSisa da goniosuCastkebi (ubnebi)b) arTvinis okrugi – artanujis, arTvinisa daSavSeTis uCastkebi,g) aWaris okrugi – zemo aWaris, qvemo aWarisa damaWaxlis uCastkebigubernators unda exelmZRvanela mefisnacvlisintruqciiT.qalaqidan misi gasvlis SemTxvevaSi mis movaleobasSeasrulebda TanaSemwe, romelic imavdroulad saolqosasamarTlos Tavmjdomarec iqneboda.gubenatorTan iqmneboda samxedro kancelaria dasaxalxo da samoqalaqo saqmeTa gamgebloba, romlisxelmZRvanelebsac gubernatoris rekomendaciiT amtkicebdakavkasiis mefisnacvali. am Tanamdebobaze adgilobrivimosaxleobis warmomadgenlebic iniSnebodnen. okrugisa dauCastkis xelmZRvanelTa uflebamosilebas gansazRvravdaolqis gubernatori da amtkicebda kavkasiis mefisnacvali.rac Seexeba sasamarTlo sferos, debulebismeTerTmete muxliT, mZime xasiaTis danaSaulebisaTvis(saxelmwifo Ralati, xazinisa da fostis gaZarcva,saxelmwifo qonebis ganadgureba...) adgilobrivimcxovreblebi ruseTis saxelmwifos Sesabamisi kanonebiTiqnebodnen gasamarTlebulni. yvela sxva saxis danaSaulsgaarCevda saxalxo sasamarTlo-mejlisi. 1878 wlis 11dekembris debulebiT baTumis saolqo sasamarTloTbilisis sasamarTlo palatas daeqvemdebara.ruseTTan SeerTebuli aWaris mosaxleobassviatopolk-mirskim gamoucxada, rom xelSeuxebeliiqneboda adgilobrivTa qoneba, religia, saxelmwifosmimarT valdebulebebi darCeboda igive, rac osmalTammarTvelobis periodSi iyo. ucvleli darCeboda44

adgilobrivi mmarTveloba, gadasaxlebis msurvelebsmiecemodaT qonebis gayidvis dro (33*11). samwuxarod,ruseTis xelisuflebam adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmimicemuli piroba ar Seasrula, ramac osmaleTSigadasaxlebis process xeli Seuwyo. miT ufro, rom osmaleTisagentebi xalxSi sxvadasxva Wors (saldaTSigawvevas, Zalad gaqristianebas, tradiciebis xelyofas)avrcelebdnen.aWaris mkvidrTaTvis Znelad asatani da Sesaguebeliiyo ucxo, rusuli mmarTvelobis xelaRebiT SemoReba.¨droeba¨ exeboda ra saerTod samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebas, aqaurTa muhajiradwasvlis ZiriTad mizezad rusul mmarTvelobas dasamarTals miiCnevda:¨Cveni mxare verandeba, xalxi didi dapatara, fuxara da SeZlebuli, yvelayai stovebs Tavissaxl-kars, dedul-mamuls da mieSureba xonTqrissamkvidrebelSi... sadme rom samarTali iyos da mTavrobassurdes am gaveranebas bolo mouRos, kvlavad gadasaxlebaSeaCeros da Cvens xalxs guli gaukeTos – erTi racRaisSemoRebis meti araferi iqneba saWiro. am erTs raRacassaxelad hqvia samarTali. samarTlis meti Cven araferigvinda. igi dagvakmayofilebs sul mTlad. igimogvibrunebs guls, xels agvaRebinebs gadasaxlebaze,Segvayvarebs rusT-mmarTvelobas da tiriliT gardaxvewilmuhajirebsac ki daabrunebs¨(52*1881).aWaraSi ruseTis administraciuli mmarTvelobisSemoRebis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyosaadgilmamulo urTierTobebis mowesrigeba. am mimarTebiTruseTis xelisuflebas garkveuli interesebi gaaCnda,gansakuTrebiT zRvispira zolSi. carizmis dainteresebamdgomareobda SemdgomSi – rac SeiZleba miwis metifarTobi gamoeTavisuflebina kolonistebisaTvisaxladSemoerTebul mxareSi.baTumis olqSi miwaTsargeblobis wesebisSeswavlisa da saerTod miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxis45

gadasawyvetad xelisuflebam 1879 wels Seqmna specialuri¨saadgilmamulo komisia romelsac saTaveSi Cauyenacnobili istorikosi d.baqraZe¨(100*81). komisiam didimuSaoba Caatara am mimarTebiT. miuxedavad imisa, romkomisiis saTaveSi didi patrioti d.baqraZe idga, igiiZulebuli iyo miwaTmflobelobis problemebi isegadaewyvita, rogorc amas carizmis interesebi moiTxovda.am TvalsazrisiT saintereso dokumentia kavkasiis jarebismTavarsardlis general-adiutant Tavadspiatopolk-mirskis q.TbilisSi, 1879 wlis 8 Tebervalsdamtkicebuli intruqcia komisiebisadmi, romlebsac undaSeeswavlaT baTumisa da yarsis olqebSi miwismflobelTauflebebi da maTze arsebuli aqtebi (11*378-381).komisiis Semadgenloba ganisazRvrebodaTavmjdomariT, ori wevriTa da TarjimniT. Tavmjdomaresada komisiis erT wevrs amtkicebda kavkasiis mmarTveloba,xolo meore wevrsa da Tarjimans Sesabamisi olqissamxedro gubernatori.intruqciis N 9 paragrafi miuTiTebda:¨uZravi qonebis,sxvadasxva saxis mflobelobis, maTi sargeblobis srulida yovelmxrivi Seswavlis mizniT komisias mxedvelobaSiunda mieRo ara mxolod TurqeTis imperiis periodisaTvismoqmedi kanonmdebloba, aramed unda Seeswavla, eskanonmdebloba rogor gamoiyeneboda faqtiurad, rogoriiyo gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, gansazRvruli adgilobrivigaremoebebiT da a.S. am mimarTulebiT Seekribaaucilebeli sabuTebi adgilze da guldasmiT Seemowmebinaisini”(11*378).seriozul problemas qmnida is, rom osmaleTisxelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma wasvlisas miuxedavadpirobisa, mTeli arqivebi (da maT Soris sakadastrowignebi Tu miwaTmflobelobasTan dakavSirebuli sxvasaxis dokumentebi) Tan waiRes. axladSeqmnili komisiebismovaleobas warmodgenda moeZiebina adgilobrivmosaxleobaSi am saxis dokumentebi da Tu aseTi46

aRmoCndeboda, gadaeca igi kavkasiis samxareommarTvelobisaTvis.komisiebs miwaTmflobelobis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvelaaqtis Seswavlis Semdeg daskvna unda SeetanaTspecialurad gaxsnil oqmebis wignSi. yoveli aseTi oqmiekiTxeboda aqtis mflobels saboloo variantiT da maszexels awerda komisiis yvela wevri (11*379).instruqciis N 15 paragrafiT Tu romelime dokumentitovebda yalbis STabeWdilebas, xdeboda amis dafiqsirebaoqmSi, Semdeg misi Sedareba sxva sakandidato wignebTan(Tu aseTi komisias moeZeveboda) Tu ara keTilsindisieripirebis dakiTxva, ris Semdegac dokumenti miiCneodasandod an yalbad. cxadia, ¨keTilsindisieri pirebi¨ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis sasurvel TvalsazrissdauWerdnen mxars.ruseTis xelisuflebis namdvil mizans cxadyofsinstruqciis N10 paragrafi:¨komisia valdebuli iyozustad ganesazRvra yvela Tavisufali miwisa dasavargulebis raodenoba, romelic Seadgenda xazinissakuTrebas...¨(11*378-379).Tu ramdenad ¨zustad gansazRvra¨ da ¨SeiswavlamiwismflobelTa uflebebi¨ xsenebulma komisiam, kargadCans Semdegi viTarebidan. aWaraSi miwismflobelobissakiTxi kvlavac didxans gadauWrel problemadrCeboda.¨baTumis olqSi, romelic ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi33 welia, jer kidev araa mowesrigebulimiwaTmflobelobis sakiTxi¨(39*1911). am sferoSi Seqmnilkritikul viTarebas verc oficialuri xelisuflebiswarmomadgenlebi faravdnen. kavkasiis samTo sammarTvelos1913 wlis angariSSi vkiTxulobT: ¨miwaTmowyoba baTumisolqSi jer ar ganxorcielebula, amdenad jer kidevdaudgenelia, sad mTavrdeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobissakuTrebaSi myofi miwebi da sad iwyeba saxazinomamulebi¨(32*307).47

mainc ratom ayovnebda ruseTis xelisufleba miwaTmflobelobissakiTxis gadaWras? vfiqrobT, aseTgaurkvevel viTarebaSi ufro iolad SeeZlokolonizatoruli politikis ganxorcieleba. oficialurisabuTebis gareSe miwismflobels ar SeeZlo sargeblobaSimyofi miwis gasxviseba. meores mxriv carizmi yovelnairadxels uwyobda muhajirobas. raTa ¨ganTavisuflebul¨miwebze ¨erTguli¨ elementi Camoesaxlebina.ruseTis xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli aseTigegmazomieri politikis Sedegi iyo is, rom male aWariszRvispira zoli mTlianad gadmosaxlebuli kolonistebisxelSi moeqca. ¨1905 wlisaTvis qobuleTamde gadaWimulrus memamuleTa Soris qarTveli miwaTmflobeli mxolodsevasti WeliZe yofila¨(77*11).48

§ II politikuri viTareba aWaraSi 1878-19031903wlebSidedasamSoblosTan dabrunebas aRtacebiT Sexvdamahmadian qarTvelTa didi nawili, ramac kidev erTxelaCvena, rom osmalTa saukunovani batonobis miuxedavadaWaraSi ar gamqrala erovnuli mTlianobis Segneba,mosaxleobis aseTi ganwyobileba gamoxata gulokaikaciSvilma qobuleTSi Sesul guriis saxalxo laSqrismebrZolebze mimarTvisas, 1878 wlis 19 agvistos:¨CvenoqarTvelebo, Cveno Zmebo, naTesavebo da biZaSvilebo,Tqveni Wirime, Tqveni, rom Cemma Tvalebma dRes Tqven, CveniZveli Zmebi ... aq, qobuleTSi daginaxaT. vmadlob RmerTsada pativs vcem mis gangebas, rom Cveni da Tqveni natvraSesrulda, RmerTma SegvaerTa.exla mRvTiT me imedi maqvs, rom Cvens qveyanaSinamdvili Zmebi, biZaSvilebi da naTesavTagan SemdgariqarTveli jari Semovida, gavZlierdebiT Cven, avmaRldebiTsuliT, guliT. Tqvenc Cvenis daaxloebiT gaixarebT damere Cvenis aseTi SeerTebiT da am erTianis siyvaruliTaRsdgeba da gaZlierdeba saqarTvelo rogorc iyo igiTamaris dros. maS, gaumarjos Cvens SeerTebas¨ (102*304).samulsimano saqarTvelos dabrunebis faqts miesalmamowinave qarTuli inteligencia. swored maTi gansakuTrebulidamokidebulebis gamoxatuleba iyo 1878 wlisnoemberSi samuslimano saqarTvelos delegaciisgulTbili miReba TbilisSi (87*215). axlad SemoerTebulmxareSi bevri problema iyo gadasaWreli. imdroindeliqarTuli presa farTo adgils uTmobda saerTod samxreTdasavleTsaqarTvelos da kerZod aWaris problemebs,cdilobda xeli Seewyo maTi gadawyvetisaTvis, mouwodebdaTanamemamuleebs ar dalodebodnen mTavrobis RonisZiebebs,ar mietovebinaT gansacdelSi TanamoZmeebi.¨gasuliomianobis wyalobiT xalxs ar uTesnia, ar uxnavs, mTelies mxare (saubaria qobuleTze – avt.) jarebiTa da maTi49

cxenebiT aris gadajirgalebuli, aoxrebuli, xalxiSiSvel-titveli da mSier-mwyurvale darCa... ZmaZmisTvisao, am dRisTvisao! riTac SegveZleba davexmaroTCvens axlad SemoerTebul moZmeebs¨ (49*1879).bevri ram iyo damokidebuli axal mmarTvelobaze.ruseTTan SeerTebamde aWara lazistanis sanjayisSemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.¨baTumi lazistanis safaSosdedaqalaqia, mas marTavs muTasaribi anu gubernatori,romelic uSualod emorCileba portas da arapirdapirtrapizonis general-gubernators. am safaSoSi Sedis 11kaza, anu olqi: baTumi, Curuq-su, zemo aWara, qvemo-aWara,maWaxeli, livani, gonia, xofa, arxove, emSina da aTina¨(74*24).1878 wlis seqtembridan aWaraSi daiwyo rusulimmarTvelobiTi sistemis damkvidreba. ¨5 seqtembridanbaTumi Tavisi cxovrebis axal etaps iwyebs. guSinsabolood dasrulda baTumis olqis ruseTismflobelobaSi gadasvla. mTeli mxaris mosaxleobamnebayofilobiT gamoacxada ruseTis xelisuflebisadmierTguleba. Cven gansakuTrebiT avRniSnavT am faqts,rogorc mniSvnelovan movlenas¨ - iuwyeboda ¨obzori¨(129*1878).1878 wlis 20 seqtembris kakasiis mefisnacvalmamixeil nikolozis Zem xeli moawera baTumis olqSiaxali,rusuli administraciuli mmarTvelobis droebiTwesdebas, wesdeba 14 punqtisagan Sedgeboda. masSiaRniSnuli iyo:1. baTumis olqi Sedgeba lazistanis sanjayis imteritoriisagan, romelic berlinis traqtatis ZaliTruseTs gadaeca,2. baTumis olqi emorCileba kavkasiis samxedroganyofilebas, xolo samxedro da administraciuliTvalsazrisiT kavkasiis armiis mTavrsardals,3. baTumis olqis gamgeobas axorcielebs samxedrogubernatori,50

4. samxedro da samoqalaqo saqmeebSi gubernatoriixelmZRvanelebs mefinsacvlisagan miRebuliintsruqciebiT,5. baTumis samxedro gubernators eyoleba TnaSemwe,romelic gubernatoris aryofnis SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebsmis movaleobas, is iqneba saolqo sasamarTlosTavmjdomarec,6. samxedro gubernatorTan iqmneboda: a) samxedrokancelaria b) samxedro da samoqalaqo saqmeTammarTveloba,7. baTums erqmeba ¨navsadguris qalaqi¨, romlis yvelasaqme mTavar sammarTvelos meSveobiT waredgineba kavkasiismefisnacvals,8. administraciulad baTumis olqSi Sedis sanavsadguroqalaqi baTumi da sami okrugi:a) baTumis okrugi – Sedgeba baTumis, kintriSis dagonios uCastkebisaganb) aWaris okrugi Sedgeba _ zemo aWaris, qvemo aWaris,maWaxlis uCastkebisagang) arTvinis okrugi Sedgeba – artanujis, arTvinisada SavSeTis uCastkebisagan9. okrugisa da ubnebis ufrosebis uflebamovaleobebsgansazRvravs baTumis samxedro gubernatorida amtkicebs mefisnacvali,10. baTumis gubernatoris wardginebiTa da mefinscvalisdamtkicebiT am Tanamdebobebze SeiZleba adgilobrivimcxovreblebic dainiSnon,11. saxelmwifo danaSaulisaTvis (Ralati, xazinisZarcva, fostaze dacema, kacis ganzrax mokvla)adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ruseTis kanonebiT iqnebodnengasamarTlebulni, xolo yvela sxva saxis saqmeebsgaarCevda saxalxo sasamarTlo anu mejlisi,12. mejlisebi iqmneboda 6 uCastkaSi da 3 okrugSi.ori iqneboda samazro mejlisi: baTumsa da arTvinSi,51

13. baTumis mazris gareSe saxelmwifo damnaSave argasamarTldeboda,14. baTumSi iqneboda 100 cxenosani Cafari (47*1878).amrigad, ruseTis xelisuflebam aWara, iseve rogorcdasavleT saqarTvelos danarCeni mxareebi (guria,samegrelo da sxv.), quTaisis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi kiar Seiyvana, aramed calke olqad gamoyo, romelicpirdapir emorCileboda kavkasiis mefisnacvals. cxadia,aseTi politikis mizani saqarTvelos, rogorc erTianiekonomikuri Tu politikuri organizmis Camoyalibebisadmixelis SeSla iyo. ¨unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnulma politikamTavis mizans miaRwia¨ (83*51).carizmis gegmiT baTumi mniSvnelovan samxedrosazRvaobazad unda gadaqceuliyo. amisaTvis mas yvelamonacemi gaaCnda. ¨baTums ruseTisaTvis aqvs ZalzemniSvnelovani strategiuli da ara savaWro mniSvneloba.ruseTis mier misi daufleba TurqeTs arTmevs sasazRvrocixesimagres da sazRvao sadgoms, sadac mowinaaRmdegissamxedro flots mtkice baza hqonda Cveni sanapiroebisgasaZarcvad... mTels anatoliis sanapiroze konstantinepolamde1000 versis manZilze araferia msgavsi baTumisarogorc geografiuli, ise sazRvao mniSvnelobiT. yarsis,olTisisa da baTumis flobiT ruseTs gaaCnia mtkiceddaculi samxedro sazRvari da ara aqvs aranairisaWiroeba SeiWras TurqeTis provinciebSi amierkavkasiissamflobeloebis dacvis mizniT¨ (130*1878). berliniskongresis gadawyvetilebiT baTumi porto-frankosstatusiT gadaeca ruseTs. es gulisxmobda, rom baTumiunda yofiliyo ¨upiratesad komerciuli¨ qalaqi Ria yvelaqveynis savaWro xomaldebisaTvis. miuxedavad aseTiSeTanxmebisa ruseTis samxedro uwyebam saswrafod daiwyobaTumSi mixailovskis simagrisa da saartileriomasalebis sawyobebis mSenebloba (121*106).. baTumisnavsadguris ufrosad dainiSna kontr-admirali greve,52

omelic aqtiurad ibrZoda baTumis samxedro-sazRvaoZlierebis gazrdisaTvis.ruseTis xelisuflebam imTaviTve kursi axladSemoer-Tebuli mxaris farTo kolonizaciaze aiRo. amganwyobilebas kidev ufro aZlierebda aWaris(gansakuTrebiT misi zRvispira nawilis–avt.) SesaniSnavibunebrivi pirobebi da misi SesaZlo perspeqtivebi.¨baTumismxare klimaturi, bunebrivi da sasoflo-sameurneopirobebiT gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad gamoirCeva ruseTissxva adgilebidan. SeiZleba iTqvas swored misi esTvalSisacemi Tavisebureba aris mTavari mizezi imisa, rombaTumis olqis arsebobis pirvelive dReebidan aqeTiswrafvian rusi adamianebi, romelTac ar akmayofilebTimperiis evropuli guberniebis SedarebiT Raribi buneba¨(37*24). mTavrobis ganzraxvis ganxorcielebas Tavisufalimiwis fondi sWirdeboda: ¨umaRlesi mTavrobisgankargulebiT baTumis, yarsisa da soxumis mazrebSiamJamad adgenen siebs im carieli adgilebisa, romlebicxalxis dasasaxleblad gamodgeboda. kavkasiis umaRlesimTavroba 400000 maneTs Txoulobs xazinidam imganzraxviT, rom ramdenime aTasi rusi daibaron SuagulruseTidam¨ (53*1881). ufro meti miwebis xelSi CagdebismizniT ruseTis xelisuflebam akrZala yovelgvarigarigeba uZrav qonebaze, am qonebaze mflobelobisuflebis gansazRvramde (134*69-70). am gadawyvetilebassafuZvlad mTavrobam is daudo, rom aseTi saxisgarigebebi xSirad darRveviT xdeboda. e.i. xelisuflebamam problemis mowesrigeba ki ar scada, aramed sakuTariinteresebisaTvis misi gamoyeneba.Tu ra interesebi hqonda ruseTis imperias mTelskavkasiaSi kargad cxadyofs mefisnacvlis sammarTvelosyofili ufrosis, senator baron a.nikolais 1883 welsSedgenili ¨baraTi kavkasiis centraluri mmarTvelobisreorganizaciis sakiTxze¨. masSi naTqvamia:¨rom kavkasiametad rTuli, mravalferovania teritoriiT da53

mosaxleobiT. swored amitom mis mmarTvelobis sistemaSiyoveli cvlilebis Setana did sifrTxiles moiTxovs...saxelmwifos Zliereba da uZleveloba moiTxovsgansxvavebuli nawilebis Serwymas. cnobilia, romsaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli erovnultomobriviTaviseburebebi ar SeiZleba didi brZolisgareSe waiSalos. amitom, roca miznad visaxavTgansxvavebuli elementebis Serwyma-gaerTianebas, aRniSnulgaremoebas angariSi unda gavuwioT da droebiTdaTmobebze unda wavideT. magram ar unda dagvaviwydessaboloo mizani –harmoniuli erTianobis Seqmna.ruseTs gansxvavebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba aqvssxvadasxva ganapira mxareebTan. dasavleTis provinciebSi(poloneTi, baltiispireTi, fineTi) gaerTianebis problemaexeba erovnebebs, romelnic ganviTarebis doniT arCamouvardebodnen ruseTs. aziur ganapira mxareebSi kirusi xalxi umaRlesi civilizaciis warmomadgenelia daaqauri xalxis warmateba-ganviTareba ZiriTadadganisazRvreba ruseTis saxelmwifosTan da ruseTiskulturasTan daaxloebiT.rac Seexeba kavkasias, am mxaris ruseTTan Serwymaswin unda uswrebdes TviT misi gaerTianeba. kavkasia ariseTnografiuli mozaika, romlis msgavss aseT mcireteritoriaze sxvagan versad SevxvdebiT. saWiroa tomobrivgansxvavebaTa nivelireba, erTsaxeobis miRweva, radganzemoqmedeba ufro advilia erTian mTelze, vidredanawevrebul elementebze¨ (84*59-60). aRsaniSnavia, rom amSemTxvevaSi msxvili rusi Cinovnikis Sexeduleba saerTodkavkasiis kolonizaciis sakiTxSi ar gansxvavdebodaruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis miznebisagan, gansxvavebaimaSia, rom a.nikolai miznis miRwevis ufro daxvewil dacivilur meTodebs sTavazobda xelisuflebas.ruseTSi iyo Zalebi, romlebic kavkasiiskolonizaciis daCqarebul variants uWerdnen mxars.maTTvis xelisuflebis gegmazomieri kolonizaciis54

proeqti miuRebelic iyo. ai rogor afasebdnen kavkasiisjarebis mTavarsardlis general-adutant sviatopolkmirskisbrZanebas, gaekontrolebinaT gadmosaxlebulikontingenti, romelsac namdvilad ver miviCnevTkavkasielTa, kerZod qarTvelTa mxardamWer nabijad.kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardalma, general-adutantmaTavadma sviatopolk-mirskim aucileblad CaTvalaSeezRuda evropuli guberniebidan gadmosaxleba,risTvisac gamosca brZaneba, romlis ZaliTac¨mTavrsardlis specialuri nebarTvis gareSe araviseZleoda ufleba ruseTidan gadmosaxlebisa¨. cxadia,mTavrsardlis aseTi gankarguleba arsebiTad tolfasiiyo baTumis olqSi gadmosaxlebis sruli akrZalvisa¨37*24). imperiuli zraxvebiT SepyrobilTa es¨gulistkivili¨ usafuZvlo iyo. vinaidan baTumi da aWariszRvispireTi imTaviTve ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulTaaqtiuri obieqti gaxda. ¨qalaqi baTumi Seuwyvetliv ivsebaaxalmosulebiT¨ (13*58). kavkasiis mmarTveloba aWaraSiTurqeTidan gadmosaxlebuli berZnebis dasaxlebasaccdilobda. ¨18 Tebervals T. dondukov-korsakovma daxedaaqaur jarebs (saubaria mTavarmarTebel dondukovkorsakovisdasavleT saqarTveloSi da kerZod baTumSimogzaurobaze-avt.), daaTvalieres yazarmebi. anatoliidanmosul berZnebs, sul 1500 suls, romlebic am yazarmebSidganan droebiT, Tavadma uTxra, rom mTavroba adgilmamulsada saxlebs mogcemTo¨ (55*1882).xelisuflebis survils, rac SeiZleba meti miwawyalihqonodaT aWaraSi ¨erTguli elementis¨dasasaxleblad, Tan erTvoda rusuli mmarTvelobismankieri mxareebi: CinovnikTa arakompetenturoba dasixarbe, rusuli wesebis xelaRebiT SemoRebis mcdeloba,enobrivi barieri, uxeSoba, rac metad Zabavda politikurviTarebas aWaraSi. ¨droeba¨ exeboda ra axlad dabrunebulbaTumSi Seqmnil problemebs, werda: ¨kvira ar gaivlis ise,rom baTumis mazridan samduravi da sayveduri ar55

mogvivides iqaurs wvril Cinovnikebzed, romelTamometebuli nawili sanam baTumis mazraSi TanamdebobasmiiRebdnen, samsaxuridam daTxovnili da gamogdebuliyofilan sxvadasxva ukanono moqmedebebisaTvis anuniWoebisaTvis. garemoeba Txoulobs, rom axlad SeZenilsaqarTveloSi Cven gvyavdes kargi, patiosani, uangaro,gamWriaxi, mamulis moyvare Cinovnikebi. amis gamo CvenmivmarTavT axalgazrda naswavl-ganaTlebulebs davetyviT maT:wadiT baTumSi! imsaxureT iq!... Cvendarwmunebuli varT, rom Tqvenis keTilSobiluris,uangaro moqmedebis wyalobiT gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebikmayofilni darCebian Cvenis mTavrobisa, ndobis TvaliTSegvxedven Cven, imaT moZme qarTvelebsa da aRar ifiqrebenosmaleTSi gadasaxlebas. amgvari samsaxuri yovelsaqarTvelos Svils mamulis Zvirfas samsaxurad CaeTvlebada STamomavloba daajildoebs mas¨ (48*1879). adgilobrivimosaxleobis mdgomareobas ufro amZimebda baTumis portofrankodgamocxadebis Semdeg Seqmnili viTareba, romliswyalobiTac aWaris mosaxleoba baTums, rogorc erT-erTekonomikur centrs faqtiurad mowyda.swored rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebiT Seqmnilipolitikuri viTareba gaxda aWaris mkvidrTa osmaleTSigadasaxlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi.san - stefanos xelSekrulebis mixedviT,mosazRvre teritoriis mosaxleobas, sami wlisganmavlobaSi, ufleba eZleoda gadasaxlebuliyo.winaswari dazavebis aRniSnuli punqti ZalaSi datovaberlinis kongresmac. 1879 wlis 27 ianvars (8 Tebervals)konstantinepolSi, ruseT-osmaleTs Soris gaformebulixelSekrulebis me-7 muxli nebas aZlevda ruseTis axalqveSevrdomebs sami wlis ganmavlobaSi gaeyidaT TavianTiuZrav-moZravi qoneba da sacxovreblad sasurvelteritoriaze gadasaxlebuliyvnen. gadasaxlebisoficialuri vada 1879 wlis 3 Tebervlidan 1882 wlis 3Tebervlamde ganisazRvra. Tumca aWara zogma maSin datova56

,,roca baTumis ruseTze gadacemis Sesaxeb gamocxadda¨(134*133). faqtiurad, aWaris mkvidri mosaxleobis ayragadasaxlebaanu muhajiroba jer kidev san-stefanoszavis gaformebis Semdeg daiwyo, ese igi, erTi wliT adre,vidre misi oficialuri vadebi ganisazRvreboda.raSi mdgomareobda aWarelTa muhajirobis mizezebi?sanam am sakiTxs SevexebodeT, aucilebeliaaRiniSnos, rom aWarelTa gadasaxlebaSi sxvadasxvafaqtori moqmedebda (ekonomikuri, politikuri da sxva),magram gadamwyveti mniSvneloba iman iqonia, rom orivedidi saxelmwifo - Zveli da axali dampyrobidainteresebuli iyo aWarelTa mSobliuri adgilebidanayriTa da osmaleTSi gadasaxlebiT da orive maTganixvalindel dReze SiSiT Semyure, mosaxleobisprovocirebas cdilobda. am mimarTulebiT, ufro mainc,osmaleTi aqtiurobda. berlinis kongresisgadawyvetilebamde osmaleTi, romlis zurgs ukan inglisiidga, aWaris mosaxleobas iaraRiT amaragebda da ruseTiswinaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwodebda. magram, roca berlinistraqtatiT gadawyda aWarisa da baTumisruseTisaTvis gadacema, osmaleTis xelisuflebam daiwyoaWaris mosaxleobis ZaldatanebiT gadasaxlebis procesi.osmalTa ,,mowodebebi” da Zalad gadasaxlebis mcdelobaxSirad Setakebamdec midioda. ,,23 agvistos sofel WaxaTSimovidnen 24 nizami samasi Calvadris cxenebiT da osmalosmmarTvelebis brZanebisamebr, urCevdnen mcxovreblebsgadasaxlebuliyvnen osmaleTSi…... mcxovreblebmagadawyvetili uari gamoucxades. maSin, nizamebmaganizraxes Zalis dataneba, magram WaxaTlelebi, erTigavleniani kacis gulo-aRa kaikaciSvilis rCeviT ecnenosmalebs da muSti-kriviT ifrines win, mokles sami cxenida nizamT waarTves oTxi Tofi, axali sistemisa, radganWaxaTlelebi umravlesni iyvnen nizamebze da amitomackacis sisxli ar daRvrila. magier, aWaraSi da maWaxelSi57

amgvari SemTxvevis wyalobiT ramdenjerme moxda sisxlisRvra¨ (62* 1879).osmalTa aseT dainteresebas Tavisi mizezebi hqonda.jer erTi, ,,osmaleTis mTavroba cdilobda momTabareTurqi tomebi gadaeyvana binadar wesze. amitom, xSir Sem-TxvevaSi, maT gverdiT asaxlebdnen qarTvelebs, romlebicodiTganve misdevdnen intensiur soflis meurneobas. osmaleTismmarTvel wreebi imedovnebdnen, rom qarTvelebissameurneo kultura, garja da miwis siyvaruli kargmagaliTs miscemda momTabare tomebs da xels SeuwyobdamaT gadasvlas cxovrebis binadar wesze da aRZravda maTSimiwis damuSavebisa da soflis meurneobis warmoebissurvils ¨ (99*8)8)& vfiqrobT, sulTnis xelisuflebagarda aRniSnulisa, imedovnebda mis sazRvrebSidasaxlebuli muhajirebis gamoyenebas TviT ruseTiswinaaRmdeg.adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gasaxlebiT, ruseTis imperiaciyo dainteresebuli, romelsac kavkasiis sruliaTviseba hqonda Cafiqrebuli. rac, erTis mxriv, mosaxleobisasimilaciis, xolo, meore mxriv, mxaris srulikolonizaciis xarjze unda momxdariyo. amdenad, aWarismosaxleobis gasaxlebis sakiTxSi osmaleTsa da ruseTserTnairi, dadebiTi pozicia hqondaT. ,,am sakiTxSi oriimperiis interesTa Tanxvedra xom ukve san-stefanosxelSekrulebis xelmowerisas gamoikveTa, roca msurvelTaTvis3 wlis manZilze gadasaxlebis ufleba oficialuradiqna aRiarebuli. 1878 wlis agvistodan es kidevufro TvalnaTliv gamoCnda da am etapze musliman qar-TvelTa gadasaxlebis ZiriTadi mizezic swored ruseTismier aq ganxorcielebuli politika gaxda¨ (73*55).marTalia, sviatopolk-mirskim aWaris mosaxleobasgamoucxada, rom xelSeuxebeli iqneboda adgilobrivTaqoneba, religia; saxelmwifos mimarT valdebulebebiigive darCeboda, rac osmalTa batonobis periodSi iyo*58

ucvleli darCeboda adgilobrivi mmarTveloba; gadasaxlebismsurvelebs miecemodaT qonebis gayidvis dro (33*11)&samwuxarod, ruseTis xelisuflebam mocemuli pirobaar Seasrula, ramac osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis processxeli Seuwyo. miT umetes, rom osmaleTis agentebi sxvadasxvaWors (saldaTSi gawvevas, Zalad gaqristianebas,tradiciebis xelyofas da sxva) avrcelebdnen. ¨droeba”iuwyeboda: ,,Cveni axladSeZenili mazrebidan adgilobrivimcxovreblebi - mahmadianebi midian osmaleTSi. midianTiTo-orola ki ara, ramdenime asi da aTasi ojaxi erTad.ra aris amis mizezi? axali mTavrobis damkvidrebiT, amaTicxovreba Zirianad Seicvala. magram gadasaxleba amiT araixsneba. aqauri mahmadianebi mSvidobiani, miwis momuSaveda Sromismoyvare xalxia… gansakuTrebiT aSineben maT,imiT, rom Cveni mTavroba imaT saldaTad gamoiyvans, romSinauruli amaTi col-qmrobiTi adaTi moispoba... amaTmomavlis eSiniaT da ara axlandeli droisa¨ (51*1879)&aWaris mosaxleobisTvis Zneli asatani iyo ucxo, rusulimmarTvelobis xelaRebiT SemoReba, rom araferi vTqvaTenobriv barierze.gazeTi ,,droeba” exeboda ra saerTod samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebas, aqaurTa muhajiradwasvlis mizezad rusul mmarTvelobas da samarTalsmiiCnevda: ,,Cveni mxare verandeba, xalxi didi da pawia,fuxara da SeZlebuli yvelani stovebs Tavis saxl-kars,dedul-mamuls da mieSureba xonTqris samkvidrebelSi...sadme rom samarTali iyos da mTavrobas surdes amgaveranebas bolo mouRos, kvlavad gadasaxleba SeaCerosda Cvens xalxs guli gaukeTos – erTi racRais SemoRebismeti ar iqneba saWiro. am erTs raRacas saxelad hqviasamarTali. samarTlis meti Cven araferi gvinda. igidagvakmayofilebs sul mTlad, igi mogvibrunebs guls,xels agvaRebinebs gadasaxlebaze, Segvayvarebs rusmmarTvelobas da tiriliT gardaxvewil mohajirebs(gardasaxlebulebs) ki daabrunebs isTeve¨ (52*1881)&59

mahmadian qarTvelTa osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis erTerTiZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuri siduxWire iyo. mciremiwianobasa da osmalTa batonobis Sedegad Seqmnil saerToekonomikur gaWirvebas daemata baTumis, rogorc mxarisZiriTadi savaWro centris porto-frankod gamocxadebisfaqtori. Tavisufali navsadguri, sadac yvela qveynisxomaldi Tavisuflad unda Semosuliyo, momgebianiiyo ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebisaTvis, kerZodki inglisisaTvis. ruseTs ar SeeZlo misTvis konkurenciagaewia, ris gamoc baTumi yoveli mxridan Caketa. aseTmamkacrma sabaJo-sakarantino reJimma baTumis olqis mosaxleobismZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba kidev ufrodasca. aseTi viTareba adgilobriv mosaxleobasa darusul administracias Soris urTierTobas ufroamwvavebda: ,,porto-frankos Sedegad dawesebuli rusulireJimi imdenad autaneli Seiqmna adgilobrivimosaxleobisaTvis, rom xalxi stovebda Tavis mSobliur,sayvarel kuTxes da TurqeTSi garboda. mefis Sovinistimoxeleebi xels uwyobdnen kidec mosaxleobis masobrivemigracias¨ (100*100)&osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezadmkvlevari i. baramiZe samarTlianad miiCnevs ruseTis xelisuflebismier axlad SemoerTebul mxareSi saadgilmamulourTierTobebisa da miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxis gadauWrelobas.,,xangrZlivi drois manZilze miwismflobelobismxriv gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi yofna, rasac ganicdidasamxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, gavlenasaxdenda xelisuflebisadmi maT simpaTiebze da aZlierebdasxvagan gadasaxlebis survils¨(73*76).muhajirobis erT-erTi mizezi religiuri faqtoriciyo, romlis gamoyenebasac cdilobdnen osmaleTi da misiemisrebi aWaraSi.sabednierod, unda iTqvas, rom iSviaTi ar iyvnen adgilobrivmahmadian kultis msaxurTa Soris iseTebi, romlebicucxoeTSi gadaxvewas mSobliur miwaze darCenas ar-60

Cevdnen da amasve mouwodebdnen TavianT mrevlsac. erTerTiaseTi mahmadiani samRvdelos Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs z.WiWinaZe werilSi ,,aWara”, romelic exeba aWaridanmuhajirad wasulTa sakiTxs: ,,ocda-xuT-aTas sulamdisSeikriba da rCeva hqmnes gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb. zogma Tqva,rom wavideT da qedis mufTis vkiTxoT da rasac isgvetyvis, ra gvaris rCevasac is mogvcems, Cvenc isemoviqceT. am dros aq mufTad iyo sofel meriseli, xalifaSvili,Rrmad moxucebuli, stambolSi naswavli. manmoismina xalxis kiTxvebi da pasuxi ago ase qarTulad:,,xalxno, gaCerdiT... rasac sxvadasxva xojebi da molebigeubnebian is sul tyuilia... Cven maT ar vicnobT, isiniCven ar gvicnoben da Cven ki raRac Worebs vlaparakobT.moicadeT patara, movidnen, gavecnoT da Tu marTlagaqristianebas dagviwyeben, qal-baRanas mogvtaceben... maSinme TviTon gamoval Tqvens win, xelSi Tofs aviReb, TqvencgamomyvebiT Tan da vidre ukanaskneli darCeba Cvengan,manamdis vibrZoloT da nuravis davuTmobT... Tu arada,rom midixarT, aqedan sad midixarT, raTa, risTvis dasaidan sad? aq, Tqveni Zvelebis yana-baR-saxlebzedscxovrobT da ver gicxovriaT, aq mzad saxli gaqvTgakeTebuli, ezo, baRi, yana da iq rom waxvalT, undaicodeT, rom iq eseni ar dagxvdebaT, iq dids gaWirvebashnaxavT, col-Svili SimSilisagan agitirdebaT da es ufrodidi codva iqneba. aq gaCerdiT. Tuki me vCerdebi, memufTi, Tqven raRa gemarTebaT. xalxi dawynarda, brbodaiSala,... aWaridgan rom ase cota xalxi gadasaxldamaSin osmaleTSi, es sul am mufTis saqme iyo¨ (65*1895) -askvnis z. WiWinaZe.ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda waeqezebinagadasaxlebis procesi da ase gamoeTavisuflebina miwisfarTobi kolonistebisaTvis. magram iyvnen iseTebic, romlebicxvdebodnen aseTi politikis simcdares. a. frenkeli,romelmac 1879 wels imogzaura aWaraSi, werda:,,aseTma gadasaxlebam, jer erTi, SeiZleba Cven dagvakar-61

gvinos mamaci mosaxleobis kontigenti, amave dros manSeiZleba Searyios Cveni gavlena mcire aziaSi da uaxloesdroSi uamravi warumateblobis wyarod iqces. ar undadagvaviwydes, rom mcire azia male SeiZleba gaxdes Cveni,,saboloo” angariSebis asparezi TurqeTTan da mismokavSire inglisTan. maSin Cven vinanebT mousvenar aWarlebze,romelTagan ganTavisuflebasac axla ase vCqarobT¨(134*130-131). 1882 wlis TebervalSi dasavleTsaqarTveloSi da, kerZod, aWaraSi imogzaura mTavarsardalma,Tavadma dondukov-korsakovma. ,,19 TebervalsWoroxis xeobis mcxovreblebma, samasma ojaxma sTxova T.dondukov-korsakovs osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis nebarTva,magram mTavarmmarTebelma ver misca amaT es nebarTva.meores mxriT, moaxdina gankarguleba, rom yvelamojaxirebs (gadasaxlebulebs) osmaleTidan ukandabrunebis ufleba mieceT (55*1882). sainteresoamTavarmmarTeblis pozicia, romelic Cvenis azriT,muhajirTa mimarT ruseTis xelisuflebis politikisSecvlaze unda miuTiTebdes.gadasaxlebuli mosaxleoba saerTod bedis anabradaRmoCnda osmaleTSi, ramac wasulTa didi nawilis ukandabruneba gamoiwvia. aseTi faqtebi ukve 1879 wels mravladdafiqsirda, ,,baTumSi daiwyo imaTi dabruneba,romelTac qalaqi maSin datoves, roca baTumis ruseTzegadacemis Sesaxeb gamocxadda. dabrunebuli ojaxebisgadmocemiT, gadasaxlebulTa mTeli masa, moxucebi, qalebida bavSvebi, trapizonSi yofnis dros iZulebulni iyvnenRia cis qveS ecxovraT, dakmayofilebuliyvnen mowyalebiT,eavadmyofaT, eSimSilaT. TurqeTis xelisuflebamTavSesafari misca 200 gadasaxlebuls, roca maTi ricxvi4000-ze meti iyo. danarCeni bedis anabara darCa. aseTmainformaciam gadasaxlebis msurvelebs xeli aaRebinaganzraxvaze (134*133). 1879 wels araerTi ojaxi dabrundaqobuleTSi, romlebic devriS faSas jarebs gahyvnenosmaleTSi (50*1879). mefis ruseTi cdilobda ramdenadme62

waexalisebina gadasaxlebulTa ukan dabrunebis procesi.,,mTavroba didis kmayofilebiT Rebulobs im aWarlebs,romelnic osmaleTSi gadavidnen, iq SimSiliT kinaRamamowydnen da axla ukanve brundebian isev TavianT adgilmamulzedasasaxleblad. mTavroba ubrunebs amaT TavianTadgil-mamuls da kmayofilebiT asaxlebs imitom, romeseni kargi muSa xalxi da qveynisaTvis gamosadegi arian¨(54*1882).osmaleTis xelisuflebis uyuradRebobam erTismxriv, bevrs xeli aaRebina wasvlaze, xolo meores mxriv,ukve wasulTa ukan dabrunebac ganapiroba. 1879 welsgazeTi ,,kavkazi” iuwyeboda:,, Воть уже более месяца, как не былони одного заявления о переселениии и вообще оставшееся населениаАджарского округа, надо полагать, совершенно покинуло подобноенамерение… по рассказам некотоких, уже возвратившися переселенцев,последние в Турции терпять страшную нужду. Правительство турецкоедосихь-пор не отвело им никакой земли и не выдаёть никакоговспомошествования. Большая часть выселивщихся ищеть случая бежатьизь Турции обратно” (125*1879). ramdeni adamiani wavidaaWaridan muhajirad? am sakiTxze istoriografiaSisxvadasxva Sexedulebaa. v. lisovski 38000 suls miiCnevswasulad (126*51), T. saxokia- 21. 500 (98*148).Cven yvelazesarwmunod migvaCnia mkvlevar j. vardmaniZis Tvalsazrisi,rom aWaridan gadasaxlebulTa raodenoba 28-30 aTas sulsSoris unda meryeobdes (83*132).Tumca, am cifris dazustebac mosalodnelia, TugaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom osmaleTSi wasasvlelad momzadebulnicdilobdnen ojaxebis raodenoba gaezardaT,raTa Semdeg SeZlebodaT cal - calke miwis nakveTebismiReba. 1879 w. ,,kavkazi“ aWaris okrugis ufrosisstepanovis cnobebze dayrdnobiT iuwyeboda: ,,следуетьзаметить что число дымовь, в деиствительности заявившихь желаниепереселитъся, гораздо менее чем показано. (cnobaSi 1. 194 komliamiTiTebuli –avt..) такъ - какъ нередко три или четыре взрослыхбрата одного и того - же семеиства брали свидетелъство каждий себя63

отделъно, какъ особый дымъ, в техъ разсчетахъ, чтобы в турцииполучитъ отделъные наделы¨ (125*1879). Tu am cnobasgaviziarebT, SeiZleba muhajirTa raodenoba ufroSemcirdes.osmaleTisa da ruseTis politikis miuxedavad, aWarismosaxleobis umravlesoba mainc samSobloSi darCa, xolo,wasulTa mniSvnelovani nawili Semdeg daubrunda mamapapeulkeras.rusuli adminitraciuli sistemis simZimes kidevufro amwvavebda baTumis olqis samxedro gubernatorisgeneral-maior konstantine besarionis Ze komarovis piradiuaryofiTi Tvisebebi. kavkasiis mefisnacvalma saqme imiTgamoaswora, rom baTumis olqis gubernatorad komarovisnacvlad general-maiori smekalovi dainiSna (100*82).etyoba mdgomareobis arsebiTad gamosworeba verc axalmagubernatorma SeZlo. amitom gaCnda azri baTumis olqisgauqmebisa da misi quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTebisa. esnabiji saxelmwifos arc Tu mcire ekonomias miscemda.¨baTumis olqis administraciis xarjebi, sasamarTlosa dasxva specialuri dawesebulebebis garda, xazinasyovelwliurad ujdeba 219.419 maneTi. olqis centralurimmarTveloba SeiZleba gauqmdes saqmisadmi yovelgvarizianis gareSe¨-werda jer kidev 1882 wels ¨kavkazi¨(125*1882). werili rekomendacias aZlevda mTavrobas, romarTvinis okrugi, romelic bunebrivad aris dakavSirebuliyarsis olqTan- masve SeuerTdes, xolo baTumis okrugiquTaisisgubernias (miTumetes rom ramdenime TveSi baTumisamtrediisrkinigzis xazis mSeneblobac damTavrdeboda)am gziT saxelmwifo Seamcirebs xarjebs 173.349 maneTiT(124*1882).ruseTis xelisuflebas WkuaSi daujda aRniSnulimosazreba.¨1883 wlis 12 ivniss baTumis olqi gauqmda daigi ori okrugis – baTumisa da arTvinis saxiT SevidaquTaisis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi. am droidan, 1903 wlis1 ivlisamde (e.i. baTumis olqis aRdgenamde - avt.) baTumSi64

imyofeboda quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris TanaSemwe,male 1886 wlis 5 ivliss gauqmda porto-franko, risSemdegac iwyeba mTeli rigi reformebi baTumis olqSirogorc samxedro, ise samoqalqao nawilSi¨ (121*108).\+\ saukunis 80-iani wlebidan qalaq baTumisekonomikuri ganviTareba Zalze swrafi tempiT warimarTa.am saqmeSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda navsadgurisa dabaTumi-samtrediis sarkinigzo xazis mSeneblobas. sulmokle droSi baTumi TvalSisacemad Seicvala da igiyvela mnaxvels akvirvebda. qalaqSi arnaxuligamococxleba SeimCneoda. sergi mesxi, romelmac 1878-1882ww. samjer moinaxula baTumi, ¨droebaSi¨ gamoqveynebudwerilSi ¨baTumi da baTumelebi¨ aRniSnavda:¨ maSindelibaTomi (saubaria 1878 welze - avt.) axlandels gorzeufro patara da uSno qalaqi iyo... didi gansxvavebaamaSindels da axlandels baTums Sua. sad axlandeli orsamda oTxetaJiani uzarmazari qviTkiris saxlebi dasastumroebi da sad maSindeli mingreul-mongreuli xisqoxebi da uwminduri yavaxanebi. sad axlandeli namdvilievropiuli mdidari maRaziebi, romlebSic mgoni CitisrZesac ki iSovnis kaci da sad maSindeli duqnebi,romlebSiac muxlmokecili baTomeli oriod Tof trapizonisCiTeulobiT vaWrobda... saca ar gaixedavT, yvelganaxali Senobebi gauSenebiaT an aSeneben. mTeli axaliubnebi gakeTebulan, qalaqis baRs hmarTaven, qalaqi¨gaplanulia¨, tbebs aSroben, wyali gamohyavT,navTsadguris gafarToebas apireben, rkinigza gahyavT dasxva da sxva¨ (56*1882). 1883 wels gaxnili baTumisamtrediisrkinigziT baTumi baqos daukavSirda.¨amierkavkasiis mTavari magitrali baqo-Tbilisi-baTumigadaiqca mTavar arteriad... man udidesi roli Seasrulaamierkavkasiis ekonomikuri cxovrebis rogorc ruseTis isemsoflios kapitalistur ekonomikasTan dakavSirebissaqmeSi¨(106*7). rkingzis gayvanam da srulyofilinavsadguris agebam seriozuli biZgi misca baTumis65

ganviTarebas. “guSin win TavisTvis mivardnili, miyuCebulibaTumi, ¨aziuri qalaqi¨, dRes evropis qalaqad iqca,gaevropelda! moqalaqeobrivi cxovreba baTumSi nel-nelaxorcs isxams¨ - werda ¨iveria¨ (63*1886).baTumis savaWro-samrewvelo ganviTarebis swrafi tempebisparalelurad izrdeboda qalaqis mosaxleoba,icvleboda sazogadoebis socialuri da eTnikuriSemadgenloba. Tu 1878 wels baTumSi cxovrobdadaaxloebiT 3000 adamiani, 1882 wels qalaqis mosaxleobisraodenobam 8671 Seadgina, 1890 wels – 18.123, xolo 1903wels – 35.000¨ (121*460). \+\ saukunis 80-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi baTumis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils ukverusebi Seadgendnen (1884 wlis monacemebiT maTi ricxvi5500-s aRwevda (126*131).ekonomikuri warmatebebis kvalobaze mniSvnelovnadgaizarda baTumis Semosavlebi. qalaqis biujetis(Semosaval-gasavalis) zrdis dinamika 1879-1887 wlebSiaseT suraTs gvaZlevs (121*482).weliSemosavaligasavali1879 21.010 man 12.600 man.1880 27.466 man. 02 kap. 17.158 man. 22 kap.1881 29.971 man. 99 kap. 23. 109 man. 67 kap.1882 68.094 man. 07kap. 75. 017 man. 81 kap.1883 68.471 man. 26 kap. 68. 163 man. 71 kap.1884 75.690 man. 98 kap. 75. 647 man. 34 kap.1885 85.994 man. 84 kap. 92. 864 man. 94 kap.1886 90.444 man. 30 kap. 110.699 man. 98 kap.1887 116.394 man. 82 kap. 107.178 man. 14 kap.ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli da mosaxleobisraodenobiT gazrdili qalaqi moTxovda cvlilebebsmmarTvelobis sferoSic. ruseTTan SeerTebis SemdegmTeli 10 wlis manZilze baTumSi samxedro-policiuri66

mmarTveloba arsebobda. 1878 wels qalaqis pirvelpristavad da policmeisterad dainiSna nadvorni savetnikid.S.Juruli. qalaqis warCinebul mosaxleobas uflebahqonda aerCia oTxi deputati, romelsac administraciamxolod gadasaxadebis akrefis dros iyenebda. metiuflebebi am warmomadgenlobas ar gaaCnda.¨baTumisdagegmarebis, ganaSenianebis, komunaluri meurneobis,kulturisa da sxva sakiTxebs wyvetda policmeisteribaTumis olqis ufrosTan da quTaisis samxedrogubernatorTan SeTanxmebiT¨ (75*227). aseTi saxismmarTveloba baTumis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisgamoyenebas ver uzrunvelyofda, piriqiT, sagrZnobladabrkolebda mis zrda-ganviTarebas (88*127). amas kargadgrZnobdnen baTumis maSindeli mcxovreblebi. 1885 welsbaTumis 90-mde mcxovrebma TxovniT mimarTa kavkasiissamoqalaqo saqmeTa mmarTvels raTa 1870 wlis 16 ivnisisdebulebis safuZvelze baTumSic SemoRebuli yofiliyosamoqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba.¨mxolod TviTmmarTvelobas– werdnen isini – SeuZlia misces qalaqis mmarTvelobismanqanas, romelic arcTu sworad da swrafad moZraobs,SesamCnevi biZgi. mxolod qalaqis namdvili mmarTveloba,mxolod energiuli da gavleniani qalaqis Tavi SesZlebsdaayenos saqalaqo meurneoba mtkice safuZvelze damiaRwios warmatebas qalaqisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebisgadaWrisas (121*483). magram qalaqis maSindel mesveurTeZnelebodaT Tbili, materialurad sasargeblo Tanamdebobebisdatoveba. baTumelebic miiCnevdnen, rom saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebiT dasruldeboda sapolicioreJimis ukontrolo da uangariSo moqmedebebi.baTumis maSindeli policmeisteri voznesenski,romelsac daevala baTumelTa zemoT aRniSnul Txovnazedaskvnis momzadeba, quTaisis samxedro gubernatorsmoaxsenebda Semdegs: rom baTumze 1870 wlis saqalaqodebulebebis gavrceleba Zalze sasurveli dasasargebloa, radgan saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis67

pirobebSi policias SesaZlebloba eqneba Tavisi pirdapirimovaleoba Seasrulos. Tumca aRniSnuli Txovnisdakmayofileba miaCnia naadrevad sanam qalaqis wliuriSemosavali ar miaRwevs 150.000 maneTs, raTa ¨iyosSesaZlebloba Seinaxon ZviradRirebuli saqalaqommarTveloba¨ (121*484). imJamad baTumSi saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobisSemoRebisaTvis xelisSemSleladvoznesenskis miaCnda baTumSi inteligenturi Zalebisararseboba¨ .1887 wels baTumis saqalaqo meurneobis reviziisSedegad sapolicio mmarTvelobis mxridan seriozulifinansuri darRvevebi da gaflangvebi gamovlinda. ukvexelisuflebis warmomadgenlebic darwmundnen baTumSi arsebulimmarTvelobis usargeblobaSi daTviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebaze daiwyes fiqri. 1887 welsquTaisis samxedro gubernatorma general-maiormagrosmanma aRZra Suamdgomloba baTumSi saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis SemosaRebad. ¨sakvirvelma zrdawarmatebamvaWrobisa, mrewvelobisa da samoqalaqocxovrebisam, cota ar iyos Seafiqriana maSindeliquTaisis samxedro gubernatori generali grosmani dagaabedvina eTxovna umaRlesi mTavrobisaTvis saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis daweseba baTumSi, miT umetes, romaxali mdgomareoba qalaqisa, misi gacxovelebulicxovreba da axali rTuli asparezi saSinlad uZnelebdaTavis movaleobas adgilobriv policias¨ (64*1891). 1887wlis noemberSi mTavarmarTebelma dondukov-korsakovmabaTumSi saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis SemosaRebad mosamzadebelisamuSaoebis Casatareblad SeqmnagansakuTrebuli komisia Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: k.severini(komisiis Tavmjdomare), axmed-beg abaSiZe, husein efendiyara zade, st.zrodlovski, a.koianderi, n.paseki,x.simeonidi, a.cimermani, i.Sadinovi, s.Sipovi (121*485-486).male gamoirkva, rom darRveuli iyo sakanonmdebloprocedura (ar iyo umaRlesi gankarguleba baTumSi68

saqalaqo reformis gatarebis Taobaze). 1888 wlis martSiquTaisis samxedro gubernator grosmanis gankargulebiTkomisiis muSaoba SeaCeres da yvela misi saqmeebi policiismmarTvelobas gadasces. amis Semdeg peterburgSi gaigzavnaSuamdgomloba, romlis safuZvelzec 1888 wlis 28 aprilsgaica umaRlesi gankarguleba 1870 wlis 16 ivnisisdebulebis safuZvelze baTumSi saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb.umaRlesi gankargulebis mixedviT garkveul dromdeqalaqis samSeneblo nawili darCeboda sagubernio mmarTvelobisgankargulebaSi, qalaqis Tavis movaleobaspirveli 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seasrulebda arasaTaTbirosagan arCeuli, aramed mTavrobisagan daniSnulipiri. aRniSnuli brZanebis ganxorcieleba daevala axalkomisias, romelsac kavkasiis mTavarmarTebliskancelariis moxele k.d.gavronski Tavmjdomareobda(121*486, 75*230).komisiam Seiswavla baTumis mosaxleobis qonebrivimdgomareoba, daazusta amomrCevelTa siebi. qonebrivicenzis gaTvaliswinebiT amomrCevelTa siebSi Sevida 525kaci. qalaqis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili arCevnebismiRma darCa.1888 wlis 25 agvistos da 2 seqtembers CatardasaTaTbiros xmosanTa pirveli arCevnebi. oTxi wlis vadiTairCies sami Tanrigis 36 xmosani (TiToeuli TanrigismixedviT 12-12 xmosani). erovnuli niSnis mixedviTsaTaTbiros Semadgenloba Semdegnairi iyo: qarTveli-11,rusi-8, somexi-10, berZeni-2, ebraeli-2, poloneli-2,germaneli-1.aRmsareblobis mixedviT xmosanTa Semadgenloba asegamoiyureboda: marTmadidebeli-10, qaoTveli mahmadiani-4,somexi grigorianeli-9, somexi kaTolike-1, kaTolike-6,protestanti-1. (121*486-487).baTumis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis sazeimo gaxsnaSedga 1888 wlis 1 oqtomers. qalaqis Tavad dainiSna69

k.d.gavronski. gamgeobaSi Sevidnen d.i.bikovi (qalaqisTavis moadgile), a.i. koianderi, i.s.Sadinovi. qalaqismdivani gaxda i.s. mesxi.baTumis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobas Tan dahyva isnaklovanebebi, romlebic gaaCndaT ruseTis imperiis saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobebs: arCevnebis SezRuduloba, administraciismxridan saTaTbiros saqmeebSi CarevisSemTxvevebi da sxva.miuxedavad am naklovanebebisa, saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobisSemoReba baTumSi udavod iyo didi mniSvnelobismovlena, romelmac seriozuli gavlena moaxdina mTeliqalaqis (da ara marto baTumis –avt.) sazogadoebrivpolitikuricxovrebis ganviTarebaze. \+\ saukunis 80-ianiwlebidan baTumSi Tavi moiyara erovnuli suliskveTebiTgamsWvalulma Zalebma, romelTa mizani iyo ¨baTumisqarTul qalaqad gadaqceva¨ (92*86).baTumis saqlaqo saTaTbiros xmosanTa meorearCevnebi unda Catarebuliyo 1892 wels. winasaarCevnosamzadisi daiwyo kidec, magram aRmoCnda, rom cenzianmoqalaqeTa qonebis mesamedi ekuTvnoda rotSildis kaspia-Savi zRvis navTobmrewvelobisa da vaWrobis sazogadoebas.e.i. mxolod rotSildi unda Sesuliyo amomrCevelTapirvel TanrigSi da masve unda aerCia xmosanTa mesamedi.aseT viTarebaSi quTaisis guberniis administraciamSesaZleblad CaTvala baTumis amomrCevlebi daeyoT orTanrigad. Tumca saqmes verc aman uSvela. axali dayofiTpirvel TanrigSi moxvda eqvsi mesakuTre, romlebicflobdnen baTumelTa mTeli qonebis naxevars da maTveunda aerCiaT xmosanTa naxevari (18 xmosani), roca danarCencenzian moqalaqeebs (500 kacs) SeeZlo aerCiaT aseve 18xmosani. amis gamo qalaqis gamgeobam moiTxova arCevnebisgaerTianebuli siiT Catarebis ufleba. magram amazekavkasiis administraciam neba ar darTo im mizeziT, romes gamoiwvevda 1870 wlis debulebis darRvevas. amitomaxali debulebis miRebamde uflebamosileba Zvel xmosnebs70

gaugrZeles, sanam ar gauqmdeboda Tangrigebi da yvelacenzianisTvis saerTo-saarCevno kreba Camoyalibdeboda(121*492-493).axali debuleba 1892 wlis 11 ivniss damtkicda,axali debulebis Sesabamisad baTumSi xmis micemis uflebaeZleodaT 1000 maneTze meti qonebis mflobel moqalaqeebs.amiT saarCevno siaSi Sedioda mxolod msxvili dasaSualo mesakuTreebi. faqtiurad mesame TanrigisamomrCevlebama (wvrilma mesakuTreebma) dahkargesarCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. aseTma kanonmamniSvnelovnad Seamcira amomrCevelTa raodenoba baTumSi.Tu 1888 wlis arCevnebSi baTumis 14000 mcxovrebidanmonawileobda 525 kaci, 1894 wels 25 aTasi mcxovrebidanmxolod 318 kaci (75*234).arCevnebisaTvis mzadebis periodSi k.gavronskigadadga da mis nacvlad qalaqis Tavis movaleobisSesrulebas gavronskis moadgile a.koianderi Seudga.1894 wlis 12 oqtombers meored Catarda baTumSisaTaTbiros xmosanTa arCevnebi. siaSi myofi 318 amomr-Cevlidan arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo 239 kacma. maTairCies 35 xmosani da 9 kandidati. xmosnebad gavida 19qarTveli, 8 rusi, 5 berZeni da 3 poloneli. qarTvelebmasaTaTbiroSi adgilebis 55% moipoves, ramac uzrunvelyoqalaqis Tavisa da gamgeobis arCevnebisas qarTvelTawarmateba. xmebis didi umravlesobiT qalaqis TavadairCies luka asaTiani. gamgeobis wevrebad g.volski dai.ivanovi, qalaqis mdivnad – i.mesxi.axladarCeuli saTaTbiro da gamgeoba aqtiur saqmianobaseweoda qalaqis komunaluri meurneobis, ganaTlebisada jandacvis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.igicdilobda xeli Seewyo sxvadasxva savaWro saxlebisa Tufirmebis damkvidrebisaTvis baTumSi, radgan amaze iyodamokidebuli qalaqis Semosavlebis zrda (10*25).Semosavlebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda yovelgvarisasikeTo wamowyebis ganxorcieleba. axali71

xelmZRvanelobis moqmedebis Sedegi male daetyo qalaqs –gaizarda mosaxleoba. gafarTovda qalaqi, mas Seemataaxali fabrika-qarxnebi, Seicvala baTumis iersaxe. 1897wlis 22 oqtombriT daTariRebul qalaqis saTaTbirossxdomaze gamocxadda:¨ baTumis mosaxleoba gaxda 26.417adamiani, axalgazrda qalaqSi aSenda 3000 saxli, maTSoris 800 qvis, qarxnebis raodenoba gaizarda 18-mde, maTisaerTo RirebulebiT 7 mil.094 aTasi 480 maneTi vercxliT.yovelive amasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdaqalaqis keTilmowyoba (12*39). am warmatebebSi didi iyoqalaqis Tavis luka asaTianis, gamgeobis wevris grigolvolskis da qalaqis mdivnis ivane mesxis damsaxureba dawvlili.baTumis saTaTbiros mesame arCevnebi Catarda 1898wlis 18 oqtombers. saarCevno siebSi Sesuli 472 kacidanarCevnebSi monawileobda 332 amomrCeveli. pirvel ZiriTadturSi xmosnis adgilze airCies 27 kandidati. arCevnebismeore, damatebiTi turi Catarda 15 noembers, romelmacairCia 14 xmosani da 8 kandidati (12*496-497). 2 dekembersSedga xmosanTa ficis dadebis ceremoniali. 1899 wlis 7ianvars Catarda gamgeobis arCevnebi. gamgeobisSemadgenloba faqtiurad ucvleli darCa. qalaqis Tavadkvlav airCies luka asaTiani, gamgeobis wevrad grigolvolski, xolo mdivnad ivane mesxi. Zveli gamgeobis meorewevri i.ivanovi arCevnebSi damarcxda da saTaTbirom misnacvlad markeviCi airCia, Tumca quTaisis gubernatormaigi ar daamtkica da qalaqis saTaTbiros saCivrismiuxedavad i.ivanovi mainc datova gamgeobis wevrad(75*241). es administraciis mxridan arCevnebis Sedegebisignorirebis pirveli da ukanaskneli SemTxveva ar yofila.aseTive mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda 1902 wlis arCevnebisSemdeg grigol volski. 1902 wels g.volski qalaqisTviTmmarTvelobaSi erTxmad yofila arCeuli, magramquTaisis gubernatoris miTiTebiT mas aRar amtkiceben damis nacvlad gahyavT g.Juruli (97*30).72

saTaTbiros morigi arCevnebi unda Catarebuliyo 1902wlis noemberSi. magram 1901 wlis noemberSimoulodnelad gardaicvala qalaqis Tavi luka asaTiani.es didi danaklisi iyo baTumisaTvis.qalaqis gamgeobidan grigol volski iyo sazogadoebriviavtoritetis mqone pirovneba, romelsac SeeZloetvirTa qalaqis Tavoba, Tumca ¨ isic icodnen, rom massZulda TviTmpyrobeloba da amitom qalaqis Tavad aravindamtkicebda¨ (97*28). baTumelTa delegaciam gadawyvitadaeswro antiqarTuli ZalebisaTvis da ilia WavWavaZesmimarTa TxovniT, raTa baTumis Tavis funqciebi ekisraivane andronikaSvils. 1902 wlis 4 ianvars Sedga baTumissaqalaqo saTaTbiros sagangebo sxdoma. dRis wesrigSi iyoqalaqis Tavis arCevis sakiTxi. ganixileboda erTikandidati – ivane zaqarias Ze andronikaSvili. igi airCies26 xmiT samis winaaRmdeg (14*8).baTumis saqalaqo saTaTbiros arCevnebis (rigiTmeoTxe-avt.) pirveli turi Catarda 1902 wlis 10 noembers,meore turi 1 dekembers. arCevnebSi monawileobda 492amomrCeveli (121*500-501). qalaqis Tavad wamoyenebuli iqnaivane andronikaSvilis kandidatura. saTaTbiros qarTulmapartiam ivane mesxis TaosnobiT didi muSaoba Caatarai.andronikaSvilis rogorc saarCevno qonebrivi cenzisSesaqmnelad, aseve arCevnebSi mis gasamarjveblad. 1903wlis 24 marts Catarda gamgeobis axali arCevnebi, qalaqisTavad airCies ivane andronikaSvili, gamgeobis wevradgrigol volski (romelic administraciam ar daamtkica damis nacvlad Semdeg airCies g.Juruli), xolo mdivnad ivanemesxi.ivane andronikaSvilma warmatebiT gaarTva Tavidakisrebul movaleobas da gaamarTla rogorc baTumelTa,ise ilia WavWavaZis imedebi. igi 14 wlis ganmavlobaSiuZRveboda qalaqis saqmianobas. am xnis manZilze baTumsbevri winaaRmdegobisa da problemis gadalaxva mouxda.aseT viTarebaSi saWiro iyo qalaqis Tavis didi goneba-73

gamWriaxoba, taqti da moxerxeba, rac unda iTqvasiv.andronikaSvilis uxvad hqonda momadlebuli (91*71).carizmis reJimis mxridan xelisSeSlisa daseriozuli zewolis miuxedavad baTumis saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobam mTlianobaSi didi roli Seasrularogorc sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebisgajansaRebis, ise gansakuTrebiT baTumis, rogorcqarTuli qalaqis konsolidacia-ganmtkicebis saqmeSi.ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg baTumis swraf savaWrosamrewveloganviTarebas Sedegad mohyva muSaTa klasisCamoyalibeba.XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebSi pirveli sawarmoebismSenebloba daiwyo. 1882 wels safuZveli CaeyaranavTobproduqtebis gadasazidi taris dasamzadebeliqarxnis mSeneblobas, romlis iniciatorebi iyvnen inJineriburge da palaSkovski. qarxana eqspluataciaSi Sevida 1883wels. momdevno wlebSi analogiuri qarxnebi daaarsessideridisma da rixnerma, manTaSevma, xaCaturianma, Zmebmacovianovebma, Zmebma mnacakovebma da sxvebma. teqnikuriaRWurvilobiTa da gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobiTpirvel adgilze iyo ,,kaspia-Savi zRvis navTobismrewvelobisa da vaWrobis sazogadoeba,” romelsacrotSildi ganagebda. imTaviTve gamoikveTa, rom ,, baTumissamrewvelo ganviTareba ZiriTadSi baqos navTobiseqsportis xarjze xdeboda¨ (111*43). XIX saukunis 80-90 -ian wlebSi navTobproduqtebis eqsportis kvalobazeizrdeboda baTumis roli msoflio navTobis vaWrobaSi.,,baTumma msoflio saxeli umTavresad navTobisproduqtebis vaWrobiT moixveWa” (9;34). navTobis gatanistempebis swraf zrdasTan erTad kerZod, Tu 1883 welsbaTumidan saerTod gatanili iqna 3.348.900 fuTi navTobproduqti,1902 wlisaTvis Sesabamisma cifrma 78. 338. 800fuTi Seadgina (121;310-311). xdeboda qalaq baTumisdaCqarebuli ganviTarebac. mas ara mxolod vaWarmrewvelebimoawydnen didi raodenobiT, aramed samuSaos74

maZieblebic, ramac qalaqis mosaxleobis swrafi zrdagamoiwvia da igi Zvel farglebSi ver Caetia. ,,baTomididad mniSvnelovani qalaqi Seiqmna Cveni qveynisekonomikuri warmatebisaTvis. aq auarebelma xalxmamoiyara Tavi, erTis mxriv movaWre fulis patronebma dameores mxriv lukmas monatrebulma muSa xalxma dagaCaRda vaWroba, aReb-micemoba, gaixsna mravali navTisqarxana da sxva. ra Tqma unda winandeli baTomi veRardaetia Tavis winandel kalapotSi. da ai, baTomsac miematasul mcire xanSi ori vrceli adgili aTi aTasze metimcxovrebiT. e.w. ,,gorodoki” da ,,barcxana”. am adgilebSiZiriTadad muSa xalxi cxovrobs” (70;1898). XX saukunisdasawyisSi baTumi samrewvelo ganviTarebis mixedviTamierkavkasiaSi mesame adgilze iyo Tbilisisa da baqosSemdeg.rogorc avRniSneT mrewvelobisa da saWrobisswrafi tempiT zrda Sesabamisad iwvevda mosaxleobiszrdasac. Tu 1878 wels baTumis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT3000-s aRwevda, 1903 wlisaTvis 30. 000 gadaaWarba.mosaxleobis zrdis tempi ZiriTadaT muSaTa klaszemodioda. qarxnebSi, fabrikebSi, navsadgurSi rkinigzissatvirTo sadgurSi, saxelosnoebSi da sxva wvrilsawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli iyo 11 aTasze meti muSa (4;52) e.i.sul raRac aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ,,baTumi patara,aziuri, feodaluri qalaqidan gadaiqca evropulkapitalisturqalaqad, ruseTis imperiis erT-erT msxvilsavaWro-samrewvelo centrad, romelic baqosa daTbilisTan erTad tons aZlevda amierkavkasiiskapitalistur ganviTarebas (75;227). marTalia baTumissamrewvelo ganviTareba swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda,,,magram yvelaferi es baqos navTobis produqtebiseqsports emsaxureboda da amdenad adgilobrivinedleulis samrewvelo warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis ariyo myari safuZveli, eqsportis dargSi momxdarSeferxebas SeiZleba mTeli sawarmoebis erTbaSad parali-75

zeba mohyoloda” (96;176). baTumis swrafi samrewveloganviTareba moiTxovda Sesabamis muSaxels. XIX saukunis80-iani wlebidan mas moawyda aramxolod maxlobelisoflebisa da raionebis, aramed TviT ruseTisguberniidan gamosuli samuSaos maZiebelTa armia. baTumismuSaTa kontigenti araerTgvarovani iyo (101;93). metad mZimeiyo muSaTa Sromis pirobebi. ,,qarxnebi savse iyo muSebiT,romlebic sacodav pirobebSi iyvnen, metismetadiCagrebodnen. nametur Cagvras ganicdidnen qarTvelimuSebi, romlebic axlad gamodiodnen TavianTisoflebidan da axlad eCveodnen maTTvis uCveulomuSaobas (90;177). fabrika-qarxnebis mepatroneebi sargeblobdnenra dasaqmebis msurvelTa Warbi kontigentiT,muSebs metad mZime pirobebSi ayenebdnen: ,,muSebis Sromisada cxovrebis pirobebi mTlianad iyo damokidebuli mepatroneze,romlebic usazRvro eqspluatacias uwevdnen maT¨(67;1895). XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi baTumel muSaTamdgomareobas gazeTi ,¨kvali¨ ase aRwerda: ,,muSa ki isevumweoa cisanabarad migdebuli, uangariSo, uTvalavubedureba-gaWirvebas da vai-vaglaxs iTmens qedmoxrili.arsaiT sCans misi avadmyofobiT Tavis Semwuxebeli,amJamad navsadgursa da qarxnebSi SeCerebuli muSebi cxraaTasamdea. saSualo dRiuri qira sam abazs ar aRemateba...papanaqeba sicxe, usaSvelo jafa-tanjva-Sroma, saZagelisadgomi fexqveS aclis janmrTelobas” (67;1895) saerTodmZime pirobebs Tan erTvoda muSaTa Warbi raodenobiTgamowveuli umuSevroba, rac ufro sacodavs xdida maTmdgomareobas. ,,autanel Sromas ewevian dilidansaRamomdis da imden fuls Zlivs Souloben, romSimSiliT ar mokvdnen. es kidev araferi, samuSao, romyvelas hyofnides. muSebi ise gamravldnen, rom naxevarzemeti usaqmoTa rCebian da gamxdari, gayviTlebuliaCrdilebiviT daiarebian quCebSi” (68; 1897) samuSaosSemcirebasTan erTad iSviaTi ar iyo xelfasebisSemcirebac. ,,aTi wlis winaT (igulisxmeba 1892 weli -76

j.k.) rotSildis qarxanaSi muSaobda 4000 kaci. muSebigasamjelos 2-3 maneTs iRebdnen. amJamad imave samuSaosasrulebs 1500 kaci, qarxnidan daiTxoves 2500 muSa, xoloxelfasi Semcirda 60 kapikamde” (25;1) fabrika-qarxnebSifarTod gamoiyeneboda mozardTa Sroma, romlebicsrulasakovani muSebis msgavsad iyvnen datvirTulni.,,manTaSevis qarxanaSi 7-8 wlis bavSvebi imdenive saaTsmuSaobdnen, rogorc didebi. manTaSevis qarxanaSi samuSaokvira 105 saaTs aRwevda, bavSvebi daxlebTan muSaobdnen15-16 saaTs” (25;2) aseT umZimes samuSao pirobebs TanerTvoda muSebis fizikuri Seuracxyofa, cema. gazeTi,,iskra” werilSi ,,muSaTa mdgomareoba kavkasiaSi. baTumi”iuwyeboda: ,,baTumis qarxnebSi muSebTan damokidebulebaSigabatonebulia muStiT gasworeba. muSebs scemenzedamxedvelebi, gamgeebi, meqanikosebi da TviTdireqtorebi. am TvalsazrisiT gamoirCevian manTaSevisqarxnis mmarTveli ter-akofovi da rotSildis qarxnismeqanikosi Stubneri¨ (66;1902) analogiuri xasiaTis cnobadaculia aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumSic (25;1). fabrika -qarxnebis mepatroneni da arc xelisufleba muSaTa aseTmdgomareobas elementarul yuradRebasac ki ar aqcevda.,,kapitalistebi xalxis masas (igulisxmeba muSaTa klasi -avt.) uyurebdnen, rogorc mewvel Zroxas.TviTmpyrobeluri xelisufleba yrua muSebisa da maTiojaxebis kvnesisa da ubedurebis mimarT (26;124). bunebriviaaseT mZime pirobebSi myofi muSebi protestis formebseZebdnen da sakuTari uflebebis dacvisaTvis brZolasiwyebdnen. muSaTa pirveli gaficva baTumSi jer kidev 1882wels moewyo. baTumSi muSaTa moZraobis ganviTarebisaTvisgadamwyveti mniSvneloba ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinarereoluciur movlenebs hqonda. rogorc saqarTvelos sxvaqalaqebSi baTumSic iqmneboda pirveli muSaTa wreebi. ametapze wreebis saqmianobas ZiriTadad saganmanaTlebloxasiaTi hqonda. saqarTveloSi ,,mesame dasis”warmomadgenlebs (n. Jordania, f. maxaraZe, k. CxeiZe i.77

amiSvili) seriozuli wvlili miuZRviT baTumSimarqsistuli ideebis propagandis saqmeSi. amTvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo 1896 wels g.franCeskisa da i. luzinis Seqmnili pirveli marqsistuliwre. 1898 wels luzinis, franCeskisa da kalandaZisdapatimrebis Semdeg social-demokratiuli organizaciebisganviTareba baTumSi Seferxda, magram XX saukunisdasawyisSi man seriozuli warmatebebi gaakeTa. 1900-1901wlebSi baTumSi araerTi gaficva da sapirvelmaisodemonstracia moewyo. ,,baTumis social-demokratiuliorganizaciis Seqmnis Semdeg male daiwyo moZraoba muSaTamasobrivi gaficvebis mosamzadeblad¨ (89;229). 1901 wlidanmTeli ruseTis imperiis maStabiT iwyeba revoluciuriaRmavlobis periodi. ,,revoluciuri moZraobis saerToaRmavlobam gansakuTrebuli ZaliT iCina Tavi baTumSi”(104;46) baTumSi revoluciuri ganwyobis gaZlierebas aRiarebdnenoficialuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebic.quTaisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrosisTanaSemwe baTumSi roJanovi narkvevSi ,,antisaxelmwifoebrivimoZraoba baTumis raionsa da guriaSi” (ufro sworiiqneba aRniSnul informacias ewodos angariSi, romelSicaisaxa quTaisis guberniaSi 1900-1901 ww. revoluciuri gamosvlebismonacemebi - avt.) werda: ,,baTumi Tavisi revoluciurida social-demokratiuli moZraobiTwarmoadgens Zalze seriozul punqts, romelic ufro didmniSvnelobas iZens, rogorc saporto qalaqi da rogorcmezobeli guriis mazrasTan, romelTanac dakavSirebuliarkinigziT. guriis ,,komiteti,” romelic ozurgeTis mazrissaqmeebs uZRveba, imyofeba q. baTumSi. baTumis gavliTSemodis ucxoeTidan aralegaluri literatura,proklamaciebi. zemoT aRniSnuli cxadyofs, rom q. baTumikavkasiisaTvis iZens aranakleb mniSvnelobas, vidre q.tfilisi...¨ (24;5) muSaTa moZraobis aRmavlobis Sedegi iyo,rom 1901 wlis dekemberSi baTumis social-demokratiuliwreebi organizaciulad gaerTiandnen da Seqmnes ruseTis78

social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis baTumis komiteti.am mimarTebiT didi muSaoba Caatara Tbilisis socialdemokratiulikomitetidan baTumSi movlinebulma i.juRaSvilma (77;31).i. juRaSvilis baTumSi Camosvlis TariRi dRemdezustad dadgenili ar aris. quTaisis JandarmeriissammarTvelos masalebis mixedviT, romelic undaemyarebodes rotmistr jayelis Setyobinebas quTaisisguberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrosisTanaSemwisadmi baTumSi” (18;18) stalini baTumSi undaCasuliyo 1901 wlis Semodgomaze (28;4-5). 1901 wlisnoembris dasasruls baTumSi Cavida ioseb juRaSvili immizniT, rom daerazma baTumis proletariati, Seeqmnamemarcxene mimarTulebis social-demokratiuliorganizacia da exelmZRvanela muSaTa moZraobisaTvis(81*119).baTumSi i.juRaSvilis Camosvla da saqmianoba armoewona memarjvene mimarTulebis social-demokrats k.CxeiZes romelsac aq muSaTa TviTganaTlebis wreebi hqondaCamoyalibebuli, is stalinisagan moiTxovda saswrafoddaetovebina baTumi, uwodebda mas ¨TviTmarqvias da provokators¨,mouwodebda baTumel muSebs rom ar ahyolodnenmis propagandas. am ¨dapirispirebis mizezi i.juRaSvilisufro radikaluri politikuri Sexedulebebi iyo, racukve im periodSi seriozulad aSinebda memarjvenemimarTulebis social-demokratias¨ (78*97).i. juRaSvilis baTumSi Camosvla da saqmianoba arcpolicias darCenia SeumCneveli.¨ioseb juRaSvilidauyovnebliv daukavSirda baTumel social-demokratebs,misi popu-laroba TandaTan matulobda mosaxleobaSi.gansakuTrebiT rotSildisa da manTaSevis qarxnebismuSebSi. swored es gaxda imis mizezi, rom ¨SeSfoTdnen¨sxva social-demokratebi. gansakuTrebiT ar moewonaTioseb juRaSvilis aqtiuroba k. CxeiZes, i.ramiSvils dab.soRoraSvils. daiwyo maT Soris namdvili brZola¨79

(79*29). mowinaaRmdegeni cdilobdnen stalinisaTvis inteligenciadaepirispirebinaT. am mizniT k.CxeiZe dai.ramiSvili eweodnen mis sawinaaRmdego agitacias damsmenelebs mouwodebdnen ar moesminaT misTvis.b.soRoraSvili specialurad mivida rotSildis qarxanaSida muSebs urCia ar daswrebodnen im Sekrebebs, romelsaci.juRaSvili atarebda (8*9). arc stalini yofilaumoqmedod. misma organizatorulma saqmianobam malegamoiRo Sedegi, ukve gauCnda erTgul TanamoazreTajgufi, romelTagan stalini gansakuTrebiT daaxloebuliyofila rotSildis qarxnis muSa silibitrolomjariasTan da qarTvel mahmadian osman gurgeniZesTan(79*29). stalinis saqmianobam ganamtkica muSaTadarazmuloba da daaCqara sxvadasxva socialdemokratiuliwreebis gaerTianebis procesi. 1901 wlis 31dekembers s.lomjarias binaSi gaimarTa baTumis socialdemokratiuliwreebis sxdoma, sadac gadawyda, romSeqmniliyo gaerTianebuli social-dekmokratiuli komiteti.ai, rogor igonebs im movlenebis Tanamonawile,manTaSevis qarxnis yofili muSa kote kalandarovi,stalinis baTumSi Camosvlasa da muSaTa wreebis erTianorganizaciad Camoyalibebis faqts: ,,1901 wlis noembrisbolos baTumSi Camovida amxanagi stalini. is droebiTCemTan dabinavda. Camosvlis pirveli dReebidan daiwyorevoluciuri muSaoba baTumSi. stalinisxelmZRvanelobiT sawarmoebSi daiwyo socialdemokratiulwreebis Camoyalibeba, romlebSic mowinavemuSebs aerTianebdnen. 1901 wlis bolos amxanagma stalinmagadawyvita gaeerTianebina mis mier Camoyalibebuli muSaTawreebi erTian social-demokratiul organizaciad. manveSemogvTavaza axali wlis Sexvedris mizeziT Segvekribasxvadasxva qarxnis wreebis warmomadgenlebi daCagvetarebina Sekreba. es idea Cven mogvewona... SekrebadainiSna s. lomjarias binaze. 31 dekembers SebindebisasCven gavwieT iqeT (Sekrebas eswrebodnen p. quriZe, T.80

gogiberiZe, k. cercvaZe, d. Carkviani, k. kandelaki, k.kalandarovi, p. qiqava, p. niniZe, g. kalaZe, f. lomTaTiZe,d. lomTaTiZe, k. duduCava da sxva, sul 25-30 kaci)saRamos ganmavlobaSi amxanagma stalinma daaxloebiT 4-5jer isaubra. misi yvela gamosvla atarebda politikurxasiaTs. stalini saubrobda damajereblad da gasagebad...gamTeniisas Sekreba dasrulda (22;25-26).amrigad, 1901 wlis bolos baTumSi Seiqmna erTianisocial-demokratuli organizacia, rac didi mniSvnelobisfaqti iyo. ,,baTumis social-demokratiuli organizaciisSeqmna 1901 wels mianiSnebda socil-demokratiulimoZraobis did aRmavlobaze saqarTveloSi. XX saukunisdamdegisaTvis, saqarTvelos meore samrewvelo qalaqibaTumi social-demokratiuli moZraobis did centradiqca (81;119). 1902 wlis dasawyisSi stalinmadaraxveliZeebis binaze moawyo aralegaluri stamba. aqibeWdeboda proklamaciebi, mowodebebi, broSurebi,romlebic mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi vrceldeboda.,,baTumis komitetma aRniSnuli stambis saSualebiT isefarTod gaSala beWdviTi agitacia, rom man Tavisi ideurigavlenis qveS moaqcia qalaqis mSromeli mosaxleoba(100;212) Catarebuli muSaobis Sedegad 1902 weli baTumSiarnaxuli revoluciuri gamosvlebiT aRiniSna. baTumisqalaqisTavi ivane zaqarias Ze andronikaSvili igonebda:,,1902 weli baTumis navTobis qarxnis muSaTa Soris iyorevoluciuri ganwyobilebisa da social-demokratiulipropagandis aRmavlobis weli. am dros baTumi mTelsaqarTveloSi gamoirCeoda muSaTa klasis gansakuTrebulisimravlisa da aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT. aqeT iyomimarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis yuradReba damniSvnelovani Zalebi. gaxSirda gaficvebi muSaTa Soris,romlebic ara mxolod ekonomikur moTxovnebs ayenebdnen,aramed Sorsmimavali politikuri miznebic gaaCndaT¨(21;21).81

1902 wlis 31 ianvars, manTaSevis qarxnis muSebma,daaxloebiT 400 kacma, muSaoba Sewyvita, imis gamo romqarxnis mmrTvelma ter - akofovma daiTxova erTerTi muSaxaji akofovi samuSao saaTebSi amxanagTan saubrismizeziT. daTxovnils ,, mxari dauWires asatur bagirovma,georq da akof geurqovebma. maTi waqezebiT muSebigaificnen. qarxana gaCerda¨ (22;26). mmarTvelmadasaxmareblad policia gamoiZaxa, romelTac daapatimres112 muSa. amis miuxedavad muSebi mtkiced idgnen, maTze arimoqmeda arc muqaram, arc tkbilma dapirebebma . . . isiniacxadebdnen, rom ar wavidodnen samuSaoze manam, sanam argaaTavisuflebdnen maT amxanagebs. erTi kviris Semdegpoliciam muSebis didi nawili soflebSi gaasaxla, magrammuSebi mesame dRes dabrundnen da moiTxovesdapatimrebulTa ganTavisufleba. manTaSevma, romelic didzarals ganicdida qarxnis gaCerebiT, iSuamdgomladapatimrebulTa ganTavisuflebisaTvis. policia uarsambobda muSebis ganTavisuflebaze, isini Tqveni moTxovniTdaviWireTo, magram 17 Tebervals, baTumSi safabrikoinspeqtoris Camosvlis Semdeg, yvela dapatimrebuli, orisgarda, gaaTavisufles. qarxnis administracia iZulebuligaxda daekmayofilebina muSaTa moTxovnebi:1.sadilobisas Sesveneba gaizarda 1 saaTidan 1,5saaTamde.2. daiTxoves mmarTveli ter-akofovi da sxva uxeSiostatebi.3. administracia muSebs dapirda darCenili oridapatimrebulis gaTavisuflebasac.4. mTeli gacdenili dro, 31 ianvridan 18Tebervlamde, muSebs mTlianad aunazRaurdeboda.18 Tebervlidan muSebma ganaaxles muSaoba (20;13-14).manTaSevis qarxnis muSebis am gaficvam cxadyo is didipolitikuri muSaoba, romelsac baTumis komitetisxvadasxva erovnebis muSaTa Soris eweoda. solidarobissuliskveTeba, romelic baTumis komitetma yvela qarxnis82

muSebSi danerga, ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda, vidreadgilobrivi policia” (114;88) manTaSevis qarxnis muSaTawarmatebam imedi Causaxa sxva qarxnebis muSebs.TebervalSi gaifica rotSildis qarxana. gaficvis mizeziSemdegi iyo: qarxnis direqtorma vanSteinma gankargulebagasca daeTxovaT Zveli muSebi (daaxloebiT 420 kaci),rogorc arakeTilsaimedo pirebi. 28 Tebervals qarxnisyvela muSa (daaxloebiT 1500 kaci), garda satyeomasalebis sawyobis muSebisa, sadac upiratesad TurqebimuSaobdnen, gaifica. 2 marts maT aiZules muSaobaSeewyvitaT memanqaneebs da eleqtroganyofilebis muSebs,riTac SeaCeres rezervuarebidan gemebSi navTobisgadatvirTva. 6 marts gaficulebs Sexvda samxedrogubernatori driagini, romelmac marTalia muSebsmousmina, magram maT samxedro yaidaze ubrZana: ,,Tu xvalsamuSaoze ar gamoxvalT, mkacr RonisZiebebs miviRebo¨.muSebma ukan ar daixies. 7-8 marts RamiT daapatimres dacixeSi Casves 32 kaci. qarxnis sawyobebi daadministraciuli Senoba policiam gansakuTrebulkontrolze aiyvana. ,,8 marts SuadRisas Seikriba 800 mdeadamiani da kolonebad dawyobilni gaemarTnen policmeisterisakenmoTxovniT - an Cvenc dagvapatimreT, an CveniZmebi gaaTavisufleTo¨ (19;5) policiis moTxovnas, romdaSliliyvnen, muSebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen da kvlavTavianT moTxovnas imeorebdnen. policiam muSebi alyaSimoaqcia, gamoiZaxes samxedro nawilebic. jariskacebmaxiStebiT scades muSebis daSla, magram uSedegod.marTalia 2 muSa daiWra, magram isini ar daemorCilnen da5-6 jariskacs Tofebic ki waarTves. bolos im pirobiT,rom yvelani yazarmebSi wavidodnen, muSebma miaRwiesdapatimrebulTa ganTavisuflebas. ase damTavrda 8 martismanifestacia.meore dRes, diliT rotSildis, manTaSevis,sideridisis da sxva qarxnebis muSebi, daaxloebiT 2000kaci simReriT miuaxlovda yazarmebs da moiTxoves muSaTa83

ganTavisufleba. am movlenebis monawile qsenofonteantonis Ze zambaxiZe igonebs: ,,me maSin kavkasiis meSvidebatalionSi vmsaxurobdi, romelic qalaq baTumSi idga . .. martis 8 ricxvi iyo, roca movida cixe-simagriskomendantis gankarguleba - 150 kacamde, saomradgamzadebuli, gayvanil yofiliyo qalaqis cixesTan.gankarguleba saswrafod iqna Sesrulebuli... me maSinumcrosi unter-oficeri viyavi da erT ganyofilebas(aTeuls) vxelmZRvanelobdi. mivediT cixesTan, muSebiTgaWedili iyo iqauroba, yvirodnen, moiTxovdnen patimrebisganTavisuflebas. Cven gankarguleba mogvces gagvefantamuSebi, magram Cven es ver SevZeliT. muSebi gvesrodnenqvebs, gviwevdnen xeliT winaaRmdegobas. bolosadministraciam ukanaskneli moTxovnis dakmayofilebagadawyvita da radgan yvelas cixeSi moTavseba arSeiZleboda, gamoiyvanes cixidan wina dReebSidapatimrebuli muSebi, SeuerTes gare myofT da maTTanerTad waviyvaneT wiTel yazarmebSi, puSkinis quCaze. gzazebevri Camoscilda, Cvenc ar vaqcevdiT yuradRebas,yazarmebamde 300-400 kaci migvyva. Rame mSvidobianad gavida.dilis 10 saTze miviReT gankarguleba da kapitananTaZesTan erTad pirdapir wavediT wiTeli yazarmebisken.zRva xalxi davinaxeT. aq iyvnen aramarto qarxnis muSebi,aramed qalebi, moxucebi . . . isini moiTxovdnen patimrebisganTavisuflebas da imuqrebodnen” (20;67-69). muSebi aranairmoTxovnas ar daemorCilnen. piriqiT, ,,saSineli qvissrola autexes saldaTebs, zogierTma revolvericdacala” (69;1902). kapitanma anTaZem brZaneba gascaesrolaT SekrebilTaTvis. daiRupa 16, daiWra 54 kaci,msubuqad daWrilebi miimalnen (27;12).demonstraciis daxvretis dros daRupulTa gansxvavebuliraodenobaa naCvenebi 1936 wels Sedgenil aqtSi, romelsacxels aweren 1902 wlis 9 martis movlenebismonawileni: konstantine kandelaki, porfire quriZe, kotekalandarovi, domenti vadaWkoria, Teofile gogiberiZe da84

arnaba doliZe. aqtis mixedviT sul daiRupa 11 kaci,romelTa Soris umravlesoba rotSildis qarxnis muSebiiyvnen (23*1):1. baxtaZe ambrosi – rotSildis qarxnis muSa2. pertia markozi– rotSildis qarxnis muSa3. SaniZe simoni – rotSildis qarxnis muSa4. SaniZe andrei – rotSildis qarxnis muSa5. yufaraZe mixako – rotSildis qarxnis muSa6. SublaZe (saxeli ucnobia -avt.) – rotSildisqarxnis muSa7. muradovi abram – rotSildis qarxnis muSa8. iordani (di? – avt.) – rotSildis qarxnis muSa9. kopaleiSvili ermile – xaCaturiancis qarxnismuSa10. skender (saxeli ucnobia – avt.) –xaCaturiancis qarxnis muSa11. sulava andrei – SemTxveviT gamvleligamoCenili aqtiurobisaTvis kapitani anTaZe daajildovesda male podpolkovnikis Cini misces (20;72)daRupulebi 12 marts dakrZales. maT cxedrebs 5000 metiadamiani miacilebda. sasaflaoze muSebma Semdegi xasiaTisproklamacia gaavrceles: ,,dideba Tqven, simarTlisaTvisdaRupulebo, dideba Tqvens dedebs... dideba Tqven,romlebic sikvdilis win gafermkTalebuli tuCebiTmogviwodebdiT Cven brZolisaken, dideba Tqvens aCrdilebs,romlebic Tavs dagvtrialeben da CagvZaxian: ,, Suri iZieT”(19;7).sisxliani angariSsworebis miuxedavad xelisuflebakvlav agrZelebda represiebs. gamocxadda sagangebo mdgomareoba,administraciuli wesiT asobiT muSa gaasaxlesbaTumidan, daiwyo gamosvlebis organizatorTa Zebnadapatimrebebi.policia gaafTrebiT daeZebda i.juRaSvils,romelic mogvianebiT daapatimres. 1902 wlis 6 aprilsbaTumis me-4 ubnis pristavi CxikvaZe moaxsenebda baTumispolicmeisters:¨guSin, Ramis 12 saaTze dasaxleba liman-85

meleSi, manTaSevis qarxnis muSa darispan daraxveliZisbinaSi aRmoCndnen: goris sasuliero seminariidangaricxuli ioseb juRaSvili, vano ramiSvili da quTaisismazris mcxovrebi, muSaTa moZraobis monawile konstantinekandelaki. juRaSvili da kandelaki dapatimrebuli arianbaTumis cixeSi, ramiSvili da daraxveliZe kiganTavisuflebulni arian¨ (25*2). ioseb stalini baTumiscixeSi darCa 1903 wlis 19 aprilamde ris Semdegac sxvapatimrebTan erTad gadaiyvanes quTaisis cixeSi. 1903 wlis9 ivliss umaRlesi gankargulebiT ioseb besarionis ZejuRaSvili saxelmwifo danaSaulisaTvis (mas braliedeboda 1902 wlis 9 martis baTumis gamosvlebisoragnizebaSi – avt.) sami wlis vadiT cimbirSi iqnagasaxlebuli policiis meTvalyureobis qveS (25*16-17).miuxedavad damarcxebisa, 1902 wlis 9 martisgamosvla mniSvnelovani furcelia baTumis da saerTodsaqarTvelos muSaTa moZraobis istoriaSi. man didi roliSeasrula muSaTa klasis politikuri brZolis SemdgomigaZlierebis saqmeSi.policia cdilobda daemala es sisxliani faqti,magram ver SeZlo." baTumis muSaTa klasis 9 martisdemonstracias didi rezonansi hqonda ara martosaqarTvelosa da amierkavkaSiaSi, aramed mTel ruseTSic"(100;214).1902 wlis 9 martis muSaTa gamosvla es iyo yvelazeufro Zlieri gamosvla muSebisa 1900 wlidan 1905 wlamde(77;35). am faqtma SeaSfoTa TviT kavkasiismTavarmmarTebeli golicini. baTumSi da amierkavkasiissxva qalaqebSi SemoRebuli iqna gaZlierebuli dacva,romelic weliwadze met xans gagrZelda, xolo 1903 wlis4 seqtembridan kidev erTi wliT gaagrZeles (1;19). daiwyodapatimrebebi da politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirTaadministraciuli wesiT gadasaxleba ruseTis sxvadasxvaguberniebSi (6;40). sagangebo miTiTebebi miecaT saxlismflobelebs,sastumroebisa da yavaxanebis mepatroneebs.86

1902wlis 24 agvistos quTaisis samxedrogubernatorisadmi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi baTumispolicmeisteri winadadebas iZleoda, raTa:" saxlismflobelebma,sastumroebisa da Turquli yavaxaneebismepatroneebma gnsakuTrebiT mkacrad Tvalyuri adevnon,raTa saxlebSi da sxva nagebobebSi ar inaxebodessaidumlo tipografia, asafeTqebeli masalebi, mTavrobissawinaaRmdego gamocemebi da cecxlsasroli iaraRi.saxlebSi aranairi miwis samuSaoebi ar unda Sesruldespoliciis unebarTod" (1;24) miuxedavad xelisuflebismxridan mkacri RonisZiebebisa, muSaTa gamosvlebisdaTrgunva SeuZlebeli iyo. amas verc adgilobrivimesveurebi malavdnen. 1903 wlis 26 ivlisis moxsenebaSibaTumis olqis samxedro gubernatori atyobinebdakavkasiis mxaris mTavari sammarTvelos kancelariisufross: "... diliT 17 ivliss muSaTa Soris aranairimoZraoba ar SeiniSneboda. muSaoba daiwyo dilis 6 saaTze.8 saaTze, roca Cveulebriv aris sauzmis wina Sesveneba,yvela qarxnis muSebma demonstraciulad datoves rasamuSao, daiZrnen qalaqis centrisaken rkinigzissasaqonlo sadguris gavliT da aiZules sadguris muSebiSeewyvitaT samuSao... momdevno dRes, 18 ivliss, qalaqSiyvela maRazia iyo daketili, ar gamosulan meetleebic..Tbilisis quCaze Seikriba 1500-2000 kacamde, romelTachqondaT wiTeli droSa.." (2;48-49) manifestantebs kazakebmacecxli gauxsnes. daiWra ori adamiani, maT Soris erTisasikvdilod. marTalia policiam da kazakebma SekrebilimuSebi gafantes, magram viTareba mainc mZime iyo. baTumissamxedro gubernatori werda: ".... amJamad me SeSfoTebulivar cnobebiT agitatorTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb baTumismuSebSi. aseve im muSebis raodenobiT, romlebic argamocxadnen samuSaoze 23 ricxvSi..." (2;50) SeqmnilviTarebas gubernatori Semdegnairad xsnis: "agentTaTvisTanxis ararseboba da policiis mcirericxovneba dagansakuTrebiT moZraobis gaaqtiureba bolo 2 wlis87

manZilze da is SiSi, romelSic moZraobis meTaurebs hyavTmuSebi, policias uRonos xdis Zirfesvianad amoZirkvos esboroteba muSaTa wridan...." (2;51) TandaTan xelisuflebismcdelobam garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo. muSaTa gamosvlebigarkveulwilad Sesustda. baTumis olqis samxedrogubernatori, general-maiori mixeil nikolozis Zedriagini 1903 wlis saangariSo moxsenebaSi werda:"mixailovskis cixis garnizonis, policiisa daJandarmeriis SeTanxmebuli da drouli moqmedebiswyalobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda saangariSo wlis zafxulSidawyebuli uwesrigobebis daTrgunva da borotganmzraxvelpirTa ise paralizeba, rom quCis uwesrigobebi karga xaniaar momxdara. gatarebuli muSaobis Sedegad bevri muSagons moego da protesti gamoucxada sakuTar meTaurebs.aseTi gaTiSva muSebisa, aseve arakeTilsaimedoTaumravlesobis gadasaxleba mxaridan, Cans mogvcemssasurvel Sedegebs...."(7;3-4)saqme mTlad ise ar yofila, rogorc amaswarmoadgenda generali driagini. marTalia baTumSimuSaTa gamosvlebi garkveuli droiT Sesustda, magram igimale axali ZaliT gaiSala. amas adasturebs baTumisolqis samxedro gubernatoris 1904 wlis 12 aprilskavkasiaSi samoqalaqo saqmeTa mmarTvelis kancelariisdireqtorisadmi gagzavnili werili: "1903 wlis 20 ivnissumaRlesi gankargulebiT qalaq baTumSi SemoRebuligaZlierebuli dacvis mdgomareoba gagrZelda kidev erTiwliT. am vadis gasvlis droisaTvis propaganda qalaqbaTubSi ara Tu Sewyda, piriqiT gaZlierdauwesrigobebi"(1;71).marTlac, araerTi saarqivo dokumenti adasturebs,rom 1904 wlis dasawyisidan muSaTa moZraoba axali ZaliTgaiSala. 1904 wlis 4 Tebervlidan muSaoba Sewyvites "manTaSevisa da kompaniis "qarxnis muSebma. 12 TebervalsmaT SeuerTdnen rotSildis qarxnis muSebi (3;3). 1904 wlis9 marts, 2 wlis winaT daRupuli muSebis xsovnis pativsa-88

cemad baTumis yvela qarxanam Sewyvita muSaoba. 20 maissgaificnen kaplanis spilenZsasxmeli qarxnis muSebi (3;19)imave wlis 26 maiss, muSaoba Sewyvita pasekis qarxnismuSebma da moiTxoves arasandoobis mizeziT daTxovili 5muSis dabruneba da xelfasis momateba. 1 ivniss gaificnenxaCaturiancis qarxnis muSebi (3;27) muSaTa aqtiurobazemetyvelebs is faqtic, rom isini xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegoganwyobilebas gamoxatavdnen yvelgan, TviT dakrZalvisdrosac. baTumis okrugis ufrosi 1904 wlis 11 dekembersatyobinebda olqis gubernators: "dRes, saRamos 5saaTze, marTlmadideblur sasaflaoze krZalavdnenqarTvel qals gvarad SafaTavas. wesrigis dasacavadsasaflaoze gaigzavna 5 policieli. adgilze misulebmadainaxes rom kubos win Sekrebiliyo sakmaod didi jgufi(1000-ze meti kaci) romelTac vinme qali ukiTxavdaproklamacias. man warmoTqva:"Zirs TviTmpyrobeloba, gaumarjosTavisuflebas." policielTa moTxovnaze SeewyvitakiTxva, xalxma mRelvareba daiwyo da policielebi iZulebulnigaxdnen 30-mde gaesrolaT, raTa brbo daeSalaT (9;1).xelisuflebis represiuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavadrevoluciuri aqtiuroba baTumSi ar Senebelula. muSaTagamosvlebi ufro da ufro politikur xasiaTs iZenda.baTumSi, rogorc saporto qalaqSi ucxoeTidan SemodiodaakrZaluli literatura, mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego proklamaciebi(16*28), romelic Semdeg mTel dasavleTsaqarTveloSi vrceldeboda. policiis monacemebiT,navTobis eqsportior gemebs ucxoeTidan SemohqondaTiaraRic (17*33). TandaTan antisaxelmwifoebrivi propagandaaWaris maRalmTian soflebsac swvdeboda. am mxrivmniSvnelovani iyo revoluciuri moZraobis TvalsazrisiTaqtiur guriis regionTan siaxlove. baTumis samxedrogubernatori 1904 wlis 4 ivniss saidumlod atyobinebdakavkasiis samoqalaqo saqmeTa mmarTvelis kancelarias:¨mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego propaganda guriidan cdilobs89

SemoaRwios aWaraSi. Cems mier miRebuli cnobebidan Wvanisda Rorjomis xeobebSi, saerTod zemo aWaraSi gamoCndnengarkveuli bneli pirovnebebi da mouwodebdnenadgilobriv mosaxleobas ar Seasrulon valdebulebebida saerTod cdiloben aaRelvon mosaxleoba... 1903 wlisSemodgomaze Rorjomis xeobaSi movida viRac qarTveli damosaxleobas ukiTxavda proklamacias:¨rom mosaxleobatyuilad uxdis xazinas gadasaxads, radgan es fuli midismefis da misi ojaxis Senaxvaze, aseve Cinovnikebze, rom esadamianebi xalxs ar sWirdeboda, rom yvela adamiani undaiyos Tanaswori (5*9).faqtia, rom 900-ian wlebSi baTumSi muSaTa moZraobisaRmavlobis saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli 1902 wlis 9 martismovlenebma Seasrula. 9 marti baTumeli muSebisaTviserTgvar solidarobis simbolod iqca, yovel 9 martsewyoboda manifestaciebi Tu saprotesto gaficvebi,romlebic xSirad policiasTan SetakebiT mTavrdeboda(2*48-49, 24*56).§ III IbaTumis olqis, rogorc administraciuliaciulierTeulis aRdgena1878 wlis 20 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvalmamixeil nikolozis Zem xeli moawera baTumis olqisadministraciuli mmarTvelobis droebiT debulebas,romlis mixedviTac Seiqmna baTumis olqi, romelsacsaTaveSi samxedro gubernatori eyoleboda. baTumis olqispirveli samxedro gubernatori gaxda genral-maiorikonstantine besarionis Ze komarovi (121*105). baTumis olqidaiyo sam okrugad:a) baTumis okrugi – baTumis, kintriSis da goniosubnebi90

) arTvinis okrugi – artanujis, arTvinisa daSavSeTis ubnebig) aWaris okrugi – zemo aWaris, qvemo aWaris damaWaxlis ubnebi (134*122).baTumis olqis calke adminitraciul erTeuladgamoyofiT ruseTis xelisufleba or mizans isaxavda: jererTi, amaT xeli SeeSleboda aWaris danarCensaqarTvelosTan Serwymis (rogorc ekonomikurad, isepolitikurad-avt.), bunebriv process* meore -xelisufleba ufro swrafad moaxdenda aWaris (dasaerTod baTumis olqis – avt.) kolonizacias. mTavrobamale darwmunda, rom am mimarTulebiT CatarebuliRonisZiebebi arasakmarisi iyo. carizms aSkarad arakmayofilebda baTumis olqis kolonizaciis tempebi(37*24). baTumis olqis adminitraciis Senaxva mTavrobasarc Tu mcire Tanxa ujdeboda. ¨baTumis olqisadministraciis xarjebi, sasamarTlosa da sxvaspecialuri dawesebulebebis garda xazinas yovelwliuradujdeba 219,419 maneTi, (125*1882). \+\ saukunis 80-ian wlebSikavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis xarjebis Semcirebis mizniTmomzadda reformebi rogorc centralur aparatSi, iseadministraciul mowyobaSi. aseT viTarebaSi gaCndabaTumis olqis gauqmebisa da misi quTaisis guberniasTanSeerTebis idea. sakiTxis ase gadawyveta saxelmwifosmniSvnelovani xarjebisagan gaaTavisuflebda. ¨olqiscentraluri mmarTveloba SeiZleba gauqmdes saqmisadmiyovelgvari zianis gareSe... am gziT saxelmwifoSeamcirebs xarjebs 173.349 maneTiT¨- werda ¨kavkazi¨(125*1882). xelisuflebas moewona aRniSnuli mosazreba dabaTumis olqis gauqmebis gadawyvetileba miiRo.¨rogorcdamoukidebeli adminitraciuli erTeuli, baTumis olqi,ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg arsebobda daaxloebiT 4 wels.1883 wlis 12 ivniss misi udidebulesobis damtkicebulisaxelmwifo sabWos dadgenilebiT ganisazRvra misiSeerTeba quTaisis guberniasTan. riTac gauqmda saolqo91

mmarTveloba da Camoyalibda ori okrugi – baTumis daarTvinis¨ (37*4). baTumis olqis gauqmebam gamoiwviagarkveuli cvlilebebi mmarTvelobis sferoSi. ¨1883 wlis12 ivnisi. saxelmwifo sabWos dadgenilebiT ganisazRvrabaTumis olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTeba, riTacgauqmda olqSi arsebuli mmarTveloba da Camoyalibda oriokrugi – baTumis da arTvinis, romelic daiyo 7 ubnad.amave gadawyvetilebiT quTaisis gubernators ewodasamxedro gubernatori da SemoRebuli iqna samxedrogubernatoris TanaSemwis Tanamdeboba¨ (31*2). quTaisisgubernatoris TanaSemwe baTumSi ijda. reformis SemdegbaTumSi sapolicio aparati ara Tu Semcirda, piriqiT,ufro gaizarda. qalaqSi Semoiyvanes damatebiTi samxedronawilebi.sul male cxadi gaxda, rom gatarebuliRonisZiebebis miuxedavad carizmis mzakvruli mizani -baTumi wminda rusul qalaqad gadaqceuliyo, xolo aWarasaerTod mowyvetoda qarTul samyaros –ganuxorcielebeli darCa. ¨carizmis erTgulma guSagebmagvian igrZnes es marcxi da amis umTavres mizezad 1883wlis reformis Sedegad baTumis olqis quTaisisguberniasTan SeerTeba miiCnies (100*83).ruseTis xelisuflebis survili, swrafad moexdinaaWaris kolonizacia, miuRweveli iyo. es maSin, rocabaTumis okrugi (e.i.aWara-avt.) mTels quTaisis guberniaSiyvelaze aramWidrod dasaxlebuli mxare iyo. quTaisisguberniis 1892 wlis angariSSi vkiTxulobT: ¨yvelazemcirericxovani dasaxlebebi aris baTumis okrugSi. TusaSualod guberniaSi erT dasaxlebaze modis 87 komli530 mcxovrebiT, baTumis okrugSi es cifri SesabamisadSeadgenda 28 komls da 157 mcxovrebs¨ (36*2). amismiuxedavad, gadmosaxlebuli ¨erTguli elementis¨raodenoba arc ise bevri iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseacxadebdnen rusi moxeleebi, ¨baTumis da arTvinisokrugSi mosuli mosaxleoba aris umniSvnelo. sul aris92

ori rusuli dasaxleba – erTi Curuq-susTan, sadacmoaxalSeneebs gamoeyoT 11 desetina miwa TiTo komlze, dameore – xolodnaia sloboda baTumTan axlos. aq mxolodmamulisaTvis gamoeyoT miwebi (35*4). saqme mTlad ase rodiiyo. jer erTi rusi kolonistebi Znelad eguebodnenadgilobriv klimatur Tu sayofacxovrebo pirobebs,meorec maT surdaT mxolod zRvispira zolSi dasaxleba,sadac Tavisufali miwebi ukve im dros Znelad iSoveboda.amiT iyo gamowveuli \+\ saukunis 90-iani wlebis meorenaxevridan baTumis samrewvelo ganviTarebis masStabebma,da CaqvSi saufliswulo mamulis daarsebam, rac Tavismxriv didi raodenobiT muSaxels moiTxovda,xelisuflebas zemoT aRniSnuli ¨naklovanebis¨ gamosworebissaSualeba misca.1896 wels dondukov-korsakovis Semdeg kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeligaxda generali golicini. (igi mTavarmarTebeliiyo 1896-1904 wlebSi – avt.) axladdaniSnulimTavarmarTebeli ¨akritikebda 1883-1885 wlebis reformisorganizatorebs, romelTa ZiriTad mizans mxaris marTvagamgeobisxarjebis Semcireba Seadgenda¨ (84*86). golicinisastikad ilaSqrebda baTumis olqis quTaisisguberniasTan SeerTebis winaaRmdeg. miaCnda, rom es xelsuwyobda ara marto mahmadian qarTvelTa erovnuliTviTSegnebis amaRlebas, aramed gaaZlierebda qarTvelTakonsolidaciis process. es ki namdvilad ar Sediodakoloniuri politikis Tanmimdevrulad gamtarebelimTavarmarTeblis interesebSi. amas daemata isic, rom \+\saukunis damlevidan baTumi muSaTa moZraobismniSvnelovan centrad gadaiqca. kavkasiis adminitraciarevoluciuri gamosvlebis gaZlierebisa da mis winaaRmdegaraefeqturi brZolis mizezs baTumSi adminitraciulicentris ar arsebobaSi xedavda.baTumis olqis aRdgenis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi jerkidev 1900 wels damdgara. amas adasturebs quTaisissamxedro gubernatoris kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis93

kancelariaSi 1900 wlis 23 oqtombers gagzavnili weriliN 4821, romelSic naTqvami iyo:¨Tqveno umaRlesobav,quTaisis guberniidan baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebisgamoyofa vcaniT sasargeblod da aucileblad¨ (38*1).aRniSnul sakiTxze saqmis kursSi yofila ruseTisumaRlesi xelisuflebac, rasac mowmobs peterburgidanTbilisSi, mTavarmarTebelTan 1901 wlis 24 aprils gamogzavniliwerili:¨Tqvens maRalkeTilSobilebas vacnobebT,rom baTumidan CvenTan modis metad SemaZrwunebeli ambebi.iq Zaladobasa da antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobassazRvari ara aqvs. TqvenTvis isic aris cnobili, Tu radid mniSvnelobas aniWebs misi imperatorobiTiudidebulesoba Cveni imperiisaTvis am metad mniSvnelovanda strategiulad sasicocoxlo mxares. amitom, CvenTvisyovlad mouTmenelia am kuTxis agre uyuradRebodmitoveba. guberniis xelmZRvanelobas ver gauTavisebia ismniSvneloba, romelsac baTumis olqi warmoadgensCvenTvis. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Cveni mTavrobis mimarTkeTilganwyobili damokidebulebiT gamoirCeva da rodesacdainaxavs, rom Cveni xelisufleba ar icavs maT interesebs,SesaZlebelia zurgi gvaqcios da Cven undoblobagamogvicxados. es ki CvenTvis namdvilad ar arisxelsayreli. amitom, gTxovT daviwyoT fiqri, rom baTumisolqi gamovides quTaisis guberniis Semadgenlobidan¨(29*24). maRali rangis moxeleTa didi survilis miuxedavaderTbaSad am sakiTxis gadawyveta maSin SeuZlebeli gaxda.1902 wlis 9 martis movlenebma kvlav gansakuTrebuliaqtualobiT dasva baTumis administraciuli statusisaRdgenis sakiTxi. imperatoris kancelariidanmTavarmarTeblis saxelze gamogzavnil werilSiaRniSnuli iyo¨rogorc Cans Tqven ver imoqmedeT ise, romumokles droSi gadawyvetiliyo baTumis olqis calkeguberniad Camoyalibebis sakiTxi. swored es umoqmedobagaxda mizezi 1902 wlis 9 martis sisxlisRvrisa. amJamad,mgoni aRar gamoinaxeba imis sababi, kidev gadaidos es94

umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi. drois mogebis mizniT. amitom,gTxovT, dauyovnebliv warmoadginoT proeqti baTumisolqis calke gamoyofis Taobazed (15*46). oficiozibaTumis olqis gamoyofis aseTnairad asabuTebda:¨1883wels baTumis olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTeba iyoxelovnuri da meqanikuri gaerTianeba erT mmarTvelobaSiori principulad gansxvavebuli sistemisa daabsoluturad sxvadasxvagvari adgilebisa da amRonisZiebam Seaferxa axladSemoerTebuli olqisganviTareba yvela mimarTulebiT da moutana xazinaszarali, romelic aWarbebda ekonomias, miRebulsdamoukidebeli baTumis olqis mmarTvelobis gauqmebiT.namdvilad, meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi rusulmammarTvelobam am mxareSi TiTqmis ukvalod Caiara Cvenisaxelmwifo interesebisaTvis. amis ZiriTad mizezad undaCavTvaloT 1883 wlis reforma, romelmac elementaruliekonomiis ZiebaSi Seamcira adgilobrivi administraciisSemadgenloba, Seasusta es zemoqmedebis erTaderTi iaraRimxareSi.amis Sedegad administraciuli zemoqmedeba Zalzesusti iyo,... riTac es olqi politikuri ganviTarebisTvalsazrisiT sruli uZraobisaTvis aRmoCnda ganwiruli(31*2). es sityvebi naTlad aCvenebs ruseTis xelisuflebisnamdvil damokidebulebas saqarTvelosadmi.1903 wlis 17 marts imperatorma nikoloz 11 xelimoawera baTumis olqis aRdgenis Sesaxeb dadgenilebas.1903 wlis 17 marts misi umaRlesobis damtkicebulisaxelmwifo sabWos winadadebis safuZvelze imave wlis 1ivniss quTaisis guberniis Semdagenlobidan masTanSeerTebuli baTumisa da arTvinis okurgebi gamoiyodamoukidebel adminitraciul erTeulad, samxedrogubernatoris mmarTvelobiT. olqis administraciulcentrad ganisazRvra q.baTumi¨ (37*4).baTumis olqis damoukideblobis aRdgenas carizmismxridan Sors gamiznuli gegmebi hqonda. imperiis95

mesveurebi SeSfoTebuli imiT, rom baTumSi Tavi moiyarasaqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan CamosulmamTavrobisadmi ¨arasaimedo¨ masam, cdilobdnen baTumisolqi gadaeqciaT rusuli Sovinisturi politikisgatarebis epicentrad¨(79*34).axladgamoyofili baTumis olqis sazRvrebi aseTiiyo: CrdiloeTidan – quTaisis gubernia, aRmosavleTidan –Tbilisis gubernia da yarsis olqi, samxreTidan –TurqeTi (kerZod lazistanis sanjayi), dasavleTidan –Savi zRva. axal olqs eWira 6195 kv.versi.administraciuli TvalsazrisiT axali olqis ori okrugi–baTumis da arTvinis – iyofoda 7 ubnad. baTumis okrugSioTxi ubani iyo: kintriSis, goniis, qveda – aWaris da zeda- aWaris* arTvinis okurgSi sami ubani iyo: arTvinis,artanujis da SavSeT-imerxevis da erTi sapristavoarTvinSi. TiToeuli ubani iyofoda 24 sasoflo okrugad,romelic imarTeboda Tavad golicinis mier 1900 wlis 22ivliss damtkicebuli debulebis Sesabamisad (31*2, 30*1,34*45-46).amrigad, \\ saukunis dasawyisis baTumis aqtiurmapolitikurma cxovrebam daaCqara ruseTis xelisuflebisganzraxvis – baTumis olqis aRdgena – sisruleSi moyvana.96

Tavi IIIaWaris ekonomikuri ganviTareba 1878-19031903wlebSi§ I ekonomikuri mdgomareoba aWaraSi ruseTTanSeerTebis winaWara istoriulad saqarTvelos erT-erT yvelazeganviTarebul mxares warmoadgenda aWara da saerTodWoroxis auzi, mtkvrisa da araqsis zemo dinebebTan erTadis sivrce iyo, sadac uZvelesi civilizaciismniSvnelovani centri-kolxeTi Camoyalibda saqarTvelosfeodaluri monarqiis Zlierebis xanaSi aWarispolitikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebakidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxda. swored am periodSimoRvaweobda aWaraSi cnobili astronomi, mwerali damoazrovne tbel abuseriZe.gviani Sua saukuneebis xanaSi, saqarTvelos erTianisaxelmwifos politikuri daSlis Semdeg Znelbedobayvelaze metad samxreT-dasavleT raionebs da maT Soris,aWaras daatyda Tavs. igi TandaTan osmalTa batonobisuRelqveS moeqca. osmalTa gabatonebiT moiSala saqarTveloserTiani ekonomikuri sistema. meurneoba gaxda ufrokarCaketili. saqarTvelosaTvis meurneobis zogierTtradiciul dargs ara Tu ganviTarebis, aramed arsebobissafrTxec ki Seeqmna. n.berZeniSvili miuTiTebda: ¨osmaleTiimTaviTve saqarTvelos mimarT dapyrobis (inkorporaciis)politikas axorcielebda: ¨osmalobis¨ (e.i. socialurpolitikuriweswyobilebis) danergviT ¨qarTvelobis¨mospobas cdilobda¨ (90*116).aWaraSi osmalTa gabatoneba \|+ saukunidan iwyebaevlia Celebis cnobiT, sulTan suleiman kanunis (1520-1566)dros trapizoni aRweril iqna, mas baTumis sanjayicSeuerTda da calke vilaieTi Seiqmna. trapizonis97

vilaieTi xuTi sanjayisagan Sedgeboda: janhas, qvemobaTumis, zemo baTumis, goniosa da trapzonis. baTumislivaSi 13 ziameTi da 72 Timaria¨ (125*81-82). osmalTamoZaleba TandaTan ufro aqtiuri xdeboda. maTi mizanidapyrobil teritoriaze qarTuli feodaluri weswyobilebissruli mospoba iyo. am gegmisgansaxorcieleblad saWiro iyo qarTuli feodaluriaristokratiis mospoba, qarTul feodalur sazogadoebaSiarsebuli qonebrivi da uflebrivi gansxvavebebislikvidacia, qarTveli feodalis osmalo moxeled-faSad,begad gadaqceva¨ (124*181).osmaluri kanonmdeblobiT miwa eZleodaT samxedropirebs, romlebic aucileblad mahmadianebi undayofiliyvnen. miwaTmflobelobis osmaluri wesebisdamkvidreba erTbaSad ar momxdara ¨qarTvelobas yovelSemTxvevaSi mis mowinave nawils, kargad hqonda Segnebulirom am wesebis SemoReba ¨osmalobis¨ rogorc socialurpolitikurisistemis damkvidrebas moaswavebda.praqtikulad es eris gadaSeneba iqneboda¨ (98*3).magram adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mters TavdadebiTebrZoda da icavda sarwmunoebasa da Tavisuflebas.swored am Tavganwiruli brZolis Sedegi iyo, romosmalebma sastiki Zaladobis miuxedavad sakuTari gegmisganxorcieleba - aWaris gamahmadianeba da damorCilebaTviT \+\ saukunemde ver SeZles. aRniSnulis TaobazesayuradRebo cnoba Semounaxavs z.WiWinaZes, romelic masSavSeTSi mogzaurobis dros Cauweria: ¨Cven berikacebsmoveswariT da isini ambobdnen, rom TorTumis xeobisgamahmadianebis Semdeg tao gamahmadianebula, SemdegzaruSeTi (eruSeTi), SavSeTi da imerxevi. yvelaze gvianaWara da maWaxeli gamahmadianebula¨ (129*19). marTlac,aWaraSi osmaleTis batonoba arasodes yofila iseTimtkice, rogorc es imperiis Sida raonebSi iyo. aWaraosmaleTisaTvis faqtiurad monapire raioni iyo. amitomac¨centraluri mTavroba politikuri da strategiuli moti-98

vebis gamo aq frTxilad iqceoda da iZulebuli iyoadgilobrivi begebis winaSe daTmobebze wasuliyo¨ (84*61).\+\ sauknis pirvel naxevarSi krizisiT moculiosmaleTis imperiis xelisuflebam reformebis gatarebagadawyvita. daiwyo e.w. TanzimaTis periodi, romelsacmTels imperiaSi miwismflobelobis sferoSi samxedrolenurisistemis gauqmeba mohyva Sedegad. amiT qarTvelmagamahmadianebulma feodalebma Zveli privilegiebidahkarges.osmalTa batonobam uaryofiTad imoqmeda aWarisekonomikur ganviTarebaze. mxare mowyda saqarTvelos dasameurneo karCaketilobaSi moeqca. miuxedavad amisa,adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mainc cdilobda tradiciulidargebis SenarCunebas. aWaris dawinaurebuli sameurneoganviTarebis Sesaxeb metyvelebs mdidari istoriuli,arqeologiuri, eTnografiuli masalebi.sameurneo saqmianobaSi wamyvani, gabatonebulimdgomareoba soflis meurneobas eWira. ¨ars aWara xeobavenaxovani, xiliani, mosavliani, Tvinier brinj-banbisa,yovliTa marcvliTa ars tyiani¨-ambobs vaxuStibatoniSvili (95*676).miuxedavad rTuli reliefisa, aWaraSi odiTganmisdevdnen marcvleuli kulturebis moyvanas. Tesavdnen:xorbals, qers, Wvavs, Roms, brinjs, siminds. klimaturipirobebidan gamomdinare marcvleul kulturaTa SorisTandaTan gabatonebuli mdgomareoba simindma daikava. ukve\+\ sauknidan mTels aWaraSi monokulturad simindiiqca¨(101*36). mesimindeobis dawinaurebul mdgomareobazemiuTiTebs dimitri baqraZec, romelmac osmalTa batonobisdros imogzaura aWaraSi:¨ aWaruli soflebi oriveferdobzea Sefenili da xelisguliviT Cans Tavisisimindis da aqa-iq Romis yanebiT¨(88*43). simindi maRalimosavlianobiT gamoirCeoda. g. yazbegi werda: ¨simindisaSualod erTi-ocad, erTi ocdaaaTad, xSirad erTiormocdaaTad da kidev metad modis: xorbali ki-erTi99

aTad. am mizezebisa da imis gamoc, rom saTesi miwebi cotaaqvT, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba TiTqmis marto simindsTesavs (122*57).gavrcelebulobis mixedviT marcvleulebidan meoreadgili eWira brinjs, Semdeg qers da xorbals,mniSvnelovani adgili eWira lobios, fetvs, Roms.unda aRiniSnos, rom marcvleuli kulturebiZiriTadad saojaxo moxmarebisaTvis mohyavdaT,gamonakliss warmoadgenda simindi, romelic gasayidadbazarze gahqondaT.miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad soflis meurneobaSiwamyvani roli mesaqonleobas ekava. marTalia osmalTamier pirutyvis yolaze gazrdili gadasaxadis SemoRebamsaqonlis suladobis Semcireba gamoiwvia, magram igi maincrCeboda mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobis mniSvnelovandargad. mesaqonelobis ganviTarebis mixedviTdawinaurebuli zemo aWara yofila¨ (136*32). petreumikaSvili 1877 wels ¨iveriaSi¨ gamoqveynebul werilSi¨osmalos saqarTvelo¨ werda: ¨saqonels Zalian bevrsinaxaven zeda aWaraSi, metadre soflebSi: bakos, xixaZiris,zemo da qvemo Txilvanas, Rorjoms da nagorevs.sazRvarze mdebare soflebidan didZali karaqi da erbogadmoaqvT Cvenken guriaSi da amiT kargi sargeblobaaqvT... saqonels (igulisxmeba msxvilfexa pirutyvi-avt.)garda yovel mosaxles aTiode cxvari da Txa hyavs daTiTo cxeni¨ (73*1877). e.i. mecxoveleobis produqtebi aramarto saojaxo moxmarebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, aramedbazarzec gahqondaT gasayidad.mevenaxeoba mTels saqarTveloSi meurneobis erT-erTiuZvelesi dargia. vazis gaSenebas aWaraSic uxsovaridroidan misdevdnen. amis utyuar sabuTad unda miviCnioTaWaraSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad Zveli qvevrebisada sawnaxelebis aRmoCena.osmalebi sarwmunoebrivi mosazrebiT gansakuTrebulisisastikiT ebrZordnen mevenaxeobas. Cexdnen vazs, xexilis100

aRebs, raTa moespoT tradiciuli dargebi da SeeryiaTqarTvelTa ekonomikuri keTildReoba aseTi sastiki Ronis-Ziebebis miuxedavad ¨ucxoelma dampyroblebma ver CaklesqarTvel kacSi vazis siyvaruli¨ (107*6). devnis miuxedavadmosaxleoba TurqTa batonobis xanaSic axerxebda maRalxarisxovaniRvinoebis dayenebas. aWaridan yurZenigahqondaT. giorgi yazbegis cnobiT,¨ramdenime wlis winaTaWaraSi modiodnen axalcixeli somxebi, yidulobdnenyurZens da iqve wuravdnen Rvinos¨ (122*93-94). marTaliamahmadianuri sarwmunoebidan gamomdinare osmalebmaakrZales Rvinis dayeneba da gamoyeneb, Tumca marTlmorwmuneT¨neba darTes auduRari yurZnis wveni mierTvaT.aseTi saxis sasmels ¨xardali¨ hqvia-ambobs Tedo saxokia(109*223). rogorc dimitri baqraZe aRniSnavs, aWaraSimogzaurobisas misTvis miurTmeviaT yurZnis wveni,romelsac mastikas eZaxdnen (88*17). aWaraSi gabatonebuliyofila maRlari venaxi.¨aqeTken dablari ar ician, sulmaRlaria, rogorc guria-samegreloSi. vazi uzarmazarxeebzea gaSvebuli¨- wers Tedo saxokia (109*222).aWara mdidari yofila xilis nargavebiT:vaSli,msxali, bali, atami, qliavi, TuTa, leRvi, tyemali, Sindi,kakali, Txili, nesvi, zRmartli da sxva. CamoTvlilsaxeobaTagan gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli yofila vaSlida msxali (122*57).¨aWaraSi xarobs sazamTro da nesvi,uxvadaa yurZeni, aqauri msxali Zalze gemrielia¨miuTiTebsdimitri baqraZe (88*54). sazamTrod xilisaganamzadeben Cirs, romlisganac amzadeben wvens (kompots),romelsac ¨xoSiavs¨ eZaxdnen. xilis wvenis daduRebiTmzaddeboda beTmezi, romelsac aWaris mkvidrTa meniuSimniSvnelovani adgili eWira. igi nawilobriv cvlidaSaqars.aWaraSi meurneobis mniSvnelovani dargi iyo mefutkreoba.gansakuTrebiT maWaxlisa da Wvanis xeobebSi.maWaxlis xeobis mefutkreobaSic naSandoblivi Cans issami forma, romelic gulisxmobs tyiur (kldis futkari,101

xefutkara), naxevrad Sinaur (skebis Semowyoba xeebze) daSinaur (xelovnuri geja da sagangebod mowyobilisafutkre) mefutkreobas (108*22). farTod yofilagavrcelebuli skebis xeebze Semowyoba. mefutkreobisproduqtebs mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba hqonda Tafls damefutkreobis sxva produqtebs (sanTeli, didndgeli)farTo gamoyeneba hqonda xalxur medicinaSi. Tafls dasanTels savaWro daniSnulebac hqonda.soflis meurneobis dargebTan erTad aWaris zogierTraionSi dawinaurebuli iyo xelosnobac, aWara dasaerTod Woroxis auzi jer kidev brinjaos epoqidanganTqmuli iyo metalurgiuli warmoebiT. osmalTabatonobam uaryofiTi gavlena xelosnobis ganviTarebazecmoaxdina. miuxedavad aseTi mdgomareobisa aWaraSi maincagrZelebda arsebobas xelosnobis Semdegi dargebi:mWedloba, xisa da qvis damuSaveba, keramikuli warmoeba.aWareli da lazi xis ostatebi mTel saqarTveloSiyofilan ganTqmulni. kacni xelovanni xis muSaobiTa¨ -werda aWarlebis Sesaxeb vaxuSti batoniSvili (95*134).dimitri baqraZe sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom aWaraSisaukeTeso saxlebi ornamentebiTaa moCuqurTmebuli (88*43).keramikuli warmoeba kolxeTSi jer kidev antikurxanaSi iyo ganviTarebuli. osmalTa batonobamgansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi gavlena mevenaxeobameRvineobasTandakavSirebuli keramikuli nawarmisdamzadebaze moaxdina. Rvinis damzadebisa da moxmarebisTandaTanobiTma SezRudvam did da mcire qvevrebzemoTxovnilebac Seamcira, ramac TavisTavad gamoiwviakeramikuli warmoebis SezRudvac. amis miuxedavad aWaraSiramdenime keramikuli centri mainc arsebobda. ¨aWaraSiTixis nakeTobaTa damzadebis ramdenime lokaluri centrigamoiyofoda. amaTgan mravalferovani WurWlisdamzadebiT Suaxevi gamoirCeoda¨ (102*88). rogorc arqeologiurimasalebi (Tixis maragis arseboba, WurWlismravalferovneba, sameTuneo Carxis arseboba) cxadyofs,102

om Suaxevi keramikuli warmoebis erT-erTi uZvelesicentri unda iyos. Suaxevis garda, aWaraSi keramikuliwarmoebis mniSvnelovani centrebi yofila maWaxlisa damerisis xeobebi. aq mzaddeboda mravalferovani WurWeli:doqebi, qoTnebi, jamebi, kecebi, wyalgayvanilobis milebi,Rariani kramiti.aWaraSi xelosnobis dargebidan yvelazeganviTarebuli mWedloba yofila. iaraRebis damzadebiTgansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda maWaxlis xeoba da qvemo aWara.mWedlebi amzadebdnen saojaxo, sasoflo-sameurneoda samSeneblo iaraRebs: culebs, waldebs, Toxebs da sxv.cecxlsasroli da civi iaraRebis damzadebiTgamoirCeodnen ostatebi maWaxlis xeobidan. iaraRisxelosanTa genealogiis SeswavliT irkveva, rom Tofebisada dambaCebis damzadebis saqme maWaxlis xeobaSi \|+++saukunis meore naxevarSi ukve maRal doneze idga (102*30).aq damzadebuli Tofebi ¨maWaxelas¨ saxeliT iyo cnobili.aWaraSi damzadebuli cecxlsasroli iaraRi ganTqmuliiyo guriasa da imereTSi. d.baqraZe werda:¨aWaraSi, Curuqsusada guriaSi cnobili Tofebia:¨maWaxela¨ xraxnililuliT, romelic maWaxelaSi mzaddeba, dambaCa, cxmorisSigakeTebuli da ¨Tofxana¨ aseve xraxnili luliT,damzadebuli axoSi¨ (132*6).osmalTa batonobisdroindeli aWaris ekonomikuriganviTarebisaTvis damabrkolebel bariers vaWrobis Camor-Ceniloba warmoadgenda. ¨osmaleTis imperiis mTelivaWroba berZnebis, somxebis da sxva ucxoelTa xelSi iyosaerTod. Turqi vaWari ar Canda da amis msgavs suraTsmcire masStabiT aWaraSic vxedavT... aWaraSi vaWrobassawvrilmano xasiaTi hqonda. somxebi vaWrobdnendamaskodan motanili sapniT, sanTliT, makratlebiT,sarkeebiT da sxvadasxva saxis franguli fabrikaciis iafisaqonliT. berZnebi vaWrobdnen inglisuri CiTisa damatylis qsovilebiT. unda iTqvas, rom saqonlis mciremaragic ki, rac SemohqondaT aWaraSi, didi xnobiT ewyo103

savaWroebis Taroebze¨ (100*43-44). vaWrobis SezRudulimasStabebis gamomwvevi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dabalimsyidvelobiTi unarianoba iyo. Tavis mxriv vaWrobisCamorCenilobas gzebis uqonloba ganapirobebda. ¨aWarisxeobaSi Znelad savali gzebis gamo axalcixis vaWrebsTavianTi saqonlis gatana arzrumis bazrebidan urCevniaT– werda J.f. gamba (91*263). am xarvezs garkveulad avsebdamd.Woroxi. Turqi mogzauri evlia Celebi, romelmac \|++saukunis Sua xanebSi imogzaura saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiisqveynebSi, exeboda ra Woroxis did savaWro mniSvnelobas,werda:¨ lazebis bevr navs am mdinaris aRma,aRmosavleTisaken da samegrelos sazRvrebisaken miaqvsmarili, rkineuli, sxvadasxva xelsawyo-iaraRebi¨(125*83).aWaris saerTo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCvenebladunda miviCnioT is faqti, rom TviT \+\ saukunemde baTumiumniSvnelo centrs warmoadgenda. frangi mogzauri adriandiupre, romelmac 1807 wels inaxula baTumi, masaxasiaTebs, rogorc zRvispira sofels, sadac 2000-mdeadamiani cxovrobda (91*262). \+\ saukunis Sua xanebSic¨baTumi warmoadgenda patara zRvispira dasaxlebas, sadacidga osmalTa sasazRvro jari¨ (119*19). Tumca \+\ saukunis60-iani wlebidan baTumis, rogorc savaWro centrisgarkveuli gamococxleba daiwyo.§ II porto-frankobaTumSi da misi roli aWarisekonomikur ganviTarebaze\+\ saukunis 70-iani wlebis balkaneTis slavixalxebis ajanyebas Sedegad ruseT-osmaleTs Soris axaliomi mohyva. 1877 wlis 12(24)aprils imperatorma aleqsande11 kiSiniovSi xeli moawera manifests osmaleTTan omisdawyebis Sesaxeb. omiT orive mxare iyo dainteresebuli.104

wyinvale porta, romelsac kavkasiaSi dakarguliteritoriebis dabruneba surda, srul ignorirebasukeTebda ruseTis moTxovnebs. ruseTi ki am omSiwarmatebis SemTxvevaSi gegmavda yirimis omis Sedegaddakarguli samxreT besarabiis dabrunebas da baTumisSeerTebas (150*196). qarTveloba miesalma ruseT-osmaleTisomis dawyebas, vinaidan miiCnevda, rom mas ¨Sedegadmohyveboda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos TurqTabatonobisagan ganTavisufleba¨ (110*440). saomarioperaciebis msvlelobisas ruseTis armiam didwarmatebebs miaRwia rogorc kavkasiaSi, ise balkaneTSi.aRebul iqna yarsisa da plevnis Zlieri cixesimagreebi.osmaleTma dahkarga omis warmatebiT dasrulebis imedi daevropis saxelmwifoebs mimarTa ruseTTan sazavomolaparakebebze Suamdgomlobis TxovniT (149*88).1878 wlis 19 Tebervals (3marts) san-stefanoSi gaformdasazavo xelSekruleba, romelic savsebiT Seesabamebodagamarjvebuli ruseTis interesebs. omSi miyenebulizaralisaTvis ruseTma moiTxova aTas oTxas aTi milionimaneTi. vinaidan osmaleTs ar SeeZlo aseTi Tanxisgadaxda, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom gadasaxdeli Tanxisdidi nawilis sanacvlod ruseTi miiRebda teritoriuldaTmobebs. osmaleTi gadasaxdeli Tanxis 213 sanacvloduTmobda ruseTs samxreT besarabias, xolo kavkasiaSiyarss, ardagans, baiazeTs da baTums¨ (155*170). san-stefanossazavo pirobebi ruseTis seriozul warmatebebsakanonebda rogorc balkaneTSi, ise kavkasiaSi, rasac verSeurigdebodnen evropis saxelmwifoebi. am mxrivgansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda inglisi, romelsac mxarsuWerdnen avstria-ungreTi da safrangeTi. aRniSnulsakiTxebSi evropis didi saxelmwifoebis pozicia mxolodprotestiT ar Semoifargleboda. maT faqtiurad omisaTvisdaiwyes mzadeba. 1878 wlis martis bolos premier-ministrbikonsfildis (dizraelis) SuamdgomlobiT dedofalmaviqtoriam TadarigSi myofTa mobilizacia gamoacxada.105

inglisis gemebi dardanelisaken daiZrnen (135*226).ruseTiaxali didi omis safrTxis gamo iZulebuli gaxdadaTanxmeboda san-stefanos sazavo pirobebis gadasinjvasevropis saxelmwifoTa kongresze, romelic 1878 wlis 1(13)ivniss gaixsna berlinSi. mas eswrebodnen ruseTisa daTurqeTis garda inglisis, germaniis, avstria-ungreTis,safrangeTisa da italiis delegaciebi. kongresismsvlelobaSi gamoirkva, rom ruseTi faqtiuradsaerTaSoriso izolaciaSi moeqca da iZulebuli gaxdaseriozul daTmobebze wasuliyo. gansakuTrebiT didiwinaaRmdegoba warmoiSva baTumis sakiTxis gamo.upirvelesad ingliss ar surda aseTi mniSvnelovanistrategiuli da ekonomikuri centri ruseTs gadascemoda.ruseTis delegaciac principulad winaaRmdegi iyo baTumisdaTmobisa. sabolood SeTanxmdnen, rom baTumi ruseTsgadaecemoda porto-frankos statusiT. inglisisdelegacia daTanxmda baTumis pronto-frankodgamocxadebas im mizniT, rom momavalSi igi ruseTiswinaaRmdeg samxedro da ekonomikuri SetevisTvis gamoeyenebina(114*70).1878 wlis 25 agvistos 11 saaTze rusTa daqarTvelTa jarma baTumi daikava. kavkasiis mefisnacvalmadidma mTavarma mixeil nikolozis Zem imperatoraleqsandre 11 depeSiT acnoba: ¨maqvs bednierebamovuloco Tqvens imperatorobiT udidebulesobas baTumisdakaveba¨(157*100).berlinis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT baTumi ruseTsgadaeca rogorc porto-franko. mainc ras gulisxmobdaporto-frankos statusi da rogori iqneboda ruseTTanSeerTebis Semdeg baTumis momavali.¨porto-franko¨ italiuri sityvaa da ewodeba iseTnavsadgurs, sadac rogorc ucxouri, ise adgilobrivi saqonlisTavisufali, ubaJod vaWroba xdeba aseTiTavisufali gacvla xdeba navsadguris garkveul,gansazRvrul nawilSi, romelic danarCeni teritoriisagan106

sabaJo sazRvriTaa gamoyofili. swored am nawilSiarsebul sawyobebSi xdeba saqonlis Tavmoyra, daxarisxeba,SefuTva da sarealizaciod daniSnulebis adgilzegagzavna. porto-frankos reJimis Seqmna gamoiwvia didigeografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg gacxovelebulma savaWroekonomikurmaurTierTobebma. evropis didi sazRvaosaxelmwifoebis interesebi moiTxovda rac SeiZleba didiraodenobiT saqoneli Tu nedleuli miezidaT. sabaJobarierebi vaWrebisagan rogorc dros, ise garkveulfinansur resursebsac moiTxovda, maSin roca saqonlismflobels jer kidev ar hqonda bazarze arsebulipirobebi dazustebuli. yovelive es abrkolebda saqonlisimportis process amitom sxvadasxva qveynis xelisuflebaTavad iyo dainteresebuli vaWrobis ganviTarebisa daucxouri saqonlis mizidvis mizniT Seeqmna sabaJobarierebisagan Tavisufali savaWro navsadguris zonebi.pirvelad porto-franko Seiqmna 1547 wels italiis qalaqlivornoSi da male miaRwia saocar warmatebebs. amisSemdeg me-16-me-18 saukuneebSi araerTi porto-frankodaarsda italiaSi, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi da sxvaqveynebSi. ruseTSi pirveli porto-franko daarsdaodesaSi 1817 wels da faqtiurad gansazRvra misi, rogorcmniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso savaWro centrisCamoyalibeba (137*604-605). magram porto-frankos statusiuaryofiTad moqmedebda sakuTriv ruseTis ekonomikurganviTarebaze. pirveli pirdapiri Sedegi, rac mohyvaodesis porto-frankos, es iyo Seviwroeba ara martoodesis, aramed mTeli ukrainis samamulo mrewvelobisa,romlis nawarmsac ar SeeZlo konkurencia gaewia dasavleTevropis iafi, ubaJod Semotanili saqonlisaTvis. aman dididartyma miayena saerTod ruseTis samrewveloganviTarebas. xelisuflebam male daiwyo odesis portofrankosSeviwroeba da 1822 wels pirveli SezRudvebidaawesa, magram am SezRudvebs ar SeeZlo ruseTisxelisuflebisaTvis sasurveli miznis miRweva. ¨ormoci107

weliwadi iarseba odesaSi porto frankom, am xnisganmavlobaSi ruseTis interesis damcveli ZalebiSeuneleblad ibrZodnen porto-frankos winaaRmdeg. esbrZola TiTqmis misi gamocxadebis dRidanve daiwyo¨(115*54-55). miuxedavad gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa mainc veraRikveTa odesis porto-frankos meSveobiT ruseTisbazraze iafi evropuli, kontrabanduli saqonlis SeRweva.swored kontrabandis farTo masStabebis gamo ruseTisxelisuflebam 1859 wlis 19 aprils igi gaauqma. 1862 welsporto -franko gamocxadda vladivostokSic, oRondgarkveuli SezRudvebiT- spirti, Rvino da Tambaqo baJiTibegreboda. miuxedavad amisa porto-frankom daaCqaraaramarto q.vladivostokis aramed mTeli mxarisekonomikuri ganviTareba (137*604-605) ¨baTumi iyo mesameqalaqi ruseTis imperiaSi, sadac 1878 wlis 20 oqtombersqalaqSi Sevida porto-frankos reJimi da man iarseba 1886wlis 27 ivnisamde, vidre igi ar gauqmda ruseTisimperator aleqsandre 111-is specialuri brZanebulebiT¨(113*53).ruseTis xelisuflebam kavkasiis mmarTvelobasdaavala SeemuSavebina baTumis porto-frankosaTvisSesabamisi wesdeba. arsebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze(q.odesis porto-frankos wesdebis mixedviT) kavkasiismefisnacvlis kancelariam SeimuSava baTumis portofrankoswesdebis proeqti. igi Sedgeboda 30paragrafisagan, romelic iyofoda sam ganyofilebad: 1saerTo debulebebi, 2.portSi Semosuli gemebisa daSemotanili saqonlis kontrolis wesebi, 3.baTumidansaqonlis gatanis pirobebis Sesaxeb (10*57-62). wesdebismixedviT baTumsa da mis navsadgurSi nebadarTuli iyoucxouri saqonlis Tavisufali da ubaJo Semotana. esSeRavaTi ar vrceldeboda saeqsporto rusul saqonelze.romlisTvisac unda gadaexadaT gatanisaTvis dawesebulibaJi.108

wesdebis mixedviT porto-franko TxriliT undayofiliyo SemosazRvruli. iqmneboda sabaJo saguSagoebi,romelTac unda gaekontrolebinaT qalaqSi rogorcsaqonlis Semotana, ise gansakuTrebiT misi gatana. ammizniT ¨qalaqs dauwesda oTxi sabaJo kari:ozurgeTisa(qobuleT-guriisaken), kaxabrisa (qeda-xulosaken),Woroxisa (borCxa-arTvinisaken) da Woroxis bolosi(gonia-sarfis gziT yars-trapizonisaken) am karebSigatanil nebismier saqonelze mepatrones unda gadaexadabaJi dawesebuli nixriT¨ (117*25).sabaJo saguSagoebisa da mkacri sakarantino wesebisSemoRebam mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo carizmis reJimisdamyarebiT isedac Sewuxebuli mosaxleoba. baTumi xommTeli regionisaTvis erTaderT savaWro centrs warmoadgenda.porto-frankos SemoRebis Semdeg ki isinibaTumisagan faqtiurad mowyvetili aRmoCndnen. glexiveRar axerxebda bazarze gaetana mis mier moweuliproduqti da aseve SeeZina misTvis aucilebelisamrewvelo saqoneli. sabaJo saguSagoebis TanamSromlebiuxeSad Cxrekdnen yvela gamvlels, maT Soris qalebsac.amis Sesaxeb araerTgzis iuwyeboda ara marto qarTuli,aramed TviT rusuli presac. mebaJeebi zedmeti mondomebiTxandaxan Tavs sasacilo mdgomareobaSic igdebdnen.¨erTidedakaci midioda baTumidan quTaiss, es mandilosanisakmaod sqeli, rom ityvian, faSfaSa dedakaci iyo. rocamivida damoJnis (sabaJos-avt.) moxeleebTan, am ukanasknelTifiqries, es dedakaci bunebiT sqeli ar iqnebao,xelovnurad gasqelebula, uTuod tanisamosis qveSkontrabanda eqnebao. waiyvanes gasasinjad da rom vercjibeebSi, verc tanzed vera upoves ra, darCnen saxtadmetad erTguli mosamsaxureebi¨ (68*1884). ufro kuriozulifaqtis Sesaxeb werda ¨kavkazi¨:¨adre mosaxleoba midiodaqalaqSi (igulisxmeba baTumi-avt.), yidulobda Turqul anfrangul saqonels da mSvidad brundeboda saxlSi, areSinoda, rom yaraulebi gaaCerebdnen da aiZulebdnen109

mTeli saaTobiT gaCerebuliyo sabaJoze. cota xnis winaTerTi glexi movida baTumSi da iyida gardacvlilisaTvisramdenime arSini CiTis naWeri. iyida da wavida saxlSi, arSeuvlia sabaJoze. arc ufiqria, rom aseTi umniSvnelonivTisaTvis pasuxs mosTxovdnen, miT ufro, rom naWerimicvalebulisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. magram ase argamovida. gzaSi is gaaCeres yaraulebma da nayidiwaarTves. glexi dabrunda qalaqSi, mTeli dRe dadioda datiroda, rom mas micvalebuli darCeboda daumarxavi,radgan mas aRar hqonda fuli, rom kvlav eyida sxvanaWeri. mas Seugroves 5 maneTi da uyides rusuli CiTisnaWeri da gauSves saxlSi. rusul saqonelze gadasaxadiara aris. magram xalxi SeeCvia frangul da Turqulsaqonels, miT ufro, rom rusuli saqoneli ufroZviria¨(138*1879). xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca sabaJosTanamSromlebi wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli minimaluriodenobis saqonlis gatanis uflebasac ar aZlevdnenadgilobriv mcxovrebT, awvalebdnen maT. ¨miuxedavadimisa, rom damoJnis postebi naxevar girvanqa brinjs,naWers CiTs da naWers sapons ar atanen, rogorcdawesebulia mazris mcxovrebTaTvis, uzrdeladac eqcevianmgzavrebs, gansakuTrebiT qurTis da boSis dedakacebs,romelTac Zalian uzrdelad da briyvad sinjaven... nuTueseni ki adamianebi ar arian?!¨ (71*1885). sabaJos moxeleebigarda kontrabanduli saqonlis CamorTmevisa adgilobrivmcxovreblebs pirad nivTebs, xandaxan TviT cxensac kiarTmevdnen. erTi aseTi SemTxvevis Sesaxeb ¨droeba¨werda:¨erTi aWareli kaci midioda cxeniT baTumidansaxlSi. kaxabris tamoJnis postze saldaTebma upovos amkacs unagiris qveS sami ubralo xelsaxoci. daiWires dawaradgines saca jer ars, rogorc kontrabandis mimqoni.tamoJniis kanonebiT mekontrabandes unda gadaxdes xuTjermeti im fasisa, rac daWerili saqoneli Rirs, saqonelicunda gaiyidos. ubeduri aWareli amas ar daajeres dacxenic gauyides. kanoniT yvelaferi gadaxda110

mekontrabandes. cxeni raRa SuaSi iyo, nuTu esec kontrabandadicvnes?!¨ aseTi faqtebiT Sewuxebuli da moTminebadakargulimosaxleoba baTumSi porto-frankos gauqmebasiTxovda. ¨baTumis mazris mcxovrebni sTxovdnengubernators umaRles mTavrobasTan Suamdgomlobas, rombaTumi porto-frankod aRar iyos, radganac didi, Zaliandidi Seviwroeba adgiaT tamoJnis mxriT. erTi arSiniCiTis waReba ar SeuZlianT baTumis mazris mcxovreblebs,maSin, roca erTaderTi savaWro centri mTelis mazrisabaTumia¨ (69*1884). aseTi faqtebi Zabavda da amwvavebdaadgilobriv mosaxleobas da rusul administracias Sorisisedac rTul urTierTobas. sxva faqtebTan erTad sworedporto-frankos Sedegad Seqmnili adgilobrivimosaxleobis ganwyobileba unda miviCnioT aWarelTamuhajirad wasvlis erT-erT arsebiT mizezad.¨portofrankosSedegad dawesebuli rusuli reJimi imdenadautaneli Seiqmna adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, romxalxi stovebda Tavis mSobliur sayvarel kuTxes daTurqeTSi garboda¨(114*100).carizmis xelisufleba Tavidanve winaaRmdegi iyobaTumis porto-frankod gamocxadebisa. aseTi statusiruseTs ar awyobda arc ekonomikuri da arc strategiuliTvalsazrisiT. magram berlinis kongresze inglis-ruseTiswinaaRmdegobebi baTumis sakiTxSic gamovlinda. inglissar surda ruseTisaTvis daeTmo aseTi Zalze moxerxebulinavsadguri Sav zRvaze. imisaTvis rom erTi mxriv aekrZalaruseTisaTvis samxedro simargeebis mSenebloba baTumSi,xolo meore mxriv Tavad eqcia igi ruseTze ekonomikurizemoqmedebis saSualebad, inglisis premier-ministrmalordma bikonsfildma baTumSi porto-frankos SeqmnamoiTxova. ¨xangrZlivi diplomatiuri dapirispirebebisSemdeg ruseTi daTanxmda baTumis porto-frankod gamocxadebaze.aseTi Tanxmoba evropis saxelmwifoTa dawolisSedegad moxda da igi ar gamoxatavda ruseTis interesebs¨(139*1881). baTumis porto-franko miuRebeli iyo Camoyali-111

ebis stadiaSi myofi ruseTis burJuaziisaTvis, radgan igiporto-frankos mdgomareobaSi dasavleT evropissaxelmwifoebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT inglisisaTvis) Riabazars warmoadgenda. cxadia, ruseTis mrewvelkapitalistebs Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi arSeeZloT gaeZloT ucxouri (evropuli) saqonlis moZalebisaTvis.¨odesis msgavsad porto-franko baTumSisafrTxes uqmnida amierkavkasiisa da TviT ruseTismrewvelobis ganviTarebas. igi abrkolebda baTumisekonomikur winsvlas, xels uSlida baTumSi navTobgadamamuSavbeliqarxnebis gaxsnas... porto-frankos wyalobiTkontrabandul vaWrobas didi gasaqani eZleoda¨(115*59). amitom isini daxmarebas xelisuflebas sTxovdnen,romelic yvela zomas mimarTavda, raTa baTumis portofrankosruseTis mrewvelobisaTvis dartyma armieyenebina.¨ cxadia, ruseTs naklebad aSinebda Turqulinawarmis konkurencia. mas ufro afiqrebda iafi,inglisuri (saerTod evropuli) saqoneli, romelicdaubrkoleblad ipyrobda baTumis bazars da adviladvrceldeboda qveyanaSi. amitom moZalebul kontrabandasxelisuflebam garesamyarosagan porto-frankos sruliizolireba daupirispira da sabaJo-karantirebis meSveobiTumkacresi policiuri reJimi daawesa¨ (117*33). xelovnuribarierebis Seqmnam kidev ufro gaarTula q.baTumTan misimimdebare raionebis savaWro urTierToba. amasxelisuflebis zogierTi warmomadgenelic aRiarebda dacdilobda gamosavali epovna. erT-erTi aseTTagani yofilabaTumis navsadguris maSindeli ufrosi kontr-admiraligreve, romelic 1880 wlis ivlisSi kavkasiisxelisuflebas moaxsenebda:¨saWiroa kargad iqnesSeswavlili xalxis mier (igulisxmeba aWaris mkvidrimosaxleoba-avt.) samSoblos datovebis mizezebi...gadasaxlebaSi mimavalni piradad davkiTxe, Tu ra arisamis mTavari mizezi. umravlesobam TiTqmis sityva-sityviTmipasuxa: rodesac qalaqi sulTans ekuTvnoda, Cven112

soflidan mivdiodiT iq da vyiddiT kvercxs, rZes, yvels,Tafls da yvelafers, rac ki gagvaCnda, xolovyidulobdiT qalaqSi rac gvWirdeboda da vbrundebodiTsaxlSi. aravin Cven ar gvexeboda, magram axla yvelas isegvCxreken, rogorc qurdebs da rac yvelaze ufro Seuracmyofelia,amowmeben Cvens qalebs. yvelaferi es imdenadautanelia, rom Cven unda gavecaloT aqaurobaso¨ (114*100-101). Seiqmna komisia, romelsac unda gadaesinja portofrankossazRvrebi. winaswari ganzraxva iyo, rom igiSeemcirebinaT. magram moxda piriqiT. komisiam es sakiTxiver gadawyvita, xolo kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelidondukov-korsakovi 1884 wels baTumis mosaxleobisinteresebis gaTvaliswinebis mizniT SuamdgomlobasaRZravs finansTa ministris winaSe, raTa baTumis portofrankossazRvrebi gafarTovdes. ¨kavkasiismTavarmarTebeli Tavadi dondukov-korsakoviSuamdgomlobs winaSe finasTa ministrisa baTumis portofrankosgadidebis Sesaxeb. am Suamavlobis safuZvladTavads mohyavs is garemoeba, rom saWiroa daxmareba navTismrewvelobisa amierkavkasiaSi, radganac rkinigziTSeerTebis Semdeg baTumis porto-frankos siviwroveSeadgens erTs umTavress Semaferxebels navTismrewvelobis warmatebisaTvis¨ (67*1884). marTlac,adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebi xelisuflebasnaklebad aRelvebda porto-frankos sazRvrebisgafarToeba saSualebas miscemda ruseTis navTis mrewvelebsaq aegoT qarxnebi da ewarmoebinaT samewarmeosaqmianoba, miT ufro rom yovelgvari dabegvrisaganTavisufali iqnebodnen.¨raTa ar gadaexadaT ucxoeTidanSemotanili manqanebis, Carxebis da Tunuqis baJi,meqarxneebi grZnobdnen ra porto-frankos sazRvrebissiviwroves, aRZres Suamdgomloba Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTmdebare adgilebis qalaqis farglebSi mosaqcevad, raTa iqaegoT qarxnebi¨(46*12).113

porto-frankos reJimisaTvis Tanmxlebi uaryofiTimovlenebisa (gansazRvruli teritoriis privilegirebulmdgomareobaSi Cayeneba, rac TavisTavad aferxebdadanarCeni nawilis ekonomikur ganviTarebas, garkveuliSezRudvebi da sxva) da ruseTis xelisuflebis miermkacri sakarantino politikis miuxedavad, baTumis portofrankomudavod didi roli iTamaSa rogorc qalaqbaTumis, ise mTeli mxaris ekonomikuri dawinaurebissaqmeSi.¨porto-frankos reJimi sasargebloa ganviTarebisdabal doneze mdgomi qveynebisaTvis, radgan igi qmnissagareo savaWro urTierTobebis axal arteriebs, xelsuwyobs investiciebis mozidvas da kapitalis dagrovebas,rac friad mniSvnelovania CamorCenili qveynebisaTvis¨(113*53).ruseTTan SeerTebamde baTumi marTlac umniSvneloqalaqi iyo. mogzaur adrian diupres sityvebiT romelmacinaxula baTumi 1807 wels, am qalaqs yofili soflis saxeufro hqonda, vidre qalaquri dasaxlebis. baTumisganviTarebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebsgvawvdis inglisis konsuli palgrevi Tavis 1872 wlisangariSSi:¨oci wlis winaT baTumi iyo mxolod pataradaba, magram Sav zRvarze ruseTis naosnobisa da vaWrobissazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da foTTan mezoblobiswyalobiT, man SeiZina savaWro mniSvneloba da male gaxdaufro mniSvnelovani, vidre am sanapiros sxva portebi. amdrois baTumSi sul 246 saxli iyo. qalaqis mudmivimcxovreblebis ricxvi Seadgenda 1383. daaxloebiT 400suli aramudmivad cxovrobda. mas aqvs qarebisagansaimedod daculi brwyinvale da Rrma yure. gzebisuqonlobis gamo baTumSi vaWroba umniSvneloa¨ (133*351-352).\+\ saukunis 50-70-ian wlebSi, TurqeTis mmarTvelobisbolo periodSi, baTumis zrda-ganviTarebas ori momentiganapirobebda: brwyinvale bunebrivi yure da 50-ian wlebSidafuZnebuli ruseTis naosnobisa da vaWrobissazogadoebis saagento Tavisi sawyobebiTa da sxva114

nagebobebiT. baTumi gaxda yirim-kavkasiisa da anatoliissavaWro xazis bolo punqti. miuxedavad amisa baTumissavaWro mniSvneloba kvlav SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo.SemohqondaT ZiriTadad qvanaxSiri da sxvadasxva saqoneli,gahqondaT samSeneblo xe-tye da marcvleuli. importisWarbobda eqsports. saSualod weliwadSi SemohqondaT199.000 funti sterlingis Rirebulebis saqoneli, xologahqondaT 179.000 funti sterlingis Rirebulebissaqoneli¨ (133*354).ruseTis mier baTumis dakavebis Semdeg erTxans gaurkveveliviTareba Seiqmna. SiSobdnen rom gazafxulzekvlav omi ganaxldeboda. bundovani politikuri viTarebabevrs aiZulebda vaWroba-mrewvelobis saqmeSi kapitaldabandebebisaganTavi Seekavebina. aman uaryofiTi gavlenamoaxdina baTumis mdgomareobaze. bevri, vinc axladSemoer-Tebuli baTumi naxa, acxadebda, rom baTumSi vaWroba kidevufro daeca. Tumca aseTi viTareba didxans argagrZelebula, male baTumSi araCveulebrivigamococxleba daiwyo. 1878-1882 wlebSi baTumSi momxdarcvlilebebze srul warmodgenas gvaZlevs sergi mesxismier 1882 wlis 8 dekembers ¨droebaSi¨ gamoqveynebuliwerili saTauriT ¨baTomi da baTomelebi¨:¨pirvelad mevnaxe baTomi im dRes, ra dResac is rusebma daiWires (26mariamobisTves 1878 wlis). es iyo is dRe, rodesacosmalos mTavroba da jari Tavis derviS-faSiT stovebdaam qveyanas da magivrad, Sig rusis jari da mTavrobaSedioda.mTeli qalaqi, mTeli es mxare areuli iyo maSin...maSindeli baTomi axlandels gorze ufro patara dauSno qalaqi iyo. or-sam rigian saxls ver naxavdiT,talaxiani, oRroCoRroiani, bneli quCebi, aziuri bazarida sxva...erTi wlis Semdeg kidev momeca SemTxveva baTomisnaxvisa... q.baTomSi uCveulo moZraoba Canda: gaCeniliyvnenuangariSo pirni, ucxo qveynebidam mosulni, romelnic am115

axlad dapyrobil qveynebSi xelis moTbobas, jibisgavsebas hlamobdnen. vinc ar ginda mamuls iZenda,saxlebis aSenebas hfiqrobda.dRes mesamed viyavi baTomSi.pirveli Cemi STabeWdileba iyo, rom is ¨gavsila¨,¨gazrdila¨. marTlac, gareganis SexedulebiT didigansxvavebaa maSindels da axlandels baToms Sua. sadaxlandeli namdvili evropuli mdidari maRaziebi,romlebSic mgoni Citis rZesac ki iSovnis kaci, da sadmaSindeli duqnebi, romlebSiac muxlmokecili baTomelioriod Tof trapizonis CiTeulobiT vaWrobda...saca argaixedavdiT, yvelgan axali Senobebi gaeSenebinaT anaSenebdnen. mTeli axali ubnebi gakeTebulan, qalaqis baRshmarTaven, qalaqi ¨gaplanulia¨, tbebs aSroben, wyaligamohyavT, navT-sadguris gafarToebas apireben, rkinisgzagahyavT da sxva da sxva¨(66*1882).ganTavisuflebis Semdeg baTums auarebeli bedismaZiebeli moawyda, visac surda raime xerxiT mogeba enaxa.¨didZali xalxi Camovida aq, yvela aq moelis gakeTebas.darbian, dacmacuroben, hyvirian, CurCuleben, dilidansaRamomdinaqa-iq daZvrebian, samaRazio, sastumro, saduqnosaxlebs qiraoben, adgilebs yiduloben, ¨saqmes¨ eZeben¨ -werda s.mesxi (105*36). aseT viTarebaSi Zalze swrafadizrdeboda fasebi miwaze. ¨kavkazi¨ iuwyeboda : ¨ueWveladmdidari momavlis gamo, romelic gaaCnda baTums, didZalifuliani xalxi cdilobs aq sacxovreblad gadmosvlas.qalaqSi miwa daswrebazea da iyideba zRaprulad maRalfasebSi, saxlebi izrdeba rogorc sokoebi¨(140*1882).rusuli savaWro firmebi iTxovdnen sasawyobed baTumisnavsadgurSi miwebis gamoyofas (1*12). bevri cdilobda ammxriv xelisuflebis mxardaWeris mopovebas. Tu ramdenadiyo dainteresebuli ruseTis kapitalisturi wreebibaTumiT garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis ruseTisnaosnobisa da vaWrobis sazogadoebis direqtoris kontradmiralp.CixaCevis #232-e mimarTva, gagzavnili kavkasiis116

mefisnacvlis kancelariaSi 1878 wlis 28 seqtembers.werilis avtori madlobas moaxsenebs kavkasiismefisnacvals baTum-yirimis sazRvao xazis gaxsnissakiTxSi mxardaWerisaTvis. ¨rom sazogadoebadauyovnebliv Seudga yirim-kavkasiis reisebis, rogorcwriuli, ise pirdapiris, baTomamde gagrZelebas, romeliciqneba am xazis bolo punqti. es udavod moutanssagreblobas mxaris gamococxlebas da xels SeuwyobssavaWro urTierTobebis gaZlierebas... amJamadsazogadoebis mTavari sazrunavia droulad uzrunvelyosTavi sanapiroze moxerxebuli adgiliT saagentosmowyobisaTvis da sawyobebisaTvis. aseTi adgilis SeZenaamJamad kerZo xelidan, baTumSi arsebuli spekulaciuricieb-cxelebis gamo SeuZlebelia, amitom aucilebeliasazogadoebam miaRwios mTavrobis mxardaWeras¨ (1*14-15).xelisufleba marTlac cdilobda portis mimdebaremiwebis gamoTavisuflebas. kerZo miwaTmflobelebisagancdilobda gamoesyida maTi nakveTebi, magram xSirSemTxvevaSi miwis mepatroneebi dazaralebulni rCebodnenmasan sabazro Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad ar aZlevdnenmiwis safasurs, an saerTod mepatrones miwis safasurismisaRebad wlobiT uwevda saCivris wera. mag.1885 welsbaTumSi ferad-beg beJaniZes da mis Zmebs CamoaWres daports gadasces 28 kv.saJeni miwa. maT safasuri didxans argadauxades. bevri davidarabis Semdeg 1895 wlis 30noembers kavkasiis samoqalaqo saqmeTa mmarTvelis 10836-ebrZanebiT beJaniZeebi portisaTvis gadacemuli miwissafasurad miiRebdnen (ganvlili wlebis procentsdaricxviT) sul 1400 maneTs, oRond miwismflobelobisdamadasturebeli kanonieri dokumentis wardgenisSemTxvevaSi¨(25*9-12).\+\ saukunis 80-iani wlebidan baTumi swrafadviTardeboda. amas umTavresad moxerxebuli navsadguriganapirobebda. ganviTarebis tempebi ufro TvalsaCinogaxda 1883 wlidan, rac eqsploataciaSi Sevida baTumi-117

samtrediis rkinigzis monakveTi. am zrdis sailustraciodbaTumis portis tvirTbrunvac metyvelebs. Tu 1878 welsbaTumSi sul Semovida 29.776 fuTi saqoneli, 1883 welsSemovida 922.423 fuTi, xolo 1886 wels - 2.732.746 fuTi. Tuadre Semotana sWarbobda gatanas, exla viTarebasapirispirod Seicvala. mag. 1878 wels Semoitanes 906.330maneTis saqoneli, xolo gaitanes 365.712 maneTis, 1886wels sul Semoitanes 2.732.746 fuTi, xolo gaitanes -19.667.885 fuTi (133*357-375).aseTi warmatebebiT baTumi seriozul safrTxesuqmnida Savi zRvis sxva mezobel portebs. ¨droeba¨ werda:¨inglisis baTumeli konsuli Tavisi mTavrobisadmimoxsenebaSi ambobs, rom baTumi TandaTan iseTswarmatebaSi midis, rom imis navsadguri, ueWvelia didzarals miscems da daamcirebs foTisa da trapzonisvaWrobasao¨ (65*1882). ¨didi xania, rac Savs zRvazedgamoCenil qalaqebSi ixsenieba baTumi... baTums saukeTesonavsadguri aqvs TviT bunebisagan gakeTebuli, romelsacgroSis daxarjva arc ki moundeba... dRes foTi veRarSeejibreba da TiTqmis gadawyvetiT unda vsTqvaT, rom arcdReis Semdeg daiWers im adgils, rac aqamdis eWira.baTomi upirveles adgilad unda gadaiqces Savs zRvaze,vaWrebma didi xania kargad gaiges da daesivnen baToms”(63*1882).vaWrobis gamococxleba gaxda mTeli qalaqis ganviTarebissafuZveli. Semosavlebis zrdam qalaqis iersaxezedadebiTi gavlena iqonia. ¨iveria¨ werda: ¨guSin winTavisTvis mivardnili, miyuCebuli baTumi, ¨aziuri qalaqi¨,dRes evropis qalaqad gadaiqca, gaevropelda!...moqalaqeobrivi cxovreba baTumSi nelnela xorc isxams...baTums aqvs wliuri Semosavali 80.000 maneTze meti.amSemosavlis raodenoba yovels wels hmatulobs¨ (74*1886).80-iani wlebidan baTumis, rogorc mniSvnelovanisavaWro-samrewvelo centris ganviTarebaSi didi iyoporto-frankos roli. amas TviT ruseTis oficialuri118

pirebic aRiarebdnen – “ra Tqma unda porto - frankom,dafuZnebulma iseT naklebad kulturul punqtSi,rogoric baTumia, garkveuli gavlena moaxdina missavaWro-samrewvelo ganviTarebaze¨ (133*357). e.i. mefismoxeleebi baTumis warmatebebs misi TavdapirveliCamorCenilobiT ufro xsnidnen, vidre porto-frankosdamsaxurebad miiCnevdnen.ruseTis xelisufleba, romelic TavidanvewinaaRmdegi iyo baTumSi porto-frankos SemoRebisa,sargeblobs ra \+\ saukunis 80-ian wlebSi evropissaxelmwifoTa Soris axali gadajgufebiT, TandaTaniwyebs porto-frankos SezRudvas. 1886 wlis 27 ivniss,ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre 111-is brZanebulebiTbaTumSi porto-franko gauqmebulad gamocxadda. am faqtmaudavod uaryofiTad imoqmeda baTumis ganviTarebisprocesze.¨iveria¨ werda:¨porto-frankos gauqmebis SemdegsamuSao saqme, xelosnoba da vaWroba Semcirda¨ (76*1887).mowinave qarTveli inteligencia sixaruliT Sexvdaporto-frankos reJimis gauqmebas. aseTi damokidebulebagamowveuli iyo Seqmnili sabaJo-sakarantino sistemis umsgavsoebiT,biurokratizmiT da ZaladobiT. iliawerda:¨Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im gaWirvebasa daSewuxebas, rac mis gamo xalxs edga, vgoneb sabuTigvqondes sixaruliT mivegeboT mag porto-frankosgauqmebas, romelic marto saxeli iyo da ara saxraviqveynisaTvis. TviTon baTomma iqneba magiT cotad Tubevrad ixeira, magram es xeiri sazogadoebis kisridam iyoamoRebuli (128*296).§ III soflis meurneobis ganviTareba aWaraSi1886-19031903 wlebSi119

aWaraSi soflis meurneoba uxsovari droidan iyodawinaurebuli dargi. amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs mdidariistoriuli, arqeologiuri, eTnografiuli masala. ¨arsaWara xeoba venaxovani, xiliani, mosavliani, Tvinierbrinj-banbisa, yovliTa marcvliTa ars tyiani¨-SeniSnavsvaxuSti batoniSvili (95*676). osmalTa batonobam mZimedaRi daasva aWaris socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebassaerTod da kerZod, mis soflis meurneobas.osmalTa batonobisagan aWaris ganTavisuflebisTanaveruseTis xelisufleba iwyebs sakuTari ¨agrarulkoloniuripolitikis ganxor-cielebis safuZvelze mxarisyovelmxriv dauflebas¨(96*74). am mizniT udgeboda ruseTiscarizmi axladSemoerTebul mxareSi iseTiumniSvnelovanesi problemis gadawyvetas, rogoric iyomiwaTmflobe-lobis sakiTxi. kavkasiis armiismTavarsardali general-adiutanti sviatopolk-mirski 1879wlis 8 Tebervals baTumisa da yarsis gubernatorebisadmigacemul instruqciaSi miuTiTebda, rom maTdami daqvemdebarebulteritoriebze ucvlelad daetovebinaTmiwaTmflobelobis arsebuli (e.i. osmaluri-avt.) wesebi(4*378-379). 1879 wlis martSi Seiqmna specialuri¨saadgilmamulo komisia¨, romelsac saTaveSi istorikosidimitri baqraZe Cauyenes. am komisias evaleboda SeeswavlamiwaTmflobelobis formebi da Sesabamisi dokumentebi.samwuxarod, miwaze sakuTrebis damadasturebelioficialuri sabuTi mosaxleobis udides nawils-ZiriTadad dabal fenebs ar gaaCndaT. rac imis Sedegi iyo,rom ¨TanzimaTis Semdgom periodis aWaraSi mosaxleobisdabali fenis, mwarmoebeli klasis umetesi nawili miwebsflobda yovelgvari oficialuri, saxelmwifo aqtebisgareSe” (84*18). dimitri baqraZis Rrma patriotuliganwyobilebis miuxedavad, ¨saadgilmamulo komisia¨iZulebuli iyo ise gadaewyvita aWaraSimiwaTmflobelobis sakiTxi, rogorc amas carizmiskoloniuri interesebi moiTxovda amieridan baTumis120

olqis mosaxleoba saxelmwifo glexebad iqna aRiarebuli,xolo maT sargeblobaSi myofi miwebi – saxazino miwebad.samwuxarod, miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxi aWaraSi amisSemdegac didxans rCeboda gadauWrel problemad. ¨baTumisolqSi, romelic ruseTis SemadgelobaSia 33 welia, jerkidev araa mowesrigebuli miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxi¨(54*1911). ¨arsad ar moipoveba iseTi Seusabamo iuridiuliganwyobileba, rogorc dRes arsebobs baTumisa da yarsisolqebSi... am olqebis SemoerTebis Semdeg saerTaSorisokanonis ZaliT unda darCeniliyo osmaleTSi arsebulimiwaTmflobelobis kanonebi, magram axlad SemosulmamTavrobam is ar scno. arc Tavisi kanonebi gaavrcelaadgilobrivi miwaTmflobelobis Sesaxeb da ocdacametiweliwadi aq, am mxriv, sruli gaugebrobaarsebobs¨(57*1911). Seqmnil kritikul viTarebas vercoficialur wreebSi faravdnen. kavkasiis samTosammarTvelos 1913 wlis angariSSi vkiTxulobT:¨miwaTmowyobabaTumis olqSi jer ar ganxorcielebula,amdenad jer kidev daudgenelia, sadmTavrdeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sakuTrebaSi myofimiwebi da sad iwyeba saxazino mamulebi¨(37*307). aseTigaurkveveli mdgomareoba ganapirobebda adgilobrivimosaxleobis ganwyoba-damokidebulebas arsebuli saxelwiforeJimisadmi. ¨xangrZlivi drois manZilze miwaTmflobelobismxriv gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi yofna, rasacganicdida samxreT-dasaTleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba(miTumetes aWaraSi, sadac saxnav-saTesad vargisi miwisfondi Zalze mcire iyo-avt.), gavlenas axdendaxelisuflebisadmi maT simpaTiebze da aZlierebda sxvagangadasaxlebis survils¨ (87*76). am problemis didi xniTgadauWreloba momavalSi gaxda aWaris soflismosaxleobis antireJimuli ganwyobilebis ZiriTadimizezi.mainc ratom ayovnebda xelisufleba miwaTmflobelobissakiTxis gadaWras? vfiqrobT, aseT gaurkvevel121

viTarebaSi ufro Tavisuflad SeeZlo kolonizatorulipolitikis ganxorcieleba. Tavis droze carizmi xomyovelnairad uwyobda xels kavkasiaSi muhajirobas, raTa¨ganTavisuflebul¨ miwebze ¨erTguli¨ elementi Camoesaxlebina.¨SemoerTebis Semdeg baTumis olqSi Tavisufalimiwebi blomad iyo. muhajirobas am saqmeSi didi rolimiuZRoda. am miwebze mefis xelisufleba rusulielementebis Camosaxlebas iTvaliswinebda.¨ (116*41-42).mmarTveli wreebi TandaTan sul ufro met yuradRebasiCendnen kavkasiis kolonizaciisadmi. ¨me-19 saukunispirvel naxevarSi warmoebuli saqarTvelosa daamierkavkasiis kolonizacia mxolod erTgvari dasawyisiiyo imave saukunis 80-90-iani wlebidan dawyebuli farTokolonizaciisa¨(93*656). xelisuflebas am gegmis gansaxorcielebladrac SeiZleba meti miwa sWirdeboda, romlis¨gasaTavisuflebladac¨ yvela RonisZiebaze midioda.kavkasiaSi miwaTmowyobisa da miwaTmoqmedebis mTavarisammarTvelos ufrosis gubernatorebisadmi dagzavnilcilkuliarSi xazgasmuli iyo: ¨gamoucxadeT Tqvendamirwmunebuli raionebis mosaxleobas, rom maT saolqoadministraciasTan SeTanxmebisa da Cveni nebarvis gareSeufleba ara aqvT gayidon maT sargeblobaSi myofi miwisnakveTebi. aseTi wesebis dacvis gareSe miwis yovelgvarigayidva CaiTvleba ukanonod¨(36*41). yovelive amis Sedegiiyo is, rom ¨miwis fondis udidesi nawili memamuleebisada saxelmwifos xelSi aRoCnda, es ukanaskneli ki misgankargulebaSi myof miwebs iyenebda ara adgilobrivimosaxleobis (Tundac marto saxazino glexebis) moTxovnilebaTadasakmayofileblad, aramed rusi da sxva kolonistebisdasasaxleblad (85*107-108). kavkasiaSikolonizaciis TvalsazrisiT erT-erT yvelaze aqtiurregions aWara (gansakuTrebiT misi zRvispira zoli)warmoadgenda. ukve ¨1905 wlisTvis qobuleTamdegadaWimul rus memamuleTa Soris mxolod qarTvelimiwaTmflobeli sevasti WeliZe yofila¨ (92*110).122

miuxedavad aseTi koloniuri politikisa, ruseTisxelisufleba sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinarexels uwyobda aWaris zRvispira zolSi axali,subtropikuli kulturebis samrewvelo moSenebis process.mxaris mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobis ZiriTaddargebs warmoadgens:miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba damebaReoba. Tanac, mdebareobisa da klimaturi pirobebisgamo mosaxleoba iZulebulia misdios am dargebs erTad,raTa SeZlon arseboba... mesaqonleoba ganviTarebulia daamagrebs miwaTmoqmedebas, Tanac Warb muSaxelsac asaqmebs.rac Seexeba mesaqonleobas, mebostneobas, mefutkreobas,meTambaqoeobas, isini araTanabrad, sxvadasxva adgilasaaganviTarebuli xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebisSesabamisad (148*83-84).aWaraSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdegmeurneobis Zveli, tradiciuli dargebis: marcvleulikulturebis, mevenaxeobis, meTambaqoebis, mexileobis,mesaqonleobis da sxv. paralelurad me-19 sauuknis 90-ianiwlebidan gansakuTrebiT swrafi tempiT xdeboda axali,subtropikuli kulturebis danergva-gaSeneba.marcvleuli kulturebimarcvleuli kulturebis moyvanas aWaraSi odiTganmisdevdnen. aWara ¨yovliT marcvliTa ars tyiani¨ werdavaxuSti batoniSvili (95*676). ¨aWarelni iyvnen Zvelad mxnemuSa-kacni, mxvnel-mTesvelni¨ (80*1894).miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba aWaraSi meurneobismTavari wamyvani dargebi iyo. isini Tavidanve Serwymuli,simbiozuri formiT viTardeboda da erTimeoris ganmapirobebelrols TamaSobda. miwaTmoqmeds ar SeeZlomesaqonleobis gareSe yofna da piriqiT. ¨am SemTxvevaSimiwaTmoqmedeba warmogvidgeba, rogorc mesaqonleobisTaviseburi baza (saqonlis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa). xoloTavis mxriv mesaqonleoba ki miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis123

xelSemwyobi piroba (gamwevi Zala, organuli sasuqi dasxv.) (101*36).marcvleuli kulturebidan mohyavdaT:simindi, qeri,fetvi, Wvavi, xorbali, brinji, Romi da sxva. zemo aWaraSisimindTan erTad mohyavdaT xorbali da qeri (109*217),klimaturi pirobebidan gamomdinare aWaraSi TandaTangabatonebuli mdgomareoba daiWira simindma. ukve me-19saukunidan mTels aWaraSi monokulturad simindi iqca(101*36). mesimindeobis gabatonebul mdgomareobaze cnobebsgvawvdis dimitri baqraZec, romelmac jer kidev osmalTabatonobis dros imogzaura aWaraSi. ¨aWaruli soflebiorive ferdobzea Sefenili da xelisguliviT Cans Tavisisimindis da aqa-iq Romis yanebiT (88*43). sxalTis xeobaSikultivirebul mcenareTa Soris simindi Warbobs,xorbali ki gaWirvebiT modis – ambobs Jan murie(103*30,51*11).¨qvemo aWaraSi, romelic Zalian Raribia saxnavimiwebiT da kintriSis ubanSi ZiriTadad siminds Tesaven,gonioSi – siminds da nawilobriv brinjs, zemo aWaraSi –siminds, vidre danarCen pureuls¨-wers v.lisovski (148*85-86). siminds Tesdnen rogorc vake, ise ferdob, tyisagangawmendil nakveTebze:¨aWarisTvis, rogorc mTeli quTaisisguberniisaTvis, mWadi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi saWmelia,xolo simindis Cala ZiriTadi sakvebisaqonlis¨(133*215).aWaraSi simindi maRali mosavlianobiTgamoirCeoda.¨simindi saSualod erTi ocad erTiocdaaTad, xSirad erTi ormocdaaTad da kidev metadmodis* xorbali ki – erTi aTad. am mizezebis da imisgamoc, rom saxnav-saTesi miwebi cota aqvT, adgilobrivimosaxleoba TiTqmis marto siminds Tesavs¨(122*57). baTumisolqSi marcvlovani kulturebidan ZiriTadia simindi,Semdeg qeri, Semdeg xorbali (51*11-12). bunebrivia, simindseWira naTesi farTobebis absoluturi umravlesoba. 1896wlis baTumis okrugSi daTesili iyo:simindi – 16.655desetina, xorbali – 478 desetina, qeri – 16 desetina, sxvamarcvleulebi – 716 desetina, sul – 17865 desetina (47*2,124

43*9). simindis Tesva mimdinareobda martis bolodanivnisis Sua ricxvebamde, xolo mosavlis aReba seqtembrisSua ricxvebidan oqtombris bolomde. mosavlianobayvelgan erTnairi ar yofila. igi damokidebuli iyoniadagis mdebareobaze (vake Tu ferdobi), mis xarisxze daamindze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT mosavlianoba simindismeryeobda (barSi 150 fuTidan erT desetinaze, ferdobze -60-80 fuTamde erT desetinaze) (30*9).gavrcelebis mixedviT marcvleuli kulturebidanaWaraSi meore adgili eWira brinjs, gansakuTrebiT barisraionebSi.¨simindisa da brinjis iseTi uxvi mosavalimodis, rom misi didi nawili bazarze iyideba¨-wersfrenkeli (160*83). brinjis ori jiSi arsebobs – mTis daWaobis. ¨Waobis brinjs amierkavkasiaSi metoqeoba vergauwia mTis brinjma da pirvelma gavrcelebulobis mxrivbolomde SeinarCuna Tavisi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba¨(94*81). magram brinjis kulturas didi raodenobiT wyalisWirdeboda, riTac igi xels uwyobda niadagis daWaobebasda Sesabamisad malariis gaCenas. amis gamo mosaxleobaTandaTan mis mimarT negatiurad ganewyo, ramac SezRudakidec brinjis kultura.marcvlovanebidan mniSvnelovani adgili eWiralobios kulturas.¨simindisa da puris Semdeg bevrimohyavT lobio¨ (109*218). iTeseboda qeri, fetvi, Wvavi,Romi. marcvlovanTa gavrcelebulobis da Sesabamisad maTimosavlianobis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa quTaisisguberniis 1899 wlis mimoxilvaSi motanili statistika,romlis mixedviT saangariSo wels baTumis okrugSidaiTesa:45.278 fuTi simindi, romlisganc miiRes 1.130.100 fuTimosavali920 fuTi xorbali – miiRes 4.160 fuTi1.604 fuTi lobio – miiRes 18.786 fuTi180 fuTi qeri – miiRes 1.440 fuTi295 fuTi brinji – miiRes 8.535 fuTi (49*4).125

sasaqonlo daniSnulebiT ZiriTadad simindimohyavdaT, danarCeni marcvleuli kulturebi ZiriTadadsaSinao moxmarebisaTvis iTeseboda. 1892 wlis ¨iveria¨iuwyeboda: ¨finansTa saministros ramdenime Txovna miuRiafoTidgan, baTumidgan da quTaisidgan imisa, romauarebeli simindi gvaqvs, magram myidveli arsad aris,gvilpeba da amitom simindis sazRvargareT gagzavnis nebamogveciTo. finansTa saministros es Txovna arSeuwynarebia, mxolod Seutyobinebia ruseTis yvelasaerobo dawesebulebebisaTvis, SegiZliaT kavkasiaSi iafadiyidoT simindio¨(79*1892). xelisuflebis mxridan aseTidamokidebulebis miuxedavad simindis ucxoeTSi gatanaTandaTan izrdeboda. 1901 wels ¨ianvrisa da TebervlisganmavlobaSi amierkavkasiidan sazRvargareT gaetanaT 334aTasi fuTi simindi, maT Soris baTumis navsadguridan –220 aTasi fuTi (83*1901). XX saukunis dasawyisSi baTumisnavsadguridan siminds saeqsporto saqonels Soris mesameadgili eWira. saSualod weliwadSi gadioda 24.000 tonasimindi (130*64), rac kidev ufro uwyobda xels aWaraSisimindis gavrcelebas 1903. wels baTumis okrugSimarcvleuli kulturebi daTesili iyo:xorbali – 628 desetinaze,qeri – 95, Romi – 66,lobio – 314,brinji – 54,Wvavi -2,xolo simindi – 11.545 desetinaze (26*6).mevenaxeobamevenaxeoba saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis erTerTiuZvelesi dargia. vazis kultura aWaraSic uxsovaridroidan yofila gaSenebuli.¨ars aWara venaxovani,mosavliani¨-wers vaxuSti (95*676).osmalTa batonobis periodSi mteri sarwmunoebrivimosazrebiT gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT ebrZoda mevenaxeo-126

as. Cexdnen venaxebs, xexilis baRebs, raTa qarTvelTaTvismoespoT cxovrebis saxsari, SeeryiaT tradiciuli dargebida ekonomikuri keTildReoba.¨magram ucxoelma dampyroblebmaver Cakles qarTvel kacSi vazis siyvaruli¨ (107*6).miuxedavad devnisa, mosaxleoba TurqTa batonobis xanaSicaxerxebda maRalxarisxovani Rvinoebis dayenebas. didiraodenobiT gahqondaT yurZenic. giorgi yazbegis cnobiT,¨ramdenime wlis winaT aWaraSi modiodnen axalcixelisomxebi, yidulobdnen yurZens da iqve wuravdnen Rvinos¨(122*93-94). mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis utyuar sabuTad undamiviCnioT arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad miwaSidamarxuli Zveli qvevrebis - ¨Wurebis¨ aRmoCena (133*322).marTalia mahmadianuri sarwmunoebidan gamomdinareosmalebma akrZales Rvinis dayeneba da gamoyeneba, magram¨marTlmorwmuneT neba darTes auduRari yurZnis wvenimierTvaT. aseTi saxis sasmels ¨xardali¨ hqvia – ambobsTedo saxokia (109*223). dimitri baqraZis TqmiT, aWaraSimogzaurobisas misTvis miurTmeviaT yurZnis wveni,romelsac mastikas eZaxdnen (88*17).mevenaxeoba aWaris yvela kuTxeSi yofilaganviTarebuli. sxalTis xeobaSi vazi ise kargad izrdeba,rogorc qarTlsa da kaxeTSi – ambobs Jan murie (103*20).aWaraSi gabatonebuli maRlari venaxi yofila. vazi xeebxeiyo gaSvebuli – wers dimitri baqraZe (88*44). ¨aqeTkendablari ar ician, sul maRlaria, rogorc guriasamegreloSi:vazi uzarmazar xezea gaSenebuli, RvTisanabara izrdeba sxva xeTa Soris¨-wers T.saxokia (109*222).rogorc Cans, mevenaxeobis ganviTarebaze gadamwyvetigavlena iqonia mxaris bunebrivma pirobebma – rTulmareliefma da mciremiwianobam. vake adgilebi marcvleulkulturebs eWira, xolo ¨maRlari venaxi saxnav-saTesadsavarguli miwebis dabandebas ar moiTxovda¨ (101*44-45).baTumis mxareSi misdevdnen ¨izabelas¨ jiSis moSenebas,romelsac adgilobrivni ¨adesas¨ eZaxdnen (49*5). maRlarivenaxi moSenebuli iyo rogorc qvemo, ise zemo aWaraSi.127

kintriSisa da gonios ubnebSi venaxi moSenebuli hqonda3200-dan 1200 komls. e.i. saerTo raodenobis naxevars(156*169-170).dablari venaxis moSeneba aWaraSi me-19 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan daiwyo. 1903 wlisTvis kintriSis ubanSidablar venaxs eWira 505 desetina da 1905 kv. saJeni,gonios ubanSi – 209 desetina da 942 kv.saJeni. mosaxleobasaseve hqonda ¨maRlari¨, romelic mamulTan axlos xeebzeiyo gaSvebuli da TiTqmis aranair movlas ar saWiroebda.¨maRlars¨ eWira 80 desetina da 989 kv.saJeni (26*7).Rvino gasatan saqonelsac warmoadgenda. 1880 welsgem ¨iunoniT¨ baTumidan odesaSi Seitanes 25 boCka (kasri)baTumSive dayenebuli axali Rvino¨(62*1880).meTambaqoeobaaWaris klimati xelsayreli iyo meTambaqoeobisganviTarebisaTvis. Tambaqos kultura aWaraSi, iseverogorc saqarTveloSi, cnobili iyo me-17 saukunidan,magram samrewvelo xasiaTi man miiRo me-19 saukunis meorenaxevridan (131*70).1879 wlis 3 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvlisxelmoweriT gamovida axali instruqcia, romlis Tanaxmadyarsisa da baTumis olqebSi vrceldeboda meTambaqoeobazeruseTSi manamde moqmedi saaqcizo wesebi.¨am wesebisTanaxmad Tambaqos gaSeneba, nawarmis damzadeba da misigasaReba mxolod saxelmwifos nebarTviT SeiZleboda¨(99*61) saxelmwifos nebarTvis gareSe Tambaqos yvelamwarmoebels pasuxisgebaSi aZlevdnen (39*10). Tambaqoswarmoebaze saxelmwifo kontrolis gamkacrebismiuxedavad, rac meurnes survils ukargavda, amRonisZiebas warmoebis Semcireba ar mohyolia. Tu 1879wels Tambaqo mohyavdaT baTumis okrugis 4 sofelSi, 1889wels ukve 45-Si, xolo 1899 wels -84 sofelSi (40*132).meTambaqoeoba gansakuTrebiT dawinaurebuli iyoqvemo aWarisa da gonios ubnebSi. plantaciebi ZiriTadad128

moSenebuli iyo kerZo mamulebSi. Tambaqo iyo TurqulijiSis, SedarebiT maRali xarisxis (53*12). baTumis okrugSimoweul Tambaqos nedleuls soxumis okrugis mosavalTanerTad pirveli adgili eWira. aq moweul Tambaqoze,rogorc sakazmze maRalxarisxovani produqciisdasamzadeblad, didi moTxovnileba iyo. TandaTanizrdeboda Tambaqos plantaciebis raodenobac. 1899wlisTvis qvemo aWaraSi Tambaqos 566 plantacia iyo,gonios ubanSi – 443, zemo aWaraSi – 70 (49*7). 1903wlisTvis aWaraSi Tambaqos plantaciebs eWira 130desetinaze meti farTobi (26*7). Tambaqos moyvana ZalzeSromatevadi saqme iyo, moiTxovda mudmiv yuradRebas.¨visac unaxavs Tambaqos plantaciebSi muSaoba, man icis,ramdenad damRlelia es Sroma” – iuwyeboda ¨Cernomorskivestniki¨ 1902 wels. (161*1902). baTumidan TambaqogahqondaT rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo bazarze. TambaqosdamuSaveba adgilzec xdeboda. baTumSi moqmedebda 2Tambaqos fabrika, romelSic 1896 wels 42 muSa yofiladasaqmebuli, xolo wliurad isini awarmoebdnen 51.500maneTis produqcias (47*38-39).mexileoba¨ars aWara xeoba venaxovani, xiliani, mosavliani¨werdavaxuSti (95*676). aWaraSi xexilis mravali saxeobaiyo gavrcelebuli:vaSli, msxali, bali, atami, qliavi,TuTa, leRvi, tyemali, Sindi, kakali, Txili, nesvi,zRmartli da sxva. CamoTvlil saxeobaTagangansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli yofila vaSli da msxali(122*57). ¨aWaraSi xarobs sazamTro da nesvi, uxvadaayurZeni, aqauri msxali Zalze gemrielia¨- miuTiTebsdimitri baqraZe (88*54). Tedo saxokias TqmiT aWaramTliani baRia, xili da gansakuTrebiT msxali yvelganaa.xexils aSenebdnen Zveleburad: xes gadaWridnen,gaapobdnen da zed kargi jiSis xexilis ylorts129

daamynidnen. T.saxokia CamoTvlis vaSlis 14 (demir-alma(magari vaSli), botia, wiTeli, yarafila, Saqar-vaSla, biavaSlada sxv.) da msxlis 38 (xeWeWura, beRleTura,butura, saRora, kviris-Tava, baraqa da sxv.) jiSs (109*222).sazamTrod xilisagan (gansakuTrebiT msxlisagan)amzadebdnen Cirs, romlisaganac zamTarSi amzadebdnenwvens (kompots), romelsac xoSiavs eZaxdnen. msxlisnayofis wvenis daduRebiT mzaddeboda beTmezi, romelsacadgilobrivTa meniuSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira. iginawilobriv cvlida xelovnur Saqars.mexileoba gansakuTrebiT dawinaurebuli yofilakintriSis ubanSi, romelzec modioda aWaraSi arsebulivaSlis nargavebis 60%, msxlis - 45%, Txilis - 80%, citrusovanTakulturebis - 94%, kaklis -25%. kintriSisSemdeg mexileoba dawinaurebuli iyo qvemo da zemoaWaraSi (99*84).gasayidad mihqondaT yvela saxis xili.yovelwliurad xili miaqvT axalcixesa da axalqalaqSi,sadac an hyidian an cvlian pursa da marilze (148*106).gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT iyideboda vaSli damsxali. 1880 wels ¨droeba¨ werda:¨am dReebSi gem ¨iunoniT¨baTumidan odesaSi moitanes 9.000 fuTi vaSli. baTumSifuTi vaSli cxra-aT Saurad iyides, gadmotana sam SauraddaujdaT. TviT navsadgurze nardaT eqvs-Svid maneTadhyidnen fuTs¨ (63*1880).me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi rogorc saSinao, isesagareo bazarze baTumidan gahqondaT 20-50.000 fuTi vaSlida 12-15.000 fuTi msxali (133*441).meCaieobabaTumis olqis SeerTebis Semdeg ruseTi swrafitempiT iwyebs axladSemoerTebuli mxaris (gansakuTrebiTmisi zRvispira zolis) aTvisebas. miT ufro, rom aWarisSavizRvispira zoli warmoadgenda metad xelsayreladgils subtropikuli kulturebis gasaSeneblad. ¨frangi130

da germaneli naturalistebi erTxmad aRiarebdnenSavizRvispireTs soxumidan baTumamde yvelaze xelsayreladgilad kavkasiaSi Cais gasaSeneblad¨(133*16).Cais saqarTveloSi gacilebiT ufro didi xniT adreicnobdnen, vidre mis gaSenebas daiwyebdnen. qarTvelimefeebi da didebulebi monRolTa batonobis periodSixSirad midiodnen sayaenoSi, qarTveli vaWrebimogzaurobdnen aRmosavleTis qveynebSi (indoeTSi,CineTSi), rac SesaZleblobas miscemda Cvens winaprebsgaecnoT Cais kultura. saqarTveloSi Cai (mza produqti)uSualod CineTidan rom aris Semosuli adasturebsqarTul enaSi SemorCenili cneba ¨Cai xaTaia¨, racxataeTur-Cinur Cais unda niSnavdes. me-18 saukuneSiTbiliseli xelosnebi eweodnen Caidnebisa da yavadnebisdamzadebas, rac gamarTlebuli iyo Caize da mismoxmarebasTan dakavSirebul sagnebze farTo moTxovnebiT(12*12).saqarTveloSi Cais buCqi pirvelad 1842 welsSemoitanes ialtidan da soxumis botanikur baRSigaaSenes. 1848 wels Cais nergi dairgo ozurgeTis saxazinosanergeSi da dadianis mamulSi zugdidSi. 1845 welskavkasiis mefisnacvlis m.voroncovis iniciativiTCineTidan gamoiweres Cais Tesli. XIX saukunis 60-ianwlebSi mixeil erisTavma CoxataurSi, Tavis baRSi, sxvasubtropikul kulturebTan erTad Cais buCqis gaSenebacdaiwyo (86*28).XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi kvlav dRis wesrigSidadga saqarTveloSi Cais gavrcelebis sakiTxi. eswamowyeba kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoebasekuTvnoda. sazogadoebis mesveurebma Seagroves garkveuliTanxa da xelisuflebisagan mxardaWeris uqonlobismiuxedavad indoeTidan moiwvies Cais saqmis specialistiingliseli valter laieli (99*73). magram xelisuflebam amwamowyebas kvlav mxari ar dauWira, ris gamoc mas Sedegiar mohyolia.131

aTumis olqSi Cais nergebi pirvelad Semovida 1884wels. am saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa CaqvSimcxovrebma miwisflobelma a.a.solovcovma. igi Zlierdaainteresa 1884 wels peterburgSi botanikisa damebaReobis saerTaSoriso kongresze n.k.zeidlicis mierCais kulturaze wakiTxulma moxsenebam. ¨gadamdgarmainJiner-polkovnikma solovcovma 1884 wels CineTidan(xankoudan) gamoiwera 3 wlis asakis Cais buCqebi, asevenergebi, romlebic Teslidan gzaSi amovida... mcenareebi1884 wlis zafxulSi darges solovcovis mamulSi CaqvSi(47*11). Tavdapirvelad a.solovcovi ZiriTadad yuradRebasaqcevda Cais Teslis miRebas da Cais buCqis adgilobrivklimatTan Seguebis Seswavlas. 1889 wels TbilisSigamarTul sasoflo-sameurneo gamofenaze a.solovcovmawaradgina sakuTar plantaciaSi gazrdili Cais buCqebiyvaviliTa da TesliT. komisiam igi brinjaos medliTa daqebis sigeliT daajildova. adgilobrivi nedleuliTsolovcovma pirveli nayeni gaakeTa. mis mier miRebuli Cai¨gamovida namdvili brwyinvale, aromatuli Cai, romelicnayenis TvisebebiT, sinaziT, aromatiTa da gemovnebiTSeesabameboda umaRlesi xarisxis Cinur Cais. mas akldamxolod is damuSaveba, romelic Cinel Cais mwarmoeblebsmiRweuli aqvT xangrZlivi gamocdilebebis gziT- werdaa.krasnovi (146*338). solovcovis pirvelma warmatebebmaCais gaSenebis msurvelebi daainteresa. mefis xelisuflebaimxanad ar zrunavda Cais gaSenebaze. Cvens qveyanaSi Caissamrewvelo plantaciebis gaSeneba Tu mainc moxerxda, esimitom, rom am saqmis iniciatorebad da pionerebadgamodiodnen Cveni qveynis mowinave swavlulebi da meurnepraqtikosebi (86*28). gansakuTrebul gulmodgineobas CaisSeswavlis saqmeSi iCenda moskoveli CaiT movaWre k. popovi.1892 wels man aWaraSi SeiZina 300 desetina miwa (100desetina CaqvSi, 140 salibaurSi da 60 desetinakapreSumSi). manve oTxjer meCaieobis Seswavlis mizniTmoawyo eqspedicia subtropikuli kulturis qveynebSi –132

CineTSi, kunZul ceilonsa da iavaze. k.popovma CineTidanorjer (1893 wels 12 kaci, 1897 wels 14 kaci) CamoiyvanaspecialistTa jgufi, romelSic iyo lau-jon-jauc, TumcaCamosulTa umravlesoba ver Seegua adgilobriv klimatsda ukan gabrunda. k.popovTan erTad male Cais gaSenebissaqmes xeli mohkides m.dalfonsma, e.stoianovma, n.vuCinom,saufliswulo uwyebam da sxvebma (59*1913).saqarTveloSi Cais da saerTod subtropikuli kulturebisgaSenebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT didia Caqvissaufliswulo mamulis roli.ruseTis saimperatoro ojaxs mTels imperiaSididZali mamulebi hqonda mflobelobaSi, romlismarTvisaTvis Seqmnili iyo specialuri uwyeba -saufliswulo mamulebis mTavari sammarTvelo. baTumisolqSi mamulis mosawyobad me-XIX sauknis 80-90-ian wlebSisaufliswulo uwyebis araerTi moxele Camovida. maTiarCevani Caqvis xeobaze SeCerda, rac SemTxveviTi aryofila. xeobis saerTo farTobi 16.378 desetinas aRwevda,sadac 205 komli cxovrobda. mTels olqSi Caqvis xeobanayofieri miwebiT gacilebiT mdidari iyo, xolomosaxleoba SedarebiT mcire (99*119). XIX sauknis 90-ianwlebSi Caqvis xeobaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sakuTrebaSi6053 desetina miwa iTvleboda, xolo danarCens -10.325 desetinas mTavroba saxelmwifo xazinis sakuTrebadacxadebda (38*28).viTarebis adgilze gacnobis mizniT 1892 welsaWaraSi Camovida peterburgis saufliswulo mamulebismTavari sammarTvelos kavkasiis mxaris inspeqtoriagronomi i.n.klingeni, romelmac guldasmiT daaTvalieraCaqvis xeoba. i.klingeni gaecno rusi moaxalSeneebismowyobil meurneobebs. 1893-1894 wlebSi is kidevramdenjerme ewvia Caqvs viTarebis detalurad SeswavlismizniT. aRniSnulis safuZvelze i.klingenma peterburgSi,mamulebis mTavar sammarTveloSi waradgina moxsenebiTibaraTi, romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo Caqvis xeobaSi Caisa133

da subtropikuli kulturebis meur-neobis mowyobismizanSewoniloba (144*18-21). klingenis moxsenebissafuZvelze saufliswulo uwyebam gadawyvita CaqvisxeobaSi Caisa da subtropikuli kulturebis msxvilimeurneoba moewyo (99*111). meurneobis mosawyobad saWiroiyo didi raodenobiT miwis farTobi. saufliswulouwyeba CaqvSi mamulebis SeZenas 1894 wlidan Seudga. jere.w. saxazino miwebi daisakuTra, Semdeg muhajirTamitovebul miwebs daepatrona (1826 desetina) (29*124). 1896wlisaTvis Caqvis mamuli 16.000 desetina miwas flobda(47*12) romelTagan ¨Cais buCqi darguli iyo 20 desetinaze.am farTobze saufliswulo uwyebasTan gaformebulixelSekrulebis safuZvelze 60.000 nergi dargoa.solovcovma. Caqvis mamulSi gaSenebuli iyo ara martoCinuri Cai, aramed induri da iaponuri jiSebic... Catardapirveli cdebi Cinuri mcenaris “ramis¨ (Cinuri WinWari,romlisganac amzadebdnen qaRalds - avt.) gasaSe-neblad(47*12).saufliswulo uwyebam 1299,451 desetina miwisSesyidvaze 106.925 maneTi daxarja. erTi desetinissaSualo fasma 82man.29 kap. Seadgina (13*115-116).saufliswulo mamulebis mTavari sammarTvelo CaqvSimiwebis SeZenisTanave Seudga aqauri niadagisa daklimaturi pirobebis mecnierul Seswavlas. moewyometeorologiuri sadgurebi qveda Caqvsa, xalasa dasaxalvaSoSi. niadagis sinjebi gamosakvlevad gaigzavnaxarkovis universitetis laboratoriaSi. gamokvlevebmacxadyo, rom Caqvis xeobis niadagebis qimiuriSemadgenloba da aqaur klimatur pirobebi aRmosavleTissubtropikuli qveynebis Sesabamis monacemeb-Tan msgavsebasamJRavnebdnen (145*557-576). aWaraSi subtro-pikulikulturebis gaSenebasTan dakavSirebiT gazeTi ¨iveria¨werda:¨1885 wels Caqvis sadguris maxloblad gaSendapirvelad plantacia Caisa... buCqebi mSvenivrad izrdeba dakargad itans iqaur havasa da niadagic Zlier uxdeba. esniadagi Turme arafriT gansxvavdeba CineTisa da iaponiis134

niadagidan... aSkaraa, rom Cais baTumis olqSi meoresamSoblo gamouCnda da aq naklebad ar gaizrdeba Cai,vidre Tavis namdvil samSobloSi (81*194).mamulebis saufliswulo uwyebam didi muSaoba daxarji gaswia aRmosavleTis subtropikuli qveynebis(CineTi, ceiloni, indoeTi, iaponia da sxva) klimaturipirobebis, sxvadasxva subtropikuli jiSebis gaSenebaganviTarebis,nedleulis damuSavebis wesebis Sesaswavlad.pirveli aseTi eqspedicia 1895 wels moewyo&¨saufliswulo uwyeba, romelsac surda Tavis CaqvismamulSi moeSenebina Cais kultura, 1895 welsagronomebisa da sxva specialistebis SemadgenlobiTmoawyo eqspedicia, romelsac xelmZRvanelobdnenprofesori krasnovi da agronomi klingeni. eqspediciasunda moevlo Soreuli aRmosavleTis subtropikuliqveynebi, Seeswavla adgilze Cais saqme da sxvasubtropikuli kulturebi. eqspediciis Sedegebma yvelamolodins gadaaWarba. gairkva, rom iaponiis, CineTis daindoeTis Cais olqebSi TiTqmis iseTive klimaturipirobebia, rogoric baTumis olqSi (51*12). eqspediciiswevrebma Tan Camoitanes Cais Tesli da buCqebi, sxvasubtropikul mcenareTa nergebi, specialuri sasoflosameurneoliteratura, meCaieobasTan dakavSirebuliinventari (143*9-10). analogiuri eqspedicia momdevnowelsac moewyo, oRond Sesaswavli qveynebis areali iyoufro farTo. eqspedicia grZeldeboda daaxloebiT erTweliwads da misi marSruti Semdegi iyo:odesa-kairobombei-deli-dasavleThimalaebSi Cais raioni katrikalkuta-kolombo-Sanxaida xankou-iaponia-sandviCis(havais) kunZulebi-san-francisko-axali orleani-neapoliberlini(146*176). eqspediciebis manZilze miRebuliinformacia da dakvirvebis Sedegebi klingenma dakrasnovma gadmosces Zalze safuZvlian da popularulwignebSi: ¨aziis subtropikuli olqebis Cais mxareebi¨ da¨miwaTmoqmedebis patriarqTa Soris¨.135

am wignebma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules rusulisazogadoebis farTo fenebSi baTumis olqisadmi interesisgaZlierebaSi, rogorc erTaderTi adgilisadmi ruseTSi,romelic gamoirCeva igive klimaturi gansakuTrebulobiT,rogoriTac Soreuli aRmosavleTis subtropikuli qveynebi(51*13).1895 wlis eqspediciis mowyobaze saufliswulouwyebam 48.219 maneTi daxarja (16*4-6,59*1913).1895 wels, eqspediciis dasrulebamde daiwyo saufliswulouwyebam CaqvSi meurneobis mowyoba. am mizniTmamulis administraciam xelSekruleba gaaformap.solovcovTan 20 desetinaze Cais gaSenebis Taobaze. amavewels gaaforma xelSekruleba Cinel da iaponelspecialistebTan (11*20-25) meurneobas muSaxelicsWirdeboda, mTavroba cdilobda aRniSnuli sakiTximxaris kolonizaciis Sesabamisad gamoeyenebina. Tumca,ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulT uWirdaT adgilobrivpirobebTan swrafad Segueba. aman aiZula xelisuflebaukan daexia. mamulebis mTavari sammarTvelodan kavkasiissaufliswulo mamulebis inspeqtoris saxelze 1899 wlis 5marts gamogzavnil werilSi naTqvamia: ¨rusimoaxelSeneebisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebis gamogvixdeba mamulis mxolod rusi erovnebis adamianebiTdasaxlebis (kolonizaciis-avt.) gegmaze uaris Tqma, Tumcauari ar vuTxraT maT SesaZleblobebis SemTxvevaSidasaxldnen aq. radgan mamulis dasaxleba aucilebeliamudmivi muSaxelis formirebis mizniT, saWiroa agentebisSuamdgomlobiT, maTi gansakuTrebuli waxalisebiTmamulis miwebze mivizidoT kavkasiis qristianimosaxleoba, oRond ara berZnebi¨ (15*96).Caqvis mamulSi swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda Caisplantaciebis gaSeneba. 1900 wlisaTvis ukve gaSenebuliplantaciebis farTobma (mosavliani da axladgaSenebuliavt.)100 desetinas gadaaWarba (18*75). 1901 wlisTvis Caqvissaufliswulo mamulSi damuSavebuli miwis farTobi136

Seadgenda 194 desetinas. aqedan Cais eWira 152 desetina,bambuks – 7 desetina da 240 kv.saJeni, citrusebs(forToxali da mandarini) – 2 desetina da 1100 kv.saJeni,xilis nargavs-1 desetina da 1660 kv.saJeni, sanergemeurneobas -3 desetina da 1860 kv.saJeni, ramas (qaRaldisxe) -4 desetina da sxv (19*1-9). plantaciebis zrdasTanerTad xdeboda moweuli mosavlis raodenobis zrdac. Caisproduqcia pirvelad 1899 wels awarmoes kustaruliwesiT, xolo imave wlis meore naxevarSi Caqvissaufliswulo mamulSi Cais fabrika aages. mza Caisproduqciis warmoebis zrda funtebSi 1899-1904 wlebSiaseT suraTs gvaZlevs: 1899 w.-300f., 1900-5000, 1901-24.000,1902-38.273. 1903-45.141, 1904-100.000 funti (51*13).CaqvSi gaSenebuli Caisa da citrusovanTaplantaciebi sayovelTao mowonebas da aRiarebasimsaxurebda. 1897 wlis seqtemberSi Caqvis saufliswulomamuli moinaxula bonis universitetis profesorma iohanreinma, romelic nanaxiT aRfrTovanebuli darCa daganacxada:¨kavkasiis mTebsa da Sav zRvas Soris moqceulies sanapiro zoli gamoirCeva rbili zamTriT da wvimianizafxuliT, amas emateba nayofieri da rkiniT mdidariniadagi... Caqvis saufliswulo mamulis plantaciebma Cemsyvela molodins gadaaWarba. me aq vnaxe gulmodginedmovlili da sarevela balaxebisagan gawmendilisanergeebi, sadac daaxloebiT 40-mde iaponuri da Cinurisasargeblo mcenare xarobda brwyinvaled, yvelaferi esueWvelad aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisa, romadgilobrivi niadagi da klimati srulad xelsayrelia amjiSebisaTvis¨ (15*83). i.reinma am mogzaurobis Sesaxebmoxseneba 1897 wlis dekemberSi waikiTxa bonisuniversitetSi.xelisufleba TandaTan ufro met yuradRebasuTmobda meCaieobis ganviTarebas. saufliswulo mamulebisuwyeba mudmivad zrunavda Caqvis mamulis ganviTarebaze.agzavnida specialistebs ucxoeTSi da Semohqonda137

subtropikuli mcenareebis axali jiSebi (17*7), SeiqmnaCaqvSi Caisa da subtropikuli mcenareebis sacdelisadguri (18*107-108) CaqvSi iwvevda komisiis sagangebosxdomas, raTa saTanado yuradReba mieqcia mamulisganviTarebisaTvis (14*99). Caqvis saufliswulo mamulisa daaq danergili axali dargebisadmi xelisuflebisyuradRebis gamoxatuleba iyo mamulis xelmZRvanelTa daTanamSromelTa dajildoebis faqtebi. 1896 wels Caqvissaufliswulo mamulis mmarTveli ivane iakobis ZeSaluxini mamulebis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosis,general-maior viazemskis wardginebiT wminda annas meorexarisxis ordeniT daajildoves (12*2-3). adgilobrivi dacentraluri administracia sadResaswaulo dReebSixSirad materialurad ajildoebda Caqvis mamulis Tanam-Sromlebs (18*126-127, 20*40-41).Caqvis saufliswulo mamulma didi roli Seasrulaara marto aWaraSi, aramed mTel saqarTveloSi meCaieobis,mecitruseobis da saerTod subtropikuli kulturebisSeswavla-gavrcelebis saqmeSi.meCaieobis swrafi tempiT ganviTarebas xels uwyobdasaxelmwifos mier Caize sabaJo gadasaxadis zrda (147*106).Caqvis saufliswulo mamulTan erTad Cais msxvilimwarmoebeli iyo k.popovis meurneoba. 1902 wlisaTvis masCais plantaciebi gaSenebuli hqonda 140 desetinaze. Tu1895 wels popovis mamulSi mokrifes 85 girvanqa Caismwvane foToli, romlisganac daamzades 20 girvanqa mzaproduqcia, 1901 wels moikrifa 38.555 girvanqa Cais mwvanefoToli da damzadda 9.300 girvanqa mza produqcia (31*6).k.popovma sakuTar mamulSi damzadebuli Cais nimuSebiaraerT gamofenaze gaitana da didi aRiarebac moipova.magaliTad, 1900 wels parizis gamofenaze k.popovi oqrosmedliT daajildoves, 1901 wels glazgos gamofenaze –diplomiT, imave wels kavkasiis soflis meurneobisa damrewvelobis gamofenaze – sapatio diplomiT. 1902 welsruseTis imperatoris brZanebiT miwaTmoqmedebisa da138

saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministrom igi pirveli xarisxisoqros medliT daajildova (97*21).Cai sxvadasxva xarisxis mzaddeboda, romlisRirebulebac gansxvavebuli iyo:umaRlesi xarisxis – 1 funti – 2 man.40 kap.pirveli xarisxis – 1 funti – 2 manmeore xarisxis – 1 funti – 1 man.60 kap.mesame xarisxis – 1 funti – 1 man.20 kap.dabali xarisxis (jariskaculi) – 1 funti – 64 kap.(21*5).Cais warmoeba momgebiani saqme iyo. ¨baTumSi erTidesetina Cais plantacias weliwadSi mohqonda 700-dan 1000maneTamde Semosavali, maSin roca xarjebi 200-300 maneTsSeadgenda (51*13).aWaraSi warmoebuli Cai ZiriTadad ruseTisimperiaSi saRdeboda. gahqondaT moskovSi, kievSi,varSavaSi, xarkovSi, soWSi, odesaSi, rostovSi da sxvaqalaqebSi (21*56-117).Cai da sxva subtropikuli kulturebi yvelaze ufropasuxobda aWaris klimatur da sasoflo-sameurneopirobebs (153*1912). aWaraSi Cais klturis ganviTarebisTvalsaCino warmatebebis safuZvelze specialistebivaraudobdnen, rom daaxloebiT 20 wlis Semdeg ruseTiSida bazris moTxovnebs sakuTari warmoebis CaiTdaakmayofilebda (142*1901).mecitruseobaaWaraSi citrusebi jer kidev Sua saukuneebidanyofila gavrcelebuli. amis Sesaxe cnobas gvawvdis didiqarTveli geografi da istorikosi vaxuSti batoniSvili.rom baTumSi, goniosa da ergeSi izrdeba narinji,Turinji, limoni, zeTisxili, broweuli (95*676). ¨limonilazikis sanapiroze Ria cis qveS xarobs da cnobiliaTavisi xarisxiT¨ -miuTiTebs dimitri baqraZe (88*25).139

aWaraSi jer kidev osmalTa batonobis periodSi,citrusebi gaSenebuli iyo maxinjaurSi, cixisZirSi, mwvanekoncxze, gonioSi, sarfSi da sxva soflebSi. mosaxleobasforToxlis, limonis, citrusis nergebi SedarebiT mcireraodenobiT hqondaT moSenebuli, vinaidan mas savaWrodaniSnuleba jer kidev ar hqonda. dabali iyocitrusovanTa fasebic.aWaraSi mecitruseobis ganviTarebis saqmeSimniSvnelovani roli Seasrules rusma moaxalSeneebma.solovcovma, stoianovma, dalfonsma, vuCinom da sxvebma.aWaris SavizRvispireTi zedgamoWrili adgili iyocitrusovani kulturebis gasaSeneblad.¨Cveni sanapiroaris tipiuri, nestiani subtropikuli qveyana, romelsacanalogi TiTqmis ara aqvs evropaSi. samagierod igiaraCveulebrivad axlosaa iseT Soreul, magramsubtropikuli TvalsazrisiT brwyinvale qveynebTan,rogorebicaa aSS-s samxreT-dasavleTi, iaponia, himalaissamxreTi kalTebi, avstraliis samxreT-aRmosavleTi,axali zelandia da Cile. mxolod kolxeTSi, baTumissanapiroze, SegviZlia vnaxoT Cven iseTive pirobebi da araSavi zRvis ufro CrdiloeT sanapiroze – soxumisa dasoWis okrugebSi¨ - werda a.n.krasnovi (154*1913).Tavdapirvelad rogorc moaxalSeneebi, ise xelisuflebacufro met yuradRebas Cais kulturisadmi iCenda.magram eqspediciebis dros erTis mxriv ecnobodnen sxvasubtropikul kulturebis, maT Soris citrusebismoSenebis wesebs, meore mxriv Tan mohqondaT citrusistrifoliatis Tesli, nergebi, TviT citrusovanTanergebic. 1886 wels m.dalfonsma pirvelma Semoitanaitaliidan mandarisa da forToxlis nergebi. 1897 welsCaqvis saufliswulo mamulSi Cais moSenebis paraleluradxeli mohkides citrusebis samrewvelo moSenebas. bonisuniversitetis profesori iohan reini, romelmac 1897 welsdaaTvaliera Caqvis saufliswulo mamuli, aRfr-140

Tovanebuli darCa nanaxi Cais plantaciebiT da citrusebissanergiT (15*82-83).mTavroba, romelic darwmunda aWaris SavizRvispireTSicitrusovanTa gaSenebis sargeblianobaSi, metyuradRebas iCens am dargis mimarT. am saqmiTdainteresebuli yofila baTumis olqis xelmZRvanelobac.Sedegad TandaTan izrdeboda citrusebiT gaSenebuliplantaciebis farTobi, rac xelisuflebas imeds aZlevda,rom male ¨sakuTar qveyanaSi¨ moweuli citrusebiTdaakmayofilebda ZiriTadad Sida bazris moTxovnilebas.me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi aWaraSi citrusebis gaSenebisswrafi tempiT imedmocemuli baTumis olqis samxedrogubernatori angariSSi werda:¨Tuki subtropikulikulturebis ganviTareba momavalSi gagrZeldeba imavegziT da imave tempiT, rogorc aqamde iyo, savsebiT undavelodoT mandarinis, limonis, Cais, bambukis importismniSvnelovnad Semcirebas (32*5).citrusebis, gansakuTrebiT mandarinis gaSenebam me-20saukunis dasawyisSi iseT warmatebas miaRwia, rom igi ukveCaisac uwevda konkurencias.mesaqonleobamesaqonleoba aWaraSi meurneobis ganviTarebulidargi yofila. osmalTa batonobis xanaSi saqonlissuladoba mkveTrad Semcirebula, risi mizezic pirutyvisyolaze gazrdili gadasaxadi yofila. miuxedavad amisa,mesaqonleoba aWaraSi mainc rCeboda soflis meurneobiserTerT wamyvan dargad.¨ zemo aWaris soflebSimecxoveleoba Zlieraa ganviTarebuli¨ - werda g.yazbegi(136*32). petre umikaSvili ¨iveriaSi¨ 1877 welsgamoqveynebul werilSi ¨osmaleTis saqarTvelo¨ werda:¨saqonels Zalian bevrs inaxaven zeda aWaraSi, metadresoflebSi: bakos, xixaZirs, zemo da qvemo Txilvans,Rorjoms da nagorevs. sazRvarze mdebare soflebidandidZali karaqi da erbo gadmoaqvT Cvenken guriaSi da141

amiT kargi sargebloba aqvT... saqonels (igulisxmebamsxvilfexa pirutyvi - avt.) garda yovel mosaxles aTiodecxvari da Txa hyavs da TiTo cxeni¨ (73*1877). e.i.mesaqonleoba ara marto saojaxo moxmarebisaTvis viTardeboda,aramed igi warmoadgenda Semosavlis mniSvnelovanwyarosac.aWaraSi soflis meurneobis wamyvani dargebi iyomiwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba. isini Tavidanveparalelurad, TiTqmis Serwymuli formiT viTardeboda daerTimeoris ganmapirobebel rols TamaSobda& arc erTmaTgans ar SeeZlo cal-calke ganviTareba.¨am SemTxvevaSimiwaTmoqmedeba warmogvidgeba, rogorc mesaqonleobisTaviseburi baza (saqonlis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa), xoloTavis mxriv mesaqonleoba ki miwaTmoqmedebis xelSemwyobipiroba (gamwevi Zala, organuli sasuqi da sxva) (101*36).meurneobis es dargi aWaris yvela raionSi erTnairadar yofila ganviTarebuli, risi mizezic saZovrebisa dasaTibebis simcire iyo (30*10). qvemo aWaraSi mecxoveleobaZiriTadad saojaxo moTxovnilebas akmayofilebda, magrammesimindeobis ganviTarebis maRali done da SesabamisadCalis didi raodenoba saSualebas aZlevda aWaris barismosaxleobas sakmao raodenobiT pirutyvi Seenaxa. mecxoveleobismxriv dawinaurebuli iyo zemo aWara:¨mesaqonelobazemo aWaraSi Zlieradaa ganviTarebuli soflebSi: bakoSi,xixaZirsa da TxilvanSi. gansakurebiT Rorjomsa danaRvarevSi¨- werda giorgi yazbegi (122*57). T.saxokia aRniSnavda:¨saqonlis moSenebas iseT sazogadoebebSimisdeven, sadac mTis ialaRebi axlos akravT. aseTebiazemo aWaraSi, gansakuTrebiT Rorjomis, agaris, Suaxevisada furtios sazogadoebani. am sazogadoebaTa mcxovrebni,sxvebTan SedarebiT SeZlebulad cxovroben” (110*219).xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTebdnen, rommeurneobis es dargi dawinaurebuli ar yofila. baTumisolqis 1903 wlis mimoxilvaSi naTqvamia, rom aWaraSimesaqonleoba dabal doneze dgaso (152*13). gansakuTrebiT142

uCiodnen muSa pirutyvis naklebobas (133*219). oficiozisaseTi davmokidebuleba realobas ar asaxavda. quTaisisguberniis 1896 da 1898 wlebis angariSebis mixedviTbaTumis okrugis (aWaris – avt.) mosaxleobas saqonlissuladobis mixedviT sakmaod mowinave adgili eWira (47*12,48*8-9).am statistikiT baTumis okrugSi cxenebis suladobameti iyo vidre ozurgebisa da svaneTis mazrebSi da raWaleCxumSierTad aRebuli:xolo cxvris suladobiT (98.533suli) baTumis okrugs quTaisis guberniaSi pirveliadgili eWira (48*8).msxvilfexa saqonlis Semdeg mniSvnelovani adgilieWira cxvrisa da Txis moSenebas. ¨mosaxleoba ZiriTadadinaxavs msxvilfexa rqosan pirutyvs, wvrilfexa (cxvari daTxa) pirutyvs da cxenebs. mcire raodenobiT hyavT kameCi,viri da Rori. sul hyavT:Zroxa, xari da kameCi - 43000cxvari da Txa – 53.000cxeni - 3. 500es saSualod erT komlze Seadgens -3 sulmsxvilfexa da 4 sul wvrilfexa pirutyvs da erT cxens(148*102).aWaris mkvidrni saqonlis movlas did yuradRebasuTmobdnen.¨glexi Tavis Tavs daaklebs da saqonels kirogorme sakvebs ar daaklebs. warmosadgenadc Znelia, Tura cicaboze adis glexi, oRond erTi muWa meti Tivamoimaragos zamTrisaTvis... Sors gzaze rom wava aWareli,Tavisi cxenis sagzali Tiva Tan miaqvs. kidec amitom hyavTxolme cxenebi dasuqebulebi.mTels aWaraSi iSviaTadSevxvedrivar mWle da uRono cxensa - wers T.saxokia(109*12)).maRalmTian soflebSi, sadac ufro ganviTarebuliiyo meurneoba, pirutyvi TiTqmis naxevari wlis manZilze,noembridan moyolebuli mart-aprilamde bagur kvebazehyavdaT. baris soflebSi, sadac Tovli ufro gvian143

modioda da adre Sreboda, saqonelic ufro didxanshyavdaT saZovarze. Tivisa da Calis ukmarisobis gamosaqonlis sakvebad iyenebdnen fiCxs, wyavis foTolsa danekers.xangrZlivi gamocdilebis Sedegad aWarismosaxleobam ukveT icoda Tu romeli jiSis saqoneligamoadgeboda mas. swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romaWaraSi da saerTod baTumis olqSi Warbobda qarTulkavkasiurijiSis saqoneli, romelic kargad iyoSeguebuli regionis bunebriv-klimatur pirobebTan. aqaurisaqoneli iyo tanad patara, mkvrivi, moqnili agebulebis,sakvebisadmi did moTxovnilebas ar iCenda, SesaniSnavadegueboda uxeS sakvebsac. amitomac aniWebda adgilobrivimosaxleoba am jiSis saqonels upirateobas (123*44-46).aWaraSi mesaqonleobis ganviTarebis aseTi rTulipirobebis miuxedavad igi mainc sasaqonlo xasiaTs atarebda.¨mesaqonleobaszemo aWaraSi aqvs samrewvelo-savaWroxasiaTi, aqedan yovelwliurad 1000 suli saqoneli mihyavTbaTumSi gasayidad¨ (26*8). ¨baTumSi okrugSi samrewvelomecxvareobas misdevdnen qurTebi da hemSilebi¨ (47*12).istoriul-eTnografiuli xasiaTis masalebi cxadyofen,rom ¨aWaraSi rZis produqtebis, pirvel rigSikaraqisa da yvelis damzadebis saqme sakmaod maRal donezeidga (101*51). pirutyvi da rZis produqtebi, romlebicsaojaxo moxmarebisaTvis ar sWirdebodaT, baTumSigasayidad mihqondaT. aWaris mkvidrni mecxoveleobisproduqtebiT vaWrobdnen mezobeli guriis regionismosaxleobasTan. produqtebs yiddnen an saWirosamrewvelo saqonelze cvlidnen. ¨yovel zafxulTiToeuli komli (igulisxmeba zemo aWaris mcxovrebni -avt.) 10 fuTamde gahyidis erbos baTumsa Tu guriaSi. fuTiaWaruli erbo baTumSi 10-20 maneTi fasobs (109*219-220).¨Wvanisa da Rorjomis mcxovreblebs SeeZloT gaesaRebinaTTavianTi pirutyvi da rZis nawarmi qalaqozurgeTSi¨(122*57).144

sabazro urTierTobebi TandaTan iwvevda saqonlissuladobis zrdas. 1900 wlis statistikuri monacemebiTbaTumis okrugSi sul 108.089 suli pirutyvi yofila, maTSoris:cxeni – 3.830msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi – 49.364kameCi – 2.076cxvari – 31.502Txa – 20.929 (50*18).§ IV mrewvelobis ganviTareba aWaraSi1886-19031903 wlebSiWoroxis auzi metalurgiisa da xelosnobis ganvi-Tarebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi istoriuladdawinaurebuli mxare iyo. amas araerTi arqeologiuriaRmoCena adasturebs. osmalTa batonobam uaryofiTigavlena moaxdina aWaris samrewvelo ganviTarebaze.ruseTTan SeerTebamde aWaraSi mrewveloba faqtiurad arcarsebobda. ¨Zveli sistemis Tofebis, xanjlebisa dasaerTod civi iaraRis damzadebis garda, ara Tu baTumismxareSi, aramed mTels baTumis olqSi aranairi fabrika daqarxana ar aris¨- werda frenkeli (160*4). am mimarTulebiTgamonakliss warmoadgenda wvrili, primitiulisaxelosnoebi.¨qalaq baTumSi da mimdebare soflebSiamzadebdnen mauds da Savi matylis Sals, romelic iyidebaadgilobriv mcxovreblebSi. amas garda amzadebdnenspilenZis sxvadasxva sagnebs, vercxlis nivTebs,romlebsac asaRebdnen baTumis okrugSive. aq arian kargimWedlebi da maudis ostatebi¨-aRniSnavda frenkeli (160*24).aWaraSi mrewvelobis ganviTarebis yvela winapirobaarsebobda. mxare mdidari iyo wiaRiseuli resursebiT(spilenZi, marganeci da sxva) (58*1911), amave dros aWaris145

mkvidrT xelosnobis mdidari tradiciebigaaCndaT.¨aWarlebi iaraRis kargi ostatebi arian¨-werdaJan murie (103*31). aseTive azris iyo Tedo saxokia:¨qvedaaWaraSi sofeli maWaxelaa ganTqmuli Tavisi zeinklebiT,Tavisi RirsebebiT cnobili ¨maWaxelas¨ Tofebi swored amsofelSi keTdeba¨ (109*227). (am SemTxvevaSi ara erTisofeli, aramed mTeli xeoba igulisxmeba - avt.) maWaxlisxeobasa da aWaris sxva adgilebSi damzadebuli iaraRimTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi iyo cnobili. ¨Tofebs,iataganebs da sxva civ iaraRs qvemo aWaraSi amzadebdnenmaWaxelaSi,cxmorisSi, saRoreTsa da axoSi. es iaraRi,gansakuTrebiT Tofebi, cnobilia maWaxelas saxeliT daganTqmulia ara marto aWaraSi, TviT imereTSic¨ (88*71).arsebiTad Seicvala viTareba aWaraSi ruseTisdamkvidrebis Semdeg. ara marto mrewvelobaSi, aramedsaerTod mxaris ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvetiroli baTums daekisra.1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegad,berlinis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, baTumi ruseTsgadaeca porto-frankos statusiT. Tavisufal savaWronavsadgurad gamocxadeba marTalia xelsayreli iyobaTumis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, magram igi arSeesabameboda ruseTis imperiis interesebs. ,,ruseTsnaklebad aSinebda Turquli nawarmis konkurencia, masufro aSinebda iafi inglisuri (saerTod evropuli)saqoneli, romelic daubrkoleblad ipyrobda baTumisbazars da advilad vrceldeboda qveyanaSi. amitommoZalebul kontrabandas xelisuflebam garesamyarosTanporto-frankos sruli izolireba daupirispira da sabaJokarantinebis meSveobiT umkacresi policiuri reJimidaawesa.¨ (117;33) ruseTis xelisuflebam isargebla xelsayrelisaerTaSoriso viTarebiT da 1886 wlis 27 ivnissbaTumis porto-franko gauqmebulad gamoacxada.ruseTTan SeerTebis droisaTvis baTumi pataraqalaqi iyo, TiTqmis 3000 mcxovrebiT (9;18)& magram gaaCnda146

SesaniSnavi yure, rac did perspeqtivas uqmnida misganviTarebas. ,,baTumis yure gamorCeulia Tavisibrwyinvale bunebrivi monacemebiT, sigane 150 saJenamdea,siRrme zog adgilas 40 saJens aRwevs, rac uzrunvelyofsyureSi yvelaze didi moculobis saxazo gemebisSesvlas¨.(23;14) aseTi SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad, baTumsramdenadme moxerxebuli navsadguri ar gaaCnda. mas sustikavSiri hqonda TviT amierkavkasiis samrewvelo-ekonomikurcentrebTan. cxadi iyo, rom baTumis ekonomikuriganviTarebisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda navsadgurismSeneblobas da rkinigzis gayvanas. aRniSnulisakiTxebis gadawyvetas TviT ruseTis imperiis ekonomikuriinteresebi moiTxovda, romelic im droisaTvis navTobiseqsportis mixedviT msoflioSi pirvel adgilze iyo.baTumis ganTavisuflebamde baqos navTobis sazRvargareTgatana foTis da baltiis zRvis navsadgurebidanxdeboda. am ukanasknelidan navTobis eqsporti Zviricjdeboda da didi droc sWirdeboda. arsebuliviTarebidan navTis mrewvelebi gamosavals eZebdnen. amTvalsazrisiT baTumi saukeTeso baza iyo bunebriviyureTi da moxerxebuli satranzito mdebareobiT. (55; 1911)1881 wels Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelsac daevalabaTumis navsadguris mSeneblobis proeqtis SemuSaveba.komisiam proeqti imave wels daasrula, ris safuZvelzecdaiwyo samSeneblo samuSaoebi. navsadguris mSeneblobaZiriTadad 1885 wels dasrulda da 5 milion maneTamdedajda. agebul iqna calke navsadgomi navTobproduqtebisgadasatvirTad. navsadguris aSenebam gamokveTa isupiratesobani, rac baTums foTTan SedarebiT gaaCnda.,,foTis mniSvneloba TandaTan ecemoda, xolo baTumiswrafad izrdeboda. misi seriozuli konkurenti xdeboda¨.(106;108) es procesi ufro TvalsaCino gaxda baTumsamtrediisrkinigzis xazis gayvanis Semdeg, romlismSenebeloba 1880 wels daiwyo da eqspluataciaSi Sevida1883 wlis 21 marts. amieridan baTumi rkinigziT baqos147

daukavSirda, ramac misdami msxvili kapitalistebis interesicgansazRvra. ,,amierkavkasiis didma bunebrivma simdidrem,gansakuTrebiT navTma da Savma qvam, erTbaSad Taviamoayofina CvenSi upirveles kapitalistebs evropisas:rotSilds, nobels da sxvebs... baTumma da baqomgansakuTrebiT Cqara daiWira upirvelesi adgilimrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSi. imitom, rom mswrafladSeiTvisa awindeli saukeTeso iaraRi msoflio brZolisa,Seisisxlxorca is saSualebani, romelsac hxmarobendasavleT evropis dawinaurebulsa da umTavresssamrewvelo qalaqebSi¨. (77;1891) imTaviTve gamoikveTa, rom,,baTumis samrewvelo ganviTareba ZiriTadSi baqosnavTobis eqsportis xarjze xdeboda¨ (1276;43) baTumissamrewvelo ganviTareba navTobis eqsportis miznebsdauqvemdebarda (114;122)marTlac, baqos navTobis eqsportma gansazRvrabaTumis arnaxulad swrafi samrewvelo ganviTareba XIXsaukunis 80-iani wlebidan. ,,Seiqmna navTobproduqtebisdaxarisxebisa da transportirebasTan dakavSirebulimyari infrastruqtura (113;105).im droisavis navTobis eqsportis ori saxearsebobda - sataro (WurWliT) da gadasxmiTi. baTumidannavTobis eqsportis profili Tavidanve ganisazRvrasataro formiT, ramac taris dasamzadebeli sawarmoebisaRmocenebas Seuwyo xeli. navTobproduqtebis gadasaziditaris dasamzadebeli pirveli qarxnis mSeneblobasbaTumSi safuZveli Caeyara 1882 wels, romlisiniciatorebi iyvnen inJineri burge da palaSkovski. e.i.qarxnis mSenebloba daiwyo baTumi-samtrediis rkinigzisamoqmedebamde da dasrulda 1883 wels. qarxana qalaqbaTumSi mdebareobda. risi mizezic im dros moqmediporto-frankos reJimi iyo. ,,raTa ar gadaexadaTucxoeTidan Semotanili manqanebis, Carxebis da Tunuqis(romelic saWiro iyo yuTebis dasamzadeblad - avt.) baJi.meqarxneebi grZnobdnen ra porto-frankos sazRvrebis148

siviwroves, aRZres Suamdgomloba Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT(orTabaTumis veli-avt.) mdebare adgilebis porto-frankosfarglebSi mosaqcevad, raTa iq aegoT qarxnebi, magramSuamdgomloba meqarxneebis sasargeblod ar gadawyda daimaTac momgebianad CaTvales qarxnebis ageba portofrankossazRvrebSi¨ (46; 12)&pirveli qarxnisaTvis Carxebi da mowyobilobagamoiweres amerikidan, saidanac moiwvies dasamontaJebladteqnikosebic. saproeqto SesaZleblobiT qarxanas erTdReSi unda gamoeSva 3. 000 xis da 6. 000 Tunuqis yuTi,magram gamocdili muSebis aryolis gamo igi amsimZlavriT ver muSaobda. 1886 wlamde aRniSnuli qarxanaerTaderTi iyo, romelic xisa da Tunuqis yuTebsmanqanuri wesiT amzadebda (46;13) qarxana mogvianebiTrotSildis sakuTrebaSi gadavida da iTvleboda ,,kaspiisada Savi zRvis navTobis mrewvelobisa da vaWrobisamxanagobis” (rotSildis) qarxanad. baTumSi rotSildisgamoCenas ¨iveria¨ ase iuwyeboda: ,,rotSildma didi saqmedaiwyo baTumSi. es didi saqme navTis mrewvelobis saqmea.oTxma milionma fulma unda itrialos CvenSi. am saqmeSiufro is aris saintereso, rom saqmis mmarTvelebadCveneburebi arian... yvelam icis, rom ekonomiurskeTildReobaze damokidebulia gonebrivi da zneobrivisikeTeca¨ (75;1886). XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan ruseTinavTobis umsxvilesi eqsportiori gaxda. navTobigahqondaT tankerebiT, ZiriTadad evropaSi, xolomaxlobeli da Soreuli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi xisa daTunuqis bidonebiT. swored navTobproduqtebis tarisdasamzadebeli sawarmoebis daarsebam misca biZgi baTumissamrewvelo ganviTarebas. 1885 wels baTumSi amoqmeddasideridisisa da rixneris, 1887 wels xaCaturiancis,Semdeg manTaSevis, Zmebis covianovebis da sxva qarxnebi.baTumi amierkavkasiis msxvili samrewvelo centri gaxda.1887 wlis monacemebiT quTaisis guberniaSi safabriko dasaqarxno mrewvelobis produqciis moculobam Seadgina 5149

milion 237 aTas 254 maneTi, romlidanac 4 milion 482 aTas500 maneTi baTumis qarxnebze modioda. baTumis navTisqarxnebi, romlebic navTobis eqsports emsaxurebodnen,warmoebis moculobiT 9-jer aWarbebdnen mTeli danarCeniguberniis safabriko da saqarxno mrewvelobas (44;10)baTumis baqosTan rkinigziT dakavSirebismiuxedavad kvlav dRis wesrigSi idga baTumamde navTobistransportirebis sakiTxi. navTobproduqtebis didiraodenobiT Seuferxebeli eqsporti moiTxovda baqobaTumisnavTobsadeni milis gayvanas. 1884 wlis martSiamerikelma milionerma georg vilsonma TxovniT mimarTakavkasiis umaRles xelisuflebas miecaT misTvis koncesiiswesiT baqo baTums Soris nasvTobsadenis gayvanisnebarTva. magram mas uari eTqva im motiviT, rom evropelispecialistebis daskvniT saqarTveloSic aRmoCndanavTobis budobebi, romelTa eqsplotaciis dawyebisSemdeg aqauri navTobi gaxdeboda baTumidan ucxoeTSigasatani mTavari sagani. (111;79) navTobsadenis xarjebiproeqtiT 16 mln. maneTs miaRwevda. siZviris gamoxelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi garkveul xans Tavsikavebdnen am ideis mxardaWerisagan. magram imTaviTvenaTeli iyo navTobsadenis gayvanis sargeblianoba ruseTissaxelmwifosaTvis. ,,navTis milis gayvana auarebels navTsgazidavs baqodan baTumSi, saidamac es masala gavaevropiuls bazrebSi da Tavis siuxviT advilad dasCagravssxvaTa qveynebis navTs... amgvari gamarjveba Cvenis navTisaSescvlis savaWro balanss ruseTis sasargeblod da esgaremoeba advilad daajildovebs ruseTis saxelmwifos imdanaklisisaTvis, romelic mas mouva amierkavkasiisrkinigzis garantiis valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad.friad sasargebloa am milis gayvana¨ (72;1885).navTobsadenis gaxsniT erTi fuTi navTobis baqodanbaTumSi gadatana 18 kapikis (amdeni jdeboda rkinigziTnavTobis gadazidva-avt.) nacvlad eqvsi kapiki dajdeboda.xelisuflebis mxridan naklebi mxardaWeris miuxedavad,150

nobelebis iniciativiT, 1889 wels 59 versis sigrZisnavTobsadeniT erTmaneTs daukavSirda xaSuri dazestafoni. xaSuramde cisternebiT motanili navTobiisxmeboda rezervuarebSi, aqedan navTobsadeniTgadaiqaCeboda zestafonSi, sadac xelaxla isxmebodacisternebSi da ase gadahqondaT baTumSi. navTobistransportirebis aseT sirTules ganapirobebda suramisuReltexilze gvirabis ar arseboba. navTobis gatanismzardma moTxovnilebam aucilebeli gaxada suramisgvirabis gayvana, romlis mSenebliba 1886 wels daiwyo da1890 wels dasrulda. rac Seexeba baqo-baTumisnavTobsadenis baTumi-xaSuris monakveTs, eqsploataciaSi1900 wels Sevida da misi gamtarunarianoba weliwadSi60,000,000 fuTs aRwevda. aman kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli ba-Tumidan baqos navTobis eqsportis gaiafebas. Tu mxedvelobaSimiviRebT imas, rom erTi fuTi navTobis mopovebabaqoSi jdeboda 3kapiki, xolo amerikaSi 20 kapiki, gadamu-Saveba erTi fuTis ki baqoSi 6 1\4, xolo amerikaSi 21 –kapiki. navTobis mopoveba-damuSavebis siafe amerikaSimopovebasTan SedarebiT, ruseTis navTobs msofliobazarze konkurenciis absolutur upiratesobas aniWebda(133;318-319). aseTi upiratesobis gamo baqos navTobi ukve1886 wlidan TandaTan aviwroebda amerikul navTobsmsoflio bazarze. navTobis eqsportis swrafi zrdabaTumis taris dasamzadebeli qarxnebis mepatroneebisaganSesabamisad moiTxovda warmoebis moculobis daCqarebulgazrdas. eqsportiorebisaTvis momgebiani aRar iyo xisada Tunuqis yuTebis xeliT damzadeba, an maTi Sesyidvawvrili mrewvelebisagan SedarebiT maRal fasebSi. ,,amdroidan daiwyo gaZlierebuli mSenebloba iseTi qarxnebisa,sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda TunuqisyuTebis manqanuri wesiT damzadebas, xolo xis yuTebikvlav xeliT mzaddeboda.” (46;12) Tunuqis yuTebiswarmoebis manqanur warmoebaze gadasvlam, rasac TanerTvoda xe-tyis TandaTanobiT gaZvirebac, gamoiwvia xis151

yuTebis warmoebis TviTRirebulebis gazrda TunuqisyuTebTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, Tu xis yuTebiswarmoeba meryeobda 22-27,3 kapikamde, Tunuqis yuTisRirebuleba 19-23 kapiks awevda. yovelive amis Sedegi isiyo, rom xis taris warmoeba mcirdeboda, xolo Tunuqisaizrdeboda. Tu 1898 wels Tunuqis yuTebi, romelicSefuTvis gareSe (SefuTvisas gamoiyeneboda xis tara, racaseve Zviri jdeboda da TandaTan SeufuTav TunuqisWurWels eniWeboda upiratesoba - avt.) gaigzavnasaeqsportod, damzadebuli iqna 1.124. 000 cali, anusaerTo raodenobis 5, 7%, 1899 wels damzadebulma aseTiyuTebis raodenobam 2. 073. 000 cali anu saerToraodenobis 8, 9% Seadgina. saerTod 1899 welsdamzadebuli iqna 11. 942. 055 cali xis yuTi, xoloTunuqis - 25. 948, 704 cali, romelTa saerTo RirebulebaSeadgenda 8. 430. 073 maneTs (49;12).baTumis msxvili firmebis mier 1896-1989ww. xisa daTunuqis yuTebis warmoeba aseT suraTs gvaZlevs (133*304):1896 weli 1897 weli1898weliNtarismwarmoebelifirmebidamzadebuliyuTebisraodenobadamzadebuliTunuqis bido-nebisraodenobadamzadebuliyuTebisraodenobadamzadebuliTunuqis bido-nebisraodenobadamzadebuliyuTebisraodenobadamzadebuliTunuqis bido-nebisraodenoba1 bnito 3174661 6349322 3423691 6847382 3372288 67453762 manTaSevi 2215850 4431700 2044350 4088700 2995450 59109003 covianovi 1608473 3216946 1909690 3811380 1460000 2920000152

4 sideridisi 1223020 2446040 1147570 2295140 912500 18250005 xaCaturiani 150000 2300000 1400000 2800000 1826000 36500006 rixneri _ _ _ _ 365000 7300007 mesropovi _ _ _ _ _ _89samx.rusTeTis .bankigramatikopulos u l1727677 3455345 354370 708740 _ __ _ _ 492750 98550011099681027567205513411383382219936211 2 822766771TiTqmis ori aTeuli wlis manZilze baTumis mrewvelobamganvlo rTuli gza. ,,Tu SeerTebis momentSi iqgabatonebuli iyo xelosnoba, XIX saukunis 80-ianiwlebis bolos upiratesoba ukve manufaqturam da qarxanammoipova. 90-ian wlebSi damTavrda teqnikuri gadatrialebada baTumSi TiTqmis ganuyoflad safabriko-saqarxnomrewveloba gabatonda¨ (18;225) teqnikuri siaxleebisdanergva amcirebda sawarmoebis xarjebsa da xelsuwyobda mis zrdas, magram uaryofiTad moqmedebdaqarxnebSi dasaqmebulTa bedze da iwvevda maTi ricxvisSemcirebas.taris dasamzadebeli yoveli qarxana Sedgeboda origanyofilebisagan: xis saxerxi-sadurglo da Tunuqis. pirveliganyofileba yvela qarxanaSi erTnairad iyomowyobili, hqondaT erTnairi dazgebi, romelicmoZraobaSi mohyavda orTqlis Zravas, rac Seexeba Tunuqisganyofilebebs, dazgebis moZraobaSi moyvanisTvalsazrisiT or kategoriad iyofoda: qarxnebi, romelTadazgebi moZraobaSi mohyavda meqanikur Zravas da qarxnebi,romelTa dazgebi moZraobaSi mohyavda muSebs. magram aseTiqarxnebi TandaTan gadadiodnen meqanikuri Zravis153

gamoyenebaze. 1895 wlisaTvis baTumSi tarisdasamzadebeli aseTi 8 qarxana moqmedebda. 1. kaspia-SavizRvis navTobis mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis sazogadoebis(rotSildis), 2. a.i. manTaSevis. 3. Zmebi covianovebisa dakompaniis 4. r.a. rixneris, 5. s.a. siderisis, 6. savaWrosaxl m.g. xaCaturiancisa da kompaniis, 7. Zmebigramatikopulos, 8. saiad Sahbazovis (46;12).imave 1895 wels baTumis okrugSi moqmedebda 3qarxana - 1 spilenZ-sadnobi da ori tyavis, xolo qalaqbaTumSi sul 35 sawarmo iyo. maT Soris: 1 Tujissasxmeli,2 Tambaqos, 4 mineraluri wylebis, 1 xelovnuri yinulis, 1xissaxerxi, 17 taris dasamzadebeli qarxana da navTisCamosasxmeli sadguri, 7 kasris, 1 faneris, 1- lursmnisdasamzadebeli. qalaq baTumis sawarmoebSi muSaobda sul3845 muSa, xolo warmoebuli produqciis RirebulebaSeadgenda 26. 541. 965 maneTs. maSin roca mTels quTaisisguberniaSi iTvleboda 723 sawarmo, 5474 muSiT dawarmoebuli produqciis Rirebuleba Seadgenda 27 401.793 maneTs (46;36).baTumis zrda upirvelesad navTobis eqsportze iyodamokidebuli, rac TavisTavad iwvevda Sesabamisi infrastruqturisganviTarebas – navTis Camosasxmelisadgurebis, rezervuarebis mSeneblobas ,romelTaZiriTadi nawili uSualod qalaqis teritoriaze iyoganlagebuli.navTis qarxnebis Tavmoyra erT mxriv qalaqTan, xolomeore mxriv barcxanis batareasTan saxifaTo iyo mSvidobianobisdros, xanZris SemTxvevaSi. safrTxe gacilebiTgaizrdeboda saomari moqmedebis viTarebaSi. vinaidanbaTumi, rogorc mniSvnelovani saporto qalaqi daculiunda yofiliyo usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. saWiro iyonavTis qarxnebis rezervuarebis gatana qalaqis gareT. ammizniT gadawyda navTis qalaqis (e.w. gorodokis - avtori)mSenebloba. ,,baTumSi navTobis qalaqis mSeneblobissakiTxSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda navTis mrewvelebisa da154

samxedroTa interesebi (33;8). am sakiTxis gadasawyvetadqalaq baTumis gamgeobam Seqmna komisia 1891 wels,romelic Tavis sxdomebze iwvevda navTis mrewvelebs(8;117) menavTobeTa qalaqis mosawyobad ganixilebodaramdenime varianti: 1) md. yoroliswylis veli (qalaqidan2-3 versis daSorebiT) 2) Caqvis wylis SesarTavi(daaxloebiT 12 versi) 3) mdinare Woroxis velzekapandibi (daaxloebiT 9 versi). komisias esmoda ra meoreda mesame variantis xarjianoba siSoris gamo,SesaZleblad Tvlida yoroliswylis napirze mSeneblobismxardaWeras im pirobiT Tu ,,menavTobeTa qalaqigadaiwevda SesaZleblobis farglebSi, mdinareyoroliswylis zemo welisken da SeizRudeboda qalaqisgafarToeba dasavleTisaken¨ (8;208-210). komisiam Tavisigadawyvetileba warudgina qalaqis gamgeobas dadgeniliwesiT dasamtkiceblad warsadgenad.baTumidan navTobproduqtebis gatanis zrdiskvalobaze arnaxuli tempiT izrdeboda portistvirTbrunva. Tu baTumis ruseTTan SeerTebis drosportis tvirTbrunva ar aRemateboda 500. 000 fuTs, 20wlis Semdeg 1899 wels man 90. 000.000 fuTs miaRwia (24;52-53) xolo 1903 wlisaTvis 107.700.000 fuTi Seadgina (26;10)saerTo tvirTbrunvaSi wamyvan rols eqsporti asrulebda.Tu 1890 wels baTumis portSi ucxoeTidan Semoitanes 5.115. 000 fuTi tvirTi, gaitanes 45.395.709 fuTi (34;12). 1893wels Semoitanes 5. 760. 000 fuTi, xolo gaitanes 57. 724.000 fuTi (27;2).ucxoeTSi gatanili saqonlis ZiriTad nawilsnavTobi da navTobproduqtebi Seadgenda. Tu 1884 welsbaTumidan gaitanes 3. 745. 653 fuTi navTobproduqti, 1892wels am cifrma 51. 419. 838 fuTi Seadgina, xolo 1893wlisaTvis 55. 397. 994 fuTs miaRwia (27;1-2). baTumidannavTobisa da navTobproduqtebis gatanam piks 1902 welsmiaRwia da 78. 338. 800 fuTi Seadgina (133;310-311).155

navTobis eqsporttTan dakavSirebuli samrewvelodargebis garda didi mniSvneloba aWaris (da saerTodbaTumis olqis - avt.) ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvissamTamadno mrewvelobas hqonda. mxareSi jer kidevSoreul warsulSi metalurgiis ganviTarebis maRaldoneze araerTi arqeologiuri aRmoCena metyvelebs.samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos wiaRiseuli resursebiTevropeli kapitalistebi jer kidev osmalTabatonobis periodSi dainteresdnen. XIX saukunis 60-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi germanulma firmam ¨Zmebi simensebi¨baTumis raionSi daiwyo spilenZis sabadoebis damuSavebada aago spilenZsadnobi qarxana, romelic 44 aTas fuTzemet spilenZs iZleoda wliurad, romlis Rirebuleba 500aTas oqros maneTs Seadgenda (159*28). samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTvelos sasargeblo wiaRiseulis, gansakuTrebiTspilenZis aTviseba-damuSavebas meti yuradReba mieqca amregionis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg.md.Woroxisa da misi Senakadebis xeobebSi spilenZisaraerTi sabado iqna aRmoCenili.¨baTomis olqi metadmdidaria madneulobiT. tyvia-vercxli, spilenZi, cinkibevria yvela eseni cxadad sCanan ise, rom mTis inJenerebs,visac ki aqauroba unaxavs, araerTxel es ambavigamoucxadebiaT¨ (82*1896). baTumis olqis wiaRiseuliresursebiT simdidreze arerTi cnoba arsebobs. ¨raionigansakuTrebiT mdidaria spilenZis, marganecisa da sxvawiaRiseulis sabadoebiT, romelTa damuSavebaaucilebelia ara marto olqis mosaxleobisinteresebisaTvis, aramed saxelmwifo xazinisTvisac¨(6*1).¨baTumis olqi Zalze mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT,romelTa Soris wamyvani adgili uWiravs spilenZissabadoebs. amJamad mikvleulia baTumis olqSi 45spilenZis sabado, 34 arTvinis okrugSi da 11 baTumisokrugSi. aseve cnobilia vercxlisa da tyviis 14 sabadoarTvinis okrugSi da amdenive baTumis okrugSi. 8 TuTiissabado, gogirdis sabado, rkinis 10 sabado, granitis,156

marganecis sabadoebi¨(41*17). samwuxarod, aRniSnulisabadoebis aTviseba sakmaod nela mimdinareobda.amis mizezi rTul reliefTan erTad gzebismouwesrigeblobac iyo. ¨baTumis mazraSi madnebi sakmaodmdidarni arian, magram maTi warmoeba SeferxebiT midis.amis mizezi is aris, rom mdinaresTan axlos ki armdebaroeben isini, aramed Woroxze karga moSorebiT. aserom gadazidva mTian da kldian alagebSi Zalian Zviradjdeba. amis garda, TviT Woroxi ar varga... menaveebiqveidam zeviT sam dRes undebian, xolo zemodan qveiT 5saaTs... amis gamo ganzraxva aqvT gza gaiyvanon baTumisa,artaanisa da arsis Sua da erTi totiT arTvinsacSeuerTon. es gza metad saWiroa ufro spilenZiswarmoebis gasaZliereblad¨ (64*1884).TandaTan spilenZis sabadoebis damuSavebas meti yuradRebaeqceoda. 1890 wels germanelma mrewvelebmarobert rixnerma da anton salernim baTumidan 11 versisdaSorebiT, sofel ergeSi aages spilenZis sadnobi qarxana,romlis teqnologiuri SesaZlebloba 50-60 aTasi fuTiwiTeli spilenZi iyo weliwadSi (133*455).ruseTSi spilenZis mrewveloba sam ZiriTad regionSi– kavkasiaSi, uralsa da yazaxeTSi iyo ganviTarebuli. 1906wlamde spilenZis warmoebaSi kavkasia pirvel adgilzeiyo, 1907 wlidan dawinaurda urali. Tumca, amis Semdegacamierkavkasiis xvedriTi wili ruseTis spilenZiswarmoebaSi mainc didi iyo da 1913 wels 33%-s Seadgenda(104*349). iseve rogorc ruseTis mrewvelobis sxvadargebSi, spilenZis wamroebaSic didi iyo ucxourikapitalis roli. 1900-1913 wlebSi ruseTis imperiismaStabiT gamodnobili spilenZis 75% uxoelTa wiladmodioda. analogiuri iyo viTareba baTumis olqisspilenZis warmoebaSic. swored ucxoelma, germanelmar.rixnerma daarsa pirveli spilenZsadnobi qarxanasof.ergeSi. ai, ras werda rixneris saqmianobis Sesaxeb¨iveria¨:¨am rva wlis winad sovdagari r.a.rixneri157

Sesdgomia spilenZis madnis damuSavebas arTvinisadgilebSi da am saqmeze dauxarjavs 800.000 maneTio.magram male baton rixners da miss amxanags batonsalernis raRac erTmaneTSi dava astexiaT... exla marto b-ns rixners darCenia es madani, romelic ise mdidariaTurme spilenZiT, rom mas sxva madani ruseTSi arSeedrebao. da xelaxla Sesdgomia saqmes marto,uamxanagod da ara marto xotSi, romelic arTvinismazraSia, aramed aWaraSic sofel merisSio. madnisgadasadnobeli qarxana b-ns rixners baTomidan 12 versze,Turme sofel ergeSi aqvs da mowyobili aqvs ukeTesismanqanebiT, sazRvargareTidam motanilebiTa. TiTon madanigadasadnobad arTvinis mazridam Woroxis wyliT moaqvTda aWaridam ki Carvadrebi ezidebiano. baTomidanqarxanamde mSvenieri gzatkecilia da baTomSi motanaxalasis spilenZisa bevri ar jdebao...zemoTxsenebuli ambavi aRsaniSnavia, rogorc erTiimisTana magaliTi, romelic gvauwyebs, rom Cvens gamrjelobassZinavs, Cven CvenSive brmasaviT daviarebiT, veravxedavT ris momcemia Cveni qveyana¨(82*1896).XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSiamierkavkasiis spilenZis mrewvelobaSi gamoCenas iwyebsinglisur-amerikuli kapitali. amave raionSi aqtiurobdagermanuli kapitalic (112*137). ucxoelTa dainteresebadidi iyo baTumis olqis spilenZis sabadoebiT. 1901wlisTvis baTumis olqSi sasargeblo wiaRiseulisdamuSavebas eweoda 14 samTo-samrewvelo organizacia(133*21), romelTa umravlesoba ucxouri kompaniebi iyo.1890 wels daarsebuli erges spileZsadnobi qarxanaxodis (arTvinis okrugi), madanze muSaobda. qarxana maRaroebze130 versiT iyo daSorebuli, rac SeuZlebelsxdida madnis uwyvetad miwodebas da Sesabamisad qarxnisSeuferxebel muSaobas. 1902 wlamde erges qarxanaSimuSavdeboda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvasabadoebis madanic. miuxedavad amisa, qarxnis muSaoba158

mainc arastabiluri iyo. Tu 1890 wels gamoadnes 292 fuTisufTa spilenZi, 1900 wels -7.800 fuTi, 1910 wels mxolod1.672 fuTi (96*112-113). aseTi arastabiluri Sedegis mizeziiyo qarxnidan maRaroebis siSore, ugzooba, rasac zeddaerTo qarxnis mflobelis r.rixneris finansurigarTulebebic. aseTi problemebis gamo erges qarxanamsabolood muSaoba Sewyvita.baTumis olqSi erges da xodis spilenZis qarxnebisgarda me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi kidev ori spileZsadnobikompleqsi moqmedebda-WinkaTxevsa (Zansulsa) daqvarcxanaSi. WinkaTxevis kompleqsi ekuTvnoda inglisuramerikulfirma ¨kavkasiis spilenZis samrewvelosazogadoebas¨. firmis dabandebuli kapitalis udidesinawili ekuTvnoda amerikel kapitalists s.morgans. 1901wels firmam murRulis xeobaSi Caatara spilenZis madnissaZiebo samuSaoebi da arsebuli maragi daaxloebiT 400miliardi fuTiT (66 miliardi tona) gansazRvra. marTaliamadanSi spilenZis Semcveloba mcire iyo, magram maragisdidi raodenoba warmoebas didi xniT uzrunvelyofda. 1902wels firmam ruseTis mTavrobisagan baTumis olqSisasurveli teritoriebis SeZenis, qarxnebis agebisa daspilenZis sabadoebis ganusazRvreli vadiT eqspluataciisufleba miiRo (22*12). imave wels Zansulis sabadoebidan 9versze, WinkaTxevSi spilenZisadnobi qarxnis mSeneblobadaiwyes. qarxnis samrewvelo SesaZlebloba weliwadSi 200aTasi fuTi sufTa spilenZi iyo. 1903 wels qarxanam ukvegamouSva 31.000 fuTi spilenZi (112*143). qarxnis saproeqtoSesaZleblobiT amoqmedebisaTvis TandaTan araerTimSinvnelovani RonisZieba tardeboda: saTadarigonawilebiT Seufereblad momaragebisaTvis qarxanasTanaages Tujsasxmeli, samWedlo da meqanikuri saamqroebi,madnis dabali xarisxis gamo agebuli iqna 4gamamdidrebeli fabrika, maRaroebidan fabrikamdegaiyvanes rkinigzis xazi, 2620 metri sigrZis sabagiro gza,sawvaviT Seuferxeblad momaragebisaTvis baTumidan159

Woroxis da murRulis xeobebiT gaiyvanes 60 versissigrZis navTobsadeni. warmoebaSi dainerga teqnikurisiaxleni (meqanikuri burRva, eleqtromeqanikuri niCbisgamoyeneba da sxva). sul 1901-1914 wlebSi ¨kavkasiisspilenZis samrewvelo sazogadoebam¨ WinkaTxevissamrewvelo kompleqsis aRWurvisaTvis 20 milioni maneTidaabanda.yvela am gatarebuli RonisZiebis SedegadmniSvnelovnad gaizarda spilenZis madnis mopovebadamuSaveba.Tu 1903 wels gaadnes 31.000 fuTi sufTaspilenZi, xolo 1910 wels 101.000 fuTi, 1913 wels ukve –206.000 fuTi (22*16).baTumis olqSi spilenZis damuSavebaSi aqtiur rolsasrulebda germanuli firma ¨Zmebi simensebi¨ romlebmacjer kidev XIX saukunis 60- ian wlebSi, osmalTabatonobis xanaSi daiwyo baTumis olqSi spilenZismopoveba. 1901 wels karl simensma arTvinis okrugSi,sof.qvarcxvanaSi aiRo miwis nakveTi da daiwyo spilenZisdamuSaveba¨ (42*29). Tavdapirvelad simensebs spilenZismadani sazRvargareT gahqondaT an mezobel qarxnebSiamuSavebdnen. 1905-1907 wlebSi aq aages Savi spilenZissadnobi qarxana. sadac ukve 1907 wels gamoadnes 53.000fuTze meti Savi spilenZi. spilenZis madnis mopovebiszrdam (1909 wels amoiRes 436.000 fuTze meti madani)simensebs gadaawyvetina didi spilenZisadnobi qarxnisageba. am mizniT maT gamoyves erTi milioni maneTi, kidecdawyes qarxnis mSenebloba, magram msoflio omis dawyebamsimensebis spilenZsadnobi qarxnis amoqmedeba gadaavada.aWaris sasoflo-sameurno resursebi msubuqi mrewvelobisganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida. Tuar CavTvliT Tambaqosa da Cais samrewvelo damuSavebas, ammimarTulebiT aWaraSi samwuxarod bevri araferi gakeTebula.Tambaqos foTlis mTavar savaWro centrs baTumisolqSi qalaqi baTumi warmoadgenda.Tambaqos nedleulis160

ogorc Semsyidveli, ise misi samrewvelo damuSavebisiniciatorebi baTumSi ZiriTadad ucxoeli fabikantebiiyvnen. baTumSi ganlagebuli Tambaqos sawyobebiekuTvnodaT biniaT-oRlis, danilovs, podoleckis dasxvebs XIX saukunis damlevs q.baTumSi ukve moqmedebda 3Tambaqos fabrika, romelTa Soris gamoirCeoda 1889 welsdaarsebuli biniaT-oRlis da 1899 wels daarsebuliSelovicki-levbergis Tambaqos fabrikebi. 1899 welsquTaisis guberniis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimoxilvidanCans, rom baTumis 3 Tambaqos fabrikam saangariSo welsmiiRo 4.194 fuTi Tambaqos foToli, romlisganac gamouSva7.931.000 cali sigareti. samive fabrikaSi dasaqmebuli iyo82 muSa (49*49). baTumis Tambaqos fabrikebi muSaobdnenrogorc adgilobriv, aWaraSi (da saerTod baTumis olqSi)moweul ise soxumis okrugidan, yubanidan da TurqeTidanSemotanil nedleulze.1902 wels biniaT-oRlis Tambaqos fabrikam miiRo dagadaamuSava 5.501 fuTi Tambaqo, xolo Selvicki-levbergisfabrikam-1.804 fuTi (133*430-440).aWaraSi didi perspeqtiva hqonda soflis meurneobisaxali subtropikuli kulturebis, gansakuTrebiT CaisgaSenebisa da misi samrewvelo damuSavebis saqmes. XIXsauknis 90-iani wlebidan ucxoelma moaxalSeenebmapirveli Cais plantaciebi gaaSenes CaqvSi, salibaursa dakapreSumSi. aWaraSi Cais gaSenebis procesi gacilebiTswrafad warimarTa Caqvis saufliswulo mamulis SeqmnisSemdeg. ukve 1901 wlisTvis marto Caqvis saufliswulomamulSi gaSenebulma Cais plantaciebma 100 desetinasgadaaWarba (18*75), xolo saerTod aWaraSi gaSenebulmaplantaciebis farTobma 248 desetina Seadgina (32*5). Caisplantaciebis mflobelTa umravlesoba moweul nedleulskustarulad, saojaxo pirobebSi amuSavdeba. 1899 welspirveli fabrika aigo Caqvis mamulSi. 1900 wlisTvisaWaraSi ori Cais fabrika iyo, romelTa ricxvi 1907wlisTvis 4-mde gaizarda. TandaTan kustarulad161

damzadebuli Cais xvedriTi wili saerTod aWaraSi CaiswarmoebaSi umniSvnelo gaxda. swrafad izrdeboda aWaraSidamzadebuli mza Cais raodenobac. mag.Tu 1899 welsmxolod Caqvis mamulSi daamzades 300 funti mza Caisproduqcia, 1904 wels am cifrma 100.000 funti Seadgina(51*13).aWaris samrewvelo ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti roliekuTvnoda baTums. am TvalsazrisiT (rogorc sawarmoTaraodenobiT, ise saerTo saqonelbrunviT) baTums ara TuaWaraSi, aramed mTels quTaisis guberniaSi hqonda gamokve-Tili upiratoseba. jer kidev XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi.am mxriv sainteresoa quTaisi guberniis 1893 wlismimoxilvis cifrebi, romelic Seexeba saangariSo welssamrewvelo da savaWro dawesebulebebis raodenobas damaT saqonelbrunvas (45*13).gildiebis sawaromebiqalaqi,mazrasawarmoebisraodenobasaerTobrunvamogebagadasaxadisTanxa(maneTebSimaneTebSi)baTumi 195 32.554.000 733.000 12.000soxumi 50 719.400 68.000 700quTaisis 326 4.211.000 375.000 7.200mazra da q.quTaisisulguberniaSi1.327 44.521.654 1.562.180 35.000aragildiebis sawarmoebiqalaqi,mazrasawarmoebisraodenobasaerTobrunvamogeba gadasaxadisTanxa(maneTebSimaneTebSi)baTumi 553 1.429.500 180.120 2.400162

soxumi 80 365.600 74.400 200quT. mazra 847 2.212.640 300.000 3.000daq. quTaisisulguberniaSi2666 5.632.560 760.741 9.000baTumis aRmavali samrewvelo ganviTareba arc SemdegwlebSi Senelebula. 1902 wels q.baTumSi funqcionirebda1026 savaWro da 366 samrewvelo dawesebuleba (133*416).miuxedavad mTeli rigi siZneleebisa aWaris (gansakuTrebiTbaTumisa-avt.) mrewveloba swrafad izrdeboda daXX saukunis damdegidan q.baTumi Tbilisisa da baqosSemdeg amierkavkasiaSi mesame samrewvelo centradiTvleboda.baTumis samrewvelo ganviTarebis maStabebmagansazRvra aq ruseTis bankebis aqtiuri saqmianoba. jerkidev 1886 wels gaixsna baTumSi saxelmwifo bankisbaTumis ganyofileba. 1890 wels gaixsna Tbilisiskomerciuli bankis baTumis ganyofileba, xolo 1895 wels- samxreT-ruseTis samrewvelo bankis ganyofileba. 1903wlisaTvis baTumSi funqcionerebda Semdegi bankebi: 1.saxelmwifo bankis baTumis ganyofileba, romlis saerTobrunvam 1903 wels Seadgina 84. milioni 320. 049 maneTi da90 kapiki.2. Tbilisis komerciuli bankis baTumis ganyofileba,romlis wliurma brunvam Seadgina 167 milion 315. 432maneTi da 16 kapiki.3. saerTo kreditis baTumis sazogadoeba, romlissaerTo brunvam Seadgina 18 milion. 676. 345 maneTi da 22kapiki.4. samxreT-ruseTis samrewvelo bankis baTumis ganyofileba,romlis wliurma brunvam Seadgina 69 milion 537maneTi da 90 kapiki.163

5. ruseT-CineTis bankis baTumis ganyofileba, romliswliurma brunvam Seadgina 5 milion 554 maneTi da 87kapiki.6. 1903 wels baTumSi gaixsna sasoflo banki, romlisZiriTadi kapitali Seadgenda 300.000 maneTs (26;11).samrewvelo ganviTarebis paralelurad izrdebodaqalaq baTumis mosaxleoba, matulobda fasi miwaze,izrdeboda qalaqis farTobi, romelmac 1891 wels 924 000kvadratuli saJeni Seadgina. swrafad izrdeboda qalaqisSemosavali, romelmac 1889 wels 145. 453 maneTi da 21kapiki Seadgina, 1892 wels - 192. 882 maneTi. 56 kapiki, 1891wels ki 248. 701 maneTi da 40 kapiki (78;1891).ganviTarebis aseTi tempis wyalobiT ,,ociodeweliwadSi baTumi patara, aziuri feodaluri qalaqidan,gadaiqca evropul kapitalistur qalaqad, ruseTisimperiis erTerT msxvil samrewvelo centrad, romelicbaqosa da TbilisTan erTad tons aZlevda amierkavkasiiskapitalistur ganviTarebas” (89;227).baTumis zrda-ganviTareba baqos navTobis eqsportisxarjze xdeboda. navTobis msoflio bazarze momxdarcvlilebebs SeeZlo seriozuli ziani mieyenebina baTumissamrewvelo ganviTarebisaTvis. ,,eqsportis dargSi momxdarSeferxebas, SeiZleboda, mTeli sawarmoebis erTbaSadparalizeba mohyoloda (106;176).XX saukunis dasawyisSi, rogorc amerikaSi, ise indoeTsada birmaSi aRmoCenili iqna navTobis axalisabadoebi, ramac SezRuda ruseTidan navTobis gatanaaRmosavleTis qveynebSi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa baTumissamrewvelo ganviTarebaze.§ V vaWrobis ganviTareba aWaraSi 1886-19031903wlebSi164

vaWroba istoriulad aWaraSi meurneobismniSvnelovani dargi yofila.¨aWarelni ZvelTaganvemuSaobasa da vaWrobas iyvnen SeCveulni. vaWrobaSi zRvisnapirebi da lazistani uwyobda xels” (80*1894) osmaleTisxangrZlivma batonobam saerTo daRi daasva aWarisekonomikas, gansakuTrebiT ki savaWro urTierTobebisganviTarebas. mdgomareobas arTulebda isic, romugzoobis gamo mxaris sasoflo-sameurneo raionebifaqtiurad mowyvetili iyo ZiriTad savaWro centrs –baTums, sadac dimitri baqraZis cnobiT 800 duqani yofila(88*24). vaWarTa umravlesoba ucxoelebi iyvnen (160*117-118).adgilobrivi mosaxleoba vaWrobasa da mrewvelobisganviTarebisadmi did interess ar iCenda. ¨qarTvelobamver SesZlo droisaTvis alRos aReba, mrewveloba, aRebmicemobaman saTakilo saqmed miiCnia da somxebsa daebraelebs dautova es dabali xeloba¨ (56*1911). qvemoaWaris mcxovrebTaTvis mniSvnelovan centrs qedawarmoadgenda, sadac yovel paraskevs bazroba imarTeboda(103*14). aq asaRebda adgilobrivi mosaxleoba xelosnurnakeTobebs, mecxoveleobis produqtebs, xils.aWaris ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg baTumSi vaWrobisganviTarebisaTvis ufro xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna.berlinis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT baTumi ruseTsgadaeca rogorc Tavisufali savaWro navsadguri – portofranko.mkacri kontrolis miuxedavad, baTumidanevropuli saqoneli kontrabanduoi wesiT vrceldebodaara marto dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed TviTruseTSic. rusul samrewvelo saqonels ar SeeZlokonkurnencia gaewia maRalxarisxovani da SedarebiT iafievropuli (gansakuTrebiT inglisuri) saqonlisaTvis.ruseTis xelisufleba sakuTari mrewvel-kapralistebisinteresebidan gamomdinare cdilobda porto-frankosreJimis gauqmebas baTumSi, rasac 1886 wlis 27 ivnissmiaRwia kidec. porto-frankos gauqmeba baTumSi vaWrobisganviTarebisaTvis udavod uaryofiTi movlena iyo.165

¨osmaleTidam baTumSi mravali muSa, xelosani damaTxovara somexi modis sarCos mosapoveblad. quCebisavsea mosulebiT... saSovari, samuSao ki ver moupovebiaT,radganc porto-frankos gauqmebis Semdeg samuSao saqme,xelosnoba da vaWroba Semcirda (76*1887).magram baTums SesaniSnavi bunebrivi yure gaaCnda¨baTumis, rogorc brwyinvale portis reputacia ganmtkicebuliayvela mogzaurs Soris. es srulad cxadiayvelasaTvis, visac Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosgaswvriv ucuravs, Seuwuxebia zRvis avadmyofobas daugrZvnia misi Sewyveta, roca xomaldi Sedioda baTumiswynar yureSi” (151*1878). baTumis porti Zalze moxerxebulida Rrmaa... wylis siRrme SesaniSnavia -26-40 saJenamde. didnavmisadgomTan, napiridan 20 saJenze, SeuZlia miadgesyvelaze did samxedro xomaldebs – werda frenkeli(160*89). baTumis porti daculi iyo qarebisagan. magramaseTi SesaZlebloba Sesaferisi navsadguris uqonlobisgamo ar iyo gamoyenebuli. aWaraSi vaWrobis ganviTarebasZlier aferxebda gamarTuli komunikaciebis ar arseboba.yovelive amis Sedegad mcire iyo portis tvirTbrunva. 1878wlis 29 oqtombridan 1879 wlis 1 ianvramde baTumSi sulSemoutaniaT 226.782 maneTisa da 40 kapikis saqoneli (maTSoris ucxoeTidan -7.200 maneTisa da 50 kapikis, xoloruseTidan 219.581 maneTisa da 90 kapikis) (60*1879).Sesabamis periodSi baTumidan gautaniaT 32.300 maneTissaqoneli (141*37).baTumis, rogorc momavali didi savaWro centrisroli Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo. mxolod misigeografiuli mdebareoba zRvis sanapirosTan,SesaZlebloba daukavSirdes Tbilissa da baqos erTismxriv, xolo yarss meore mxriv, saSualebas miscems baTumsgaxdes trapezundis Zlieri metoqe saqonlis tranzitissakiTxSi (160*92-93). magram ar arsebobda rkinigza,romliTac aWara amierkavkasiis Tu ruseTis ekonomikurcentrebs daukavSirdeboda. is ki ara, normaluri Sida166

gzebis uqonlobis gamo baTumi TviT olqis mdidarsasoflo-sameurneo raionebs iyo mowyvetili. osmalTabatonobisdroindel aWaraSi gzebis mouwesrigeblobassagangebod exeboda p.umikaSvili ¨iveriaSi¨ 1877 welsgamoqveynebul werilSi ¨osmalos saqarTvelo¨: ¨es lamazikuTxe (igulisxmeba aWara - avt.) saqarTvelosi sakmaodgamdidrdeboda, cotaodeni rigiani gzebi rom hqonoda,magram gzebi iseTi saZageli aqvs, rom marto cxeni Tuivlis, Torem urmis xseneba ar aris. mmarTebloba amaze arfiqrobs, wylebze Tu sadme xidia, isic Zvelis-ZveladaSenebulia, saqarTvelos mefeebis droindelia. amis gamovaWroba da mimosvla Zneldeba´ (73*1877) am TvalsazrisiTgamonakliss warmoadgenda mdinare Woroxi, rogorcsagzao magistrali. ¨Woroxze naosnoba uZvelesi droidaniyo ganviTarebuli. igi mudam mniSvnelovan rolsasrulebda mxaris sameurneo-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi¨(120*211). adgilobriv mosaxleobas am mdinaris saSualebiTSeeZlo evaWra (103*14). ¨livanisa da baTumis cxovrebaSidid rols asrulebs md.Woroxi... naosnoba xdebakaikuebiT... romlebic 200 fuTamde tvirTs ezidebian¨(136*22)aWaris mkvidrni gamocdili mezRvaurebi iyvnen. ¨SavizRvisa da Woroxis sanapiroebze mcxovrebni iTvlebiansaukeTeso mcuravebad da zRvaosnebad (160*101) Woroxzesami saxis naosnoba warmoebda: satvirTo, samgzavro daSidasameurneo (126*1958). arTvinidan baTumisaken momavalinavebi zRvamde iSviaTad Camodiodnen da ZiriTadad kapandidTanCerdebodnen. aqedan baTumamde didi manZili aRariyo – daaxloebiT 10 kilometri. am gzas ki arTvinidanmomavali navi mcire wylianobis dros 6-7 saaTSi faravda,xolo aprilsa da maisSi, roca Woroxi adiddeboda,zogierTi gamocdili menave erTnaxevar saaTSi gadioda(134*140). am gziT mohqondaT baTumSi ucxoeTSi gasatani xetye,xili da sxva.ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda aRmoefxvra esproblema. gzebis mowesrigeba ara marto ekonomikuri moT-167

xovnebiT iyo nakarnaxevi, aramed amas moiTxovda samxedrostrategiulisaWiroebac. ¨baTumis mazris SemoerTebis-Tanave mTavrobam daiwyo gzebis gayvana baTumidan samimxriT: artaanisaken, axalcixisaken da ozurgeTisaken.artaanisaken baTumidan 103 versi gza amJamad arisgakeTebuli erTi saJeni siganiT: axalcixisaken - 110 versi,agreTve 1 saJeni siganisa da baTumidan ozurgeTisaken - 46versi, sigane 2 saJeni. sul am gzebis gasakeTeblad,xidebisa da Tofis wamlis xarjiT, daxarjulia 442.000maneTi (61*1880). carizmi arc Semdeg aklebda yuradRebasgzebs, cdilobda maT srulyofas. 1896 wlis quTaisisguberniis angariSis mixedviT, baTumi-axalcixis gzis(saerTo sigrZe 147,452 versi - avt.) 106.153 versi iyomokirwyluli: baTumi-qobuleTi-ozurgeTis gza (saerTosigrZe 62,914 versi) moukirwylavi iyo. baTumi-ardaganisgza (saerTo sigrZe 158,136 versi - avt.) mokirwyluli iyomxolod 24,842 versi. 1895 wels baTumi-axalcixis gzissamuSaoebze daixarja 143.871 maneTi* baTumi-ardaganisgzis samuSaoebze - 234.877 maneTi. amave wels kaxabrisvelis Woroxis Semotevisagan dasacavad qvis jebirebisasagebad gamoyofili iyo 57.686 maneTi (47*24-25). magramgatarebuli RonisZiebebi saqmes ver Sveloda. 1911 welsbaTumis olqis gzatkecilebisa da Senoba-nagebobebisSemowmeba daevala mefisnacvlis teqnikuri sammarTvelosTavmjdomaris, inJiner buinovis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnilkomisias. oficialuri piris angariSidan Cans, rom aWaraSigzebi kvlav savalalo mdgomareobaSi iyo (28*3-8).baTumis ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg misi, rogorcmniSvnelovani savaWro-ekonomikuri centrisganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo rkinigzis gayvana dasrulfasovani navsadguris mSenebloba. am sakiTxebisSedarebiT swrafad gadaWras xeli Seuwyo Semdegmagaremoebam: am droisaTvis ruseTs msoflio bazarze didiraodenobiT gahqonda baqos navTobi, romlis gatanafoTis da baltiiispireTis navsadgurebidan xdeboda.168

altiispireTidan navTobis gatanas bevri dro sWirdebodada Zviric jdeboda. navTobis eqsportiorebi gamosavalseZebdnen. baTumis ganTavisuflebisTanave yuradReba maszeSeCerda, rogorc Savi zRvis erT-erT saukeTesonavsadgurze.1883 wlis 21 marts eqsploataciaSi Sevida baTumisamtrediissarkinigzo xazi. amiT baTumi baqosdaukavSirda, ramac mis Semdgom ganviTarebaze gadamwyvetigavlena moaxdina. amierkavkasiis mTavari magistrali baqo-Tbilisi-baTumi gadaiqca mTavar arteriad... man udidesiroli Seasrula amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri cxovrebisrogorc ruseTis, ise msoflios kapitalisturekonomikasTan dakavSirebis saqmeSi (118*7).baqosTan rkinigziT dakavSirebis Semdeg baTumi undagamxdariyo navTobis eqsportis ZiriTadi centri, ramacdRis wesrigSi daayena gamtarunariani navsadgurismSeneblobis sakiTxi. baTums xom saukeTeso yure gaaCnda,sadac cudi amindis dros 50-mde gems SeeZlo Sesvla. amTvalsazrisiT baTumis navsadguris mniSvneloba marTlacdidi iyo. 1879 wels Seiqmna komisia, romelsac daevalanavsadguris mSeneblobis proeqtis momzadeba. 1882 welskomisiam proeqti kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels dondukovkorsakovswarudgina dasamtkiceblad. a.greves proeqtisiZviris gamo (8 mil.man) mTavrobam ar miiRo, magram missafuZvelze SemuSavda proeqti, romelic ufro iafi (5mil.maneTi jdeboda) (113*93). 1884 wels daiwyo samSeneblosamuSaoebi, romelic ZiriTadad 1885 wels dasrulda.rkinigzis gayvanam da srulyofili navsadgurisagebam seriozuli biZgi misca baTumis ganviTarebas. ¨guSinwin TavisTvis mivardnili, miyruebuli baTumi, ¨aziuriqalaqi¨, dRes evropis qalaqad iqca, gaevropelda!...moqalaqeobrivi cxovreba baTumSi nel-nela xorcs isxams...baTums aqvs wliuri Semosavali 80.000 maneTze meti. amSemosavlis raodenoba yovel wels hmatulobs¨ (74*1886).169

amieridan aSkara gaxda is upiratesoba, rac baTums,rogorc saporto qalaqs foTTan SedarebiT gaaCnda.¨omamde (igulisxmeba 1877-1878wlebis omi – avt.) savaWroadgili mometebulad moxerxebuli Cvenis mxarisaTvismxolod foTi iyo. bevri laparaki imis gakeTebaze, imisnavsadgurze, fulic bevri daixarja da dResac ixarjebaam navTsadguris gakeTebisaTvis... yvelaze mometebulimizezi foTis ukugdebisa axla is aris, rom baTumssaukeTeso navsadguri aqvs TviT bunebisagan gakeTebuli,romelsac groSis daxajva arc ki moundeba... amgvaraddRes foTi veRar Seejibreba da TiTqmis gadawyvetiT undavsTqvaT, rom arc dReis Semdeg daiWers is adgils, racaqamdis eWira. baTomi upirveles adgilad unda gadaiqcesSav zRvaze, vaWrebma didi xania kargad gaiges da daesivnenbaToms.¨ baTumidan inglisis konsuli Tavis mTavrobasatyobinebda, rom baTumi iseTi warmatebiT viTardeba, rommale is ¨did zarals miscems da daamcirebs foTisa datrapizonis vaWrobasao¨(65*1882). marTlac, 80-iani wlebidanbaTumis amierkavkasiis rkinigzasTan dakavSirebis SemdegfoTi daeca, baTumis saxiT mas seriozuli konkurentigauCnda. marTalia foTis mesveurebi cdilobdnenmdgomareobis gamosworebas, ¨magram amas arsebiTisargebloba ar moutania foTisaTvis. samagierod baTumiiwyebs zrda-ganviTarebas. rasac foTi hkargavda, masbaTumi iZenda&. izrdeboda misi roli adgilobriv dasagareo vaWrobaSi (106*108).ruseTTan SeerTebamde baTumi umniSvneloekonomikuri centri iyo. n.petrovski, romelmac 1878 welsinaxula baTumi, werda: baTumSi kargia mxolod yure. sxvamxriv igi mogvagonebs ganapira savaWro sofels (158*1879)umniSvnelo iyo misi portis tvirTbrunva, 1,25 mln.maneTiweliwadSi. mag. 1878 wlis bolo 3 Tvis manZilze sakuTrivbaTumisTvis Semotanil iqna mxolod 7.444 fuTi saqoneli(133*257). mTavari saqoneli romelic baTumidan gahqondaTevropaSi iyo:kaklis xe, xe-tye, brinji, zeTisxili, limoni,170

abreSumi, Tevzis qoni, simindi. SemohqondaT: aleposa dadamaskos abreSumis qsovili, foladis nawarmi inglisidan,rkinis nawarmi ruseTidan, puri, Saqari, yava, pimpili,marili, Rvino da sxvadasxva saxis sasmelebi (160*44-45).baTumis savaWro-samrewvelo ganviTarebisaTvis ganmsazRvrelimniSvneloba hqonda baqos navTobis eqsports.baTumma msoflio saxeli umTavresad navTobisproduqtebis vaWrobiT moixveWa (5*34). navTobis msofliobazarze udidesi masStabis eqsportirebas baqo umTavresadbaTumis meSveobiT awarmoebda (114*119). baTumidan baqosnavTobis gatana arnaxuli tempiT izrdeboda. 1883-1902wlebSi baTumidan navTisa da navTobproduqtebis gatanaaseT suraTs gvaZlevs:wlebinavTisacxebisxvas u lzeTinavTobpr.1883 1&372,5 1&721 2554 3&348,91884 3&803,9 1&457,8 9391 6&200,81885 7&099,5 2&138,6 1&170,8 10&408,91886 8&879 2&228,5 3&289,6 14&397,11887 11&191,9 2&739 4&135 18&065,91888 22&543,5 1&727,5 4&280,1 28&551,11889 33&040,9 1&951,7 5&121,3 40&113,91890 36&211,8 3&497,2 2&715,5 42&424,51891 42&223 4&062,6 2&586,6 48&872,21892 45&439,5 5&178,9 1&709,6 52&3281893 48&137,4 5&515,3 1&491,5 55&144,21894 41&557,1 4&893 2&006,3 48&456,41895 47&885,1 5&042,9 1&895,6 54&823,61896 37&730,8 3&222,6 1&130,3 42&083,71897 48&843,4 6&382,8 2&897,3 57&826,51898 51&841,5 7&280,2 2&909,1 62&030,81899 56&063,3 8&001,4 2&239,9 66&304,61900 50&786,7 8&203,3 1&668,9 60&658,91901 65&016 8&268,2 1&087,7 74&371,9171

1902 67&560,9 9&270,3 1&507,6 78&338,8baTumidan ucxoeTSi gatanili navTobis moculoba(aTasobiT fuTi) qveynebis mixedviT aseT suraTs gvaZlevs(133*315):q v e y n e b iwlebiavstriainglisida k.maltaholandiadabelgiagermaniaitaliaTurqeTidasaberZneTi1889 5.642 6.749 2.538 763 2.521 5.5501890 6.489 7.952 2.657 422 1.740 4.8251891 6.514 8.412 3.041 - 2.285 6.2931892 6.216 8.412 2.284 295 2.270 5.7431893 6.686 7.811 2.044 679 1.411 5.8481894 6.413 7.346 2.363 120 593 6.6291895 3.781 7.277 2.907 1.129 1.300 4.1021896 2.026 8.627 1.041 1.188 1.298 6.5271897 2.859 7.636 527 1.240 1.564 5.9061898 2.415 10.083 2.267 1.628 1.475 5.1791899 2.573 12.875 1.955 2.405 1.163 3.0731900 342 12.939 1.868 3.100 367 5.3971901 1.163 13.409 3.206 3.044 1.249 5.0041902 795 21.045 5.054 4.167 1.291 4.490eqsportis aseT zrdas Tan axlda qalaqis socialekonomikuriganviTarebis swrafi aRmavloba. ¨baTumissavaWro saqmianoba, romelsac igi unda umadlodes TaviskeTildReobas, koncentrirebulia navTobproduqtebiT vaWrobazeda masTan dakavSirebuli komerciuli da172

samrewvelo dawesebulebebis saqmianobaze¨ (133*259).vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebis kvalobaze. icvlebodabaTumis iersaxe, xdeboda misi keTilmowyoba. ai ras werda¨droeba¨ jer kidev 1882 wels: ¨gareganis SexedulebiTdidi gansxvavebaa maSindels da axlandels baToms Sua.sad axlandeli or-sam da oTx-etaJiani uzarmazariqviTkiris saxlebi da sastumroebi da sad maSindelimingreul-mongreuli xis qoxebi da uwminduri yavaxanebi.sad axlandeli namdvilad evropuli mdidari maRaziebi,romelSic mgoni Citis rZesac ki iSovnis kaci, da sadmaSindeli duqnebi, romlebSic muxl-mokecili baTumeliori od Tof trapzonis CiTeuliT vaWrobda... saca argaixedavT, yvelgan axali Senobebi gauSenebiaT an aSeneben.mTeli axali ubnebi gakeTebulan, qalaqis baRs hmarTaven,qalaqi gaplanulia¨, tbebs aSroben, wyali gamohyavT, navTsadgurisgafarToebas apireben, rkinis gza gahyavT da sxv.da sxv.¨ (66*1882).baTumSi vaWrobis swraf ganviTarebas cxadyofsportSi Semosuli gemebis raodenobis zrda. Tu 1879 welsbaTumis portSi Semovida 466 gemi, 1887 wels es ricxvi1263-mde gaizarda (44*11), 1893 wels 1539 Seadgina (45*14),xolo 1901 wels 1753-s miaRwia, romelTagan ucxoeTSigaigzavna 829 gemi (53*2). baTumis ports intensiuri tempiTuxdeboda gemebis miReba-gagzavna. ¨1887 wlis manZilzebaTumis portSi saSualod yoveldRiurad xdebodaerTdrouli operaciiT 7,3 orTqlis da 28,2 ialqnianixomaldis damuSaveba, patar-patara navebisCauTvlelad¨(7*11). imave wels navToproduqtebis gardayvela saxis tvirTbrunvam Seadgina 7 mln. fuTi, xolonavTobroduqtebis gatanam Seadgina 18,5 mln. fuTi (7*12)magram es moculoba ar iyo maqsimumi. suramis qedzenavTobsadenis mSeneblobiT baTumidan naTvobis eqsportikidev ufro gaizarda – varaudobdnen mis gazrdas 50 mln.fuTamde. cxadia, aseT masStabebs porti veRar audioda,xSiri iyo gemebis reidze rigSi dgoma. ¨marto 1892 wlis173

dekemberSi 12 saokeano Tbomavali idga reidze SigniTzRvaSi da elodeboda rigs yureSi Semosasvlelad datvirTs misaRebad (3*2).XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis damlevs baTumma aramarto foTs gauswro saerTo tvirTbrunvis maCvenebliT,aramed mTels quTaisis guberniaSi moipova absoluturiupiratesoba. amas cxadyofs Semdegi statistika. 1893 welsbaTumisa da foTis portebis tvirTbrunva aseT suraTsgvaZlevs:portisdasaxelebabaTumisfoTisgemisSemovidagavidasaxeobaucxoeTidankabotaJiTucxoeTSikabotaJiTorTqlis 1.071 1.087 1.071 1.087ialqniani 468 125 468 125orTqlis 95 419 94 419ialqniani 12 64 11 64amave 1893 wels baTumis mTavari sasawyobo sabaJosgavliT Semoitanes:6.068.120 fuTi – 9.701.774 maneTisRirebulebisgaitanes: 57.725.902 fuTi – 23.556.69 maneTisRirebulebisamave 1893 wels foTis sakarantino-sabaJo kontrolisgavliTSemoitanes: 1.787 fuTi – 2.239.5 maneTis Rirebulebisgaitanes: 11.495.542 fuTi – 5.277.072 maneTisRirebulebissul quTaisis guberniaSiSemoitanes:6.077.825 fuTi – 9.730.815.5 maneTis Rirebulebisgaitanes: 71.562.357 fuTi – 30.113.585,5 maneTis Rirebulebis(45*14-15).motanili statistika cxadyofs, rom baTumis portistvirTbrunva aRemateboda quTaisis guberniis danarCeniportebis : foTis, soxumis, oCamCiris, gudauTis,nikolaevis tvirTbrunvas erTad aRebuls.174

aTumidan gatanili saqonlis ZiriTadi nawilinavTobi da navTobproduqtebi iyo. ukve 1888 wlisTvisruseTma baTumidan gaitana 28.551.100 fuTinavTobproduqti, rac Seadgenda msoflio moxmarebis 22,2|(133*344).baTumidan navTobproduqtebis eqsports araerTifirma eweoda, romelTa ricxvi yovelwliurad icvleboda(ZiriTadad 17-18 firma fiqsirdeba - avt.). maT SorisgamoirCeoda sami firma:1. kaspia-Savi zRvis navTobmrewvelobisa da vaWrobissazogadoeba (rotSildi)2. Zmebi nobelebis amxanagoba3. manTaSevi da kompaniaukve 1893 wlisTvis maT angariSze modioda baTumidaneqsportirebuli navToproduqtebis 69,4&(quTaisi guberniis1983 wlis angariSis mixedviT) ZiriTadi firmebis wilinavTobis eqsportSi aseT suraTs gvaZlevs:1. kaspia-Savi zRvis sazogadoeba (rotSildi) – 35,7|2. Zmebi nobelebis amxanagoba – 25,5|3. manTaSevi da kompania – 8,2|4. rixneri da kompania – 7,2|5. Sabaevi da kompania – 5,2|sul 9 firmis xelSi iyo navTobis eqmportis 95,5|(45*16).rotSildis, Zmebi nobelebis da manTaSeviskompaniebis monopoliur gavlenas baTumidan navTobiseqsportSi 1893-1903 ww. cxadyofs Semdegi statistika:wlebiumTavresiyvelasul gaitanesfirmadanarCenifirmebi1893 43.432,1 19.142 62.574,11894 47.683,3 90.61,8 56.745,11895 40.581,1 20.28,95 60.870,61896 35.656,2 12.485,4 48.141,6175

1897 50.573,6 15.057,7 65.631,31898 56.883,8 11.553,9 68.437,71899 54.339,6 16.845,4 71.1851900 48.684,1 16.679,5 65.363,61901 54.397,3 24.109,3 77.506,61902 57.511,3 26.674,5 84.185,8firmebis mier baTumidan navTobis gatana (aTasobiTfuTi) (133*291)kaspia-Savi zRvis navTobproduqtebisa da vaWrobissazogadoeba iyo erT-erTi msxvili, mravalmxrivi savaWroorganizacia, romelsac frangi rotSildebi ganagebdnen.sazogadoebis saTavo ofisi iyo parizSi, xolo gasaRebisbazrebis Sesabamisad hqondaT warmomadgenlobebi.rotSildebi eweodnen msoflio bazarze rusuli navTobiTvaWrobas.Zmebi nobelebis amxanagobas sawyobebi da saagentoebihqonda evropis bevr qalaqSi: hamburgSi, berlinSi, venaSi,genuaSi, antverpenSi, londonSi, liverpulSi da sxv.araerTi ganyofileba hqonda kompanias ruseTSi.manTaSevi da kompania navToproduqtebiT vaWrobasupiratesad eweoda TurqeTsa da aziis qveynebSi, sadachqonda warmomadgenlobebi da sawyobebi:konstantinepolSi, smirnaSi, aleqsandriaSi, port-saidSi,bombeiSi, kalkutaSi da sxva. am firmas hyavda ramdenimesakuTari Tbomavali da erTi tankeri – 230.000 fuTitevadobis.samwuxarod, navTobis eqsportiori baTumis firmebisargeblobdnen daqiravebuli, ZiriTadad ucxourigegmebiT, rac amcirebda maT Semosavlebs (133*295-296).navTobproduqtebis garda baTumidan gahqondaT marganeci,xe-tye, soflis meurneobis produqtebi, Tafli,Tevzi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT gadiodasimindi da kaklis xe. mosavlianobis Sesabamisad simindiseqsporti meryeobda 100.000 – 500.000 fuTamde. kaklis xe176

gadioda saSualod weliwadSi 100-125.000 fuTi. ZiriTadadgahqondaT safrangeTsa da germaniaSi, SedarebiT naklebiinglisSi, rumineTSi, belgiaSi, avstriaSi, TurqeTSi(133*400-401).aWaraSi kargi pirobebi iyo mexileobis ganviTarebisaTvis.xarobda vaSlisa da msxlis aTobiT jiSi, kakali,qliavi. xili akmayofilebda adgilobrivi bazrismoTxovnebs da gahqondaT ruseTSic (133*441).xilisdasaxelebagayidvabaTumSi(fuTebSifuTebSi)gatanaruseTSi(fuTebSifuTebSi)fasierTi fuTisvaSli 1000-1200 20.000-50.000 40kap –1man.20kapmsxali 2000-4000 5.6000-10.000 24 kap – 60 kapkakali 200 fuTamde 15-3000-5000 1man.20kp-1man.60kapsubtropikuli kulturebis, gansakuTrebiT meCaieobisganviTarebis kvalobaze izrdeboda maTi eqsporti.baTumidan gahqondaT Tevzi – 1900 wels gaitanes 154.870fuTi* Tafli, saSualod 2.900-3.400 fuTi da sanTeli 700-1400 fuTi weliwadSi.baTumis portSi sxvadasxva saxis tvirTbrunva (gardanavTobproduqtebisa) 1883-1902 ww aseTi iyo:1883 weli – 2.527.867 fuTi1886 - 9.085.4571889 - 12.009.3441892 - 13.936.5251895 - 17.276.0131898 - 18.273.3941902 - 24.206.709baTumis portis saerTo tvirTbrunva (fuTebSi) 20wlis manZilze (1883-1902 ww) aseT suraTs iZleoda (133*372-373):177

sul gaitaneswlebiucxoeTsadaruseTSimaთ SorisnavTobprodუქტებიsxva saxissaqonelisul SemoitanesportissrulitvirTbrunva1883 4.607.585 3.026.141 1.581.444 921.423 5.554.0081884 9.141.188 4.890.685 4.250.530 1.820.125 11.032.1601885 13.173.721 9.342.015 3.801.706 2.253.007 15.506.7281886 19.667.885 13.460.174 6.207.711 2.732.746 22.565.6311887 23.033.914 18.593.685 4.440.299 3.537.612 26.748.1161888 35.789.370 30.661.500 5.127.870 5.084.000 41.161.1791889 46.436.468 41.885.335 4.551.133 7.056.501 53.894.6791890 50.638.000 47.049.085 3.588.915 8.058.000 59.041.3731891 57.913.000 54.261.320 3.651.680 10.292.638 68.738.0701892 61.986.000 57.479.838 4.506.162 8.995.415 71.416.3631893 67.699.689 62.797.994 4.901.695 12.237.570 80.300.0691894 61.395.000 57.467.402 3.927.598 14.790.587 76.582.3741895 65.963.810 62.128.915 3.834.895 13.228.197 79.445.9641896 51.551.651 48.663.000 2.888.651 14.100.823 65.902.3571897 68.170.000 65.030.837 3.139.163 15.062.002 83.681.0641898 71.622.000 68.174.795 3.447.205 14.782.937 86.713.6231899 77.538.965 73.098.886 4.440.076 15.214.522 93.238.5371900 74.199.147 67.293.308 6.902.839 16.017.733 90.993.3931901 84.459.337 78.004.21 5.955.916 16.315.332 101.458.3511902 92.094.340 82.673.763 9.420.577 14.524.340 107.397.146XX saukunis dasawyisSi baTumma savaWromniSvnelobiT amierkavkasiaSi mesame adgili daiWiraTbilisisa da baqos Semdeg. 1902 wlisTvis baTumSi 1026savaWro dawesebuleba da 366 sawarmo iyo. soliduriTanxebi Sedioda q.baTumis biujetSi vaWrobamrewvelobidan.1898-1902 ww. (e.i. oTxi wlis manZilze- avt)qalaqis Semosavalma Seadgina 1.985.979 maneTi da 45 kapiki,178

omlisganac vaWroba-mrewvelobaze modioda 826.726 maneTida 40 kapiki, anu 41| (132*416-421).qalaq baTumis garda savaWro punqtebad baTumismxareSi iTvleboda Semdegi dasaxlebebi:Curuq-su, borCxa,maradidi, qeda da xulo (53*37). maTgan ufrodawinaurebuli iyo Curuq-su, romlis wliuri savaWrobrunva Seadgenda 50.000 maneTs (49*16).rom ara carizmis koloniuri politika, baTumis dasaerTod aWaris savaWro ganviTareba ufro swrafad warimarTeboda.179

Tavi IVsocialuri urTierTobani aWaraSi1878-19031903 wlebSi§ I socialuri viTareba aWaraSi ruseTTanSeerTebis winaWara ekonomikuri politikuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiTuxsovari droidan saqarTvelos dawinaurebuliregioni iyo. rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi,aWaraSic gabatonebuli mdgomareoba feodalururTierTobebs eWira. saqarTvelos erTiani feodalurimonarqiis daSla da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSiosmalTa gabatoneba sagangaSo mniSvnelobis movlena iyo.aRniSnuli safrTxe aWarasac daatyda Tavs. mteriyovelmxriv ebrZoda maRalganviTarebul qarTulekonomikur sistemas da samxedro-fodaluri wesebisdanergvas cdilobda. rac saqarTvelos ekonomikaskarCaketilobiTa da dacemiT emuqreboda. n.berZeniSviliaRniSnavda: ¨osmaleTi imTaviTve saqarTvelos mimarTdapyrobis (inkorporaciis) politikas axorcielebda:¨osmalobis¨ (e.i.socialur-politikuri wyobilebis)danergviT ¨saqarTvelos¨ mospobas cdilobda¨ (42*116).osmalTa gabatoneba aWaraSi \|+ saukunidan dawyebula(57*151). evlia Celebis cnobiT, sulTan suleiman kanunis(1520-1566 w.w.) mmarTvelobaSi aRweres trapizoni, masbaTumis sanjayic SeuerTes da calke vilaieTi Seqmnes.trapizonis vilaieTi xuTi sanjayisagan Sedgeboda: janhas,qvemo baTumis, zemo baTumis, gonios da trapizonis.baTumis livaSi 13 ziameTi da 72 Timari iyo (59*81-82).TandaTan ufro aqtiuri xdeboda osmalTa moZaleba. maTmizans dapyrobil teritoriebze qarTuli feodaluri weswyobilebissruli ganadgureba Seadgenda. am gegmisgansaxorcieleblad saWiro iyo qarTuli feodaluri180

aristokratiis sruli mospoba, qarTul feodalursazogadoebaSi arsebuli qonebrivi da uflebrivigansxvavebis likvidacia, qarTveli feodalis osmalomoxeled-faSad, begad gadaqceva (58*182). sulTan suleiman11 ¨kanun-name¨ ganasxvavebda miwisflobelobis sam ZiriTadformas: erazi aSrie, erazi xarajie da erazi memleqeTi.erazi aSrie iyo iseTi miwebi, romlebic dapyrobilolqebSi eZleodaT muslimebs srul sakuTrebad (igivemulqi miwebi - avt.) im pirobiT, rom isini gadaixdidnen¨aSars¨ (meaTeds). sxva gadasaxadebidan aseTi miwebiTavisufali iyo.erazi-xarajie dapyrobil olqebSi ewodeboda iseTmiwebs, romlebsac utovebdnen aramahmadianebs im pirobiT,rom isini gadaixdidnen rogorc miwis, aseve suladobrivda mosavlis gadasaxadsac. aseTi miwac srul sakuTrebaswarmoadgenda, magram erazi-aSrie miwebisagangansxvavdeboda meti valdebuleba-gadasaxadebiT. cxadia,aseTi miwismflobeli didxans ver gauZlebda – andatovebda mamuls da gaiqceoda, an kidevgamahmadiandeboda.erazi-memleqeTi ki iyo taxtis, xazinis ansaxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi myofi miwebi (49*52).osmaluri wesiT miwaTmflobeli aucilebladmxedari, samxedro piri unda yofiliyo, amasTan erTadmahmadianic. aramuslimans osmaleTSi iaraRis tarebisuflebac ki ar hqonda. mamuli (igulisxmeba didi mamuli,feodi – avt.) rogorc wesi, STamomavlobiT memkvidreebzever gadavidoda saxelmwifos centraluri xelisuflebisTanxmobis gareSe. sulTan suleiman ++ 1530 wlis firmaniTCamoarTva feodalebs mamulebze gankargvis ufleba da esufleba gadasca saimperatoro divans, umaRles vezirs.amieridan sulTnis firmans yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSiunda daedasturebina memkvidre miwismflobelisaTvissakuTrebis ufleba. amrigad, feodis anu mamulis cnebaSezRuduli iyo, radgan igi yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi181

centridan firmaniT dadasturebuli unda yofiliyo.¨mamidan Svilze centraluri xelisuflebis gareSesafeodalos gadasvla, rogorc wesi, aRikveTa¨(49*53).swored amaSi iyo osmalur feodalizmis erT-erTi Tavisebureba.osmaluri miwaTmflobelobis sistemaSi arsebobdaiurTluqebisa da ojaqliqebis kategoria. osmaleTisxelisufleba dapyrobil ganapira mxareebSi adgilobrivfeodalebs miwebs unarCunebdnen iurTluqebisa daojaqliqebis wesiT, rac niSnavda imas, rom adgilobrivifeodalebis daqvemdebarebaSi rCeboda maT miwebzemcxovrebi glexebi. feodalebi sargeblobdnensagadasaxado da administraciuli imunitetiT dauSualod pasuxismgeblebi iyvnen sulTnis xelisuflebiswinaSe. sulTnis mier ganaxlebuli firmani adgilobrivfeodals uxangrZlivebda uflebebs Tavis mamulze. Tavismxriv feodali valdebuli iyo Seesrulebina centralurixelisuflebis mimarT valdebulebani. ¨iurTluqisa daojaqliqis wesiT miwismflobeli feodali misdamiboZebuli miwebisa da masze mosaxle glexebis srulibaton-patroni iyo¨ (58*192). iurTluqisa da ojaqliqiswesiT miwis floba osmaleTis xelisuflebis mxridanqarTvel feodalTa privilegiuri mdgomareobis aRiarebaiyo. rogrc Cans, osmalebma ver moaxerxes qarTulimiwaTmflobelobis sistemis sruli gauqmeba da garkveuldaTmobebze wavidnen. swored iurTluqisa da ojaqliqiswesiT miwis floba iyo garkveuli kompromisi, rac gulisxmobda,rom qarTuli miwebis mflobelni kvlavqarTveli feodalebi iyvnen. isini kisrulobdnenvaldebulebas centraluri xelisuflebis winaSe, magramsakuTar mamulSi TavianTi neba-surviliT atarebdnenpolitikas. aseTi qarTveli feodalebi valdebulni iyvnenyoveli axali sulTnis taxtze asvlasTan erTadganeaxlebinaT firmanebi, romlis ZaliTac eniWebodaT maTaRniSnuli uflebebi garkveuli teritoriebis mimarT.182

amrigad, osmalTa batonobis didi xnis manZilzeaWaris mkvidrma feodalebma ZiriTadi privilegiebiSeinarCunes. bunebrivia, osmaleTis xelisuflebayovelnairad cdilobda maT SezRudvas, magramTanzimaTamde amas ver miaRwies. TanzimaTma ki yvela esSeRavaTi gaauqma da yvela miwa osmaleTismiwismflobelobis kategoriebs srulad dauqvemdebarda.a.avaliani, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla miwaTmflobelobisformebi \+\ saukunis aWaraSi, maT SorisiurTluqisa da ojaqliqis arseboba, aRniSnavda:¨zogierTqarTul sanjaySi (livana, nisfi-livana, SavSeTi, aWara danawilobriv fanaki) Turqi dampyroblebi adgilobriviTavadaznaurobis winaSe iZulebuli iyvnen daTmobebzewasuliyvnen. am sanjayebs adgilobrivi feodalebi(kerZod, aWaraSi ximSiaSvilebi da abaSiZeebi) iurTluqis,ojaqliqisa da mulqieTis safuZvelze flobdnen. esufleba ki Zalian gavs da TiTqmis arafriT gansxvadebamulqis kategoriisagan... es ufleba ikveceboda,izRudeboda, TanzimaTma ki igi saerTod gaauqma¨(39*106).rogorc aRiniSna, osmaluri kanonmdeblobiT miwa eZleodaTsamxedro pirebs, romlebic aucileblad mahmadianebiunda yofiliyvnen. Tumca, aWaraSi miwaTmflobelobisosmaluri wesebis damkvidreba erTbaSad ar momxdara.¨qarTvelobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi mis mowinave nawils,kargad hqonda Segnebuli, rom am wesebis SemoReba¨osmalobis¨, rogorc socialur-politikuri sistemisdamkvidrebas moaswavebda. praqtikulad es eris gadaSenebaiqneboda¨(48*33). amitom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mtersTvdadebiT ebrZoda da icavda sarwmunoebasa daTavisuflebas. swored am Tavganwiruli brZolis Sedegiiyo, rom osmalebma sastiki Zaladobis miuxedavadsakuTari gegmis, aWaris gamahmadianeba da damorCilebaTviT \+\ saukunemde ver SesZles. aRniSnulis Taobazesaintereso cnoba aqvs Semonaxuli z.WiWinaZes, romelicmas SavSeTSi mogzaurobis dros Cauweria:¨Cven berikacebs183

moveswariT da isini ambobdnen, rom TorTumis xeobisgamahmadianebis Semdeg tao gamahmadianebula, SemdegzaruSeTi (eruSeTi), SavSeTi da imerxevi. yvelaze gvianaWara da maWaxeli gamahmadianebula¨ (62*19).marTlac, aWaraSi osmaleTis batonoba arasodes yofilaiseTi mtkice, rogorc es imperiis Sida raionebSiiyo. aWara osmaleTisaTvis faqtiurad monapire raioni iyo.amitomac ¨centraluri mTavroba politikuri dastrategiuli motivebis gamo aq frTxilad iqceoda daiZulebuli iyo adgilobrivi begebis winaSe daTmobebzewasuliyo¨ (39*61).warumatebeli omebis Sedegad Semcirebuli nadavliskompensacias osmalebi erTi mxriT glexTa feodalurieqsploataciis gaZlierebaSi, xolo meore mxrivdapyrobili teritoriebis ulmobel ZarcvaSi xedavdnen. ammizniT isini farTod uxsnidnen gzas tyveebiT vaWrobas,romelic sarfian saqmed gaixades rogorc gareSe, iseSinaurma mtrebma. aWaraSi am saqmes xeli mohkideszedafenis warmomadgenlebma, isini sargeblobdnen glexTamZime socialuri mdgomareobiT, adgendnen maTgan razmebsda Tavs esxmodnen SavSeTs, arTvins, axalcixis, guriissoflebs¨ (49*26-27).osmaleTis imperiis aramahmadian mosaxleobas seriozultvirTad awva jizia, romelic iyo suladobrivi gadasaxadi.am gadasaxadisagan ar Tavisufldebodaqristianuli mosaxleobis arcerTi fena.¨ am gadasaxadiTibegreboda ara calkeuli pirebi ama Tu im saxlidan,aramed saxlis ufrosebi¨ (58*195).¨gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris¨ mixedviTjizias gadasaxadi mZime tvirTad awveboda araTurqi,qristiani mosaxleobis mwarmoebel nawils. jiziasgadasaxadi sxva-dasxva odenobiT ikrifeboda. osmaleTisimperiaSi mcxovrebi qristiani mosaxleobisaTvis jiziaerTiani, unificirebuli odenobis gadasaxadi ar yofila.igi sxvadasxva vilaieTi-saTvis sxvadasxva odenobiT iyo184

eglamentirebuli (45*247). osmaleTis imperiaSi jiziasgadasaxadis arseboba religiur-nacionaluridiskriminaciis politikaze metyvelebda. yovelaramuslimans, mamrobiTi sqesisas, 15-dan 75 wlamdemarTebda gadaexada jizia (58*196). jizias arseboba xazsusvamda muslimanebis upiratesobas aramuslimanebTanSedarebiT.jizias garda araerTi gadasaxadi arsebobda.osmaleTis xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli moxeleebisZiriTadi movaleoba gadasaxadebis akreba yofila.gansakuTrebiT mZime gadasaxadebi yofila aSari (meaTedi)da TaxSidi, romelic yvela saxis produqtze undagadaexadaT. mosalodnel mosavals yovelwliuradaRwerdnen da amis Semdeg meaTeds gansazRvravdaspecialuri komisia. meaTedi dawesebuli yofilaxorbalze, simindze, Tambaqoze, Taflze, cxvris namravlzeda sxva. am gadasaxads axdevinebdnen naturiTac dafuliTac. fulis saxiT Sekrebil meaTeds TaxSidiewodeboda, xolo naturis saxiT Sekrebils – aSari.meaTedi naturis saxiT gaiwereboda xorbalze, qerze,simindze, xolo yvela danarCen saqonelze moiTxovdnenmeaTeds fulis saxiT. aSaris akrefa gaicemoda ijariT(65*66).garda amisa gadasaxadebi iyo dawesebuli administraciisSesanaxad, wvrilfexa da msxvilfexa saqonlisyolisaTvis, vaWrobisaTvis (baJi), saqorwino gadasaxadi,qristian mosaxleobas ekisreboda samxedro samsaxurissanacvlod gadasaxadic.osmalTa batonobiT (gamudmebuli omianoba daTareSi, autaneli gadasaxadebi) Seqmnilma viTarebam mZimemdgomareobaSi Caagdo aWaris mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiTmisi mwarmoebluri fenebi. glexobasTan erTad rTulmdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen vaWar-xelosnebi. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom osmalTa batonobis periodis aWaraSi vaWrobada xelosnoba faqtobrivad Cakvda. is mcirericxovani185

vaWrebi, visac aWaraSi saqoneli Semohqonda, mxoloducxoelebi iyvnen. ¨aWaraSi vaWrobas sawvrilmano xasiaTihqonda. somxebi vaWrobdnen damaskodan motanili sapniT,sanTliT, makratlebiT, sarkeebiT da sxvadasxva saxisfranguli fabrikaciis iafi saqonliT. berZnebi vaWrobdneninglisuri CiTisa da matylis qsovilebiT. unda iTqvs, romsaqonlis mcire maragic ki, rac SemohqondaT aWaraSi didixnobiT ewyo savaWro Taroebze¨ (49*43-44).\+\ saukunis pirvel naxevarSi krizisiT moculiosmaleTis imperiis xelisuflebam reformebis gatarebagadawyvita. daiwyo e.w. TanzimaTis periodi. (TanzimaTiqarTulad gardaqmnas, reformas niSnavs – avt.)reformebiT safuZveli ecleboda samxedro-lenur miwaTmflobelobasosmaleTis imperiaSi. samxedro-lenurisistemis gauqmeba erTbaSad mTels imperiaSi ar momxdara.amas isic ganapirobebda, rom ZiriTadi sakanonmdebloaqtebi 1834, 1836 da 1840 wlebSi iqna miRebuli. reformasyvela erTferovnad rodi xvdeboda feodalTa erTinawili mis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. saxelmwifo urCebssjida, xolo morCilT kompensacias aZlevda. ¨urCifeodalebis winaaRmdeg igzavneboda samxedro Zalebi,damarcxebuli feodalebis qonebis konfiskacias axdendnenyovelgvari pirobebisa da anazRaurebis gareSe. samxedrolenebismflobelTa meore nawils saxelmwifom erTgvaradaunazRaura zarali samudamo pensiebis daniSvnebiT...pensiis raodenoba udrida sakargavis wliuri saSualoSemosavlis naxevars¨ (39*42).rogori iyo reformebis Sedegebi aWaraSi? TanzimaTisSemdeg qarTvelma feodalebma dakarges ara martosamxedro lenebze sakuTrebis ufleba, aramed glexebzemiwaTsargeblobis sabuTebis (Tafus) gacemis uflebac.amieridan yovelgvari uZravi qonebis mflobeloba mxolodmTavrobis Sesabamisi nebarTviT moipoveboda. ra Tqma undaaWaris zedafena aRniSnul RonisZiebebs ukmayofilebiTSexvda. ¨qarTveli Tavadaznaurebis STamomavlebi aseT186

RonisZiebas pasiurad ar Sexvdebodnen. maTiprivilegiebisa da pativmoyvareobis dakmayofilebissafuZveli swored samxedro-lenebi iyo... magram qarTvelfeodalebs hqondaT kidev damatebiTi SeRavaTebi, romelTaarseboba ori ZiriTadi mizeziT ganisazRvreboda. pirvelida ZiriTadi iyo is, rom aWaras da saerTod osmaleTissaqarTvelos udidesi samxedro-strategiuli mniSvnelobahqonda... amgvari kompromisis safuZveli qarTveli xalxismedgari winaaRmdegobac iyo¨ (39*42). amitomac reformebiswinaaRmdeg gamosuli qarTveli feodalebis mimarTxelisuflebas damsjeli RonisZiebebi arganuxorcielebia. sulTnis mTavrobam ufro moqnili,taqtikuri svla gaakeTa. qarTvel warCinebulebs gamoucxades,rom saWiro iyo maT xelT arsebuli miwaTmflobelobisdamadasturebeli sabuTebis stambulSi wardgena,raTa momxdariyo maTi axali wesebis Sesabamisad damtkiceba.¨begebimTavrobis moTxovnebs maSinve daemorCilnenda dapirebebiT moxiblulebma gadasces mas (igulisxmebaosmaleTis mTavroba – avt.), rogorc qarTveli mefeebis,ise Turqi sulTnebis mier maT winaprebisaTvis naboZebisabuTebi, romelTa xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg mTavrobamgamoacxada TanzimaTis cnobili sityvebi: ¨imperiis yvelaqveSevrdomi, ganurCevlad klasisa da regaliisa, erTnairsafuZvelze ixdis gadasaxads¨ (56*69).reformebi aWaris warCinebulTaTvis (begebisaTvis)mxolod privilegiebis SezRudviTa da sxva fenebTaniuridiulad gaTanabrebiT rodi Semoifargleboda. ¨TanzimaTmaobieqturad xeli Seuwyo mTels osmalos saqarTveloSicentraluri xelisuflebis poziciebisa daosmaluri mmarTvelobiTi struqturis safuZvlisgamyarebas¨ (40*21).reformebis Semdeg Sedgenil iqna axali kodeqsi –dasturi, romelic gamoica 5 tomad. dasturi ganarCevdamiwaTmflobelobis 5 formas:187

1 mulqi – es iyo uZravi qoneba sruli sakuTrebissafuZvelze. igi memkvidreobiT gadadioda. patrons SeeZlomisi dagiraveba, gayidva, gaCuqeba, Sewirva – e.i. sruladflobda aseT miwas da gankargavda mas. (dasturis xanaSimulqi miwebi saTanado dokumentebis mixedviT aWaraSi araRmoCenila).2 erazi - mirie – es iyo saxazino, saxelmwifomiwebi: mindvrebi, saZovrebi, tyeebi da sxva. aseT miwazemflobelobis ufleba moipoveboda Tafus meSveobiT.TafusaTvis pirovneba xazinis sasargeblod ixdidagadasaxads. mirie nakveTis mflobels, romelsac gaaCndaSesabamisi Tafu, xelisuflebis saTanado organoebisnebarTviT SeeZlo gaeyida, gaeCuqebina, gaecvala Tudaegiravebina aRniSnuli nakveTi. mflobelis sikvdilisSemdeg nakveTi memkvidreobiT gadadioda Svilze. (aWaraSiyvelaze gavrcelebuli miwaTmflobelobis es forma iyo).Tu aseTi miwa arasapatio mizeziT sami wlis ganmavlobaSigamouyenebuli iqneboda, igi CamoerTmeoda Zvel mflobelsda gadaecemoda axal msurvels Tafus safuZvelze.3 savayufo miwebi – jameebis Sesanaxad gankuTvnilimiwebi. warmoSobis mixedviT aseTi miwebi orgvari iyo:a) mulqi miwa, romelic Sewirvis gziT gadaiqceodavayufad,b) mirie miwa, romelic xelisuflebis nebarTviTgadaiqceoda vayufad.savayufo miwebis mouravad iniSneboda specialuripiri, romelsac muTeveli ewodeboda. CveulebrivadmuTeveli Semwirvelis vaJebidan SeirCeoda. savayufomiwebi sakmaod yofila rogorc zemo aWaraSi, ise qvemoaWaraSi da qobuleTis mxareSic.savayufo qonebaze saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi arvrceldeboda da igi konfiskaciisa Tu sasamarTlos sxvasaxis Ziebisagan ganTavisuflebuli iyo.zemo aWaraSi pirveli msxvili vayufi sakmaod gvian,1839 wels Seiqmna. igi Serif-begis mamam, Cildiris188

vilaieTis beglar-begma axmed-faSam uboZa xuloSi mismier agebul meCeTs da medreseebs. rogorc Cans, es iyopirveli meCeTi, romelic aWaraSi daarses da masTanveCamoyalibda pirveli medreseebi.4. meTruqe miwebi – es iyo saerTo sakuTrebaSi myofimiwebi (tye, bazris adgili, saZovari da sxva)5. mevaTi miwa – gamouyenebuli, daumuSavebeli miwa.aseTi nakveTis miReba SeeZlo yvelas, oRond Tu ardaamuSavebda, isev CamoerTmeoda (49*67-69, 39*91-116).aWaraSi glexebi upiratesad erazi-mirie miwebiTsargeblobdnen da formalurad samamulodamokidebulebaSi aRar iyvnen feodalebTan (begebTan -avt.) magram Zveli sagvareulo tradiciebis gamo imdenadZlieri iyo aristokratiis gavlena adgilebze, romfeodaluri eqspluatacia sxvadasxva formiT kvlav ZalaSirCeboda. aristokratiis gavlenas kidev ufroganamtkicebda is faqti, rom begebis umravlesobasadgilze msxvili saxelmwifo samoxeleo TanamdebobebieWiraT. es ufro moqmedebda maTdami glexobis ekonomikurdaqvemdebarebazec. e.i. reformebis Semdegac begebi kvlavinarCunebdnen glexobaze batonobas. gasaTvaliswinebeliiyo isic, rom reformebis Semdeg sagvareuloaristokratiis pensiebiT dakmayofilebam moiTxova gadasaxadebisgazrda, ramac daamZima glexTa mdgomareoba.frenkeli SeniSnavda:¨ es pensia iyo yovelwliurigadasaxadebidan, rasac hkrefdnen baTumis sanjaySi¨(65*112). amrigad, feodalebis interesebis damcveladgamodioda sulTnis xelisufleba, romelic gadasaxadebiserT nawils begebs aZlevda kompensaciis saxiT.\+\ saukunisaTvis aWaraSi glexoba ukve diferencirebulia.glexTa dawinaurebuli, kulakuri fena gacilebiTmet miwas flobda.¨maT aWaraSi zenginebs uwodebdnen.zenginebi sargeblobdnen Raribi glexebis SromiT,romelTac sakmao miwa ar hqondaT. ekonomiuradSeviwroebuli Raribi glexi aiRebda begis, aRis, zenginis189

miwis nakveTs saziarod, sanaxevrod da amuSavebda amnakveTs Tavisi inventariT, xolo miwis mflobelsmosavliT istumrebda¨(49*72). Tu glexi imdenad Rataki iyo,rom ar gaaCnda arc miwa, saTesle marcvali, miwisdasamuSavebeli inventari, maSin igi iZulebuli iyomojamagired wasuliyo miwismflobelTan – begTan,aRasTan, zenginTan. ¨mojamagires aWaraSi uwodebdnenmorbeds an xizmeTqars. xizmeTqroba Zalze gavrcelebulimovlena yofila. zenginebs hyoliaT agreTve xalaiRebi,Raribi glexis ojaxidan wamoyvanili qalebi Sinamosamsaxureebad,romlebsac samsaxurisTvis ¨patronobas¨ da¨gaTxovebas¨ hpirdebodnen¨ (49*73).TanzimaTis Semdgom periodSi Zveli feodalebi,begebi ara ubralod sulTnis moxeles warmoadgendnen,aramed adgilobriv mosaxleobas kvlav yovlisSemZlebatonad da feodalad miaCndaT. giorgi yazbegi, romelmacimogzaura aWaraSi, sof.sxalTaSi, Serif-begximSiaSvilTan stumrobisas nanaxs ase aRwers: ¨sxalTaSi 3ivnisamde davyaviT baTumSi wargzavnili kacis molodinSi.am xnis ganmavlobaSi garSemo gvexvia begTan sxvadasxvasaqmeze mosul aWarelTa didi jgufi. Yoveli maTganiuaxlovdeboda begs, ukocnida tansacmlis qobas, xelsSublze idebda, Semdeg ukan ixevda da sapatio manZilidanTavis saqmeze moaxsenebda¨ (56*46). g.yazbegis aRweril scenaSimxolod tradicia ar igulisxmeba. amiT naTlad Cansbegisadmi, rogorc mbrZaneblisadmi, batonisadmi qveSevrdomTamokrZalebuli damokidebuleba. feodalisadmi,begisadmi moridebuli damokidebuleba yvelaferSixazgasmuli unda yofiliyo. ¨Serif-begis sasaxlesTanmiaxlovebisas cxenosani glexi SoriTgan undaCamomxtariyo cxenidan da ise gayoloda gzas begiskarmidamos gaswvriv da mxolod Semdeg SeeZlogaegrZelebina gza cxeniT... begs rac sWirdeboda, yoveliveglexs ekisreboda. sargeblobdnen begis saZovrebiT da amisTvisiaRs uxdidnen. TiTeul komls unda mietana TiTo190

pina simindi, qaTami, 25 fara fuli, unda moemaragebinaTTafliT da SeSiT¨ (49*73). garda amisa glexs evalebodabegis maspinZloba, begaris saxiT usasyidlod muSaoba dasxva.TanzimaTis Semdgomi periodis aWaraSi mwarmoebeliklasis udidesi nawili miwebs flobda yovelgvarisabuTebis gareSe, ramac maT Semdgom seriozuliproblemebi Seuqmna.aseT mZime socialur mdgomareobaSi myofi glexobasakuTari interesebis dasacavad xSirad iaraRiTac gamodioda.samwuxarod, osmalTa batonobis periodSisocialuri xasiaTis gamosvlebTan dakavSirebiT xalxurigadmocemebis garda dokumenturi wyaroebi TiTqmis armogvepoveba.191

§ II cvlilebebibi socialur urTierTobebSi1878-19031903 wlebSi1877-1878 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegad sanstefanoszaviT baTumi da aWara ruseTs gadaeca. espiroba ZalaSi datova berlinis kongresma. 1878 wlis 25agvistos 11 saaTze rusTa da qarTvelTa jari baTumSiSevida. kavkasiis mefisnacvalma didma mTavarma mixeilnikolozis Zem depeSiT miuloca imperator aleqsandre ++baTumis dakaveba. am movlenas aRtacebiT Sexvda qarTvelisazogadoeba.aWaraSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba daiwyo. 1878wlis 20 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvalma xeli moawerabaTumis olqis administraciuli mmarTvelobis droebiTdebulebas. aRniSnuli debulebiT ¨ganisazRvra mxaristeritoriuli mowyobis, samoxeleo aparatis, sagadasaxadosistemisa da sxva sakiTxebi¨ (40*39). baTumis olqs saTaveSiCaudga samxedro gubernatori. pirveli gubernatori gaxdageneral-maiori konstantine besarionis Ze komarovi. malemas piradi Tvisebebis gamo adgilobriv mosaxleobasTanurTierTobaSi problemebi Seeqmna, ris gamoc mis nacvladbaTumis gubernatorad general-maiori b.smekalovidainiSna.guberantori valdebuli iyo exelmZRvanelamefinsacvlis xelmowerili debulebiT.ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg general-adutantmasviatopolk-mirskim aWaris mosaxleobas gamoucxada, romxelSeuxebeli iqneboda maTi qoneba, religia, saxelmwifosmimarT valdebulebebi darCeboda igive, rac osmalTammarTvelobis periodSi iyo* ucvleli darCeboda adgilobrivimmarTveloba: gadasaxlebis msurvelebsmiecemodaT qonebis gayidvis dro¨ (23*10-11). samwuxarod,ruseTis xelisuflebam adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmimicemuli es piroba ar Seasrula, rac osmaleTSi wasvliserT-erTi mizezi gaxda. aWaris mkvidrTaTvis Znelad192

asatani da Sesaguebeli iyo ucxo rusuli mmarTvelobisxelaRebiT SemoReba. exeboda ra samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTveloSi ruseTis damkvidrebis Semdeg SeqmnilviTarebas, am regionis mosaxleobis muhajirad wasvlismizezebs, ¨droeba¨ aseT daskvnas akeTebda:¨Cveni mxareverandeba, xalxi didi da patara, fuxara da SeZlebuli,yvelayai stovebs Tavis saxl-kars, dedul-mamuls damieSureba xonTqris samkvidrebelSi... sadme rom samarTaliiyos da mTavrobas surdes am gaveranebas bolo mouRos,kvlavad gadasaxleba SeaCeros da Cvens xalxs guligaukeTos – erTi racRais SemoRebis meti araferi iqnebasaWiro. am erTs raRacas saxelad hqvia samarTali.samarTlis meti Cven araferi gvinda. igi dagvakmayofilebssul mTlad. igi mogvibrunebs guls, xels agvaRebinebsgadasaxlebaze, Segvayvarebs rus-mmarTvelobas datiriliT gardaxvewil muhajirebsac ki daabrunebs¨(28*1881).aWaraSi ruseTis administraciuli mmarTvelobisSemoRebis Semdeg gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqondasaadgilmamulo urTierTobebis mowesrigebas. amTvalsazrisiT ruseTis xelisuflebas gamokveTiliinteresebi gaaCnda, gansakuTrebiT zRvispira zolSi.carizmis daintereseba mdgomareobda SemdegSi – racSeiZleba meti miwis farTobi gamoeTavisuflebinakolonistebisaTvis axladSemoerTebul mxareSi.carizmis realuri miznebis gasarkvevad sainteresodokumentia kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardalis generaladutantTavad sviatopolk-mirskis q.TbilisSi, 1879 wlis8 Tebervals damtkicebuli instruqcia komisiebisadmi,romlebsac unda SeeswavlaT baTumisa da yarsis olqebSimiwismflobelTa uflebebi da maTze arsebuli aqtebi(9*378-381). komisiis Semadgenloba ganisazRvrebodaTavmjdomariT, ori wevriTa da TarjimniT. Tavmjdomaresada komisiis erT wevrs amtkicebda kavkasiis mmarTveloba,193

xolo meore wevrsa da Tarjimans Sesabamisi olqissamxedro gubernatori.instruqciis N 9 paragrafi miuTiTebda¨uZravi qonebissxvadasxva saxis mflobelobis, maTi sargeblobis srulida yovelmxrivi Seswavlis mizniT komisias mxedvelobaSiunda mieRo ara mxolod TurqeTis imperiis periodisaTvismoqmedi kanonmdebloba, aramed Seeswavla, eskanonmdebloba rogor gamoiyeneboda faqtiurad, rogoriiyo gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, gansazRvruli adgilobrivigaremoebebiT da sxva. am mimarTulebiT Seekribaaucilebeli sabuTebi adgilze da guldasmiT Seemowmebinaisini¨ (9*378). aRniSnuli informaciis mopovebis saqmeSikomisias momavalSi bevri winaaRmdegoba eloda, vinaidan¨TanzimaTis Semdgom periodSi aWaraSi mosaxleobisdabali fenis, mwarmoebluri klasis udidesi umetesobamiwebs flobda yovelgvari oficialuri* saxelmwifoaqtebis gareSe¨ (39*18). amas garda osmaleTisxelisuflebam aWaris warCinebulebs (begebs) gamostyuamiwis sakuTrebis damdasturebeli ¨rogorc qarTvelimefeebis, ise Turqi sulTanebis mier maTi winaprebisaTvisnaboZebi sabuTebi¨ (56*69). yovelive amis Semdeg gasakviriar iyo, rom aWaris mosaxleobis umravlesobas, rogorczedafenis ise gansakuTrebiT glexobis warmomadgenlebsar SeeZloT miwaze sakuTrebis damadasturebelioficialuri sabuTis warmodgena.seriozul problemas qmnida isic, rom osmaleTisxelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma wasvlisas SeTanxmebismiuxedavad, mTeli arqivebi ( da maT Soris sakadastrowignebi Tu miwaTmflobelobasTan dakavSirebuli sxvasaxis dokumentebi) Tan waiRes. axladSeqmnili komisiebismovaleobas Seadgenda moeZiebina adgilobrivmosaxleobaSi am saxis dokumentebi da Tu aseTiaRmoCndeboda, gadaeca igi kavkasiis samxareommarTvelobisaTvis.194

komisiebs miwaTmflobelebis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvelaaqtis Seswavlis Semdeg daskvna unda SeetanaTspecialurad gaxsnil oqmebis wignSi. yoveli aseTi oqmiekiTxeboda aqtis mflobels saboloo variantiT da maszexels awerda komiiis yvela wevri (9*379).instruqciis N 15 paragrafis mixedviT, Tu romelimedokumenti tovebda yalbis STabeWdilebas, xdeboda amisdafiqreba oqmSi, Semdeg ki misi Sedareba sxva sakadastrowignebTan (Tu ki aseTi komisias moeZeveboda), Tu araxdeboda ¨keTilsindisieri pirebis dakiTxva, ris Semdegacdokumenti miiCneoda sandod an ¨yalbad¨. cxadia, xelisuflebisndobiT aRWurvili ¨keTilsindisieri pirebi¨carizmisaTvis sasurvel Tvalsazriss dauWerdnen mxars.ruseTis xelisuflebis namdvil mizans cxadyofsinstruqciis N 10 paragrafi: ¨komisia valdebuli iyozustad ganesazRvra yvela Tavisufali miwisa da savargulisraodenoba, romelic Seadgenda xazinissakuTrebas¨(9*378-379).saadgilmamulo urTierTobebis, miwaze sakuTrebisuflebis swrafi mowesrigebis aucileblobas yvelaxvdeboda. ¨erTi im saqmeTagani, romelTa male gadawyvetasasurvelia marTvelobis da yvela adgilobrivmcxovrebTa interesisaTvis, usaTuod aris sakuTrebisa damisi Tavisuflad gacemis aRviareba, baTomis gareSemdebare miwisa. am saqmis gadawyvetas gansakuTrebiT axlaeqneba didi mniSvneloba, radgan adgilobrivi mcxovrebniawmyo wesebis kmayofilni ar arian da sul yvelanigadasaxlebas apireben osmaleTis samflobeloSi¨ (27*1880).marTalia saadgilmamulo komisias saTaveSi cnobiliistorikosi da patrioti dimitri baqraZe edga, magrammanac ver SeZlo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebisdacva. es gasakviric araa, radgan carizmis koloniuripolitikis aRkveTa maSin ioli saqme ar iyo. mosaxleobaki ukmayofilo komisiis saqmianobiT rCeboda. swored am195

ganwyobilebas gamoxatavda ¨droeba¨, roca werda:¨agerramdeni xania,rac baTumSi arsebobs erTi dawesebuleba,romelsac aq saadgilmamulo komisias eZaxian. am komisiismoqmedeba dRemde iseTis saidumlo fardiT iyo dafaruli,rom aravin icoda, ras akeTebda da rogor awarmoebdasaqmeebs... ase gansajeT, Turme saqmeebsac ki ar aCvenebdnenxolme mTxovnelebs¨ (29*1884). komisiis mier sadgilmamulourTierTobebis Seswavla-mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiTwarmoebuli saqmianobiT adgilobrivi mosaxleoba imdenadukmayofilo iyo, rom osmalTa batonobisdroindeliviTarebac ki sanatreli gauxdaT.¨Cvens baTumSi, rogorcCveni qveynis sxva kuTxeebSiac saadgilmamulo saqmedRiurs varams Seadgens. igi yvelas awuxebs, mosvenebas araZlevs. rasakvirvelia, es ufro mahmadian qarTvelebzeiTqmis, radganc osmaleTis mflobelobis dros yvelamaTgans adgilebi hqondaT mizomili da, maSasadame,adgilmamulis mqoneni iyvnen. osmaleTis mTavroba sulsxva wesze da rigze urigebda xalxs, Cvenma mTavrobam kiuaryo Zveli wesebi da SemoiRo axali. osmaleTismTavroba aZlevda mesakuTres miwas sazRvrebSi, romlebic¨TafebSi¨ (sabuTi, werilobiTi sigeli) unda yofiliyvnenaRniSnulni da garCeviT naCvenebni. dRes Cveni baTumelisaadgil-mamulo komisia sazRvrebs yuradRebas ar aqcevsda miwas zomiT iZleva. amis gamo bevrs mepatroneTagans,romlebsac miwa ¨TafiT¨ hqondaT mizomili garkveulsazRvrebSi, miwa imodeni ar ergebaT... instruqciis ZaliT,romliTac xelmZRvanelobs Cveni mTavroba, sazRvrebiT kiar iZlevian miwas, aramed kvadratuli saJenobiT. amisTaobaze didi ukmayofilebaa mepatroneTa da metadrebaTumel begTa Soris... am gvarma garemoebam bevri uwesobada usamarTloba gamoiwvia... baTumSi saadgilmamulo saqmeganusazRvrels da gamourkvevels mdgomareobaSia¨ (30*1884).miwismflobelobis sakiTxis mouwesrigebloba amisSemdegac didi xnis manZilze awuxebda aWarismosaxleobas. aseTi gaurkveveli mdgomareoba ki TviT196

xelisuflebis wamromadgenlebis azriT aferxebda mxaris(olqis) normalur ganviTarebas.¨dRemde baTumSi mTavrobisgankargulebiT neba aravis ara aqvs gahyidos mamuli,gasces igi sasargeblod da saeqspluataciod sxvadasxvawesiT, ijariT Tu gasyidviT da sxva pirobiT. rogorcTviT gubernatori ambobs, amgvarma axirebulma akrZalvamsuli SeuxuTa qalaqis warmoebas, qalaqis samoqalaqozrdas, aRorZinebas¨ (33*1889). Tu ramdenad ¨zustadgansazRvra¨ da ¨Seiswavla miwaTmflobelTa uflebebi¨saadgilmamulo komisiam, kargad Cans iqedan, rom essakiTxi gadauWreli rCeboda \\ saukunis dasawyisSic.¨baTumis olqSi, romelic ruseTis SemadgenlobaSia 33welia, jer kidev araa mowesrigebuli miwaTmflobelobissakiTxi¨(24*1911). am sferoSi Seqmnil kritikul viTarebasverc oficialuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebifaravdnen. kavkasiis samTo sammarTvelos 1913 wlisangariSSi naTqvami iyo: ¨miwaTmflobeloba baTumis olqSijer ar ganxorcielebula, amdenad jer kidev daudgenelia,sad mTavrdeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sakuTrebaSimyofi miwebi da sad iwyeba saxazino mamulebi¨ (22*307).Cndeba kiTxva: ratom aWianurebda ruseTisxelisufleba aWaraSi miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxisgadaWras? vfiqrobT, aseTi gaurkveuli viTareba aiZulebdamkvidr qarTvel mosaxleobas muhajirad wasvlisgadawyvetileba mieRo, rac kidev ufro uiolebda carizmskolonizatoruli politikis ganxorcielebas -¨ganTavisuflebul¨ miwebze ¨erTguli¨ elementisCamosaxlebas. aWaris miwebs, gansakuTrebiT mis zRvispirazols etanebodnen rusi gadamdgari samxedro pirebi,yofili Cinovnikebi, vaWrebi. \\ saukunis dasawyisisaTvisisini flobdnen cixisZiris, mwvane koncxis, maxinjauris,Caqvis miwebis udides nawils. rusi kolonis-tebismasobrivi Camosaxleba seriozul problemebs uqmnidamciremiwianobiT isedac Sewuxebul aWaris mkvidrmosaxleobas.197

useTis xelSi baTumisa da aWaris gadasvlis Semdegdidi socialuri cvlilebebi xdeboda. baTumi Tavisimoxerxebuli mdgomareobisa da SesaniSnavi navsadguriswyalobiT sul male mniSvnelovani savaWro-samrewvelocentri gaxda.TandaTanobiT feodaluri urTierTobebi irRveodada burJuaziuli socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebimkvidrdeboda. am mimarTulebiT seriozuli cvlilebebixdeboda zRvispira zolSi, sadac subtropikulikulturebis samrewvelo gaSenebas Tan axlda rusimoaxelSeneebis aqtiuri mozRvavebac. aWaraSi miwis didinawili xazinis sakuTrebaSi gadavida. mciremiwianobiTSewuxebuli glexoba iZulebuli iyo SemosavlissaZieblad qalaqSi wasuliyo. kavkasiis mmarTvelobaaRiarebda, rom ¨metad rTuli iyo glexTa sakiTxi, didsiZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli saerobo valdebulebaTagansazRvra da misi realizacia¨ (47*58). ruseTis mTavrobamdaarRvia aWaris mosaxleobisaTvis micemuli piroba Zvelivaldebulebebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb. gazrdiligadasaxadebiT Sewuxebuli ¨aWaris glexobis delegacia1892 wels ewvia kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels TbilisSi dasTxova gadasaxadebis Semcireba, magram delegaciacarieli dapirebiT gamoistumres¨ (61*49).mTlad saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi arc aWariswarCinebulni iyvnen.¨baTumis mxareSi wodebaTagamosarkvevad mmarTvelobis mxriT komisia ar arisdadgenili da Tu Tavad-aznaurobam ikisra baTumiskeTilSobilT uflebebis gamorkvevis saqme, esmmarTvelobas aacdens xarjsa da meores mxriT TviTbaTumis keTilSobilTac Seumcirebs siZneles¨ (31*1885). e.i.aWaris feodalebi cdilobdnen wodebaSi damtkicebas.warCinebulTa klasi arc Tu mravalricxovani iyo aWaraSi.¨namdvili begebi cota arian aq... sanjaybegiSvilebibaTumSi, abaSiZe gvarad* zemo aWaraSi - ximSiaSvilebi*TavdgiriZeebi - qobuleTSi* beJan-oRli - CaqvSi* maWaxelSi198

arian kviritaZeebi, romelnic uwodeben Tavis Tavs wulukiZeebad¨(26*1879).aWaris warCinebulebi moiTxovdnen danarCen qarTvelTavad-aznaurebTan gaTanabrebas, kerZod ki quTaisisguberniis keTilSobilTa wodebaSi oficialuradCaricxvas. Cans, am moTxovnas meti safuZveli miecabaTumis olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTebis Semdeg.1885 wlis 17 ivliss ¨droebaSi¨ aWaris 20 warCinebulismier xelmowerili aseTi Sinaarsis weriligaigzavna:¨umorCilesad gTxovT baTumis mazris mahmadianiqarTvelni Tavad-aznaurni, Tqvenis pativiscemulis¨droebis¨ SemweobiT gamoecxados guliTadi CveniTanagrZnoba da pativiscema quTaisis da Tbilisisguberniebis keTilSobilT, romelTac guberniismarSlebad amoirCies Rirseulni mamuliSvilni, cnobilni,dauRalavani, sazogadoebrivi moRvaweni, dimitri yifianida ivane muxran-batoni...¨Cven, gamahmadianebulni qarTvelni keTilSobilnibaTumis mazrisa, vmadlobT uzenaes gangebas, romelmacorasi wlis Semdeg isev Segvyara saqarTvelos saxelovankeTilSobilebTan, Cvens RviZls ZmebTan, gulwrfeladvaRviarebT, rom guliT, suliT, mTlad Cveni arsebiTvekuTvniT aRniSnuls wodebas WirSic, lxinSic, avSic dakargSic.am zneobrivs kavSirTan saWiroa formaluri, oficialurikavSiric: Cven gvsurs, rom Cvenc miwerilni viyvneTquTaTuris guberniis TavadaznaurobasTan.sruli imedi gvaqvs, rom dimitri ivanes Ze yifianiiSuamdgomlebs sadac jer ars, rom Cvenc migvawerosquTaisis guberniis keTilSobilTa wodebas, raTa maTTanerTad SeZlebisdagvarad Cenc vemsaxuroT im wmindadaniSnulebas da movaleobas, romelic xelmwifeimperatorma umaRlesad dauniSna sazogadod mTeliimperiis Tavadaznaurobas umaRlesis reskriptiT¨(32*1885).199

miuxedavad carizmis koloniuri politikisa,axladSemoerTebuli baTumi TandaTan msxvili savaWrosamrewvelocentri xdeboda. moxerxebulma satranzitomdgomareobam, SesaniSnavma bunebrivma yurem araerTi rusiTu evropeli mrewveli daainteresa. rkinigziT baTumisbaqosTan dakavSirebis Semdeg aqedan daiwyo baqosnavTobis eqsporti, romlis masStabebi TandaTanizrdeboda. navsadguris agebisa da baqo-baTumisnavTobsadenis amoqmedebiT baTumi mniSvnelovaniekonomikuri centri gaxda. baTums araerTi bedismaZiebeli moawyda rogorc mTeli dasavleTsaqarTvelodan, ise ruseTis Sida gubernebidan daTurqeTidan. ¨didZali xalxi Camovida... yvela aq moelisgakeTebas, saqmes eZeben¨(25*1878).imTaviTve gamoikveTa, rom ¨baTumis samrewveloganviTareba ZiriTadSi baqos navTobis eqsportis xarjzexdeboda¨(60*43). \+\ saukunis 80-ian wlebSinavTobproduqtebis eqsportis kvalobaze izrdebodabaTumis roli msoflio navTobis vaWrobaSi. ¨baTummamsoflio saxeli umTavresad navTobis produqtebisvaWrobiT moixveWa¨ (8*34). navTobis gatanis tempebis swrafzrdasTan erTad (kerZod, Tu 1883 wels baTumidansaerTod gatanili iqna 3.348.900 fuTi navTobroduqti, 1902wlisaTvis Sesabamisma cifrma 78.338.800 fuTiSeadgina¨(64*31--311), xdeboda qalaq baTumis daCqarebuliganviTrebac, mas ara mxolod vaWar-mrewvelebi moawyda,didi raodenobiT, aramed samuSaos maZieblebic, ramacqalaqis mosaxleobis swrafi zrda gamoiwvia da igi ZvelfarglebSi veRar Caetia.¨baTomi didad mniSvnelovaniqalaqi Seiqmna Cveni qveynis ekonomikuri warmatebisaTvis.aq auareba xalxma moiyara Tavi, erTis mxriv movaWrefulis patronebma da meore mxriv dRiuri lukmismonatrulma muSa xalxma da gaCaRda vaWroba, aRebmicemoba,gaixsna mravali naTvis qarxana da sxva. ra Tqmaunda winadeli baTomi veRar daetia Tavis winandel viwro200

kalapotSi da ai baTomsac moemata sul mcire xanSi orivrceli adgili aTi aTasze meti mcxovrebiT. e.w.¨gorodoki¨ da ¨barcxana¨. am adgilebSi ZiriTadad muSaxalxi cxovrobs¨(38*1898). \\ saukunis dasawyisSi baTumisamrewvelo ganviTarebis mixedviT amierkavkasiaSi mesameadgilze iyo Tbilisisa da baqos Semdeg. rogorcavRniSneT mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis swrafi tempiT zrdaSesabamisad iwvevda qalaqis mosaxleobis zrdasac. Tu 1878wels baTumis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 3000-s aRwevda, 1903wlisaTvis 30.000 gadaaWarba. mosaxleobis zrdis tempitempi ZiriTadad muSaTa klasze modioda. qarxnebSi,fabrikebSi, navsadgurSi, rkinigzis satvirTo sadgurSi,saxelosnoebsa da sxva wvril sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuliiyo 11.000-ze meti muSa¨ (5*52). e.i. sul raRac ori aTeuliwlis ganmavlobaSi ¨baTumi patara, aziuri, feodaluriqalaqidan gadaiqca evropul-kapitalistur qalaqad,ruseTis imperiis erT-erT msxvil savaWro-samrewvelocentrad, romelic baqos da TbilisTan erTad tonsaZlevda amerkavkasiis kapitalistur ganviTarebas¨ (41*227).marTalia baTumis samrewvelo ganviTareba swrafi tempiTmimdinareobda, ¨magram yvelaferi es baqos navTobisproduqtebis eqsports emsaxureboda da amdenadadgilobrivi nedleulis samrewvelo warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvisar iyo myari safuZveli, eqsportis dargSimomxdar Seferxebas SeiZleboda mTeli sawarmoebiserTbaSad paralizeba mohyoloda¨ (52*176).baTumis swrafi samrewvelo ganviTareba moiTxovdaSesabamis muSaxelsac. \+\ saukunis 80-iani wlebidan masmoawyda ara mxolod maxlobeli soflebisa da raionebis,aramed TviT ruseTis guberniebidan gamosuli samuSaosmaZiebelTa armia. baTumis muSaTa kontingenti araerTgvarovaniiyo (55*93). metad mZime iyo muSaTa Sromis pirobebi.¨qarxnebisavse iyo muSebiT, romlebic sacodav pirobebSiiyvnen, metismetad iCagrebodnen, nametur Cagvrasganicdidnen qarTveli muSebi, romlebic axlad201

gamodiodnen TavianTi soflebidan da axlad eCveodnenmaTTvis uCveulo muSaobas¨ (50*177). fabrika-qarxnebismepatroneebi sargeblobdnen ra dasaqmebis msurvelTaWarbi kontingentiT, muSebs metad mZime pirobebSiayenebdnen.¨muSebis Sromisa da cxovrebis pirobebimTlianad iyo damokidebuli mepatroneebze, romlebicusazRvro eqsploatacias uwevdnen maT¨ (63*148).\+\ saukunis 90-ian wlebSi baTumel muSaTamdgomareobas gazeTi ¨kvali¨ ase aRwerda:¨muSa ki isevumweoa cisanabarad migdebuli, uangariSo, uTvalavubedureba-gaWirvebas da vai-vaglaxs iTmens qedmoxrili.arsiT Cans misi avadmyofobisaTvis Tavis Semwuxebeli,amJamad navsadgursa da qarxnebSi SeCerebuli muSebi cxraaTasamdea. saSualo dRiuri qira sam abazs ar aRemateba...papanaqeba sicxe, usaSvelo jafa – tanjva – Sroma,saZageli sadgomi fex-qveS aclis janmrTelobas (35*1895).baTumel muSebs metad mZime pirobebSi uxdebodaT Sroma.dabali xelfasi, xangrZlivi samuSao dRe, mouwesrigebelisayofacxovrebo pirobebi muSaTa Cveulebrivi xvedri iyo.1897 wlis kanoniT muSebisaTvis samuSao dRe dRis cvlaSi11,5 saaTiT, xolo Ramis cvlaSi 10 saaTiTganisazRvreboda. Tumca kanonma ZalaSi datovaadministraciasTan SeTanxmebiT samuSao saaTebisgagrZeleba muSebisaTvis, rac faqtiurad nebas aZlevdafabrika-qarxnebis mepatroneT sakuTari neba-surviliTganesazRvraT samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba. amave kanoniTSromis procesSi dazaraldebul muSas pensia undamiscemoda, Tu es SemTxveva ar iqneboda muSis mierganzrax gamowveuli. magram faqtiurad kanonis arc esmuxli sruldeboda da kapitalistebi cdilobdnenmuSebisaTvis daebralebinaT yvelaferi. saerTo mZimepirobebs Tan erTvoda muSaTa Warbi raodenobiTgamowveuli umuSevroba, rac ufro sacodavs xdida maTmdgomareobas.¨autanel Sromas ewevian dilidan saRamomdisda imden fuls Zlivs Souloben, rom SimSiliT ar202

mokvdnen. es kidev araferi, samuSao rom yvelas hyofnides.muSebi ise gamravldnen, rom naxevarze meti usaqmodrCebian da gamxdari, gayviTlebuli aCrdiliviT daiarebianquCebSi¨ (36*1897).samuSaos SemcirebasTan erTad iSviaTi ariyo xelfasis Semcirebac. ¨aTi wlis winaT (igulisxmeba1892 weli –avt.) rotSildis qarxanaSi muSaobda 4000 kaci.muSebi gasamrjelod 2-3 maneTs iRebdnen. amJamad imavesamuSaos arsulebs 1500 kaci, qarxnidan daiTxoves 2500muSa, xolo xelfasi Semcirda 60 kapikamde¨ (18*1). fabrikaqarxnebSifarTod gamoiyeneboda mozardTa Sroma,romlebic srulasakovani muSebis msgavsad iyvnendatvirTulni. ¨manTaSevis qarxanaSi 7-8 wlis bavSvebiimdenive saaTs muSaobdnen, rogorc didebi. manTaSevisqarxanaSi samuSao kvira 105 saaTs aRwevs, bavSvebidazgebTan muSaoben 15-16 saaTs¨ (18*2). aseT umZimessamuSao pirobebs Tan erTvoda muSebis fizikuriSeuracxyofa, cema. gazeTi ¨iskra¨ werilSi ¨muSaTamdgomareoba kavkasiaSi. baTumi¨ iuwyeboda:¨baTumisqarxnebSi muSebTan damokidebulebaSi gabatonebuliamuStiT gasworeba. am TvalsazrisiT gamoirCevianmanTaSevis qarxnis mmarTveli ter-akofovi da rotSildisqarxnis meqanikosi Stubneri¨ (34*1902). analogiurixasiaTis cnoba daculia aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumSic(18*1). arc fabrika-qarxnebis mepatroneebi da arcxelisufleba muSaTa aseT mdgomreobas elementarulyuradRebasac ki ar aqcevdnen. ¨kapitalistebi xalxis ammasas (igulisxmeba muSaTa klasi-avt.) uyureben, rogorcmewvel Zroxas. TviTmpyrobeluri xelisufleba yruamuSebisa da maTi ojaxebis kvnesisa da ubedurebismimarT¨(19*17). \+\ saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos baTumisfabrika-qarxnebSi farTod daiwyes manqana-danadgarebisgamoyeneba, e.i. mimdinareobda warmoebaSi teqnikurigadatrialebis procesi. es udavod samrewveloTvalsazrisiT dadebiTi movlena, uaryofiTad aisaxebodamuSebis socialur mdgomareobaze. fabrika-qarxnebis203

mflobelebs amiT SesaZlebloba miecaT SeemcirebinaTmuSaTa kontingenti, waeyenebinaT maTTvis maqsimaluradmomgebiani pirobebi.bunebrivia aseT mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi muSebiprotestis formebs eZebdnen da sakuTari uflebebisdacvisaTvis brZolas iwyebdnen. muSaTa pirvel gaficvasbaTumSi adgili jer kidev 1882 wels hqonda. baTumSimuSaTa moZraobis ganviTarebisaTvis gadamwyvetimniSvneloba ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare revoluciurmovlenebs hqonda* rogorc saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi,baTumSic iqmneboda pirveli muSaTa wreebi. am etapzewreebis saqmianobas ZiriTadad saganmanaTleblo xasiaTihqonda. saqarTveloSi ¨mesame dasis¨ CamoyalibebamgansazRvra baTumis muSaTa klasis saqmianobismimarTuleba.¨mesame dasis¨ warmomadgenlebs (n.Jordania,f.maxaraZe, k.CxeiZe, i.ramiSvili) seriozuli wvlilimiuZRviT baTumSi marqsistuli ideebis propagandissaqmeSi. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo 1896 welsg.franCeskisa da i.luzinis Seqmnili pirveli marqsistuliwre. 1898 wels luzinis, franCeskisa da kalandaZisdapatimrebis Semdeg social-demokratiuli organizaciebisganviTareba baTumSi Seferxda, magram \\ saukunisdasawyisSi man seriozuli warmatebebs miaRwia. 1900-1901wlebSi baTumSi araerTi gaficva da sapirvelmaisodemonstracia moewyo.¨baTumis social-demokratiuli organizaciisSeqmnis Semdeg male daiwyo muSaoba masobrivigaficvebis mosamzadeblad¨ (51*229). 1901 wlidan mTeliruseTis imperiis masStabiT iwyeba revoluciuriaRmavlobis periodi. ¨revoluciuri moZraobis saerToaRmavlobam gansakuTrebuli ZaliT iCina Tavi baTumSi¨(53*46). baTumSi socialuri ukmayofilebis gaZlierebasaRiarebdnen oficialuri xelisuflebiswamromadgenlebic. quTaisis guberniis JandarmeriissammarTvelos ufrosis TanaSemwe baTumSi roJanovinarkvevSi ¨antisaxelmwifoebrivi moZraoba baTumis raionsa204

da guriaSi¨ (ufro swori iqneba aRniSnul informaciasewodos angariSi, romelSic aisaxa quTaisis guberniaSi1900-1901 ww. revoluciuri gamosvlebis monacemebi – avt.)werda:¨baTumi Tavisi revoluciuri da socialdemokratiulimoZraobiT warmoadgens Zalze seriozulpunqts, romelic ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens, rogorcsaporto qalaqi da rogorc mezobeli guriis mazrasTan,romelTanac dakavSirebulia rkinigziT. guriis ¨komiteti¨,romelic ozurgeTis mazris saqmeebs uZRveba, imyofebodaq,baTumSi. baTumis gavliT Semodis ucxoeTidanaralegaluri literatura, proklamaciebi. zemoTaRniSnuli cxadyofs, rom q.baTumi kavkasiisaTvis iZensaranakleb mniSvnelobas, vidre q.tfilisi...¨ (17*5).muSaTa moZarobis aRmavlobis Sedegi iyo, rom 1901wlis dekemberSi baTumis social-demokratuli wreebiorganizaciulad gaerTiandnen da Seqmnes ruseTissocial-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis baTumis komiteti.am mimarTulebiT didi muSaoba Caatara Tbilisis socialdemokratulikomitetidan baTumSi movlinebulmai.juRaSvilma (43*31).i.juRaSvilis baTumSi Casvlis TariRi dRemdezustad dadgenili ar aris. quTaisis JandarmeriissammarTvelos masalebis mixedviT (romelic undaemyarebodes rotmistr jayelis Setyobinebas quTaisisguberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos TanaSemwisadmibaTumSi (13*18). stalini baTumSi unda Casuliyo 1901 wlisSemodgomaze (21*4-5). ai, rogor igonebs im movlenisTanamonawile, manTaSevis qarxnis yofili muSa kotekalandarovi stalinis baTumSi Camosvlisa da muSaTawreebis erTian organizaciad Camoyalibebis faqts:¨1901wlis noembris bolos baTumSi Camovida amxanagi stalini.is droebiT CemTan dabinavda. Camosvlis pirvelidReebidanve daiwyo revoluciuri muSaoba baTumSi.stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT sawarmoebSi daiwyo socialdemokratuliwreebis Camoyalibeba, romelSic mowinave205

muSebs aerTianebdnen. 1901 wlis bolos amxanagma stalinmagadawyvita gaeerTianebina mis mier Camoyalibebuli muSaTawreebi erTian social-demokratul organizaciad. manveSemogvTavaza axali wlis Sexvedris mizeziT Segvekribasxvadasxva qarxnis wreebis warmomadgenlebi daCagvetarebina Sekreba. es idea Cven mogvewona... SekrebadainiSna s.lomjarias binaze. 31 dekembers SebindebisasCven gavwieT iqeT (Sekrebas eswrebodnen p.quriZe,T.gogiberiZe, k.cercvaZe, d.Carkviani, k.kandelaki,k.kalandarovi, p.qiqava, p.niniZe, g.kalaZe, f.lomTaTiZe,d.lomTaTiZe, k.duduCava da sxva. sul 25-30 kaci). saRamosganmavlobaSi amx.stalinma daaxloebiT 4-5 –jer isaubra.misi yvela gamosvla atarebda politikur xasiaTs.stalinisaubrobda damajereblad da gasagebad... gamTeniisasSekreba dasrulda¨(14*25-26). amrigad 1901 wlis bolosbaTumSi Seiqmna erTiani social-demokratiuli organizacia,rac didi mniSvnelobis faqti iyo.¨baTumissocial-demokratiuli oragnizaciis Seqmna 1901 welsmianiSnebda social-demokratiuli moZraobis didaRmavlobaze saqarTveloSi. \\ saukunis damdegisaTvissaqarTvelos meore samrewvelo qalaqi baTumi socialdemokratiulimoZarobis did centrad iqca¨ (46*119).TandaTan baTumeli muSebis gamosvlebi sul ufrooraginzebuli da masobrivi xdeboda. ekonomikuri xasiaTismoTxovnebs TandaTan emateboda politikuri moTxovnebic.1902 wlis dasawyisSi stalinma daraxveliZeebisbinaze moawyo aralegaluri stamba. aq ibeWdebodaproklamaciebi, mowodebebi, broSurebi, romlebic mTeldasavleT saqarTveloSi vrceldeboda. ¨baTumis komitetmaaRniSnuli stambis saSualebiT ise farTod gaSalabeWdviTi agitacia, rom man Tavisi ideuri gavlenis qveSmoaqcia qalaqis mSromeli mosaxleoba¨ (54*212).Catarebuli muSaobis Sedegad 1902 weli baTumSi arnaxulirevoluciuri gamosvlebiT aRiniSna: baTumis qalaqis Taviivane zaqarias Ze andronikaSvili igonebda:¨ 1902 weli206

aTumis navTobis qarxnebis muSaTa Soris iyorevoluciuri ganwyobilebisa da social-demokratiulipropagandis aRmavlobis weli. am dros baTumi mTelsaqarTveloSi gamoirCeoda muSaTa klasis gansakuTrebulisimravlisa da aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT. aqeT iyomimarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis yuradReba damniSvnelovani Zalebi. gaxSirda gaficvebi muSaTa Soris,romlebic ara mxolod ekonomikur moTxovnebs ayenebdnen,aramed Sorsmimavali politikuri miznebic gaaCndaT¨(15*21).1902 wlis 31 ianvars, manTaSevis qarxnis muSebma(daaxloebiT 400 kaci) muSaoba Sewyvites imis gamo, romqarxnis mmarTvelma ter-akofovma daiTxova erT-erTi muSaxaCi kazarovi samuSao saaTebSi amxanagTan saubrismizeziT. daTxovils ¨mxari dauWires asatur bagirovma,georq da akof geurqovebma. maTi waqezebiT muSebigaificnen. qarxana gaCer-da¨ (16*26). mmarTvelmadasaxmareblad policia gamoiZaxa, romelTac daapatimres112 muSa. amis miuxedavad muSebi mtkiced idgnen, maTze arimoqmeda arc muqaram, arc tkbilma dapirebebma... isiniacxadebdnen, rom ar wavidodnen samuSaod manamam, sanam argaaTavisuflebdnen maT amxanagebs. erTi kviris Semdegpoliciam muSebis didi nawili soflebSi gaasaxla, magrammuSebi mesame dRes dabrundnen da kvlav moiTxovesdapatimrebulTa ganTavisufleba. manTaSevma, romelic didzarals ganicdida qarxnis gaCerebiT, iSuamdgomladakavebulTa ganTavisuflebisaTvis. policia uars ambobdamuSebis ganTavisuflebaze, isini Tqveni moTxovniTdaviWireTo, magram 17 Tebervals, baTumSi safabrikoinspeqtoris Camosvlis Semdeg, yvela dapatimrebuli, orisgarda, gaaTavisufles. qarxnis administracia iZulebuligaxda daekmayofilebina muSaTa moTxovnebi:1. sadilobisas Sesveneba 1 saaTidan gaizarda 1,5saaTamde207

2. daiTxoves mmarTveli ter-akofovi da sxva uxeSiostatebi3. administracia muSebs dapirda darCenili 2dapatimrebulis ganTavisuflebasac4. mTeli gacdenili dro, 31 ianvridan 18Tebervlamde muSebs mTlianad aunazRaurdebodaT18 Tebervlidan muSebma ganaaxles muSaoba (14*13-14).manTaSevis qarxnis muSebis am gaficvam cxadyo isdidi politikuri muSaoba, romelsac baTumis komitetisxvadasxva erovnebis muSaTa Soris eweoda. ¨solidarobissuliskveTeba, romelic baTumis komitetma yvela qarxnismuSebSi danerga, ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda vidreadgilobrivi policia¨ (61*88).manTaSevis qarxnis muSaTa warmatebam imedi Causaxasxva qarxnebis muSebsac. TebervalSi gaifica rotSildisqarxana. gaficvis mizezi Semdegi iyo: qarxnis direqtormavanSteinma gankarguleba gasca daeTxovaT Zveli muSebi(daaxloebiT 420 kaci), rogorc arakeTilsindisieripirebi. 28 Tebervals qarxnis yvela muSa (daaxloebiT 1500kaci), garda satyeo masalebis sawyobis muSebisa, sadacupiratesad Turqebi muSaobdnen, gaifica. 2 marts maTaiZules muSaoba SeewyvitaT memanqaneebs daeleqtroganyofilebis muSebs, riTac SeaCeres rezervuarebidangemebSi navTobis gadatvirTva. 6 martsgaficulebs Sexvda samxedro gubernatori driagini,romelmac marTalia muSebs mousmina, magram maT samxedroyaidaze ubrZana:¨Tu xval samuSaoze ar gaxvalT, mkacrRonisZiebebs miviRebTo¨ . muSebma ukan ar daixies. 7-8marts RamiT daapatimres da cixeSi Casves 32 kaci. qarxnissawyobebi da administraciuli Senoba policiamgansakuTrebul kontrolze aiyvana. 8 marts SuadRisasSeikriba 800-mde adamiani da kolonebad dawyobiligaemarTnen policmeisterisaken moTxovniT – an CvencdagvapatimreT, an Cveni Zmebi gaaTavisufleTo¨ (13*5).policiis moTxovnas, rom daSliliyvnen, muSebi208

yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen da kvlav TavianT moTxovnebsimeorebdnen. policiam muSebi alyaSi moaqcia, gamoiZaxessamxedro nawilebic. jariskacebma xiStebiT scadesmuSebis daSla, magram uSedegod. marTalia 2 muSa daiWra,magram isini ar daemorCilnen da 5-6 jariskacs Tofic kiwaarTves. bolos im pirobiT, rom yvelani yazarmebSiwavidodnen, muSebma miaRwies dapatimrebulTa ganTavisuflebs.ase damTavrda 8 martis manifestacia.meore dRes, diliT rotSildis, manTaSevis,sideridisis da sxva qarxnebis muSebi, daaxloebiT 2000kaci simReriT miuaxlovda yazarmebs da moiTxoves muSaTagaTavisufleba. am movlenebis monawile qsenafonteantonisZe zambaxiZe igonebs:¨me maSin kavkasiis meSvidemsrolel batalionSi vmsaxurobdi, romelic qalaqbaTumSi idga... martis 8 ricxvi iyo, roca movida cixesimagriskomendantis gankarguleba - 150 kacamde, saomradgamzadebuli, gayvanili yofiliyo qalaqis cixesTan.gankarguleba saswrafod iqna Sesrulebuli,... me maSinufrosi unter-oficeri viyavi da erT ganyofilebas(aTeuls) vxelmZRvanelobdi. mivedi cixesTan, muSebiTgaWedili iyo iqauroba, yvirodnen, moiTxovdnen patimrebisganTavisuflebas. Cven gankarguleba mogvces gagvefantamuSebi, magram Cven es ver SevZeliT. muSebi gvesrodnenqvebs, gviwevdnen winaaRmdegobas. bolos administraciamukanaskneli moTxovnis dakmayofileba gadawyvita daradgan yvelas cixeSi moTavseba ar SeiZleboda,gamoiyvanes cixidan wina dReebSi dapatimrebuli muSebi,SeuerTes gareT myofT da maTTan erTad waviyvaneT wiTelyazarmebSi, puSkinis quCaze. gzaze bevri Camoscilda, Cvencar vaqcevdiT yuradRebas, yazarmebamde 300-400 kaci migvyva.Rame mSvidobianad gavida. dilis 10 saaTze miviReTgankarguleba da kapitan anTaZesTan erTad pirdapirwavediT wiTeli yazarmebisaken... zRva xalxi davinaxeT. aqiyvnen ara marto qarxnis muSebi, aramed qalebi, moxucebi... isini moiTxovdnen patimrebis ganTavisuflebas da209

imuqrebodnen¨ (14*67-69). muSebi aranair moTxovnas ardaemorCilnen, piriqiT, ¨saSineli qvis srola autexessaldaTebs, zogierTma revolveric dacala¨ (37*1902).kapitanma anTaZem brZaneba gasca esrolaT SekrebilTaTvis.daiRupa 15, daiWra 54 kaci, msubuqad daWrilebi miimalnen¨(20*12). aseTi aqtiurobisaTvis kapitani anTaZedaajildoves da male podpolkovnikis Cini misces (14*72).9martis msxverplTa dakrZalvis procesi baTumelma muSebmarsdmp baTumis komitetis organizebiT socialuriprotestis gamosaxatavad gamoiyenes.daRupulebi 12 marts dakrZales. maT cxedrebs 5000meti adamiani miacilebda. sasaflaoze muSebma SemdegixasiaTis proklamacia gaavrceles:¨dideba Tqven,simarTlisaTvis daRupulebo, dideba Tqvens dedebs...dideba Tqven, romlebic sikvdilis win gafermkTalebulituCebiT mogviwodebdiT Cven brZolisaken, dideba TqvensaCrdilebs, romlebic Tavs dagvtrialeben daCagvZaxian:¨Suri iZieT!¨ (13*7).miuxedavad damarcxebisa, 1902 wlis 9 martisgamosvla mniSvnelovani furcelia baTumis da saerTodsaqarTvelos muSaTa moZraobis istoriaSi. man didi roliSeasrula muSaTa klasis politikuri brZolis SemdgomigaZlierebis saqmeSi.9 marti baTumeli muSebis socialuri brZoliserTgvar simbolod gadaiqca. xelisuflebis mxridansastiki represiebis miuxedavad rac gamoixatebodasagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebasa da mis SemdgomgagrZelebaSi, dapatimrebebSi, politikuradarakeTilsaimedo pirebis administraciuli wesiTgasaxlebaSi, muSaTa gamosvlebis SeCereba mainc vermoaxerxes. momdevno wlebSi 1902 wlis 9 marts daRupulTapativsacemad baTumeli muSebi mZlavr saprotesto gamosvlebsawyobdnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom 9 martis movlenebida saerTod muSaTa revoluciuri gamosvlebi baTumSigaxda 1903 wlis quTaisis guberniidan baTumis olqis210

gamoyofis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi. Tumca saqmes vercaman uSvela. xelisuflebam rom baTumSi dasaxul mizansver miaRwia cxadyofs 1903 wlis 26 ivliss baTumis olqissamxedro gubernatoris kavkasiis mxaris mTavarisammarTvelos kancelariaSi gagzavnili saidumlowerili:¨...diliT 17 ivliss 8 saaTze, roca Cveulebrivadaris sauzmis wina Sesveneba, yvela qarxnis muSebmademonstraciulad datoves ra samuSao, daiZrnen qalaqiscentrisaken rkinigzis sasaqonlo sadguris gavliT daaiZules sadguris muSebi SeewyvitaT samuSao... momdevnodRes, 18 ivliss, qalaqSi yvela maRazia daketili iyo, argamosulan meetleebic...Tbilisis quCaze Seikriba 1500-2000kacamde, romelTac hqondaT wiTeli droSa¨(2*48-49).kazakebma Sekrebil muSebs cecxli gauxsnes, daiWra orikaci, maT Soris erTi sasikvdilod. am gziT policiam dakazakebma SeZles Sekrebili muSebis daSla, Tumcamdgomareoba mainc kritikuli iyo. baTumis gubernatoriwerda:¨amJamad me SeSfoTebuli var cnobebiT agitatorTasaqmianobis Sesaxeb baTumis muSebSi. aseve im muSebisraodenobiT, romlebic ar gamocxaddnen samuSaoze 23ricxvSi¨ (2*50). gubernatoris azriT muSaTa gamosvlebiswinaaRmdeg qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatarebas aferxebdapoliciis mwiri dafinanseba da revolucionerTa(igulisxmeba rsdmp baTumis komiteti – avt.) didi gavlenamuSebze. kavkasiis mmarTvelobam yvelaferi iRona, raTaaRekveTa antisaxelmwifoebrivi gamosvlebi baTumSi, rasacgarkveuli warmatebac mohyva. amiT imedmocemuli baTumisolqis samxedro gubernatori, general-maiori mixeilnikolozisZe driagini 1903 wlis saangariSo moxsenebaSiwerda:¨mixailovskis cixis garnizonis, policiisa daJandarmeriis SeTanxmebuli da drouli moqmedebiswyalobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda saangariSo wlis zafxulSidawyebuli uwesrigobebis daTrgunva da borotgamzraxvelpirTa ise paralizeba, rom quCis uwesrigobebi karga xaniaar momxdara. gatarebuli muSaobis Sedegad bevri muSa211

gons moego da protesti gamoucxada sakuTar meTaurebs.aseTi gaTiSva muSebisa, aseve arakeTilsamiedoTaumravlesobis gadasaxleba mxaridan, Cans mogvcemssasurvel Sedegebs¨ (6*3-4). magram gubernatori amSemTxvevaSi tendenciuri ufro iyo da viTarebassasurvelTan miaxloebulad warmoaCenda. sinamdvileSi ki¨miuxedavad rusebis aseTi gaaqtiurebisa, baTumis olqSixelisuflebam mainc ver SeZlo ¨qarTuli nacionalurisulis aRmofxvra¨. mTavrobam aseve ver SeZlo socialdemokratiulikomitetis saqmianobis Seferxeba¨ (44*36-37).marTalia muSaTa gamosvlebi baTumSi xelisuflebis gatarebuliRonisZiebebis Sedegad garkveuli droiT Semcirda,magram male igi axali ZaliT gaiSala. baTumi ara martoaWaris, aramed mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosrevoluciuri moZraobis centrad iqca. aq ucxoeTidanSemodioda akrZaluli literatura, mTavrobissawinaaRmdego proklamaciebi (10*28), romlebic SemdegmTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi vrceldeboda. policiismonacemebiT, navTobis eqsportior gemebs ucxoeTidanbaTumSi SemohqondaT iaraRic (11*33). baTumSirevoluciuri gamosvlebis axal aRmavlobaze metyvelebsTviT baTumis olqis samxedro gubernatoris mierkavkasiis samoqalaqo saqmeTa mmarTvelis kancelariaSi1904 wlis 12 aprils gagzavnili werili: ¨1903 wlis 20ivniss umaRlesi gankargulebiT qalaq baTumSiSemoRebuli gaZlierebuli dacvis mdgomareoba gagrZeldakidev erTi wliT. am vadis gasvlis droisaTvis propagandaqalaq baTumSi ara Tu Sewyda, piriqiT gaZlierdauwesrigobani¨ (1*71).baTumis gubernatoris zemoTaRniSnul or werilsSoris, romelic kavkasiis samoqalaqo saqmeTa mmarTvelsgaegzavna, seriozuli winaaRmdegobaa. Tu 1903 wlisangariSSi gubernatori amayad aRniSnavs ¨miRweulsasurvel Sedegebze¨, sul oriode Tvis (mxedvelobaSia1904 wlis 12 aprils gagzavnili werili – avt.) Semdeg212

gagzavnil werilSi saubrobs ¨uwesrigobebisgaZlierebazec.faqtia, rom muSaTa gamosvlebi 1903 welsac grZeldeboda.ufro metic, baTumis komiteti aRar kmayofildebodaq.baTumSi saqmianobiT da cdilobda revoluciuri ideebispropaganda aWaris maRalmTian soflebSic ewarmoebina. ammxriv mniSvnelovani iyo revoluciuri gamosvlebisTvalsazrisiT aqtiur guriis regionTan siaxlove. baTumissamxedro gubernatori 1904 wlis 4 ivniss saidumlodatyobinebda kavkasiis samoqalaqo saqmeTa mmarTveliskancelarias: ¨mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego propagandaguriidan cdilobs SemoaRwios aWaraSi, gamoCndnengarkveuli bneli pirovnebebi da mouwodebdnenadgilobriv mosaxleobas ar Seasrulon valdebulebebida saerTod cdiloben aaRelvon mosaxleoba... 1903 wlisSemodgomaze Rorjomis xeobaSi movida viRac qarTveli damosaxleobas ukiTxavda proklamacias:¨rom mosaxleobatyuilad uxdis xazinas gadasaxads, radgan es fuli midismefis da misi ojaxis Senaxvaze, aseve Cinovnikebze, rom esadamianebi xalxs ar sWirdeba, rom yvela adamiani undaiyos Tanaswori¨ (4*9). TviT baTumSi muSaTa moZraobisgaZlierebaze araerTi saarqivo dokumenti metyvelebs. 1904wlis Tebervlidan muSaoba Sewyvites ¨manTaSevisa dakompaniis¨ qarxnis muSebma, 12 Tebervals maT SeuerTdnenrotSildis qarxnis muSebi. 1904 wlis 9 marts ki 2 wliswinaT daRupuli muSebis xsovnis pativsacemad baTumisyvela qarxanam Sewyvita muSaoba¨ (3*3-19). muSaTa revoluciuriaqtivobis maCvenebelia isic, rom isini yvela SemTxvevasiyenebdnen xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegoganwyobilebis gamosaxatavad, TviT dakrZalvis processacki. 1904 wlis 11 dekembers baTumis okrugis ufrosimoaxsenebda olqis gubernators:¨dRes, saRamos 5 saaTze,marTmadideblur sasaflaoze krZalavdnen qarvel qals,gvarad SafaTavas. wesrigis dasacavad sasaflaozegaigzavna 5 policieli. adgilze misulebma dainaxes, rom213

kubos win Sekrebiliyo sakmaod didi jgufi (1000-ze metikaci), romelTac vinme qali ukiTxavda proklamacias:¨ZirsTviTmpyrobeloba, gaumarjos Tavisuflebas¨. policielTamoTxovnaze, Seewyvita kiTxva, xalxma mRelvareba daiwyo.policielebi iZulebulni gaxdnen 30-mde haerSigaesrolaT, raTa brbo daeSalaT¨ (7*1).amrigad ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg mosaxleobissocialuri mdgomareoba kvlavac mZime rCeboda. carizmiskolonizatorulma politikam, porto-frankos reJimiTSeqmnilma viTarebam aWaris mosaxleobis mniSvnelovaninawilis TurqeTSi gadasaxleba gamoiwvia. muhajirTamiwebze ki xelisufleba ¨erTguli elementis¨Camosaxlebas cdilobda, rac aWaris glexobismdgomareobas kidev ufro amZimebda. mTavroba Segnebuladaferxebda miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxis gadaWras, racsamarTlian ukmayofilebas iwvevda. marTalia baTumimsxvili savaWro-samrewvelo centri gaxda, magram amanmuSaTa klasis mdgomareoba srulebiT ver gaaumjobesa.xSir SemTxvevaSi piriqiT iyo, did mogebas daxarbebuliucxoeli mrewvelebi (samwuxarod baTumis msxviliqarxnebis mflobelebi mxolod ucxoelebi iyvnen:rotSildi, manTaSevi, nobeli, rixneri, paseki, sideridisi,covianovi da sxva, romelTac naklebad aRelvebdaT adgilobrivimosaxleobis bedi) zrdidnen samuSao dRes,amcirebdnen xelfass, iTxovdnen muSebs yovelgvarimizezis gareSe, farTod iyenebdnen qalTa da bavSvTaSromas, rac muSaTa moTminebis fialas avsebda. aseTimdgomareobiT Sewuxebuli muSebi sakuTari uflebebisdasacavad brZolas iwyebdnen. muSaTa moZraoba ufroaqtiuri gaxda mas Semdeg, rac 1901 wlis dekemberSibaTumis social-demokratuli wreebi gaerTiandnen daSeqmnes komiteti, romelic muSaTa gamosvlebisxelmZRvanelad iqca. muSaTa gamosvlebs 1902 wlis 9 martspoliciasTan sastiki Setakebac moxda. \\ saukunisdasawyisSi baTumi ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli214

useTis imperiis maStabiT revoluciuri gamosvlebismniSvnelovan centrad gadaiqca.215

daskvnebiaWaris 1878-1903 wlebis social-ekonomikuri dasazogadoebriv-politikuri istoriis sakiTxebisguldasmiT Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs gavakeToTSemdegi daskvnebi:1. san-stefanos zaviT mopovebuli ruseTiswarmatebebi ar Sedioda evropis didi qveynebis,gansakuTrebiT inglisis interesebSi. axali didi omissafrTxis gamo ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmebodaosmaleTTan gaformebuli san-stefanos sazavo pirobebisgadasinjvas evropis saxelmwifoTa kongresze. berliniskongresze, romlis muSaobaSi Svidi saxelmwifos:ruseTis,TurqeTis, inglisis, germaniis, avstria-ungreTis,safrangeTisa da italiis delegaciebi monawileobdnen,seriozuli winaaRmdegoba warmoiSva baTumis sakiTxisgarSemo. sabolood konferenciam miiRo gadawyvetileba,rom baTumi ruseTs SeuerTdeboda porto-frankos-Tavisufali, Ria savaWro navasadguris statusiT.2. 1878 wlis 25 agvistos qarTvelTa da rusTagaerTianebulma mxedrobam baTumi daikava. devriS-faSasmeTaurobiT osmalTa razmebma aWara datoves. saukuneTamanZilze ucxoel dampyrobTa batonobaSi myofi mxaregaTavisuflda da mSobliur saqarTvelos SeuerTda. esfaqti qarTveli xalxis erovnuli gamTlianebis gzazemopovebuli mniSvnelovani gamarjveba iyo. aWaris dedasam-SoblosTan dabrunebas miesalma mowinave qarTvelisazogadoebrioba, romelic Zalasa da energias ariSurebda saukuneTa manZilze samSoblos mowyvetilTanamoZmeTa erovnuli cnobierebis aRsadgenad.3. ruseTis carizmma axladSemoerTebul mxareSi sakuTarimmarTvelobiTi sistemis Camoyalibeba daiwyo. 1878wlis 20 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvalma mixeilnikolozis Zem xeli moawera baTumis olqisadministraciuli mmarTvelobis droebiT debulebas.216

debulebiT Seiqmna baTumis olqi, romelsac saTaveSisamxedro gubernatori edga. baTumis pirveli samxedrogubernatori gaxda general-maiori konstantine besarionisZe komarovi. olqis administraciuli centri iyo baTumi.olqi daiyo sam okrugad. carizmi imTaviTve aSkararusifikaciisa da kolonizaciis kurss daadga.adgilobrivi mosaxleobis monawileoba mxaris marTvaSiumniSvnelo iyo.4. ruseTis imperiaSi Sesuli aWaris erT-erTumniSvnelovanes problemas miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxismouwesrigebloba warmoadgenda. ruseTis xelisuflebacdilobda am sakiTxis ¨garkvevasa¨ da ¨Seswavlas¨. ammizniT 1879 wels Seiqmna droebiTi saadgilmamulokomisia dimitri baqraZis TavmjdomareobiT. regionissaadgilmamulo urTierTobebSi garkvevamde kavkasiisxelisuflebam akrZala uZrav qonebaze yovelgvarigarigeba. gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, gubernatorebisgadawyvetilebiT, SeiZleboda sakuTrebis gayidva, Tu ki amsakuTrebis damadasturebeli dokumentis sandoobaiqneboda utyuari. vinaidan ruseTis mTavrobasainteresebda saxazino miwis fondis gazrda, am mizeziTigi Segnebulad ayovnebda aRniSnuli problemis mogvarebas.faqtia, rom miwaTmflobelobisa da miwaTmowyobissakiTxebi Cveni gansaxilveli periodis bolomde, e.i. \\saukunis dasawyisamde, baTumis olqSi kvlav gadauWrelproblemad rCeboda.5. san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebis mixedviT,romelic ucvleli datova berlinis kongresma, osmaleTisaTviswarTmeuli mosazRvre teritoriebis mosaxleobassami wlis ganmavlobaSi ufleba eZleoda nebayoflobiTgaeyida Tavisi uZrav-moZravi qoneba da sacxovrebladsasurvel teritoriaze gadasaxlebuliyo. ruseT-osmaleTsSoris 1879 wlis TebervalSi gaformebuli SeTanxmebiTganisazRvra gadasaxadebis konkretuli vadebi: 1879 wlis 3Tebervlidan – 1882 wlis 3 Tebervlamde. amieridan ofi-217

cialurad daiwyo mSobliuri miwa-wylidan aWaris mkvidrimahmadiani qarTveli mosaxleobis gadasaxlebis, anumuhajirobis procesi. aWarelTa muhajirobaSi ufro gadamwyvetipolitikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi iyo.rogorc ruseTi, ise osmaleTi dainteresebuli iyo amprocesis xelSewyobiT.6. berlinis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT baTumiruseTs gadaeca porto-frankos statusiT, rogorcTavisufali navsadguri. 1878 wlis 20 oqtombers baTumSioficialurad gamocxadda porto-frankos reJimi. baTumimTels ruseTis imperiaSi mesame qalaqi iyo odesisa davladivostokis Semdeg, sadac gamocxadda porto-franko.mTavrobam SeimuSava baTumis porto-frankos wesdeba.porto-frankos reJimisaTvis Tanmxlebi uaryofiTimovlenebisa (garkveuli teritoriis privilegirebulmdgomareobaSi Cayeneba, rac TavisTavad zRudavda daaferxebda danarCeni nawilis ekonomikur ganviTarebas) daruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan mkacri sakarantinopolitikis miuxedavad, baTumis porto-frankom udavoddidi roli iTamaSa rogorc qalaq baTumis, ise mTelimxaris ekonomikuri dawinaurebis saqmeSi. miuxedavad amisa,carizmma isargebla ra \+\ saukunis 80-ian wlebSi evropissaxelwifoebs Soris momxdari gadajgufebiT, TandaTandaiwyo porto-frankos SezRudva, xolo 1886 wlis 27ivniss imperator aleqsandre 111-is braZanebiT igisaerTod gaauqmes.7. baTumis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis sasicocxlomniSvneloba navsadguris mSeneblobas da rkinigzisgayvanas hqonda. 1883 wels baTumi – samtrediis rkinigzisxazis gayvaniT, romlis saSualebiTac baTumi rkinigziTbaqos daukavSirda, xolo 1885 wels navsadgurismSeneblobis ZiriTadad dasrulebiT baTumikapitalistebisaTvis mimzidveli qalaqi gaxda. sworedbaqos navTobis eqsporti gaxda baTumis savaWrosamrewveloganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori.218

navTobis eqsportis zrdaze TvalnaTliv metyvelebsSemdegi statistika: Tu 1884 wels baTumidan gaitanes3.745.653 fuTi navTobroduqti, 1893 wels man 55.397.994fuTi Seadgina, xolo 1902 wels 78.338.800 fuTs miaRwia.8. samrewvelo ganviTarebis kvalobaze swrafitempiT izrdeboda baTumis portis tvirTbrunva. Tu 1878wlisTvis portis tvirTbrunva ar aRemateboda 500.000fuTs, 20 wlis Semdeg, 1899 wels man 90.000.000 fuTiSeadgina, xolo 1903 wlisTvis 107.700.000 fuTs miaRwia.aRsaniSnavia, rom tvirTbrunvaSi wamyvan rols eqsportiasrulebda.9. aWara Zalze mdidari iyo Tavisi sasoflosameurneoresursebiT. gansaxilvel periodSi mosaxleobakvlavindeburad misdevda soflis meurneobis tradiciuldargebs: marcvleuli kulturebis moyvanas, mevenaxeobas,meTambaqoeobas, mexileobas, mesaqonleobas, mefutkreobas.sasaqonlo xasiaTs iZenda marcvleulis, kerZod simindis,mecxoveleobis, meTambaqoeobis, mexileobis, mefutkreobisdargebi. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze uaryofiTadmoqmedebda carizmis koloniuri politika, racupirvelesad miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxismougvareblobaSi vlindeboda.carizmi aqtiurad axorcielebda aWaris zRvispirazolis kolonizacias, sadac rusi moaxalSeneebi swrafitempiT iwyebdnen axali, subtropikuli kulturebissamrewvelo daniSnulebiT moSenebas. am saqmeSi seriozuliwvlili Seitanes rusma moaxelSene miwaTmflobelebma:a.solovcovma, k.popovma, m.dalfonsma, e.stoianovma,n.vuCinom da sxvebma.10. swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTareba ganapirobebdabaTumis mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdasac. Tu 1878 wlisaTvisbaTumis mosaxleoba 3.000 ar aRemateboda, 1903wels man 30.000 gadaaWarba. mosaxleobis zrda upiratesadmuSaTa klasis xarjze xdeboda. ociode wlis manZilzebaTumi patara, aziuri, feodaluri qalaqidan gadaiqca219

evropul kapitalistur qalaqad, ruseTis imperiis erTerTmsxvil samrewvelo centrad.11. ekonomikurd dawinaurebuli da gazrdili qalaqimoiTxovda cvlilebebs mmarTvelobis sferoSic. arsebulisamxedro-politikuri mmarTveloba ver uzrunvelyofdabaTumis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebasa daaferxebda mis zrda-ganviTarebas. 1885 wels baTumis mosaxleobamTxovniT mimarTa kavkasiis mmarTvelobas saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebis Taobaze. 1888 wlis 28aprils gaica umaRlesi gankarguleba baTumSi saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb.carizmis reJimis mxridan xelisSeSlisa daseriozuli zewolis miuxedavad baTumis saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobam mTlianobaSi didi roli Seasrularogorc sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebisgajansaRebis, ise gansakuTrebiT qarTuli Zalebiskonsolidacia-ganmtkicebis saqmeSi.12. baTumis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegebinaklebad exeboda dabali socialuri feniswarmomadgenlebs. muSaTa klasi, romlis eqsploataciisxarjze iqmneboda materialuri dovlaTi, metad mZimepirobebSi cxovrobda.arsebuli mdgomareobiT ukmayofilo muSebi jerfabrika-qarxnebis mepatroneebis winaaRmdeg gamodian daekonomikuri xasiaTis moTxovnebs ayeneben. TandaTan maTimoTxovnebi politikur xasiaTs iZens da iwyebenorganizebul brZolas arsebuli xelisuflebiswinaaRmdeg.male baTumi muSaTa revoluciuri moZraobis mniSvnelovanicentri gaxda.13. 1902 wlis 9 marts muSaTa demonstracias jariskacebmatyvia esroles. daiWra 54 da daiRupa 16 adamiani.miuxedavad damarcxebisa, 1902 wlis 9 martis gamosvladidi mniSvnelobis faqti iyo baTumeli muSebisrevoluciuri moZraobis istoriaSi, man mZlavri biZgi220

misca politikuri TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. 9 martimomdevno wlebSi aRiniSneboda rogorc muSaTasolidarobisa da politikuri TavisuflebisaTvisbrZolis dRe.14. ruseTis xelisuflebam gamoiyena baTumSi dasaerTod aWaraSi Seqmnili gamwvavebuli sazogadoebrivpolitikuriviTareba da muSaTa moZraobasTan efeqturibrZolis sababiT 1903 wlis 1 ivniss quTaisis guberniisSemadgenlobidan kvlav gamoyves baTumisa da arTvinisokurgebi da Seqmnes baTumis olqi. es nabiji realuradcarizmis mxridan qarTveli xalxis gaerTianebis winaaRmegiyo mimarTuli.221

Djemal KaralidzeAdjara in 1878-1903(Political, Economic and Social Situation of the Region)SummaryThe research is about an important and remarkable period of ourcountry from 1878, when Adjara, unyoked from Ottoman Empire, wasreturned to motherland – Georgia, till 1903, when broken away from QutaisiProvince, it became an independent administration district. That period of ourhistory is characterized with critical political events, economic development,and worsened social status, etc.On basis of archival documents, the press of that period, memoirs,other reliable sources and historiography, author tries to discuss the mainissues of Adjara development in the end of XIX and the beginning of XX, i.e.its joining to Georgia, creation of Batumi District and establishment ofRussian administration, real aims of Russian Empire and the principles ofRussian colonial policy in that region. The role of Batumi Free Port in theeconomic development of the region and also its influence on the case ofAdjara Muslim residents made go into exile is discussed.Considering the region’s economic situation, its full picture is given.The author has studied different aspects of it: agriculture, industry, especiallyexport of oil and the development of the production related to it.Besides, the proper attention is paid to the tsarist intention to preventthe restoration of national consciousness of local population and their returnto Georgia. It is concluded that the rapid social-economic and politicaldevelopment of Batumi stimulated revival of social-political life of theregion, a direct result of which was the establishment of an institution of selfgoverningin Batumi by 1888.The history of social relations in Adjara and especially in Batumi iswell-examined. On basis of quick economic development and concentrationof labor force, the logical outcome of difficult social situation was a creationof labor class as a strong political and active force of the region. Batumibecame an important revolutionary center as of Georgia, so of Russian222

Empire too. The events of March 9 th of 1902 had a great resonance in theEmpire.The facts mentioned above determined the aspiration of Russia tohinder the unification of Adjara with motherland, the logical outcome ofwhich was the restoration of Batumi district independent from Qutaisiprovince.The research represents the history of political and social-economicdevelopment of Adjara in 1878-1903 in details.223

224Джемал КаралидзеАджария в 1878-1903 годах(политическое, экономическое и социальное положение)РезюмеВ работе дан анализ весьма важного и интересного периода вжизни нашей страны, с 1878 г., когда Аджария была освобождена отосманского господства и вернулась к своей родине - Грузии, до 1903 г.,когда Аджарию выделили из Кутаисской губернии в самостоятельную,отдельную административную единицу. Этот период нашей историиполон острых политических событий, его характеризует значительныйподъем экономического развития, обострение социального положения идр.На основе имеющихся архивных материалов, других источников,прессы, мемуарной литературы и с учетом данных новейшейлитературы по указанному периоду в книге по по-новому и интересноисследуются основные проблемы развития Аджарии в последнейчетверти 19-го и в начале 20-го века.В работе анализируется вопрос освобождения Аджарии отосманского господства в результате русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878гг. и возвращения ее к Грузии. Рассмотрен также вопрос о созданииБатумского округа и об установлении здесь Российского правления,показаны реальные цели и сущность колониальной политики царскойРоссии. В монографии раскрыты роль и значение введения системыПорто-франко в Батуми в экономическом развитии края, а такжевлияние этой системы на исход местного мусульманского населения.Дана полная картина экономического развития Аджарии, в том числесельского хозяйства, его отдельных отраслей, а также промышленности.Проанализирован и процесс возникновения и развития экспортароссийской нефти из Батуми.В книге освещается политическое положение, сложившееся внедавно освобожденном регионе в результате попытки реализоватьнамерение царизма - помешать местному населению восстановитьнациональное самосознание. Показано, что быстрое развитие Батуми,

как экономического и политического центра, дало сильный толчокоживлению общественно-политической жизни города, логическимзавершением чего было введение здесь городского самоуправления в1888 году.В работе достаточно полно изучается и история развитиясоциальных отношений в Аджарии, особенно в Батуми.В условиях быстрого экономического развития и, соответственно,высокой концентрации рабочих их крайне тяжелое социальноеположение способствовало тому, что рабочий класс сформировался какмощная и активная политическая сила. Город превратился взначительный революционный центр не только Грузии, но всейРоссийской империи. Батумские события 9 марта 1902 года вызвалисильный резонанс в стране.Именно обострившаяся общественно-политическая ситуация истремление царизма помешать консолидации населения Аджарии состальной Грузией, стали причиной того, что Батумский и Артвинскийокруга были вновь выделены из Кутаисской губернии и восстановлены,в самостоятельную административную единицу – Батумскую область.225

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