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aTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetiganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa fakultetie m z a r m a k a r a Z e<strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong><strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>gamomcemloba ,,universali~Tbilisi 2013
უაკ 323 (560)მ-183wignSi ganxilulia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinaoda sagareo politika <strong>1980</strong>—<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>.wigni gankuTvnilia Turqologebis,aRmosavleTmcodneebis, istorikosebis,studentebisa da Sesabamisi sakiTxebiTdainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.prof.prof.redaqtorebi:o. gogoliSvilir. diasamiZerecenzentebi:prof. eliso maCitiZeprof. giorgi WiRvaria<strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong> <strong>1980</strong>—<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>, Tbilisi, 2013© emzar makaraZe, 2013E-mail: makaradze@hotmail.comტel. +(995)577179745gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30E-mail: universal@internet.geISBN 978-9941-17-787-32
S i n a a r s iTavi I<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika XX saukunis80-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> .................................................................. 71. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika <strong>1980</strong>-1990<strong>wlebSi</strong> .................................................................................. 7Tavi II<strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikuri politika XXsaukunis80-90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> ............................................................... 281. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikuri mdgomareoba<strong>1980</strong>-1990 —ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> ...................................................... 28Tavi III<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika XX saukunis90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> ................................................................... 411. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika 1990-2002<strong>wlebSi</strong> .................................................................................. 41Tavi IV<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika XXI saukunis10-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> ................................................................... 1051. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika 2002-<strong>2011</strong><strong>wlebSi</strong> .................................................................................. 105Tavi V<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo politika <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong> ...3
1.TurqeT - amerikis urTierTobebi <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong><strong>wlebSi</strong>….Tavi VITurqeT-evrokavSris urTierTobebi <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong><strong>wlebSi</strong> ............................................................1.. TurqeT - evrokavSiris urTierTobebi …Tavi VIITurqeT-kviprosis urTierTobebi <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong><strong>wlebSi</strong> .................................................................1.kviprosis problema ….Tavi VIII<strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierToba aRmosavleTisa dacentraluri aziis qveynebTan <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>1.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierToba centraluri aziisqveynebTan …..2.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierToba aRmosavleTis qveynebTanTavi IX<strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierToba kavkasiis qveynebTan<strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong> ..................................................................Tavi XTurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong><strong>wlebSi</strong>..............................................................................biografiuli cnobebi ....................................................4
Tavi I<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politikaXX saukunis 80-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>1. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika <strong>1980</strong>-1990 <strong>wlebSi</strong>XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos da 80-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politikaSi metadmZime viTareba Seiqmna. mkveTrad gauaresda qveynissocialur - ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, gaizardaumuSevroba, inflacia, terori. gamwvavda dapirispireba memarjvene da memarcxene moZraobebs Soris.qveyanaSi TandaTan izrdeboda politikuri ZaladobismsxverplTa ricxvi, rasac mohyva aTasobiT adamianisdapatimreba. <strong>1980</strong> wlis ivlisSi mokles yofilipremier—ministri nihaT erimi da revoluciurisavaWro kavSiris konfederaciis yofili prezidentiqemal Turqeli.kriziss is faqtic arTulebda, rom bolo aTiwlis ganmavlobaSi TurqeTSi ToTxmetjer SeicvalaministrTa kabineti, riTac ecemoda saxelmwifo xelisuflebisprestiJi. paralizirebuli iyo parlamentismuSaoba da sxva.erTaderTi Zala, romelsac am qaosis SeCerebaSeeZlo, iyo armia. misi xelmZRvaneloba mzad iyo gadamwyvetimoqmedebisaTvis, magram elodeboda xelsayrelmoments.5
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikurcxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani faqti iyo qveynisaxali prezidentis arCeva. <strong>1980</strong> wlis aprilis dasawyisSivada gaudioda prezident fahri koruTurqisrwmunebulebas. mejlisSi dawyebulma saprezidentodebatebma Tavisi Sedegi ver gamoiRo (<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikisprezidents didi erovnuli kreba irCevssakuTari Semadgenlobidan), Catarebuli 110 turisakmarisi ar aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom kenWisyraSimonawile kandidatebs daegrovebinaT xmebis umravlesoba.amis mizezi iyo mejlisSi ,,samarTlianobisa’’da ,,saxalxo—respublikuri’’ partiebis SeuTanxmebloba.maT Soris dapirispirebis gamo ver moxerxdavercerTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadaWra.faqtobrivad paralizirebuli iyo mejlisis saqmianoba,ris Sedegadac araqmediTunariani Seiqmna rogorcsakanonmdeblo, aseve aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba.aseTi situacia TurqeTSi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSigrZeldeboda. <strong>1980</strong> wlis 7 aprilidan Turqe-Tis prezidentis movaleoba droebiT daevala senatisTavmjdomares ihsan sabri CaRlaiangils.samxedro xelisuflebam mizanSewonilad CaTvala,rom axali saxelmwifo gadatrialeba gardauvaliiyo. aseT viTarebaSi, <strong>1980</strong> wlis 12 seqtembers, dilis4 saaTze, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> radiom mTels qveyanas amcnosaxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sesaxeb.SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvanelobam mTeliZalaufleba aiRo xelSi da Seqmna e.w. erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWo. <strong>1980</strong> wlis 14 seqtembers sabWossxdomaze, saxelmwifos meTaurad airCies armiis generaliqenan evreni, romelmac umTavres prioritetaddaisaxa ,,qemalizmis principebis dacva.”6
erovnuli uSiSroebis sab-Wos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen:saxmeleTo, sahaero da sazRvaoSeiaraRebuli Zalebis sardlebi,agreTve Jandarmeriisa dapoliciis meTaurebi. <strong>1980</strong> wlis21 seqtembers <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikispremier—ministri gaxdayofili admirali biulenTQqenan evreniulusu, xolo moadgile TurguTozali. es ar iyo realuri mTavroba. is ubralod,qveynis mmarTvelis, e.w. erovnuli uSiSroebis sab-Wos administraciuli organo iyo.1981 wlis 16 oqtombris specialuri kanoniT,erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWom daiTxova mejlisi. Sea-Cera 1961 wlis konstituciis moqmedeba. akrZala yvelapolitikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebissaqmianoba da maTi qoneba nacionalizirebuliiqna. erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWom daasaxela242 piri, romelTac aTi wliT aekrZalaT politikurisaqmianoba. am siaSi moxvdnen yofili politikuripartiis xelmZRvanelebi — suleiman demireli,nejmeTTin erbaqani, alfarslan TurqeSi, biulenTejeviTi da sxva. mTels qveyanaSi sagangebo mdgomareobagamoacxades.gadatrialebis Semdeg, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSiTurqeTSi dapatimrebuli iyo — 650.000 adamiani, maTSoris 3.854 maswavlebeli, 120 universitetis profesorida 47 mosamarTle. sikvdiliT dasajes 49 adamiani,xolo 300 kaci daiRupa ,,gaurkvevel garemoSi.’’30.000 adamianamde aRmoCnda ucxoeTSi, politikurdevnilobaSi.7
mTel qveyanaSi sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebiTda ukiduresi SezRudvebiT erovnuli uSiSroebissabWom uzrunvelyo saerTo SiSis sindromisdanergva, rac samxedroTa moqmedebis da Cafiqrebulipolitikis ganxorcielebasaadvilebda.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis<strong>istoria</strong>Si es iyo mesamesaxelmwifo gadatrialeba(1960 wlis 27 maisi;1971 wlis 12 marti da <strong>1980</strong>wlis 12 seqtemberi), rodesacsamxedroebma droebiT aiRes xelSi Zalaufleba.gadatrialebis mizezi gaxda ara armiasa da xelisuflebasSoris uTanxmoeba ekonomikuri politikissakiTxebze, aramed xelisuflebis uunaroba -SeenarCunebina wesrigi, rac iqneboda qveynis stabiluripolitikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis garantia.saerTod, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>Si samxedroebi yovelTvismniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen. mTeli qemalisturiperiodis manZilze isini erTaderT Zalaswarmoadgendnen, romlebic bolomde icavdnenqemalizmis principebs. is dResac warmoadgns laicizmis1 erT—erT mTavar sayrdens respublikur TurqeTSi.1982 wlis 7 noembers saxalxo referendumze damtkicdaaxali konstitucia, romelsac mxari dauWira1laicizmi —(warmodgeba franguli sityvisagan „laicite,“ rac niSnavssaero xasiaTs). igi gulisxmobs religiis gamoyofas saxelmwifosagan.8
17 milionma amomrCevelma da ZalaSi Sevida 18 noembers.konstituciis miRebiT TurqeTSi damyarda mesamerespublika, romlis prezidentad airCies qenan evreni.1982 wlis konstitucia, miuxedavad ganxorcielebulicvlilebebisa, Zalian Sors idga demokratiulistandartebisagan. is Turquli konstitucionalizmisganviTarebaSi ukan gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. konstituciapreambulidan dawyebuli ukanasknel Tavamde TavisiakrZalvebiT da SezRudvebiT praqtikulad gamoricxavdaadamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebisgamoyenebas.1982 wlis konstituciiT aikrZala politikuripartiebis mier religiuri sakiTxiT sargebloba, xolomisi 136—e muxli avalebda religiur saqmeTa sammarTvelosTavis saqmianobaSi exelmZRvanela laicizmisprincipebiT da sxva.samxedro administracia, miuxedavad didi Sez-Rudvebisa, iZulebuli iyo sasuliero pirebis wina-Se mTel rig daTmobebze wasuliyo. am mxriv, metadsainteresoa preizident qenan evrenis gamosvla qoniisislamur institutSi, sadac man piroba dado,rom gazrdida religiur moRvaweTa uflebebs. 1982wlis konstituciis 24-e muxlSi aRiniSna, rom ,,mosaxleobisreligiuri da zneobrivi aRzrda undamomxdariyo saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS.”1982 wlidan moyolebuli, xelisuflebam dawyebiTda saSualo skolebSi SemoiRo religiis savaldebuloswavleba. garda amisa, saxelmwifom gazardameCeTebis mSeneblobis dafinanseba da sxva. mogvianebiT,1986 wels miRebul iqna kanoni, romelic morwmuneTareligiuri grZnobebis SeuracxyofisaTvis9
iTvaliswinebda Tavisuflebis aRkveTas 6 Tvidan 2wlamde.,,universitetis reformis’’ Sedegad umaRlesisaswavlo dawesebulebebis zemodan gakontrolebismizniT, konstituticiis 130—e da 131—e muxlebis SesabamisadTurqeTSi Seiqmna yvelaze mniSvnelovaniaraliberaluri instituti — umaRlesi ganaTlebissabWo (Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu), romelic uSualod niSnavdayvela reqtorsa da dekans. es RonisZieba imazemiuTiTebda, rom axalma respublikam kursi aiRo,,marTul’’ demokratiaze. swored amis niSani iyo isfaqti, rom saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg, universitetebidandaiTxoves 300—ze meti memarcxeneSexedulebis mqone TanamSromeli.male TurqeTSi politikuri situaciis daTbobadaiwyo. samxedroebma nel-nela daiwyes xelisuflebissamoqalaqo pirebze gadacema.1983 wlis 24 aprils politikuri partiebis Sesaxebkanonis miRebis Semdeg, moixsna partiebis akrZalvada maT legaluri saqmianobis ufleba miecaT1) TurqeTSi Seiqmna axali politikuri partiebi:,,nacionalur — demokratiuli’’ partia (MilliyetçiDemokrasi Partisi );2) memarcxene orientaciis ,,saxalxo’’ partia(Halkçi Partisi );3) nacionalur — konservatiuli ,,dedasamSoblos’’partia (Anavatan Partisi );4) zomierad memarjvene ,,didi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>’’ partia(Büyük Türkiye Partisi ), romlis gauqmebis SemdegSeiqmna ,,WeSmariti gzis“ partia (Doğru Yol Partisi );10
5) ,,social — demokratiuli’’ partia (SosyalDemokrasi Partisi );6) 1983 wlis 19 ivliss, islamuri ,,erovnulixsnis” partiis nacvlad Camoyalibda axali ,,keTildReobis”partia (Refah Partisi ).am periodSi qveynis saxelisuflebo partiebswarmoadgenda ,,dedasamSoblos” da ,,WeSmariti gzis”partiebi.1983 wlis 10 ivniss TurqeTSi miiRes axali saar-Cevno kanoni. romliTac dawesda cvlilebebi saar-Cevno proceduraSi. amieridan, partia romelic vergadalaxavda 10%—ian bariers, ver iqneboda warmodgenili parlamentSi.1983 wlis 6 noembers TurqeTSi Catarda mejlisisarCevnebi, romelSic erovnuli uSiSroebis sab-Wom sam politikur partias misca arCevnebSi monawileobisufleba (,,dedasamSoblos,’’ ,,nacionalur demokratiul’’da ,,saxalxo’’ partiebs). erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWom Riad dauWira mxari mis mier Seqmnil,,nacionalur—demokratiul’’ partias, TumcaSedegebi maTTvis absoluturad moulodneli aRmoCnda.TurguT ozalis ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiam <strong>TurqeTis</strong>erovnul krebaSi moipova xmebis 45% da parlamentSimiiRo 211 adgili. ,,saxalxo’’ partiam 30%,xolo ,,nacionalur—demokratiulma’’ partiam ki -23%. TurguT ozalis aseTi warmatebis erT—erTimTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyo is, rom Turqe-Tis imdroindel pirobebSi amomrCevlisaTvis ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partia erTaderT samoqalaqo alternativaswarmoadgenda. Tanac ozali sargeblobda liberalisda antibiurokratis imijiT. arCevnebamdeori dRiT adre qenan evrenis mier ozalze Ria sate-11
levizio Tavdasxmebma es imiji kidev ufro gaamyara.,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis warmatebis kidev erTi mizeziiyo misi ekleqturi 2 ideologia, romelic gamoixatebodaoTxi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli principisgaerTianebiT, rac yvela fenisaTvis misaRebiiyo. garda amisa, ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partia sxva partiebisagangansxvavebiT, ritorikaze ufro metadsaqmis keTebas, axali proeqtebis ganxorcielebasada dasaqmebas aqcevda yuradRebas.arCevnebis gamokveTili Sedegebis gamo, prezidentiqenan evreni iZulebuli gaxda mTavrobis dakompleqtebisufleba TurguT ozalisaTvis daekisrebina.am ukanasknelmac samxedroebTan uproblemoTanamSromlobis unari gamoamJRavna da 1983 wlis 8dekembers TurguT ozalma premier—ministris Tanamdebobadaikava.TurqeTSi demokratiuli normebis TandaTanobiTiaRdgenis paralelurad, daiwyo muslimuri moZraobisaxali etapi, romelmac gansakuTrebuli gasaqani1985 wlidan miiRo, rodesac igi ganTavisufldasaxelmwifos mkacri kontrolisagan da qveyanaSi Camoyalibebaiwyo Zlierma muslimurma opoziciam,romelic did gavlenas axdenda sazogadoebrivicxovrebis yvela sferoze.2 ekleqtizmi — ( eclecticism; eclectisme; eklektikos - amomrCevi) Sinaganidandapirispirebuli sxvadasxva meTodis, Tvalsazrisis araorganuli,garegnuli SeerTeba.12
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo ideologiaSilaicizmi gadamwyvet rols asrulebda, qveyanaSi islamurmamoZraobam 80-iani wlebismeore naxevarSi xalxTa masebisfarTo mxardaWera moipova.1986 wels Catarebuli sociologiurigamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, xu-Ti Turqi moqalaqidan sami Tavsmorwmuned miiCnevda, yoveli meoTxe(26,3%) yoveldRiurad asrulebdanamazs, 3 18,3% mtkicedmisdevda SariaTis 4 normebs,TUurguT OozAali60,8% regularulad inaxavdamarxvas, 62% msxverpls swiravda, xolo 71%—s hqondabedisweris rwmena. religiuri swavlebis sistemisgafarToebaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom jer kidev1987 wels TurqeTSi funqcionirebda yuranis Semswavleli3.900 kursi da imam-haTibebis 716 skola230.000 msmeneliT.<strong>1980</strong>-iani wlebis TurqeTSi islamis gavlenisa dareligiuri dajgufebebis aqtiurobis zrdis tendenciagamowveuli iyo mTeli rigi mizezebiT: kerZod,1983 wels politikur partiaTa moRvaweobis ganaxlebamda mejlisis formirebam, sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxvasocialur - politikuri Zalebis dapirispirebagamoiwvia. am procesSi Caebnen islamuri orientaciisorganizaciebic. 80 -ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> daiwyo Turqe-Tis konservatiuli mimarTulebis sazogadoebis3 Namazi an salaTi (arab. صلاة ; spars. ,(نماز islamSi savaldebulo locvissaxelwodeba, romelic dReSi xuTjer unda Sesruldes muslimis mier.4 SariaTi- (arab.Šarī ’at) — zogierT muslimur saxelmwifoSi: muslimurifeodaluri samarTlis religiur da iuridiul normaTa erToblioba.13
arabul reJimebTan daaxloebis procesi. miswrafebam,TurqeTs moepovebina wamyvani mdgomareoba islamursamyaroSi, gamoiwvia qveynis saero mmarTvelielitis ukmayofileba. ramac garkveulwilad xelsayrelipirobebi Seuqmna religiuri moZraobis gaaqtiurebas.TurqeTSi islamuri moZraobis gaZlierebasxeli Seuwyo iranis politikamac, romelicTurqeTs islamuri revoluciis eqsportis erT-erTobieqtad ganixilavda. iranis mmarTveli sasulieropirebis CanafiqriT, ,,islamuri revoluciis eqsports”TurqeTSi unda Camoeyalibebina farTo proislamuriopozicia, romelic SeZlebda gavlenas<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikaze,rac Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevda saxelmwifos gardaqmnasreligiur principebze. am mizniT, iranis xelisuflebamgaaZliera ideologiuri zewola <strong>TurqeTis</strong>mosaxleobis garkveul nawilze. am kampaniaSiCaerTo iranis propagandistuli centrebic. magali-Tad: ,,islamuri propagandis organizacia,’’ ,,islamuriorientaciis saministro.’’ xolo, propagandismTavar saSualebad iqca radiosadguri ,,iranis xma.”saerTod, iranis xelisufalTa azriT, islamuri revoluciisideaTa danergvisaTvis gansakuTrebiTkargi pirobebi aRmosavleT anatoliaSi arsebobda.iranis propagandas safuZvels umagrebda SiiturimimarTulebis panislamizmi. xomeinis ,,Tauhiduriswavleba.” Zlevamosili iranuli revoluciiswarmatebaTa Cveneba iyo wamqezebluri xasiaTis, racTurqeTSi islamuri revoluciis mowodebaSi gamoixateboda.xomeinim qemal aTaTurqi islamis mtradgamoacxada da mouwoda Turqebs uareyoT qemalizmisprincipebi. es faqti Sefasebuli iqna rogorc iranis14
Careva <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao saqmeebSi. xomeinis gancxadebada iranis antiTurquli propaganda <strong>TurqeTis</strong>premier-ministris TurguT ozalis TeiranSi vizitiserT-erTi mizezi gaxda. iranis premier-ministrma,mir husein musevim, mogvianebiT ganacxada, rom„TurqeTsa da irans Soris urTierTobaTa ganviTarebaSigadamwyvetia rwmenisa da muslimuri faseulobebispativiscemao.” 80-iani wlebidan moyolebulidRemde qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi islamis propagandamxeli Seuwyo TurqeTSi muslimuri ideologiisgaaqtiu rebas, romlis gavlenis qveS imyofebodarogorc qveynis mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis isemmarTveli partiis warmomadgenlebic. kerZod, ,,dedasamSoblos’’da ,,WeSmariti gzis” partiebis ideologiisganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda islamisa danacionalizmis tradiciuli, sulieri faseulobani.saxelisuflebo partiebis ideologiaSi sulieri faseulobebissafuZvels yovelTvis warmoadgenda islamurireligia. maT programebSi aRniSnuli iyo er-Tguleba religiisa da aTaTurqis principebisadmi.religiasTan damokidebuleba maT mier ganisazRvrebodarogorc konstituciiT garantirebuli sindisisada religiuri mrwamsis Tavisufleba. garda amisa,maTi programa miznad isaxavda TurqeTSi religiisswavlebas dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi. mTlianobaSimaT doqtrinebSi islami ganixileboda, rogorcTurqi eris gaerTianebis, ganmtkicebis mTavarifaqtori. ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis yofili lideriTurguT ozali aRniSnavda: ,,TurqTa erTianobaemyareba imas, rom yvelani <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikismoqalaqeni varT, yvela, vinc daibada da cxovrobs ammiwaze pirveli da meore kategoriis adamianebad da-15
yofis gareSe <strong>TurqeTis</strong> moqalaqea, magram Cvens erovnulerTianobaSi mTavaria islami.”aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom ozalma, Tavisiislamisadmi damokidebulebiT, meCeTebisa dasamlocveloebis xSiri monaxulebiT, mosaxleobaSiSeqmna imiji Rrmad religiuri adamianis, romeliceTayvaneboda islams. am faqtidan gamomdinare, undaaRiniSnos isic, rom TurqeTSi moqmedi islamuri gamocemebi,gazeTi ,,bugiun,” Jurnali ,,islami,” 1983wlis winasaarCevno kampaniisas mosaxleobas mouwodebdnen xma miecaT TurguT ozalis partiisaTvis.TurguT ozals kargi urTierTobebi hqonda islamuriorientaciis organizaciebTan. is iyo respublikuri<strong>TurqeTis</strong> pirveli prezidenti, romelmac Seasrulahaji. swored mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli 80-iani wlebis TurqeTSi — salocavebis, medreseebis 5 dayuranis Semswavleli skolebis zrda. am faqtTan dakavSirebiTis aRniSnavda: ,,Cven yvela aucilebel zomasmiviRebT dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi religiuriaRzrdis ganmtkicebisaTvis, romlis gareSecwarmoudgenelia maRali zneoba. Cven ar vTvliT, romlaicizmi ver axerxebs yovelive amas, magram sulierifaseulobebis, sindisis TavisuflebisaTvis, religiuriritualebis da kulturis SenarCunebisaTvises aucilebelia.” 80-iani wlebis bolos, misiveZalisxmeviT miiRes kanoni ,,mkrexelobis, islamisada wmida wignis — yuranis Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb,”romliTac damnaSave orwliani patimrobiT isjebo-5medrese – (Relig. Arab. Madrasa). muslimTa saSualo an umaRlesisasuliero saswavlebeli.16
da. TurguT ozalis da ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiissaqmianobas ukavSirdeba 1987 wels evrokavSirSisruli gawevrianebis gancxadebis momzadeba da wardgena.ozalis liberaluri RonisZiebebis gamoxatulebaaagreTve, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis141—e, 142—e da 163—e muxlebis gauqmeba, ramacsazrvargareT gariyul Turq komunistebs samSobloSidabrunebis saSualeba misca. 1987 wels, TurguTozalis xelSewyobiT iqna miRebuli gadawyvetilebapolitikuri akrZalvebis moxsnis sakiTxis referendumisgziT gadawyvetis Sesaxeb. romelzecxalxma akrZalvebis moxsnas misca xma, riTac politikurikonkurencia gamZafrda da TandaTanobiT,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis reitingma nel—nela iklo.1987 wlis am movlenam politikuri gamococxlebagamoiwvia rogorc memarjvene, ise memarcxenepartiebSi. suleiman demireli saTaveSi Caudga ,,WeSmaritigzis’’ partias. politikas daubrunda agreTvebiulenT ejeviTi, romelmac ori wliT adre Camoayalibaaxali ,,memarcxene—demokratiuli’’ partia(Demokratik Sol Partisi ).1985 wels gaerTianda ,,social—demokratiuli’’da ,,saxalxo’’ partiebi. axalma partiam miiRo ,,social—demokratiulisaxalxo’’ partiis saxelwodeba,romlis Tavmjdomare gaxda erdal inonu. suleimandemirelis da ,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partiis politikismTavari amocana da samizne gaxda TurguT ozalis,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis diskriminacia. aqve undaaRiniSnos ,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partiis da misi liderissuleiman demirelis damokidebuleba islamisadmi.am faqtTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa Turqi17
istorikosis ali alTunis mosazreba. is Tavis statiaSi,,qarTuli diaspora da ori TurqeTi” xmamaRlasaubrobs imaze, rom ,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis mecxreprezidenti suleiman demireli imave dros iyo ,,xalifa.”pirvelad aseTi azri, koaliciaSi myofma islamuripartiis erT-erTma deputatma ismail qoroloRlumwamoayena. am winadadebas memarjvene politikurwreebSi dadebiTi reaqcia mohyva da e. w. liberalur-politikurwreebSic ki seriozuli msjelobissagani gaxda. cnobili Turqi Jurnalisti mehmedmarlisi, romelic e. w. liberal-demokratTa TvalsaCinowarmomadgenlad iTvleboda, Turqul gazeT,,sabahSi” suleiman demirelisxalifobaze seriozulad msjelobda.”zemoT motanili faqtebis gaanalizebissafuZvelze, suleimandemirelis „xalifoba” ar emyarebodasrul sinamdviles, is ufroislamis erTguli SeiZleba yofi-feThulah giuleni liyo, romelmac Tavisi mmar-Tvelobis dros xeli Seuwyo miszrdasa da ganviTarebas. absurduli iqneboda gvevaraudais, rom man respublikur TurqeTSi kvlavindeburadxeli Seewyo ,,xalifas” institutis aRdgenas.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis kulturis saministrosmier gamocemul wignSi ,,Turqi eris raoba,” cnobiliTurqi sazogado moRvawe da mecnieri S. bozqurTiwers: ,,pirveli samxedro gadatrialeba, romelic1960 wels moxda, saWiro iyo laicisturi respublikisdasacavad; meore gadatrialeba (1971) iyo repeti-18
cia religiuri opoziciis kontrevoluciisa, xolo<strong>1980</strong> wels gareSe Zalebis faruli mxardaWeriT ganxorcielebulimesame saxelmwifo gadatrialeba ki,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> islamuri respublikis” daarsebiT dam-Tavrda. aqve davsZenT, rom am sityvebis avtori 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi iyo prezident suleimandemirelis TanaSemwe.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> yofilma kulturis ministrma ahmedTaner qiSlalim, 80-iani wlebis bolos <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuriportreti Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: ,,xel-Si mwvane droSiT — Zirs laicisturi diqtatura, SariaTiunda davamyaroT.”amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa iranis televiziisaTvissuleiman demirelis mier micemuli interviu,kiTxvaze: - xom ar niSnavs islamuri ,,keTildReobis’’partiis municipalur arCevnebSi gamarjvebaTurqi xalxis islamizmis mxardaWeras, riTacTurqeTi upiratesobas islamur mmarTvelobas ani-Webs. demireli pasuxobs: ,,sakiTxis amgvari dasmamarTebuli ar aris, TurqeTi laicisturi qveyanaa damuslimoba marTlac kargi ram aris. TurqeTi aravisrwmenis saqmeSi ar ereva, visac ra surs is irwmunos,religiis Tavisufleba laicizmiT aris daculi, e. i.morwmunis mimarT aravis SeuZlia upativcemulobagamoiCinos. TurqeTSi ar arsebobs sazogadoebis dayofamuslimad da aramuslimad, Cvens qveyanaSi yvelapolitikuri partia religiisadmi Semwynarebluriada pativs scems mas. amitomac kiTxvis amgvaraddasma arasworia. radgan mosaxleobis 97.8% muslimia,TurqeTSi moqmedi yvela partia muslimuria.amitomac im partiebs Soris, romlebic TurqeTSimoqmedeben, marto erTi muslimuri partiis dasaxe-19
leba Secdomaa, radganac, laicizmi muslimobas arhyofs, ar acalkevebs, ar ganasxvavebs, igi mas aerTianebsda misi damcvelia.”suleiman demirelis es mosazreba bevris mTqmelida mimaniSnebelia. 80-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikurcxovrebaSi islamis zrda SemTxveviTi movlenaar iyo, aramed igi Tanamedrove TurqeTSi, kargadmofiqrebuli, gaazrebuli da mizanmimarTuli procesisSedegi iyo.swored 80-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani wlebisdasawyisSi respublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> oficialuriideologia gaxda ,,Turqul-islamuri sinTezi.”am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aRniSvnis Rirsiacnobili Turqi Teologis feThulah giulenis Sexedulebada mosazreba.giuleni saxelmwifos Zlierebas, winsvlas damis momavals xedavs axalgazrdobis aRzrdasa da ganaTlebaSi.misi azriT: ,,saxelmwifos unda hyavdesniWieri, Wkviani da gonieri oqros Taoba. misi umTavresimizania mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba da gansxvavebuliazris pativiscema da tolerantobis principebisaRiareba.’’feThulah giuleni ilaSqrebs terorizmis winaaRmdeg.misi azriT, ,,teroristi muslimi ver iqneba...aravin terorists TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli arunda uwodos.’’ igi Tavisuflebisa da demokratiismomxrea, gmobs Zaladobasa da diqtaturas. ,,mxolodZaladobaze damyarebiT, vercerTi sistema didxansver iarsebebs. Zala, romelic samarTlianobasa damarTlmsajulebas emyareba, adre Tu gvian despotizmisakengadauxvevs da es ki mis dasasruls moamzadebs.’’20
aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom giulenismosazrebas pativs scemdnen da scemen <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikisumaRlesi saxelisuflebo warmomadgendebi(suleiman demireli; TurguT ozali; nejmeTTinerbaqani; rejef Taif erdoRani; abdula guli dasxva.) da mis Sexedulebebs atareben qveynis cxovrebaSi.f. giulenma xalxis masebSic didi gavlena moipovada igi STamomavlobam sulier mamad da moZ-Rvrad aRiara.TurguT ozalis mTavrobam kargad gaiTavisaaxali politikuri partiebis gaaqtiureba da gadawyvita1987 wlis meore naxevarSi Caetarebina vadamdelisaparlamento arCevnebi. garda amisa, cvlilebebiSeitanes kanonSi politikuri partiebis Sesaxeb,romliTac saarCevno barieri 10%—mde gaizarda, rac,,dedasamSoblos’’ partias damatebiT upiratesobasaniWebda. Tumca 1987 wlis arCevnebma daadastura,rom ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis avtoriteti sakmaoddaweuli iyo. marTalia, partiam 36% kvlav moipova,magram es wina SedegTan SedarebiT sakmaod dabalimaCvenebeli iyo. Tanac gaizarda konkurenti partiebisxmebi, kerZod, inonus partiam xmebis 24,8%, xolo,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partiam miiRo xmebis 8,5% da Sesabamisad,saparlamento mandatebi ver moipova.1988 wels ozalze mowyobili teraqtis Semdegmisi avtoriteti TiTqosda amaRlda, magram 1989wlis adgilobrivma arCevnebma kidev erTxel daadastura,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis ukusvla. am arCevnebSipirvel adgilze 28%—iT gavida ,,social—demokratiuli saxalxo’’ partia, 25,6%—iT meore adgilzegavida ,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partia, xolo ,,dedasamSoblos’’partiam ki mxolod xmebis 22% moipova.21
warumateblobis miuxedavad, ozalma ganagrZopremier—ministris Tanamdebobaze muSaoba. ufro metic,ganacxada, rom wlis bolosaTvis dagegmil prezidentisarCevnebSi miiRebda monawileobas. am gadawyvetilebasopoziciuri nawili daupirispirda,Tumca, TurguT ozali mxolod sakuTari partiisxmebiT 1989 wlis 9 noembers prezidentis savarZelsdaeufla. es iyo TurqeTSi meore SemTxveva, rodesacprezidentad samoqalaqo piri airCies. eqvsi winaprezidenti samxedro piri iyo.TurguT ozalis prezidentad arCevam partiaSiadreve dawyebuli liderobisaTvis brZola kidevufro gaamZafra. Sidapolitikuri dapirispirebisganmuxtvisaTvis ozalma partiis yvelaze neitraluriwevri, imdroindeli erovnuli krebis Tavmjdomare,ildirim aqbuluTi premier—ministris TanamdebobazedaniSna. Tumca, am gadawyvetilebam partiuldajgufebebs Soris dapirispirebebi ver ganmuxta.prezidentis arCevnebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, partiiserT—erTi lideri (Tavmjdomaris moadgile) mesuTilmazi, imisaTvis, rom liderobisaTvis brZolaSisakuTari poziciebi ganemtkicebina, gadadga sagareosaqmeTa ministrobidan da mTlianad partiulsaqmianobaSi CaerTo, romelic 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis Tavmjdomare gaxda.80—iani wlebis bolos, T. ozalma arCeuli kursidangadaxveva da liberaluri principebisaken mimarTulipolitikis gatareba daiwyo. kerZod, gaauqmessisxlis samarTlis 141—e, 142—e da 163—e muxlebi,romlebic gamoiyeneboda socialisturi da religiuriazrovnebis organizaciaTa Camoyalibebis daqurTuli enis akrZalvisaTvis. garda amisa, miRebu-22
gamoyenebuli literatura da vebgverdebi:1) batiaSvili z., armiis adgili da roli Turqe-Tis respublikaSi (1923-2000 <strong>wlebSi</strong>), Tbilisi,2003, (sakandidato disertacia).2) batiaSvili z., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,Tbilisi, 2000.3) <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis konstitucia, Turqulidan Targmna da gamosacemad moamzadagiorgi sordiam, Tbilisi, 2000.4) lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> Sida politika 1945—<strong>1980</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong> da politikuri partiebi, Tbilisi,2003.5) lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri partiebisistoriuli mimoxilva, Tbilisi, <strong>2011</strong>.6) maCitiZe el., armiis roli <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sazogadoebriv politikur cxovrebaSi me-20 saukunis60-80 - ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>, orientalisturi Ziebani,II, Tbilisi, 1996.7) maCitiZe el., <strong>1980</strong> wlis 12 seqtembris samxedrogadatrialeba TurqeTSi, istoriul—politikuriZiebani, krebuli I, Tbilisi, 1993.8) makaraZe e., Tanamedrove <strong>TurqeTis</strong> aqtualurisakiTxebi, baTumi, 2000.9) svaniZe m., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>, Tbilisi, 2007.10) sanikiZe g. alasania g. gelovani n., axlo aRmosavleTis <strong>istoria</strong> da misi urTierToba samxreTkavkasiasTan (XIX s.—XXI s.—is dasawyisi),Tbilisi, <strong>2011</strong>.11) Гасратян М. А., Орешкова С. Ф., Петросян Ю. А. Очеркиистории Турции. Москва, 1983.12) Данилов В.И. Политическая борьба в Турции. Москва,Наука, 1985.13) Данилов В.И. Турция 80-х: от военного режима до«ограниченной демократии». Москва, Наука, 1991.24
14) Киреев Н.Г. Борьба с террором в Турции. Исламизм иэкстремизм на Ближнем Востоке (сборник статей).Институт изучения Израиля и Ближнего Востока.Академия геополитики и безопасности. Москва, 2001.15) Шувалова Н.Б. Турция ХХ век (сборник обзоров).Москва, 2002.16) Ahmet Akcül, „Dünyanin Değişmi ve Erbakan Dervimi,~Đstanbul. 1995.17) Akşit N, „Milli Tarih,“ c.ІІ. Đstanbul, 1993.18) Bilge. Atatürk Kültür Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu. Kiş 7.Ankara, 1999.19) Bodgener D., Ankara's pipe dreams come true. Meed, 22April 1994.20) Erbil Tuşalp., Şeriatı beklerken. Đstanbul, 1996.21) Türkiye Tarihi, № 5, Bugünkü Türkiye(<strong>1980</strong>-2003),Istanbul, 2005.22) Ozal's interview with Die, Welt. 23 August 1990.23) Özek Ç. Devlet ve dm. Istanbul: A.U.Yoyinlari, 1982.24) Refah partisi program!. Ankara, 1983.25) www.Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. org.tr26) www.turkishdailynews.com.tr27) www.iimes.ru.28) www.akparti.org.tr29) www.chp.org.tr30) www.mhp.org.tr31) www.dyp.org.tr32) www.anap.org.tr33) www.dp.org.tr34) www.bbp.org.tr25
Tavi II<strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikuri politikaXX saukunis 80—90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>1. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikuri mdgomareoba<strong>1980</strong>—1990-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>rul ganukiTxaobasa da anarqiaSi iyo. biujetisqronikulma deficitma, uzarmazarma Sida da sagareovalma, dasavleT evropis maRalganviTarebulqveynebTan vaWrobaSi uaryofiTma damokidebulebamda maRalma inflaciam qveyana finansur-ekonomikuridisbalansisa da mZime politikuri krizisis wina-Se daayena. TurqeTi warmoadgenda gare samyarosaganizolirebul, CamorCenil, mxolod importze orientirebulagrarul qveyanas.ministrTa kabinetis Seryeulma poziciam negatiurizegavlena iqonia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saerTaSoriso reitingze,rac TavisTavad arTulebda qveyanaSi arsebulisedac mZime, krizisul viTarebas. mosaxleobis40% umuSevari iyo. qalaqebSi TareSobdnen borotmoqmedTadajgufebebi. TurqeTi aRmoCnda gabmuliultra-memarjvene terorizmis qselSi. ori wlisganmavlobaSi (1978-<strong>1980</strong> w.w.) <strong>TurqeTis</strong> did qalaqebSimoikla 5.000 — ze meti, xolo dazaralebulTa raodenobamSeadgina 14.000 adamiani.ministrTa kabinetis Seryeulma poziciam negatiurizegavlena iqonia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saerTaSoriso re-26
itingze, rac TavisTavad arTulebda qveyanaSi arsebulisedac mZime, krizisul viTarebas. mosaxleobis40% umuSevari iyo. qalaqebSi TareSobdnen borotmoqmedTadajgufebebi. TurqeTi aRmoCnda gabmuliultra-memarjvene terorizmis qselSi. ori wlisganmavlobaSi (1978-<strong>1980</strong> w.w.) <strong>TurqeTis</strong> did qalaqebSimoikla 5.000 — ze meti, xolo dazaralebulTa raodenobamSeadgina 14.000 adamiani.<strong>1980</strong> wlis 24 ianvars, TurqeTma daamtkica TurguTozalis mier momzadebuli, sabazro ekonomikazedamyarebuli, ,,ekonomikuri modernizaciis programa,’’romelmac ramdenime welSi saocrad SecvalaTurqi sazogadoebis garegani saxe. swored amis gamouwodes TurguT ozals e. w. ,,gardaqmnebis mama.’’ozalis xelisufleba aqtiurad atarebda ucxourikapitalis mozidvis politikas. mkveTrad iqnaSemcirebul fasebi saqonlis importze: 100%-dan40%-mde pirveladi moxmarebis saqonelze; 80%-dan20%-mde naxevarfabrikatebze da bolos 50%-dan 10%-mde nedleulze. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qveynisekonomikaSi dabandebuli ucxouri kapitalis raodenoba.ucxoelebs izidavda iafi, magram sakmaodkvalificirebuli muSa Zala (1990 w. statistikurimonacemebis mixedviT - evrokavSiris qveynebSi samu-Saod wasuli Turqebis raodenoba aRwevda 2 mln. 200aTas adamians). garda amisa, maT izidavda <strong>TurqeTis</strong>uaRresad xelsayreli geopolitikuri adgilmdebareoba,ganlagebuli, rogorc xSirad amboben, xidzeevropasa da azias Soris (e. w. aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTsSoris).1984 wlis ianvarSi T. ozalma mimarTa xalxs er-Tob ucnauri gancxadebiT, romelSic naTqvami iyo:27
,,alahma ar daasaCuqra Cveni miwa-wyali navTobiT,amitom Cven mogviwevs bevri muSaoba, raTa gavideTTanamedrove msoflios arenaze.’’ amave dros, aRsaniSnavia,is garemoebac, rom igi ar malavda qveyanaSiSeqmnil rTul viTarebas da ar aZlevda xalxs zRapruldapirebebs. piriqiT, igi afrTxilebda maT, rommomavali xuTi weli yvelaze rTuli iqneboda Turqe-Tis <strong>istoria</strong>Si. amiT mas surda xalxis ndobis mopoveba,romelic ozalma Tavisi xalxisagan miiRo.premier—ministri mtkiced iyo darwmunebuliimaSi, rom nebismieri cvlileba sazogadoebrivcxovrebaSi unda daewyo ekonomikuri ganaxlebiT.,,sanam ekonomika Zlieria, qveynis yvela problemagadawyvetilia, - ambobda igi - xolo, Tu ekonomikasustia da sazogadoebaSi gabatonebulia anarqia,verc erTi problemis gadawyveta ver moxerxdeba.TurqeTi cxovrobda ekonomikuri anarqiis pirobeb-Si 1930-dan <strong>1980</strong> wlamde, manam, sanam Cven ar miviReTgadawyvetileba, migveRwia dasavleT evropuli qveynebisstandartebamde, cxovrebis donemde da dagvemkvidrebinaadgili industriuli TvalsazrisiT ma-RalganviTarebul qveynebs Soris.“T. ozalis mTavroba qveynis ekonomikis gajansa-RebiT miznad isaxavda: ,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> gadaqcevas e. w. axloaRmosavleTis iaponiad“. ,,me Rrmad var darwmunebuli,rom XXI saukunis dasawyisSi TurqeTi Sevamsoflios yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis ricxvSi,“acxadebda T. ozali.T. ozalis dros daiwyo <strong>TurqeTis</strong> orientirebaTavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze. premier-ministriaRniSnavda: ,,me vxelmZRvanelob Semdegi principiT,aucilebelia bolomde gamoiricxos yovelgvari ak-28
Zalva da ekonomika ganTavisufldes centralizirebulimmarTvelobisagan, mxolod ase SeiZleba miecesiniciativa Tavisuflebas, romlis gareSec soflismeurneobis dinamiuri ganviTareba ubralodwarmoudgenelia“.principSi, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikuri ganviTarebisreceptSi araferia originaluri. es soflis meuneobisganviTarebis Cveulebrivi kapitalisturi sqemaa,romelic warmatebiT iqna aprobirebuli msofliosmraval qveyanaSi. T. ozalise. w. ,,ozalis modelis“ ZiriTadprincipebs Semdegnairadayalibebs <strong>TurqeTis</strong>yofili premier-ministriildirim aqbuluTi: ,,<strong>1980</strong> w.TurqeTma miiRo Tavisufalaxali Turquli lirasabazro ekonomikaze damyarebuliekonomikuri modernizaciis programa. yovelivezemoxsenebuli ki, niSnavda ekonomikis saxelmwifocentralizebuli regulirebis gansazRvras,kerZo seqtoris stimulirebas, mcire sawarmoebisformirebis procesis daCqarebas, wamyvani dasavluriteqnologiebis aTvisebas, msoflios wamyvan industriulqveynebTan kooperaciisa da integraciisgafarToebas.“aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelisuflebam uariTqva qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi Carevis politikaze, rasac akeTebda bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi.XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan daiwyomcire da saSualo saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizaciis procesi. auqcionze gaiyida mTeli rigi saxelmwifokorporaciebis aqciebi. warsulSi wamgebi-29
ani sawarmoebi rentabeluri gaxda. T. ozali amtkicebda,rom rogori mTavrobac ar unda movides xelisuflebissaTaveSi, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikaqveyanaSi samudamod darCeba. radikalurma reformebmasoflis meurneobaSi, dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoi-Ro da TurqeTma Zalian male daibruna aRmosavleTxmelTaSuazRvispireTSi sapatio adgili. qveyana iqcaparkosani kulturebis uZlieres eqsportioradmsoflioSi. mas ukve SeeZlo aramarto sakuTari Tavisgamokveba, aramed mezobel qveynebSi - qeris, Wvavis,xorblisa Tu sxva mcenareuli kulturebis eqsportireba.mniSvnelovani reformebi ganxorcielda makroekonomikurda safinanso seqtorSic. ozalma gaauqmadadgenileba Turquli liris Seucvleli kursis Sesaxeb,romelic sagrZnoblad amaxinjebda realurwarmodgenas mis SesaZleblobebze da xSir SemTxvevebSimihyavda savaluto spekulaciebamde. qveyanaSidaamyara ra liris mcuravi kursi, ozalma ganaxorcielamZlavri ieriSi Sav bazarze da amiT gadaketaadgilobrivi mafiozuri klanebisa da sindikatebisgamdidrebis arxebi, saidanac moedineboda miliardobiTTurquli lira. amieridanaRniSnuli Tanxebimiedineboda saxelmwifo xazinaSi.es miliardebi ar nawildebodazeda eSeloneb-Si, rogorc xSir SemTxveva-Si xdeboda xolme da arixarjeboda aramiznobri-stambolivad. zemoxsenebuli TanxebiT30
etapobrivad iqna aTvisebuli dasavluri teqnologiebi,umjobesdeboda qveynis saxmeleTo, sarkinigzoda sazRvao infrastruqtura. yovelive es keTdebodamizandasaxulad. erTi sityviT, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelisuflebissaTaveSi aRmoCdnen ara droebiTi, aramedsakuTari eris bediT Sewuxebuli politikuri moRvaweebi.yovel SemxvevaSi aseTi STabeWdileba iqmnebodagaredan.saxelmwifo TandaTan gardaiqmna gonier koordinatorad.Turquli lira 1988 wlis agvistodan iqcaTavisu flad konvertirebad valu tad. Sida savaWrobalansi, respublikis arsebobis manZi lze pirveladiqna dayvanili dadebiT zRvramde. <strong>TurqeTis</strong>megapolisebi, umTavreswilad ki q. stamboli, iqcaerT uzarmazar vitrinad da erovnuli warmoebis saqonlismravalferovani asortimentis bazrad. msofliosTiTqmis yvela kuTxidan TurqeTSi Semodiodaxarisxiani saqoneli. mravalricxovan turistebsamieridan izidavda ara mxolod kapadokiis, efesisda bizantiis imperiis uZvelesi istoriuli Zeglebi,aramed SedarebiT iafi Turquli saqoneli. TurqeTSixSirad xumrobdnen: ,,adre CvenTan Camodiodnen oriCanTiT, xolo midiodnen erTiT, axla ki piriqiT xdeba,“es xumroba, garkveulwilad Seesabameba sinamdviles.XX saukunis 80-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>, TurqeTSi koordinirebuli ekonomikuri politikis TvalsaCino Sedegswarmoadgenda Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebisproeqti, e. w. Tez-i.T. ozalma, TurqeTSi Tavisufali ekonomikurizonebis formirebis sakiTxi xelisuflebis winaSejer kidev adreul <strong>wlebSi</strong> daayena. mas aRniSnuli31
proeqtis ganxorcielebis aucileblobis mtkicebamouwia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saxelmwifo aparatis, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagadasaxadoda sabaJo departamentebis warmomadgenlebTan,gavlenian ministrebTan da sxva maRali saxelmwifo-politikuriTanamdebobis mqone pireb-Tan, vinaidan isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen Tez - is proeqtisganxorcielebas im motiviT, rom igi TiTqosiqceoda qveynis ekonomikaSi ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebisplacdarmad. miuxedavad amisa, ozalis en-Tuziazmma dadebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo. TurqeTSi 1985wlis 6 ivniss ZalaSi Sevida kanoni ,,Tavisufali ekonomikurizonebis Sesaxeb“ № 3218.1988 wlis martSi, gaixsna pirveli aseTi zona -q. mersinSi, xmelTaSuazRvis piras, Semdeg Tavisufaliekonomikuri zonebi gaCnda: antaliaSi, izmirSi,trapizonsa da stambulSi (aTaTurqis saxelobis aeroportSi).mcire xnis Semdeg zustad ganisazRvraadana-iumurTaliqis, stambul-Trakiis, zonguldakfilurosis,mardinis, aRmosavleT anatoliis Tavisufaliekonomikuri zonebi, romlebic ganlagebulia370 aTasi heqtaris teritoriaze da maTSi moqmedebs300-ze meti Turquli da ucxouri firma. Tavisufaliekonomikuri zonebis imdroindeli generaluridireqtori - ialCin alabeioRlu aRniSnavda:,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mTeli ekonomikuri politika orientirebuliaeqsportze da am saqmeSi uzarmazari wvliliSeaqvT Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebs.“ 1994 wlis 4oqtombrisaTvis zemoxsenebul Tavisufal zonaSivaWrobis saerTo moculobam gadaaWarba 4,3 miliardaSS dolars, rac 1.586 miliardiT metia 1991 wlis analogiurmaCvenebelTan SedarebiT. igi gaizarda TiTqmis99%-iT.32
<strong>TurqeTis</strong> geopolitikuri adgilmdebareoba masaZlevs urTierTobebis damyarebis brwyinvale SesaZleblobasrogorc evrokavSiris SemadgenlobaSi SemavalsaxelmwifoebTan, aramed post-sabWouri sivrcisrespublikebTan, centraluri aziis TurqulenovansaxelmwifoebTan da a.S.ra sargebels naxulobs aqedan TurqeTi? aRniSnulkiTxvaze gvpasuxobs kaatenseri - izmiris Tavisufaliekonomikuri zonis generaluri direqtori:,,Cven praqtikulad ufasod viRebT, uaxles dasavlurteqnikas, vxsniT axal rezervuarebs Turqulisaqonlis eqsportirebisaTvis da rac mTavaria, Tezisganlagebis adgilebSi mkveTrad ecema umuSevrobisdone.“ kaatenseris mtkicebiT 72.000 samuSao adgiliiqna uzrunvelyofili q. izmirSi Tez-is gaxsni-Ta da amoqmedebiT. Tez-is Camoyalibeba da ganviTarebamimdinareobda-,,BUILD-OPERATE AND TRANSFER“-is proeqtis farglebSi. aRniSnuli modelis mixedviT,antaliisa da mersinis Tavisufal ekonomikurzonebSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelisufleba uzrunvelyofda teritoriisgamoyofasa da infrastruqturis ganviTarebas.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> Tavisufal zonebSi arsebobda rigiprivilegiebisa, romlebic faqtiurad uzrunvelyofdnendinamiur muSaobas.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikurma ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyosagareo vaWrobis swraf zrdas. <strong>1980</strong> wels sagareovaWrobis tvirTbrunva Seadgenda 7,3 miliarddolars, 1987 wels man miaRwia 24,4 miliard dolars,xolo 1995 wels is 40 miliard dolaramde gaizarda.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> eqsportis struqturaSi moxda radikaluri cvlilebebi: Tu <strong>1980</strong> wels samrewvelo sa-33
qonlis xvedriTi wili Seadgenda 41%, 1987 wels 82%,xolo 1995 wlisaTvis man miaRwia 97%—s.XX saukunis 80—90 — ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>, TurqeTSi nacionalurieqsportis wili gaizarda 2,9 miliardidan —14,7 miliardamde..arsebiTad gaumjobesda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierTobasaerTaSoriso safinanso institutebTan. saerTaSorisosavaluto fondma (IMF), jer kidev <strong>1980</strong> wels,rodesac T. ozali gaxldaT s. demirelis xelisuflebiswarmomadgeneli, aRiara misi perspeqtiulireformebi da mwvane Suqi misca dasavlur kreditebs.1981 wlis ianvarSi, T. ozalma moaxerxa didi saxelmwifoebrivivalis restruqturizacia, romelicim droisaTvis 3,2 miliard dolars Seadgenda. TurqeTSiRimiliT ixsenebdnen im periods, rodesacluqsemburgma qveyanas 1 mlioni dolaris kreditigamouyo. marTlac, dRevandeloba ver Seedreba 70-ianiwlebis dasawyiss, rodesac qveyana paralizebuliiyo sagadasaxado balansis darRvevis gamo.Tu adre TurqeTi ucxouri kreditebis valSiimyofeboda, ekonomikuri reformebis Sedegad, mandafara valebi, daagrova oqros rezervis solidurimaragi. 1997 wlisaTvis man Seadgina 20 miliardi dolari.dReisaTvis TurqeTs saSualeba aqvs TviTongansazRvros, Tu vin da ra pirobebSi gamouyofs maskredits.TurqeTi qveynis ekonomikur arqiteqtorad wodebuliozalis dros gaxda erT-erTi dinamiuradganviTarebadi da gadamxdelunariani qveyana. magrammTavari miRweva mainc imaSi mdgomareobda, rom ozalisdros, Turqi sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobaSikardinaluri cvlileba moxda.34
T. ozali tele-radiomauwyeblobis pirdapireTerSi eweoda qveyanaSi mimdinare farTomasStabianiekonomikuri zrdis propagandas.ozalis mier warmoebuli koordinirebuli ekonomikuripropagandis wyalobiT, aramarto Turqimewarme miutrialda garesamyaros saxiT, aramed rigiTmaTurqma irwmuna Tavisi SesaZleblobebi. irwmunais, rom nayofieri Sromis Sedegad, mas Seswevdaunari gamxdariyo materialuri TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyofilida Sesabamisad sazogadoebaSi pativsacemida miRebuli adamiani. faqtiurad ozalis reformebmabolo mouRo garkveul ,,arasrulfasovnebiskompleqss“, romliTac Turquli sazogadoebisZiriTadi nawili iyo daavadebuli. prezidents gaaCndasruli moraluri ufleba ganecxadebina: ,,<strong>1980</strong>wlamde TurqeTSi ambobdnen - Cven ar Segvwevs unarinormaluri samewarmeo moRvaweobisa, es SeuZliaTmxolod evropelebsa da amerikelebs. amieridan ase-Ti ganwyobileba ukvalod gaqra.“ swored, ekonomikuriganaxlebis safuZvelze qveyanam daibruna Tavisierovnuli Rirseba.bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi TurqeTma moaxdinadidi naxtomi mrewvelobis ganviTarenbaSi. amJamadTurqeTi Sedis msoflioSi ekonomikurad yvelazedinamikurad ganviTarebad qveyanaTa aTeulSi.ekonomikuri zrdis yovelwliuri tempi 1987wels Seadgenda 5,8%, xolo 1997 wels zrdis tempismaCvenebelma miaRwia 10%.mniSvnelovnad gaizarda turistTa ricxvi TurqeTSi. 1997 wels turistTa ricxvma 9,7 milions miaRwia.turizmidan yovelwliuri Semosavali TurqeTSi7,5 miliard dolars Seadgenda.35
yovelive zemoxsenebulis miuxedavad, qveyanaSiarsebobda mosaxleobis garkveuli kategoria, romlebic ozalisa da misi gundis Sexedulebebs ar iziarebda.XX saukunis 80—90 — ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> TurqeTs Zalzeawuxebda umuSevrobis problema. wlebis ganmavlobaSiumuSevarTa ricxvi moicavda 8—16%—s. qveyanaSidResac SeimCneva inflaciis maRali done. magali-Tad, <strong>1980</strong>—1983 <strong>wlebSi</strong> inflacia Seadgenda 31,3%—s.1983—1991 <strong>wlebSi</strong> - 49%—s, 1991-1997 <strong>wlebSi</strong> 85,5%—s.optimisti ozali yovelive amas xsnida imiT, rom<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saxelmwifo Cqari tempiT viTardeboda.igi Tvlida inflacias CamorCenilobis gadalaxvisprocesis gardauval aspeqtad, magram sxvagvaradfiqrobda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mosaxleobis didi nawili. inflaciasTanqveynis xelmZRvanelobis uSedego brZolaSemdgomSi gaxda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> VIII prezidentis mier q.malaTiaSi formirebuli ,,dedasamSoblos partiis“(ANAP) mimarT, amomrCevelTa undoblobis mTavarimizezi, ris Sedegadac, 1989 wlis noembers TurqeTSiCatarebul saparlamento arCevnebSi ,,dedasamSoblospartiam“ daTmo Tavisi poziciebi.miuxedavad uaryofiTi mxareebisa, Turqe-Tis ekonomikam did warmatebebs miaRwia. TurqeTi agrarul— industriuli qveynidan gadaiqca industriul—agrarul qveynad. igi Tavisi doniT gauswordasamxreT — aRmosavleT aziisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTisaxal industriul saxelmwifoebs.36
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:1. daaxasiaTeT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikuri mdgomareobaXX saukunis 80—iani wlebis dasawyisSi;2. axseniT ra roli miuZRvis TurguT ozals 80—90iani wlebis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi;3. ra roli ukavia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikur politikaSiTavisufali ekonomikuri zonis sakiTxs.praqtikuli davaleba:gaaanalizeT XX saukunis 80—90— iani wlebis Turqe-Tis ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.gamoyenebuli literatura da vebgverdebi:1. maCitiZe el., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis ekonomikuriviTareba 80—iani wlebis dasawyisSi (samxedroreJimis periodSi), Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis geopolitikis kaTedris Sromebi,t. II, Tbilisi, 1999.2. maCitiZe el., TurguT ozalis ekonomikuri politika.axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, t.V,Tbilisi, 2008.3. makaraZe e., Tanamedrove <strong>TurqeTis</strong> aqtualurisakiTxebi, baTumi, 2000.4. svaniZe m., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>, Tbilisi, 2007.5. sordia g., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikuri mdgomareobissakiTxebi, Tsu. Sromebi, 2002.6. sanikiZe g. alasania g. gelovani n., axlo aRmosavleTis <strong>istoria</strong> da misi urTierToba samxreT kav-37
kasiasTan (XIX s.—XXI s.—is dasawyisi), Tbilisi,<strong>2011</strong>.7. CoCievi g., ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis problemaTanamedrove TurqeTSi (80—iani wlebi), maxlobeliaRmosavleTis <strong>istoria</strong>, Tbilisi, 1989.8. Гасратян М. А., Орешкова С. Ф., Петросян Ю. А. Очеркиистории Турции. Москва, 1983.9. Киреев Н.Г. История турции ХХ века. Москва, 2007.10. Киреев Н.Г. История этатизма в турции. Москва, 1991.11. Шувалова Н.Б. Турция ХХ век (сборник обзоров).Москва, 2002.12. Масумова Н.Р. Особенности модернизации экономикиТурции на современном этапе.Москва, 2012.13. Мойссеев П. П., Турция: Программа экономическойстабилизасии <strong>1980</strong> г., Турция, История иСовременность, Москва, 1988.14. Трубникова С.А., Иностранные инвестиции в Турции.востоковеденый сборник (выпуск второй). Москва, 2001.15. Деловая Турция, Т. ХV-XVI Москва, 2009.16. Турция – современные проблеми экономики и политики.Москва, 1998.17. Çavdar Tevfık., Türkiye' nin Demokrası Tarıhı. Ankara, 2003.18. Türkiye Tarihi, № 5, Bugünkü Türkiye(<strong>1980</strong>-2003), Istanbul,2005.19. Akşit N, „Milli Tarih,“ c.ІІ. Đstanbul, 1993.20. Hizbolah murders shock Turkey, Turkey Update, 1.21. Ozal's interview with Die, Welt. 23 August 1990.22. Refah partisi program!. Ankara, 1983.23. www.iimes.ru.24. www.e-devlet.com25. www.tr.wikipedia.e_ekonomisi. org.tr26. www.Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. org.tr38
Tavi III<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika XXsaukunis 90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>1.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika 1990 - 2002 <strong>wlebSi</strong>XX saukunis 80-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> nacionalur-islamursinTezs qveyanaSi miemxro mosaxleobis mniSvnelovaninawili, ramac 90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> niadagi moumzada islamurideebs, rac islamistebis azriT, Tanasworobisada socialuri samarTlianobis principebze iqnaagebuli da Seswevda unari daebrunebina TurqeTi e.w. ,,islamis oqros xanaSi.”90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> qveyanaSi politikuri ganviTarebismZime tvirTi Tavis Tavze aiRo jer islamuri ,,ke-TildReobis,’’ xolo Semdeg ,,saTnoebis’’ partiam,romlebic arCevnebidan arCevnebamde Zlierdebodnenda mZlavr dasayrdens iZendnen sazogadoebaSi.90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> islamistebis gaaqtiureba da maTixelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvla dakavSirebuli iyomravalwlian procesTan. igi umTavresad gamowveuliaTurqul sazogadoebaSi religiuri uflebebisganmtkicebiT da saxelisuflebo partiebSi islamuriorientaciis momxreTa zrdiT.90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> islamistebis mimarT saxelisuflebo partiebis (,,dedasamSoblos’’ da ,,WeSmaritigzis’’) interesebi yovelTvis ar emTxveodaerTmaneTs, isini xSir SemTxvevaSi urTierT39
sajaro sayvedurebsa da dapirispirebebSi vlindeboda,rac mkveTrad zemoqmedebdaqveynis politikurmdgomareobaze da did ukmayofilebasiwvevda sazogadoebaSi.yovelive aman qveyanaSimaTi avtoritetis dacemada socialuri daZabulobiszrda gamoiwvia. qveynisbiujetis aramiznobrivmaxarjebma da ekonomikissuleiman demireliarasworma dagegmarebam Turquli liris arnaxuligaufasureba gamoiwvia. faqtia, rom Turqimosaxleobis islamistebisadmi mxardaWera um-Tavresad qveyanaSi arsebuli sistemisadmi undoblobiTiyo ganpirobebuli. rigiT amomrCevlebsmoswyindaT memarjvene da memarcxene mimarTulebispartiebis mudmivi qiSpi, mtroba, korufcia,dapirebebi momavalSi ukeTesi cxovrebisaTvis da sxva. am viTarebidan gamomdinare, 90-ian<strong>wlebSi</strong>, islamuri orientaciis partiebma miznad daisaxesqveyanaSi daewyoT ,,samarTliani wesrigis”damyareba, rac muslim amomrCevelTa didi nawilisaTvismisaRebi aRmoCnda.90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan islamuri ,,keTildReobis’’partia saparlamento arCevnebSi nelisvliT ikafavda gzas xelisuflebisaken. 1991 wlis 20oqtombers Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebSi,partiam xmebis 16,8% miiRo da parlamentSi 62 deputatigaiyvana.40
№ partiis dasaxeleba procentideputatebisraodenoba1 dedasamSoblos partia(ANAP)2 keTildReobis partia(RP)3 WeSmariti gzis partia(DYP)4 memarcxene-demokratiulipartia(DSP)5 social-demokratiuli saxalxopartia24,01 11516.8 6227.03 17810.75720.75 881991 wlis arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli ,,WeSmaritigzis’’ partiis Tavmjdomarem suleiman demirelmasocial-demokratebis SeTavazebiT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>Sipirvelad Camoayaliba memarjveneebisa da memarcxeneebiskoaliciuri mTavroba, magram 1993wlis 17 aprils moulodnelad gardaicvala Turqe-Tis prezidenti TurguT ozali, rasac qveyanaSi garkveulipolitikuri cvlilebebi mohyva. axal prezidentadairCies suleiman demireli.,,keTildReobis’’ partiisa da misi meTauris nejmeTTinerbaqanis pirveli seriozuli warmateba 1994wlis 28 marts Catarebuli municipaluri (adgilobrivi)arCevnebi iyo, romelSic islamuri mimarTulebispartiebs mxari dauWira mosaxleobis 19%-ma. ar-Cevnebi respublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis sensaciuriiyo, radganac es ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis seriozuliganacxadi iyo did politikaSi.erTi SexedviT TiTqos SeuZlebeli unda yofiliyolaicistur TurqeTSi islamistebis warmateba,41
magram es yvelaferi aTwleulebisganmavlobaSi warmoebulipolitikis logikuri Sedegiiyo. saqme isaa, rom 40-iani wlebidanmoyolebuli mTavrobammosalodneli komunisturi safrTxisganeitralebis mizniT daiwyoislamis waxaliseba, romelic90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> islamis aRor-Tansu Cileri Zinebis namdvil oazisad iqca.amis naTeli magaliTia 28 martisarCevnebi, sadac islamurma partiam qveynis centralur,aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT regioneb-Si da <strong>TurqeTis</strong> did qalaqebSi (ankara da stamboli)xmaTa umravlesoba moipova.1995 wlis meore naxevarSi premier-ministr TansuCileris mTavrobasa da parlamentis dapirispirebam<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao cxovrebaSi viTareba mkveTraddaZaba.1995 wlis 5 dekembers dagegmil parlamentis sagangebosxdomaze unda ganxiluliyo arCevnebis vadisgadatanis da premier-ministr Tansu Cilerisada misi mTavrobis ndobis sakiTxi, rac umTavresadgamowveuli iyo qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime socialurpolitikuriviTarebiT da premieris didZali araregistrirebuliuZrav—moZravi qonebiT. sagangebosxdoma ar Semdgara, radgan parlamentSi deputatTasaWiro raodenoba (150 kaci) ar gamocxadda. miuxedavadaseTi viTarebisa SeTanxmdnen, rom mejlisis ar-Cevnebi Catardeboda 1995 wlis 24 dekembers. riTacfaqtobrivad qveyanaSi winasaarCevno samzadisi daiwyo.42
1995 wlis 6 dekembers, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> statistikissammarTvelos mier gamoqveynebuli monacemebiT,TurqeTSi amomrCevelTa raodenoba wina arCevnebTanSedarebiT 7,3%-iT gaizarda. rac saarCevno kanonSiSetanili cvlilebebiT (24 dekembris saparlamentoarCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba pirvelad 18 welsmiRweul axalgazrdebsac eZleodaT) iyo gamowveuli.sagrZnoblad gaizarda saarCevno ubnebis raodenobac(139 aTasi).islamurma ,,keTildReobis’’ partiam winasaar-Cevno maraTonis dros populisturi lozungebis gamoyenebiT(„Cven movdivarT xelisuflebaSi, raTamivceT xalxs is, rac maT surT;’’ ,,morwmuneTa Cagvrazeuari;’’ ,,eris damcirebis Sewyveta;’’ ,,namdvildemokratiaze gadasvla;’’ ,,damoukidebeli, sakuTarisagareo politikis warmoeba” Dda sxva) SeZlo Turqimosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis ndobis mopoveba.arCevnebis win maT qveynis gadarCenis erT-erT saSualebadpartiis ,,erovnuli” modeli miiCnies: ,,mdidarimoqalaqe — mdidari saxelmwifo.”partia sajarod acxadebda, rom aucilebeli iyo,,rwmenis” Tavisuflebis aRiarebaze iseTi kanonis mi-Reba, romelic Cadris tarebis Tavisuflebas, dReSixuTjer locvas, vakufebisa da religiuri skolebissaqmianobas, locvaSi arabuli enis gamoyenebas uzrunvelyofda.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1995 wlis 24 dekembris ar-Cevnebi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis didi politikuri mniSvnelobismovlenad unda gadaqceuliyo, romelsac respublikuri<strong>TurqeTis</strong> Semdgomi bedi unda ganesazRvra.am faqtTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa Tansu CileriswinasaarCevno mimarTva <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mosaxleobisadmi:43
,,Tqveni gadawyvetileba - es aris arCevani civilizaciasada sibneles Soris” (unda vivaraudoT, rom sibneleSiCileri islamistebis gamarjvebas gulisxmobda(e. m.).<strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri wreebisaTvis ,,keTildReobis’’partiis warmateba moulodnelobas ar warmoadgenda.islamuri ideebis qadagebiT qveyanaSi partiamukanasknel <strong>wlebSi</strong> didi popularobis mopovebaSeZlo. stambolSi gamarTul winasaarCevno mitingzepartiis liderma nejmeTTin erbaqanma ganacxada: ,,TukiTurqi mosaxleoba mxars mis partias ar dauWerda,msoflios monebi iqnebodnen.” amas Tan daemata 1995wlis martSi stambolSi axali areulobebi, rac Siit-Ta yavaxanebis dacxrilvam da aTobiT morwmune adamianisdaRupvam gamoiwvia.rogorc vxedavT, TurqeTSi winasaarCevno kampaniametad daZabul viTarebaSi mimdinareobda, racSemdgomSi islamistebsa da laicistebs Soris dapirispirebis sababi gaxda. 1995 wlis 24 dekembers TurqeTSiCatarda saparlamento arCevnebi, sadac 550 adgilzepretenzias 12 partia acxadebda. maTgan dawesebuli10%-iani zRvari gadalaxa da xmebis 21,38%moipova islamuri orientaciis ,,keTildReobis’’partiam.arCevnebis Semdeg TurqeTSi mdgomareoba sasikeTodunda Secvliliyo, magram moxda piriqiT, koaliciisSeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT partiebs Soris daiwyodapirispireba.44
1 keTildReobis partia (RP)21,381582 WeSmariti gzis partia (DYP) 19,18 1353 dedasamSoblos partia (ANAP)4 memarcxene-demokratiulipartia (DSP)5 saxalxo-respublikuri partia(CHP)6 nacionaluri moZraobis partia(MHP)19,05 13214,64 7610,71 498,18 -1995 wlis dekembris arCevnebs TurqeTSi politikurikrizisi mohyva, radganac arCevnebis SedegebsarcerTi partiisTvis ar miucia erTpartiulimTavrobis Seqmnis ufleba. Mmetic, ,,WeSmariti gzis’’da ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiebi, sagrZnoblad CamorCanejmeTTin erbaqanis islamur partias. koaliciurimTavrobis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT qveyanaSi daiwyorTuli politikuri ,,vaWroba.” unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac,rom garigeba umTavresad ramdenime sakiTxisirgvliv mimdinareobda: vin gaxdeboda premier—ministri, vin iqneboda koaliciis mesame wevri, Tuki,,dedasamSoblos’’ da ,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partiebi gaerTiandebodnen,vin uxelmZRvanelebda mTavrobaSiekonomikis sakiTxebs, rogor ganawildeboda partiebsSoris ministrTa portfelebi da sxva.situacias arTulebda is garemoebac, rom saxelisuflopartiebma saerTo ena ver gamonaxes. amitomacar iyo gamoricxuli, rom daiwyeboda nejmeT-Tin erbaqanis partiasTan daaxloebis procesi.meore mTavari winaaRmdegoba samTavrobo partiebsSoris gaxldaT sakiTxi, Tu vin gaxdeboda koaliciismesame wevri. mesuT ilmazi acxadebda, romkoaliciaSi ,,memarcxene — demokratiuli’’ partia45
(biulenT ejeviTi) unda Sesuliyo, romelTanac igiintensiur molaparakebebs awarmoebda, xolo TansuCileri ufro ,,saxalxo-respublikuri’’ (deniz baikali)partiisaken ixreboda. koaliciis SemTxvevaSipremier-ministris postze Tansu Cileric da mesuTilmazic asaxelebdnen biulenT ejeviTis kandidaturas.Cilers da mis partias ilmazi ar surda ara-Tu premier-ministrad, aramed sagareo saqmeTa ministradacki.Tansu Cileris momxreebi daTviT ,,saxalxo-respublikuri’’partiis lideri deniz baikali, mesuTilmazis samTavrobo formulasmiiCnevda ,,omis taqtikad daara SeTanxmebad” da Tvlida, rom esiyo ,,dedasamSoblos’’ da misi liderismxridan ,,WeSmariti gzis’’partiis izolaciaSi moqcevis cda,rac maTi azriT qveyanas kargs arafersmoutanda.mesuT ilmazirac Seexeba ,,keTildReobis’’ partias, Tavdapirvelad masTan koaliciaze konkretulad axals arafersacxadebdnen, magram am partiisadmi mesuT ilmazisSedarebiT loialur damokidebulebas boloperiodSi politikosebi (devleT bahCeli, deniz baikali)aSkarad saubrobdnen.aseT viTarebaSi, roca partiebs Soris dava dadapirispireba ar neldeboda, sazogadoebrivi azriufro metad ixreboda im daskvnisaken, rom ,,TurqeTirCeboda qaosur situaciaSi da partiaTa liderebigons unda mosuliyvnen, raTa ar daeRupaT qveyana.”46
politikurma aramyarobam qveyanaSi ekonomikurimdgomareobis gauareseba gamoiwvia. arCevnebisSemdeg TurqeTSi axali ZaliT ifeTqa inflaciam, ramacfasebis mkveTri zrda gamoiwvia. energomatareblebisda benzinis fasma qveyanaSi 20-25%-iT moimata.15%-iT gaZvirda sasmelisa da Tambaqos nawarmi, 12%-iT Saqari da puri, 100%-iT safosto momsaxureba daa. S.1996 wlis ianvris monacemebiT Turquli lira,amerikul dolarTan mimarTebaSi TiTqmis 10 aTasierTeuliT daeca da Tebervlis dasawyisisaTvis erTiaSS dolari 65000 liras gauTanabrda. am faqtTan dakavSirebiTsainteresoa Tansu Cileris gancxadeba:,,nu SevqmniT qveyanaSi daZabulobas, nu avCqardebiT,nu movSliT ndobis im faqtors, romelic Cvens SorisdRemde arsebobs.” amiT man mimarTa mesuT ilmazs,romlis aqtiurobis negatiurobaze aSkarad miuTiTebdnen.1996 wlis martSi, jer Tansu Cileris mTavroba-Si yofnis dros, ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis zogierTiaqtivisti ecdeboda samxedro generalitetis xelmZRvanelobaSeiaraRebuli Zalebis SemadgenlobaSilocvis SezRudvis mcdelobaSi daedanaSaulebina,TiTqosda yazarmebSi amisaTvis aranairi pirobebi ararsebobda. samxedro xelmZRvanelobam am faqtTandakavSirebiT sazogadoebas auwya, rom islamuriorientaciis partia morwmuneebTan armiis dapirispirebas ver SeZlebda. maT meCeTebisa da skolebis Semdegarmiis SigniTac surdaT TavianTi RonisZiebebisganxorcieleba.” am faqtTan dakavSirebiT cnobiliTurqi sazogado moRvawe ali sirmeni aRniSnavda:,,qveyanaSi araviTari eWvi ar arsebobs imisa, rom ,,ke-47
TildReobis’’ partia armiasTan brZolas ganagrZobs.”faqtia, rom dapirispireba samxedroebsa daislamistebs Soris garkveul sakiTxebSi arsebobdada iarsebebda momavalSic.unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom ,,keTildReobis’’partiis taqtika am SemTxvevaSi metad mizanmimarTuliiyo. amiT isini cdilobdnen armia parlamentisaTvisdaepirispirebinaT, Semdeg ki es ukanaskneliarmiis winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebinaT. xelisuflebaSimosvlis SemTxvevaSi, partias ganzraxulihqonda saero mmarTvelobaSi garkveuli cvlilebebisSeetana. amis miRwevaSi maT ori mTavari dabrkoleba- presa da armia eRobebodaT.konstituciis Tanaxmad, politikur partiebseZleodaT 45 dRe SesaTanxmeblad da Tu am periodSiisini ver morigdebodnen, prezidenti daiTxovdaparlaments da dainiSneboda axaliarCevnebi.mesuT ilmazma, Tansu Ciler-Tan kavSiri arCia da Seqmna e. w.,,anaiolis” mTavroba mesuT ilmazisxelmZRvanelobiT, sadac premierisposti mas wlis bolomde undadaekavebina. 1997-1998 <strong>wlebSi</strong> masnejmeTTin erbaqani Tansu Cileri Secvlida, xolo1999 wels Zalauflebas kvlavilmazi daibrunebda. 1996 wlis dasawyisSi Tansu Cilermapremier-ministris Tanamdeboba Tavis partniormesuT ilmazs gadasca, ris Semdgomac maT Sorispolitikuri dapirispireba daiwyo. kerZod, ilmazmaxelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg Tansu Cilers Zvelicodvebi Seaxsena, moiTxova saidumlo saqmianobi-48
saTvis gaTvaliswinebuli ,,sapremiero fondis” Sesabamisidokumentebi da araregistrirebuli uZravmoZraviqonebis deklaracia. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT,sazogadoebaSi gavrcelda sxvadasxva mosazreba,TiTqosda mmarTveli partiebis dapirispireba gamowveuliiyo islamuri ,,keTildReobis’’ partiiswamqezeblobiT, raTa koaliciur mTavrobas seriozulisiZneleebi Seqmnoda.zemoxsenebulma faqtebma garkveulwilad daZabada gaarTula urTierToba koaliciaSi myof partiebsSoris. ris gamoc 1996 wlis 7 ivniss koalicia daiSala.1996 wlis 29 ivniss ,,WeSmariti gzis’’ da ,,ke-Tild Reobis’’ partiis molaparakebis Sedegad Seiqmnae. w. ,,refahiolis” koaliciuri mTavroba, sadacpremier-ministris Tanamdebobas monacvleobiT TansuCileri da nejmeTTin erbaqani daikavebdnen. mTavrobaspirveli swored es ukanaskneli Caudga saTave-Si. islamuri partiebi adrec monawileobdnen koaliciebSi,magram am SemTxvevaSi partia wamyvani lideris,samTavrobo koaliciis iniciatoris mdgomareobaSiaRmoCnda. misi lideri ki respublikis mTeliistoriis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad gaxda mTavrobismeTauri. es faqti gavlenianma Turqulma Jurnalma,,aqtuelma” Semdegnairad Seafasa: ,,qveynissistemaSi moxda im socialuri jgufebis integracia,romlebic adre sistemis sazRvrebidan iyvnen ga-Zevebulni.” 1996 wlis zafxulSi, samxedroebis iZulebiTiTanxmoba nejmeTTin erbaqanis xelisufleba-Si mosvlaze, sxvebTan erTad im faqtis dadasturebaa,rom respublikur TurqeTSi samxedro gadatrialebebisdro <strong>istoria</strong>s Cabarda. respublikis mmar-49
Tvelobis da laicizmis damcvelebi, arc aSS—is, arcevrokavSiris qveynebidan da arc sakuTari qveyniselitisagan grZnobdnen mxardaWerasa da Tanadgomas.nejmeTTin erbaqanma isargebla ra metoqeTa banakSiarsebuli ganxeTqilebiT, man ankarel ,,rkinisqalbatons” Tansu Cilers axal mTavrobaSi SesTavazasagareo saqmeTa ministris posti. imave dros isCilers dahpirda, rom erTxel da samudamod mougvarebdasasamarTlos mxridan mis korufciaSi braldebissakiTxs.politikuri eqsperimentis Sedegma ar daayovna.,,keTildReobis’’ partiis liderebis gamosvlebistoni (droebiT) sagrZnoblad Serbilda. maT TavianTsaprogramo debulebebs kidev erTi mniSvnelovanisiaxle daumates da ganacxades, rom ,,amieridan iyvnenara mxolod islamistebi, aramed demokrati islamistebi.”nejmeTTin erbaqanis mxridan diplomatiur nabijswarmoadgenda ,,laicizmis” dacvis niSniT Catarebuli,,keTildReobis’’ partiis yriloba, xoloSemdeg partiis xelmZRvanelebTan erTad mustafaqemal aTaTurqis mavzoleumis monaxuleba da gvirgviniTSemkoba. sapatio stumarTa wignSi erbaqanmaaRniSna, rom ,,yvelafers gaakeTebda aTaTurqis mierdaarsebuli respublikis kidev ufro gaZlierebisaTvis.”damswre sazogadoebas man isic ganucxada,rom „partiis mier aRiarebuli ,,erovnuli Sexedulebis”principebi qemalizmis principebis analogiuria.”niSandoblivia isic, rom mavzoleumis monaxulebisSemdeg nejmeTTin erbaqani qveynis prezidentsuleiman demirelsac eaxla, romelmac ,,premier-ministrslaicizmis gakveTilebi Cautara da50
urCia, rom ,,nu eZebda qveyanaSi amJamad arsebuli re-Jimis alternativas, umjobesi iyo misi dacva da ganmtkiceba.”mmarTvelobaSi mosvlis Semdeg islamuri orientaciis xelisuflebam armiasTan daiwyo frTxili politikisgatareba. jer kidev 1996 wlis martSi ,,ke-TildReobis’’ partiis aqtivistebi samxedro xelmZRvanelobasadanaSaulebdnen yazarmebSi jariskacebisaTvis locvis akrZalvaSi. ris sanacvlodacsamxedroebi acxadebdnen, rom ,,armias morwmuneeb-Tan veravin daapirispirebda.’’ mogvianebiT situaciaSeicvala. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri xasiaTi miiRo masSemdeg, rac ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis lidermafrTxilad, magram mainc Seaxsena sazogadoebas religiurilozungebi da konstituciaSi cvlilebebisSetanis gegmebi, romliTac daiwyo qveynis cxovreba-Si axali politikuri kursis gatareba.xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, ,,keTildReobis’’partiis liderebs da maT Soris gamocdil nejmeTTinerbaqansac, Tavdapirvelad egonaT, rom isiniSeZlebdnen reJimis Seucvlelad mmarTvelobaSiZalTa axali balansis Seqmnas. ukidures SemTxvevaSi,sazogadoebis Zlieri mxardaWeriT ganaxorcielebdnenamas. magram, rogorc cxadi gaxda, partiis kadrebisZiriTadma nawilma mocda ar isurva da rakiRaisini aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da parlamentSiSedarebiT umravlesobiT movidnen, maT xelSi gadavidaqveynis umsxvilesi qalaqebis - stambolisa daankaris municipalitetebis mmarTveloba, ,,niRabiCamoixsnes” da mokle droSi gamoaaSkaraves TavianTisamuSao gegmebi. kerZod, partiis axladarCeuli saparlamentojgufis pirvelive sxdoma religiuri51
atributikisa da simbolikis aRdgeniT mimdinareobda,Sesrulda locvebi Turqul da arabul enebze.parlamentSi Sedga mokle diskusiac Temaze: ,,saWiroiyo Tu ara deputatis ficis teqstSi terminis ,,saerosaxelmwifos” SenarCuneba da Sesabamisi warmoTqma”da sxva. locvis Sesrulebis Semdeg Tavis gamosvlaSierbaqanma deputatebs Seaxsena, rom „ankaraSi70 welze meti xnis winaT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> didi erovnulimejlisis piveli sxdomac locviT daiwyo.”sazogadoebisa da zogierTi saero partiebisliderTa yuradReba im periodSi mipyrobili iyopremier-ministris mier oficialur samTavrobo rezidenciaSimowyobil religiur ceremonialze, esiyo saramazano trapezi, romelzec miwveulni iyvnen<strong>TurqeTis</strong> religiuri sazogadoebebisa da ordenebisliderebi. am RonisZiebis protestis niSnad ,,saxalxo-respublikuri’’ partiis xelmZRvanelobam rezidenciiskedelTan Savi gvirgvinic ki dadga. im dReebSi<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sazogadoebis erTi nawili gamoTqvamdamosazrebas, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saxelmwifos religiis kontrolisqveS gadasvlaze. ,,romel qemalizmze, saeroebaze,respublikur kanonebsa da Tanamedrove samar-Talze SeiZleba visaubroT, roca umaRles saxelmwifoebrivsafexurze tarikaTebis upirateso basa dabatonobas ayeneben. sanam qveda eSelonebSi grZeldebakamaTi tarikaTebis, Calmis, Teqas, religiuri eqspluataciisSesaxeb, premier-ministri samTavroborezidenciaSi ordenTa Seixebs iRebs... riTac, Tanamedroverespublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> yvela struqturas,mis yvela elementsa da kanons TiTo panRursamohkravs.”52
ufro frTxil Sefasebas iZleoda cnobili Turqipolitologi x. biliasi - ,,qveynis politikaSi arsebulisiZneleebi mainc ar iqna gadalaxuli da armoxda xalxis damSvideba, piriqiT, qveyanaSi Seiqmnaaxali problemebi. aseT viTarebaSi ki SeuZlebeliajansaR ekonomikaze saubari.” faqtia, rom xelisuflebasuZneldeboda am sferoSi raime RonisZiebisgatareba.xelisuflebaSi „islamuri” partiis mosvlisSemdeg, sagrZnoblad Seicvala damokidebuleba islamurorganizaciebTan. TurqeTs, rogorc tradiciulmuslimur qveyanas, 90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> gansakuTrebuliadgili uWiravs muslimur samyaroSi da aqtiurrols asrulebs islamur saxelmwifoebTan ekonomikurda savaWro TanamSromlobis gafarToebaSi.1995 wlis bolos TurqeTSi daarsda islamur —evraziuli sabWo. nejmeTTin erbaqanis TanadgomiTada xelmZRvanelobiT stambolSi Seikriba rva islamurisaxelmwifos warmomadgeneli, romelTa mizaniiyo TanamSromlobis ganviTareba da erToblivi, konkretuliproeqtebis realizacia.1996 wlis 9 noembers, ankaraSi, islamuri qveynebiskonferenciis — „TanamSromloba da ganviTareba,”sameTvalyureo komitetis sxdomaze, premier-ministrerbaqanis winadadebiT daadgines SeeqmnaT dasavluriSvideulis msgavsi islamuri ,,rvaTa kavSiri.”,,axali samyaros warmoSobis dRe” - ase uwodanejmeTTin erbaqanma — <strong>TurqeTis</strong>, egviptis, iranis,pakistanis, malaiziis, bangladeSis, indoneziis danigeriis warmomadgenelTa Sexvedras. forumze „diasaxlisis”garda mxolod iranma da indoneziam gamogzavnessaxelmwifos maRali rangis xelmZRvane-53
lebi, xolo danarCenma xuTma qveyanam ki mxolod saxelisuflomoxeleebi.axali organizaciis wevrTa pirveli oficialuriSexvedra 1997 wlis 4 ianvars Sedga. ankaraSi gamarTulsamitze sityviT gamosulma premierma erbaqanmaaRniSna, rom ,,am Sexvedris mizani iyo ara martoislamuri, aramed yvela ganviTarebuli qveynebiserT jgufad gaerTianeba.” ,,rvaTa kavSiris” strategiuligegma ki gulisxmobda ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebzedasavleTis industriuli qveynebis dominirebisdasrulebas. perspeqtivaSi gaTvaliswinebuliiyo masSi Sua aziis yofili sabWoTa muslimuri respublikebisCarTvac, rasac saboloo jamSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>Zalauflebis qveS mZlavri islamuri politikurida ekonomikuri ,,kavSiris” Camoyalibeba mohyveboda.,,rvianis” Semdgomi Sexvedra daniSnuli iyo 1998wlis noember-dekemberSi, magram qveynaSi SeqmniliSida politikuri daZabulobis gamo is ar Sedga.islamistebis mier respublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sa-Sinao cxovrebaSi dawyebulma RonisZiebebma, romlebicsaero xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo, samxedrogeneralitetis, partiebis da politikur moRvaweTaukmayofileba gamoiwvia. isini konstituciis,mustafa qemal aTaTurqis mier SemuSavebuliqveynis demokratiuli da laicisturi ganviTarebisgzis mxardaWeras moiTxovdnen.islamuri orientaciis partiis moRvaweobas gamoexmaurnen<strong>TurqeTis</strong> wamyvani politikuri partiebisliderebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen ,,ke-TildReobis’’ partiis saqmianobas da moiTxovdnen,,refahiolis” koaliciuri mTavrobis daSlas. amfaqtTan dakavSirebiT, ,,saxalxo - respublikuri’’54
partiis lideris deniz baikalis azriT, ,,TurqeTSidaZabulobam iseT zRvars miaRwia, rom misi ganmuxtvaSeuZlebeli xdeboda, Tu ,,refahis” mTavroba argadadgeboda”. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis lideri mesuT ilmazi kategoriulad acxadebda, rom ,,umokles dReebSi amJamindelimTavroba daemxoboda da mis adgils farTo platformismqone axali xelisufleba daikavebda, romelSicislamur partias adgili aRar eqneboda.’’,,memarcxene - demokratiuli’’ partiis lidermabiulenT ejeviTma Tavis sajaro gamosvlaSi absurdiuwoda erbaqanis miznebs, rom is ,,gaaerTianebda islamistebsda amiT daupirispirdeboda araislamursamyaros.” aqedan gamomdinare, isini saero mmarTvelobis politikur Zalebs mouwodebdnen gaerTianebisaken.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao cxovrebaSi Seqmnili rTuliviTarebis gamo, prezidenti suleiman demireli iZulebuligaxda, 1997 wlis 6 Tebervals televiziiT gamosuliyoda gaekritikebina TaqsimSi (stambolSicentraluri ubani) meCeTis mSeneblobisa da umaRlessaswavleblebSi qalebis TavsaburiT siarulisxelSe mwyobi RonisZiebebi. antilaicistur gamosvlebzesuleiman demirelma ganacxada, rom ,,aravisaqvs ufleba iTamaSos moqalaqeTa religiur mrwamsze.nuravin ecdeba religiis rogorc politikuriaraRad gamoyenebas. religiis politizacia Secdomaa.arsebuli krizisidan ki qveynis gamoyvanis erTaderTisaSualeba axali saparlamento arCevnebis daniSvnaa.”qveyanaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas gulgrilad verxvdebodnen samxedroebi. isini sakiTxis erovnuli55
uSiSroebis sabWoze gamotanas da ganxilvas moiTxovdnen.prezidentma demirelma kargad icoda, romsakiTxis amgvarad dayeneba qveyanaSi daZabavda situacias,amitom sakiTxi dekembris sxdomaze ar gaitana.Tumca, generalurma Stabma prezidentis gverdis avliTTviTon daiwyo moqmedeba. samxedroebma generaluriStabis ufrosis ismail qaradais brZanebiT Camoayalibese. w. „dasavleTis samuSao jgufi,” romelicdakavebuli iyo sxvadasxva vilaieTebSi sadazvervoinformaciis SegrovebiT. isini saxelmwifomoxeleebze adgendnen monacemebs. genStabis mier daniSnuliStabis oficrebi akontrolebdnen saministroebs,saxelisuflebo organoebs da sxva.samxedro xelmZRvanelobam „dasavleTis samu-Sao jgufis” mier momzadebuli masalis Sesabamisaddaiwyo e. w. „qariSxlis operacia.” suleiman demirelsisRa darCenoda, Segueboda Seqmnil viTarebas.1997 wlis 23 ianvars, goljuqSi samxedro xelmZRvanelobamCaatara wvrTnebi, romliTac gaafrTxilaxelisufleba, magram islamistebi ukan ar ixevdnen.meore dRes ,,islamurma biznesmenTa sabWom’’ miiRodadgenileba - „demokratizaciis perspeqtivebi TurqeTSi,”sadac mTavari aqcenti genStabis erovnuliTavdacvis saministrosadmi daqvemdebarebisa dauSiSroebis sabWos gauqmebaze iyo gadatanili.1997 wlis 1 Tebervals sinjanis municipalitetiskulturis ganyofilebis xelSewyobiT Teatrisscenaze dadges „ierusalimis dRisadmi” miZRvniliwarmodgena, romelic religiur xasiaTs atarebda.am faqtma Zalovanebsa da islamis momxreebs Soriskidev ufro daZaba isedac rTuli urTierTobebi. 4Tebervals eTimesguTis javSansatanko nawilebis56
saswavlo-mosamzadebeli diviziis kuTvnili 20-mdetankisa da samxedro jarisagan Semdgari eqskortisinjanis quCebSi gamovida. samxedro teqnikis qalaq-Si gamoCena sazogadoebis garkveuli fenisaTvis metadmniSvnelovani movlena iyo. sinjanis municipalitets,islamur qalaqad gadaqceva undoda, romlisTvisacbevri ram gaakeTa. sakuTar ilCeSi akrZalasasmelis gayidva, axali wlis win indaurebiT vaWroba,radgan misi azriT es qristianuli tradiciaiyo. Tanac sinjanSi dadgmul speqtakls iranis sagangeboda sruluflebiani elCi myriza bagheri eswreboda.sityviT gamosvlisas man ,,keTildReobis’’partias mouwoda: „nu SeSindebiT, Tu fundamentalistebsdagiZaxeben.” es yvelaferi tankebis quCaSigamoyvanis mizezi gaxda. male aRniSnuli municipalitetisTavmjdomare saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetismier iqna dapatimrebuli. rogorc mogvianebiTgairkva, tankebis quCaSi gamoyvanis gadawyvetilebagenStabis ufross da jarebis sardlebs erToblivadmiuRiaT.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi reaqcionerebisparalelurad terorizmis winaaRmdegac ganagrZobdnen brZolas. 1997 wlis 16 Tebervals erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWom mTavrobas „terorizmTan brZolis,problemebisa da gadawyvetis gzebis Sesaxebmoxseneba warudgina.” moxsenebaSi mocemuli iyo informaciadeputatebis xelSeuxeblobis da qurTimosaxleobis sul ufro zrdis Sesaxeb, romelSicnaTqvami iyo, rom arsebobs safrTxe imisa, rom qurTimosaxleoba gaaswrebda Turquls. iqve SemoTavazebuliiyo qurTi mosaxleobis SezRudvis winadadebebic.57
eaqciis winaaRmdeg brZolis frontze ki SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Seudgnen „centraluri samoqalaqoiniciativis” mier 1 Tebervalidan dawyebul sinaTlisCaqrobis kampanias. es iyo erTgvari protestisforma reaqciis winaaRmdeg.aqedan gamomdinare, 1997 wlis TebervalSi samxedrogeneralitetma erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWoSidaiwyo ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis winaaRmdeg brZola.,,keTildReobis,” rogorc samTavrobo partiissaqmianobam dasavleTisa da evropis rigi saxelmwifoebis(aSS, inglisi, safrangeTi) da TviT <strong>TurqeTis</strong>politikuri elita aiZula, qveyanaSi islamuri reJimisaRdgenis saSiSroebaze xmamaRla ganecxadebinaT.xelisuflebaSi ,,refahis” mosvlis Semdeg sistemamTvisobrivad axali, aCqarebuli, inerciuli TviTganviTarebadaiwyo, romelic sul ufro naklebad iTvaliswinebdamravali wlis manZilze gamomuSavebulisaero reJimis arsebobis qcevis normebs. samxedrogeneraliteti, aRniSnuli partiis ,,islamuri” saqmianobisgamo Tavdapirvelad mxolod muqaris gamomxatvelisajaro gancxadebebiT ifargleboda. 1997wlis 5 Tebervals armiis xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiTmowveuli iqna erovnuli uSiSroebis sab-Wos sxdoma, romelzec ganixiles islamuri ,,keTildReobis’’partiis sakiTxi.erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomis win (1997wlis 28 Tebervali) qveyanaSi gavrcelda xmebi mosalodnelisamxedro gadatrialebis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb.am nabijs genStabis meTauri qaradai im SemTxvevaSimimarTavda, Tuki ,,keTildReobis’’ partia konstituciissawinaaRmdego saqmianobas ar Sewyvetda.58
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomamde oridRiT adre, suleiman demireli qveynis „jansaR” sazogadoebasqveyanaSi irTijas saSiSroebasTan dakav-SirebiT Seqmnil situaciaze auwyebda. ,,Tu qveyanaSireligiis sakiTxebSi kanonis sawinaaRmdego politikagatardeba, es niSnavs, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikaSi kanonebisarSesrulebas, riTac irRveva konstitucia,misi me-14 da 24-e muxlebi - kanoni politikuri partiebisSesaxeb. dRevandeli saero reJimi ki terorizmTanbrZolis Sesaxeb daculia kanoniT (1—li, me-7 da me-8 mux¬lebi), sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT(312-e muxli)... saxelmwifos Tavis dasacavad kanonieriuflebebi gaaCnia da Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebamaT cxovrebaSi gaatarebs, SeSfoTebis sababiaRar iarsebebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki saubariiqneba saxelmwifo meqanizmis naklovanebebze. qveyanaSiar SeiZleba ara marto islamis, aramed saeroobispolitizirebac, radgan arsebuli reJimi saerokanonebiT saimedod aris daculi.”aqedan gamomdinare, prezidentma suleiman demirelma1997 wlis 28 Tebervals moiwvia erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWos sxdoma, romelmac <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikurcxovrebaSi, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiwarmoaCina. kerZod: erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo,romelic qveynis prezidentTan arsebul saTaTbiroxmis uflebis mqone struqturaa, moulodnelad zemdgommakontrolebel organod Camoyalibda da rogorcTurqul sazogadoebaSi ambobdnen ,,sul mokledroSi SesaZlebeli iyo qveynis yvelaze saWirborotosakiTxebis ganxilvis da gadawyvetis uflebac misxelSi gadasuliyo.” Tu es ase moxdeboda, <strong>TurqeTis</strong>politikur cxovrebaSi daiwyeboda sruliad axali59
etapi. roca mTavrobis yoveli moqmedeba erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWos meTvalyureobis da kontrolissagani gaxdeboda da es ukanaskneli mis saqmianobaSiCaereoda maSin, Tu amisi aucilebloba Seiqmneboda.erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze msjelobissagani gaxda qveyanaSi arsebuli mmarTvelobiswesis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli is qmedebebi, romelicdemokratiul-laicistur da socialur-samarTlebrivsaxelmwifos emuqreboda da TurqeTSi Zvel yavlagasul,dromoWmul wes-Cveulebebis aRdgena-damkvidrebasisaxavda miznad. sxdomaze warmodgeniliiyo islamistTa saqmianobis damadasturebeli faqtebi,romelic laicisturi saxelmwifos Secvlisakeniyo mimarTuli.qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobidan gamomdinare uSiSroebis sabWom SeimuSava oci ZiriTadidebuleba, romelic aucilebeli gaxda respublikuri,laicisturi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> dasacavad:1. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Setanili iqnascvlileba da daematos punqti — antilaicisturimimdinareobebisagan qveynis dacvis Sesaxeb;2. aTaTurqis reformebis da saxelmwifo wyobiswinaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebis aRkveTis mizniTmoxdes adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sakanonmdeblobazis srulyofa;3. aikrZalos aTaTurqis mier miRebuli kanonisdarRveviT sxva romelime iseTi direqtiuli gadawyvetilebebismiReba da amoqmedeba, romelic moqalaqeebsuflebas miscems saxelmwifo organoebSi samsaxurisdros religiuri xasiaTis samoseliT iaron;4. meti yuradReba mieqces davas, qveyanaSi samoselisTaobaze arsebuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb.60
aRniSnuli kanoniT ikrZaleba religiuri tanisamosiTsiaruli oficialur dawesebulebebSi;5. zemoaRniSnuli ori punqtis moTxovnaTaSesrulebis mizniT Seiqmnas specialuri sakoordinaciocentri;6. Seivsos da daixvewos arsebuli kanonmdeblobaqalaqebis, merebis iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobisamaRlebis, agreTve maTi dasjis axali meqanizmis SemoRebisTvalsazrisiT (am punqtiT, sabWo gansakuTrebiTamaxvilebs yuradRebas qalaqis merebis mierTavis partiebTan urTierTobis sakiTxebis mogvarebaze);7. TurqeTSi arsebuli yuranis Semswavlelikursebi daeqvemdebaros qveynis ganaTlebis saministros;8. sasamarTlo organoebis damoukideblobis gafarToebisda maTze partiuli zewolis aRkveTismizniT, axleburad daregulirdes urTierTobebismeqanizmi prokuraturasa da iusticiis saministrosSoris;9. momzaddes axali kanoni SeiaraRebuli Zalebidanreligiuri motiviT daTxovnil samxedro mosamsaxureTasaxelmwifo struqturebSi muSaobisdawyebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb;10. momzaddes kanonmdebloba mosaxleobaSi arsebulipnevmaturi iaraRis (Tofebis) aucilebeliregistraciis Sesaxeb;11. SemuSavdes kanonmdebloba saxelmwifostruqturebSi kadrebis politikuri SexedulebebisSerCevis TvalsazrisiT;12. presaSi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTulida qveynis konstituciis ZiriTadi muxlebis sawinaa61
Rmdego publikaciebis gamoqveynebisaTvis pasuxismgeblis mizniT moqmed kanonSi Setanili iqnas Sesabamisicvlilebebi da dauyonebliv amoqmeddes kanonisaxali redaqcia;13. yvela religiuli mimdinareoba Tu islamurijemaaTi, ayvanil iqnas mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS,xolo mrevlis wevrebs Soris fulis agroveba aikrZalos;14. Seswavlil iqnas tarikaTebisa da jemaaTebisfinansuri wyaroebi da maT winaaRmdeg amoqmeddeskanoni e. w. ,,Savi fulis” Sesaxeb;15. kontrolze iqnas ayvanili islamuri koncernebi,holdingebi, agreTve maTi xelmZRvanelebisa dabiznesmenebis moRvaweoba;16. safuZvlianad iqnas Seswavlili islamuriholdingebis mier e. w. ,,arakanonieri gzebiT naSovnifulis kanonier kapitalad qcevis operaciaTa” Sesaxebukve mokvleuli informacia da miRebul iqnas Sesabamisizomebi;17. erovuli uSiSroebis sabWo win unda aRudgestarikaTebisa da islamuri dajgufebebis gamalebulmilitarizacias;18. Seuwydes saxelmwifo stipendia da ukan iqnangamoZaxebuli ucxoeTSi mivlinebuli is studentebi,romlebic propagandas uweven religiuri saxelmwifosSeqmnis ideas;19. mTeli ZaliT amoqmeddes konstituciis 174-emuxli, ,,revoluciuri mdgomareobis kanonebis Sesaxeb;”20. aRikveTos germaniidan, iranidan, libanidanda saudis arabeTidan TurqeTSi Semosuli sxvadasxvasaxis yovelgvari Semowirulobani da finansuri62
sufsidiebi, romlebic modis ,,refahistTa” erT-er-Ti axalgazrduli organizaciis — ,,erovnuli axalgazrdobisfondis” saxelze.debulebis sisruleSi moyvanis mizniT erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWos struqturaSi Seiqmna specialuridanayofi, romlis muSaoba kontroldeboda uSiSroebissabWos mdivnis - armiis generalis ilhan qiliCismier.1997 wlis 28 Tebervlis dadgenilebas, mcireSesworebebis Semdeg samxedroebma xeli moaweres 1marts. magram nejmeTTin erbaqanma dadgenilebazexelmowera aRar isurva da qveyanaSi ,,xelmoweriskrizisad” cnobili xuTdRiani epopea daiwyo. erbaqanimZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. xelmowera ,,ke-TildReobis’’ partiis mier sakuTar ideologiazeuaris Tqmis tolfasi iyo. 5 dRiani winaaRmdegobisSemdeg is iZulebuli gaxda xeli moewera dokumentisaTvis.erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos Tebervlis ultimatumma kidev ufro gaaZliera islamuri orientaciispartiis gancxadebebi saero reJimsa da samxedrogeneralitetis winaaRmdeg. rasac qveyanaSi islamistTamasobrivi gamosvlebi mohyva.1997 wlis 11 maiss stambolSi, sulTan axmedismoedanze ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis deputatebis, 142islamuri organizaciis, imam-haTibebis 23 skolismoswavleTa da maswavlebelTa monawileobiT gaimar-Ta ,,islamis gzis’’ momxreTa 30 - aTasiani mitingi. mitingzecal-calke idgnen Savsamosiani qalebi, wverosanimamakacebi da dolbandiani 5-6 wlis biWunebi.organizatorebs gamotanili hqondaT Semdegi Sina-63
arsis lozungebi: ,,xelebi Sors imam-haTibebis skolebisagan,~,,SariaTi an sikvdili,~ ,,Zirs diqtatura,~zog droSaze arabulad ewera: ,,aq TurqeTia daara israeli.~SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis saTaveSimosulma islamurma mTavrobam, xelT igdo qveyanaSiZiriTadi marTvis meqanizmebi. ramdenime Tvis SemdegTavi daanebes Turqul sazogadoebaSi sakuTari gavlenisrealuri xarisxis Secnobas. kerZod, arCevnebzewarmateba aRiqves ara TavianTi socialuri lozungebis,aramed ideologiis mxardaWerad da es warmatebaistoriul Sansad CaTvales.xelisufalTa qmedebam qveynis sazogadoebriobakidev ufro SeaSfoTa, rasac sapasuxo, antiislamisturikampania mohyva. mTavrobisa da adgilobrivixelisuflebis organoebSi ,,keTildReobis’’ partiismomxreebs <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SariaTuli reJimisaken Semobrunebasada qveyanaSi saero xelisuflebis safuZvlebisnel—nela Seryevis mcdelobaSi adanaSaulebdnen.xelisuflebis mimarT mZafri kritikiT gamovidaqveynis kerZo seqtoris yvelaze gavlenianiorganizaciis - <strong>TurqeTis</strong> savaWro, samrewvelo palatebisada birJebis kavSiris xelmZRvaneloba. sazogadoebaSiki gaxSirda xelisuflebidan ,,refahis~gaZevebis moTxovnebi. ramdenime dRis Semdeg, ,,refahi~dagmes <strong>TurqeTis</strong> umsxvilesma profkavSirulmagaerTianebebmac. konfederaciis Tavmjdomarem TurqiSmeralma ganacxada, ,,xalxs axlandeli mTavrobismimarT araviTari ndoba aRar gaaCnia, msoflios saqmianiwreebi undoblobas ganicdis, ramac investiciebiSeaCera, mTavroba ki socialuri principebisuaryofas apirebs. saero sazogadoebam yoveli Rone64
unda ixmaros, xelisuflebidan ,,keTildReobis’’partiis wasasvlelad.~miuxedavad „politikuri eqsperimentisa,’’ <strong>TurqeTis</strong>saSinao cxovrebaSi kvlav ifeTqa krizisma. 1997wlis 1 marts ankaraSi Sedga erovnuli uSiSroebissabWos morigi sxdoma, romelzec sabolood unda gadawyvetiliyo,,refahiolis~ koaliciuri mTavrobisbedi. radganac, opoziciur Zalasa da sazogadoebriobassurda naTlad daenaxa, aris Tu ara marTlaciseTi harmoniuli da idealuri koaliciis mTavrobispartnioruli urTierTobani, rogorsac amasnejmeTTin erbaqani da Tansu Cileri xatavdnen.ministrTa kabinetis sxdomis win Cilerma SekribaTavisi partiis wevri ministrebi da ganucxada,rom erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze konkretuliprogramis gamotanas apirebda, romelic miznadisaxavda TurqeTSi yuranis kerZo kursebis akrZalvasada imam-haTibebis skolebze meTvalyureobisdawesebas. agreTve, laicizmis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebiskontrolze ayvanas da sxva.saparlamento koaliciaSi Semavalma Cilerispartiam, ministrTa kabinetis sxdomis win mkveTraddaZaba urTierToba koaliciaSi Semaval islamurpartiasTan, rac SemdgomSi seriozuli ganxeTqilebissababic ki gaxda.ministrTa kabinetis 1997 wlis 1 martis sxdomasfarTo gamoxmaureba mohyva Turqul presaSi. gaz.,,Turqie~ mas ,,istoriuls~ uwodebda da dasZenda,rom ,,koaliciuri mTavroba yovelnairad Seecdebaqveynis saxelmwifo moxeleTa didi nawilis gulismogebas xelfasebis 30%-iT momatebiT.~ yuradReba65
iyo gamaxvilebuli, qveyanaSi rvawliani savaldebuloganaTlebis SemoRebis aucileblobazec, romelic,,axalgazrdebis laicisturi suliskveTebiTaRzrdas Seuwyobda xels.~gaz. ,,sabah~—is cnobiT, ,,rvawliani ganaTlebisSemoRebis gadawyvetilebis miReba drouli da saWiroiyo, radganac bolo <strong>wlebSi</strong> qveyanaSi mkveTradgaizarda imam-haTibebis skolaTa ricxvi. 1997 wlis-Tvis qveyanaSi moqmed 473 yuranis kursebis saxelwodebiTcnobil skolaSi, 5 aTasze meti bavSvi swavlobda.’’erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos araerTi gafrTxilebismiuxedavad, islamuri partiebi da organizaciebiyvelanairi xerxiTa da meTodebiT agrZelebdnensakuTari miznebis realizebas. 1997 wlis 11 maiss,,keTildReobis partiis iniciativiT, stambolSigaimarTa mravalaTasiani mitingi, sadac antilaicisturilozungebi da respublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sawinaaRmdegomoTxovnebi daufaravad iyo warmodgenili.TurqeTSi islamuri partiis gaaqtiurebas xelisuflebismxridan mohyva masobrivi zewola. kerZod,1997 wlis 21 maiss <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sakasacio sasamarTlosmTavarma prokurorma vural savaSma ,,keTildReobis’’partiis daxurvis moTxovniT, sakonstituciosasamarTloSi sarCeli Seitana. pres-konferenciazeman ganacxada, rom ,,qveyanaSi saeroobis principisdamrRvev qmedebaTa arsebobis gamo aucilebeli gaxdaislamuri partiis daxurvaze sarCelis aRZvra.~male TurqeTSi gamoCnda es vrceli dokumenti bro-Suris saxiT, romelSic asze met gverdze mmarTvelobissawinaaRmdego mravalricxovani darRvevebi iyo66
Camoyalibebuli. daskvnaSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis mTeli istoriis manZilzeqveyana arasodes mdgara reaqciis iseTi saSiSroebiswinaSe rogorc axlaa.~sazogadoebaSi daiwyes nejmeTTin erbaqanis mierwarmoTqmuli antilaicisturi gamonaTqvamebisada qmedebebis deklarireba. am faqts daerTo ,,keTildReobis’’partiaSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareoba. amTvalsazrisiT sainteresoa ,,refahis~ partiis (yofili)generaluri mdivnis, parlamentis deputatis aidinmenderesis sensaciuri gancxadeba, romelic erbaqanispolitikiT ukmayofilo iyo da protestisniSnad, momxre parlamentarebTan erTad iZulebuligaxda ,,gadamdgariyo generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobidan da gadasuliyo opoziciaSi.~ Aaidin menderesssruli mxardaWera gamoucxades koaliciis meorewevris ,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partiis deputatTa jgufma,ministrebma i. aqTunam da i. erezisma, romlebmacukmayofileba gamoxates Tansu Cileris ,,refahTan~kavSiris gamo.,,refahis~ winaaRmdeg protestebiTa da braldebebiTTurqeTSi gamodiodnen politikosebi, publicistebi,literatorebi, Jurnalistebi da a. S. uxucesiTurqi mwerali oqTai aqbali ,,refahis~ erT-er-Ti deputatis Sesaxeb werda: ,,parlamentSi yvelaferia- gineba, wyevla, magram yvelaze metia bodva... SeiZlebaTu ara mejlisSi iseTi adamianebi iyvnen,romlebic uxeSobis, ginebis koriantels ayeneben?roca aseTi pirovnebebi sxdomis darbazSi sxedan,yvela deputatma dauyovnebliv unda datovos darbazi...,magram ,,refahis~ wevrebia gamonaklisi, gana,,refahis~ mizani da amocana <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis67
likvidacia da SariaTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnaa? rasamwuxaroa, rom SariaTis gundis damangrevel saqmianobazeqveyanaSi ukanasknel dRemde xuWaven Tvals.~rTuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, qveynis sazogadoebisazri orad gaiyo, erTni, koaliciuri mTavrobispozicias myar nabijad miiCnevdnen, xolo meorenawils ki miaCnda, rom nejmeTTin erbaqanis mTavrobaveRar gauZlebda morig dawolas da armia masgadadgomas aiZulebda.~gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom mTavrobis gadadgomises moTxovna axali ZaliT daiwyo moaxloebulierovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomis win (1997wlis 26 maisi), romelic saero, demokratiuli reJimisdacvisaTvis adre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisSesrulebis sakiTxebs ganixilavda.1997 wlis 26 maiss Seikriba erovnuli uSiSroebissabWo, sadac ganixiles reaqcionerebidan momdinareSida saSiSroebis sakiTxi. sxdomaze gadawydaarmiidan 61 oficrisa da 100 unter-oficris daTxovna.romelTagan daaxloebiT 90% reaqcioneri, danar-Ceni ki ukiduresad memarcxene iyo. nejmeTTin erbaqaniiZulebuli gaxda am gadawyvetilebazec moeweraxeli.ivnisSi genStabma daiwyo erTi meores miyolebiTbrifingebis Catareba, sadac bolo dros qveyana-Si Seqmnili movlenebi ganixileboda. 1997 wlis 10 maiss,,keTildReobis’’ partiis wevrma, iusticiis ministrmaSevqeT qazanma mosamarTleebsa da prokurorebsbrifingze wasvla aukrZala. miuxedavad amisa,genStabi mainc agrZelebda muSaobas.68
1997 wlis 11 ivniss morig brifingze genStabisdazvervis sammarTvelos ufrosi generali CeTin sanerisityviT gamovida, man aRniSna, rom ,,konstituciis pirveli, meore da meoTxe muxlebisa da Sidasamsaxureobrivi kanonis 35-e muxlis Sesabamisad<strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebis pirveli movaleobaalaicisturi da demokratiuli wyobis dacva.~ generalimouwodebda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> yvela moqalaqes, ebr-ZolaT reaqciis winaaRmdeg. Sexvedraze generalmafevzi Turqerma xazi gausva TurqeTSi moqmedi islamuriorientaciis 2500 sazogadoebis, 500 fondis,1000 firmis, 800 skolis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. manvemoxsenebaSi aRniSna, rom TurqeTSi moRvaweobda 5aTasi Seixi, 6 romelTa umetesoba qurTuli warmoSobisaiyo da sxva.armiasa da ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis dapirispirebayvelaze wamgebiani koaliciis meore subieqtis,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partiisaTvis gamodga. rac dro gadioda,miT ufro meti deputati gadioda partiidan.Tansu Cileri xedavda, rom partia eSleboda. manjgufis wevrebTan erTad CaTvala, rom erTaderTi gamosavalimisi gapremiereba iqneboda. Cileris gaangariSebiTgapremierebiT TviTonac gadarCeboda damTavrobac. amitom man nejmeTTin erbaqans mouwoda18 ivnisamde gadamdgariyo.erbaqani ki Tavis mxriv ar endoboda Cilers. igiSemodgomisaTvis riggareSe saparlamento arCevnebisCatarebas da politikuri partiebis Sesaxeb ka-6Seix-i [arab. šeih] - arabul qveynebSi: 1. gvaris meTauri; soflismamasaxlisi. 2.muslimTa umaRlesi sasuliero piri, RvTismetyveli dasamarTlismcodne.69
nonSi cvlilebebis Setanas moiTxovda, raTa daxurvisaganexsna ,,keTildReobis’’ partia.1997 wlis ivnisis dasawyisSi, viTareba qveyanaSiimdenad rTuli Seiqmna, rom mas mohyva koaliciurimTavrobis daSla.1997 wlis 18 ivniss s. demirelis gadawyvetilebiTislamisti premieri nejmeTTin erbaqani gadaayenesdakavebuli Tanamdebobidan. imave wlis 30 ivnissprezidentma axali kabinetis dakompleqteba daavalamesuT ilmazs‚ romelmac ,,memarcxene—demokratiuli’’da ,,demokratiuli <strong>TurqeTis</strong>’’ partiis mxardaWeriTCamoayaliba 55-e e. w. ,,anasoldes~ mTavroba,romelic samxedroTa mxardaWeriT kargad sargeblobda.pirveli seriozuli nabiji, romelic ,,anasoldes~mTavrobam gadadga, iyo rvawliani savaldebuloswavlebis SemoReba, sadac kanoni am donis saswavlodawesebulebebSi erTiani saxelmwifo programebissavaldebulo gamoyenebas da religiis swavlebisregulirebasac iTvaliswinebda (rac saganmanaTleblosistemaSi islamistebis poziciebis Sesustebasisaxavda miznad).islamistebze zewola mTavrobis Secvlis SemdegacgagrZelda. partiis uniaTobam ara marto samxedroebisguliswyroma, aramed laicisturi sazogadoebriviazris ukmayofilebac gamoiwvia.islamistebis damokidebuleba saxelmwifoskonstituciuri wyobisadmi orazrovani iyo da maTimxridan <strong>TurqeTis</strong>, rogorc laicisturi saxelmwifosmxardaWera mkveTrad ar iyo dafiqsirebuli. ma-Teuli demokratiis gageba zogjer mxolod qalebis70
uflebebiT Semoifargleboda. garda amisa, gaCnda eWvi,rom ,,keTildReobis’’ partias kavSiri hqonda islamursamxedro dajgufebebTan.generaluri prokuroris v. savaSis sasamarTlogamoZieba islamuri ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis saqmianobisSesaxeb rva Tvis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda.warmodgenili iyo mravali iseTi dokumenti, romelicewinaaRmdegeboda konstitucias. mediaSi gavrcelebuliinformaciiT, dokumentebis SeswavlaSi,mniSvnelovani roli samxedroebis iniciativiT Seqmnilmae. w. ,,dasavleTis samuSao jgufma~ Seasrula.romlis mier warmodgenil angariSSi moyvanili iyopartiis mier qveyanaSi laicizmis damxobis mizniTislamuri organizaciebisa da radikaluri gaerTianebebisaganmsxvili finansebis miRebis faqtebi. moxsenebaSiagreTve warmodgenili iyo dokumentebigermaniaSi ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis safarvel qveSmoqmedi ori islamuri sazogadoebis - „erovnuli Sexedulebisevropuli ganyofilebis~ da „erovnuliaxalgazrdobis vakufis~ - saqmianobis Sesaxeb.1998 wlis 16 ianvars <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sakonstituciosasamarTlom akrZala ,,keTildReobis’’ partia, misimTeli qoneba xazinas gadaeca, xolo partiis TavmjdomaresnejmeTTin erbaqansa da kidev xuT xelmZRvanelsSevqeT kazans, ahmeT Tuqadals, SevqeT ilmazs,hasan husein jelans da halil ibrahim CeliqsxuTi wliT aekrZalaT politikuri moRvaweoba (maTaekrZalaT agreTve sxva partiis daarseba, xelmZRvanelobada wevroba). sasamarTlos 329 gverdian gadawyvetilebaSi,,keTildReobis’’ partiis daxurvis damamtkicebeliuamravi debuleba iyo warmodgenili.71
dasabuTebuli iyo, rom nejmeTTin erbaqani ,,28 wlisganmavlobaSi islamuri faseulobebis mimdevradrCeboda.~ dokumenti sadaod ar xdida ,,keTildReobis’’partiis deputatebis xelSeuxeblobas, TumcamasSi xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom ,,rogorc iuridiulpirs, partias aRar SeeZlo SeRavaTebis miReba.mas ar SeeZloT religiebze, seqtebsa da moZRvrebebzedayrdnoba da Sesabamisi dasaxelebebis gamoyeneba.saxelmwifo reJimis socialuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivisafuZvlebi nawilobrivadac ar undaSegueboda religiur rwmenasa da principebs. gadawyvetilebaSiaRniSnuli iyo <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis saeroobismniSvneloba. am principis miRebam ,,daangria Suasaukunebrividogmatika da mecnierebis mniSvnelobacxovrebiseul principad aqcia, romelic Tavisuflebisada demokratiis garantia iyo.~nejmeTTin erbaqani arafrad agdebda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs da ganagrZobdauniversitetebSi Tavsaburavis tarebisaTvis morwmuneTawaqezebasa da saero reJimis winaaRmdeg mowodebebiTgamodioda. amis fonze qveynis sxvadasxvaraionebSi, universitetebisa da meCeTebis win tardebodaaqciebi, sadac aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen partiisliderebi. nejmeTTin erbaqani sazogadoebas mouwodebda:,,es partia jihadis 7 islamuri armiaa, romlisTvisacTqven mTeli ZaliT unda iRvawoT.~ mowo-7jihadi – (Arab.) wminda brძola, sarwmunoebisTvis brძola;sitya - gulmodgineba, Tavgamodeba rwmenis gavrcelebis daganmtkicebis mizniT nebismieri saSualebebis gamoyenebasTandakavSirebuli islamiT gaTvaliswinebuli danawesi, romeliciTvaliswinebs sxva religiis mimdevrebis winaaRmdeg wminda omisgamocxadebasac.72
debis paralelurad gaismoda muqarebic. magaliTad:,,keTildReobis’’ partiis deputati halil Celiqisazogadoebas mouwodebda, rom ,,Tu samxedro generaliteti,,keTildReobis’’ partiis xelisuflebisdros imam-haTibebis skolebs daxuravda, sisxli daiRvrebodada qveyanaSi alJirze uaresi ram moxdeboda.~Ffaqtobrivad, islamistebi sazogadoebas daumorCileblobisakenmouwodebdnen, rasac qveyanaSiunda mohyoloda politikuri situaciis axali azvirTebada maTi Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba. es aisaxakidec sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ori wevris gadmobirebaSi.kerZod, haSim qiliCma da sajiT adalmaganaCenis winaaRmdeg misces xma. motivebis werilobiTganmartebaSi s. adalis azriT ,,saeroobis damtkicebaar SeiZleba ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis msgavsipartiebis arsebobis gareSe moxdariyo.~ man daimowmaevrokav Siris gadawyvetileba adamianis uflebaTadacvis Sesaxeb da aRniSna, rom ,,sakonstituciosasamarTlos gadawyvetileba am organizaciis principebsSeesabameba. sakonstitucio sasamarTlosmtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom ,,keTildReobis’’ partiisgancxadebebsa da qmedebebs terorTan aqvs kavSiri -dausabuTebelia. politikur asparezze gamosvla SeuZliarogorc xelisuflebas, aseve opozicias.~ h.qiliCi ki amtkicebda, rom ,,azrovnebis Tavisuflebamarto maTTvis ki ar unda arsebobdes, vinc pozitiurSexedulebebs an ararealur ideebs warmoadgenen,aramed imaTTvisac, vinc gansakuTrebul, SeSfoTebisgamomwvev azrebs gamoTqvamen. misi azriT, darRveuliiqna dacvis ufleba, radganac, igi ubralod ararsebobda. mowmeebisaTvis ar mousmeniaT, konstitu-73
ciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis pirobebi da uflebebiar Sesrulebula.~ rogorc h. qiliCi Tvlis,konstituciis Secvla parlamentSi erbaqanis zogierTigamosvlis gamo mis upasuxismgeblobaSi dadanaSaulebaTviT konstitucias ewinaaRmdegeba. kanonismixedviT deputati pasuxs ar agebs imaze, rogoriyara kenWi an riT gamovida mejlisSi, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi igi iZulebuli iqneboda parlamentSiyofnis mTeli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xma ar amoe-Ro. h. qiliCi imasac ar daeTanxma, rom akrZalvis mizezadSeiZleba Tavsafris tarebac CaiTvalos. manmravaljer daimowma Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba, romelicumaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi, maTiavtonomiuri statusis Sesabamisad, uflebas iZlevatansacmlis, msoflmxedvelobis, tradiciebis, rwmenissakiTxebSi damoukideblad imoqmedon.h. qiliCi imis winaaRmdegia, rom romelime partiisan misi wevris mier Tavisi ideologiis arsisganmarteba Sefasdes rogorc religiuri rwmenis eqspluataciismcdeloba. ,,demokratiaze laparaki arSeiZleba iq, sadac waxalisebulia Tanamoazreoba, SexedulebaTacalmxrivoba, sadac iTvleba, rom Ti-Toeulma iseve unda ifiqros, rogorc yvela danar-Cenma... cxadia, TurqeTs sazogadoebis samarTlebriviwesrigis dacvis ufleba aqvs. konstituciisada kanonmdeblobis meSveobiT saxelmwifos erTianobis,saeroobis principis dacva - saxelmwifosstruqturuli mTlianobisaTvis jer kidev yvelafersar warmoadgenda. saxelmwifos movaleoba ideebisada rwmenis gasaxelmwifoebriobaSi ki ara, aramedndobisa da Tavisuflebis atmosferoSi, indivi-74
dumebisa da organizaciebisaTvis sakuTari Tavisgaxsnis saSualebis uzrunvelyofaSi.~rac Seexeba erbaqanis mier premier-ministrisSenobaSi tarikaTebis liderebisaTvis gamarTul sadils,h. qiliCi am RonisZiebebs ganixilavda rogorcmSvidobisa da TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofazegaTvlil socialuri aqtivobis magaliTs.s. adalis azriT, demokratia ,,ar warmoadgensgayofisa da danawilebis, iZulebiTi gaCumebis, zegavlenis,daSinebisa da mitacebis xelovnebas, „ke-TildReobis~ partia arsebuli reJimis nawili iyo,romelic masebis partiad, miRebuli xmebis wyalobiTiqca, is saeroobas ki ar uTxrida Zirs, aramedawrTobda mas... saerooba ganmtkicebulia, droa saxelmwifomarbitris pozicia daikavos... axlandelsistemas saxelmwifos ramdenime kaci Seadgens, maT-Tvis uzrunvelyofilia upiratesoba. iqmneba saSiSroebaimisa, rom - mmarTveli partiis xelT arsebulZalauflebas sakuTari survilis mixedviT gamoiyeneben.konfliqtebis WeSmariti saTave swored aqaa.politikuri brZola Tanabar pirobebSi unda mimdinareobdes.~<strong>TurqeTis</strong> umaRlesi sakonstitucio sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebas, islamuri partiis daxurvisSesaxeb, uaryofiTad Sexvdnen dasavleTSi, radgan esqveyanaSi demokratiis SezRudvad miiCnies.am mxriv sainteresoa aSS—is saxelmwifo departamentis gancxadeba, romelSic naTqvamia, rom: ,,ke-TildReobis’’ partiisaTvis daxurvis ganaCenis gamotanadid zians moutanda TurqeTSi mravalpartiulsistemas da Seaferxebda qveyanaSi demokratizaciisprocess.~75
derad imave wlis 14 maiss arCeuli iqna rejai quTani.,,keTildReobis’’ partiis daxurvis Semdegerovnuli uSiSroebis sabWoSi gaimarTa diskusia, Tuvin da rogor warmoadgenda qveynis politikurcxovrebaSi sazogadoebis im msxvil socialur fenas,romelic islamur partias uWerda mxars. Turqimecnieri umuT kivanCi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTwerda: ,,partiis daxurvasTan erTad xelisuflebissaTaveSi axali Zalis moyvanis Sansi ar gamqrala. rasunda warmoadgendes is potenciali, romelmac par-am gancxadebas gamoexmaura<strong>TurqeTis</strong> umaRlesi sakonstituciosasamarTlos Tavmjdomare i.ozdeni, romelmac ganacxada, rom,,TurqeTi amerikis msaxuri rodia,rom misi yvela survili Seasrulos.Cven Cveni konstituciagvaqvs da mis safuZvelze vimoqmedebT.arcerT ucxo qveyanas ararejai quTaniaqvs ufleba, rom raime zegavlenismoxdena scados msgavsi sakiTxebis gadawyvetaze.~<strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidentma sule iman demirelma,,keTildReobis’’ partiis akrZalvas ,,sawyeni movlena~uwoda, Tumca iqve dasZina, rom gadawyvetilebaseriozuli, sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad miRebulilogikuri ganaCenia, ,,kanoni~ yvelaze maRla dgasda igi uzenaesia~ - aRniSna prezidentma.1998 wlis gazafxulze, akrZaluli ,,keTildReobis’’partiis bazaze dafuZnda islamur faseulobebzeorientirebuli ,,saTnoebis’’ partia, romlis li-76
tiis warmateba uzrunvelyo. ,,keTildReobis’’ daxurvisda axali ,,saTnoebis’’ partiis CamoyalibebiTmaT parlamentSi moaxerxes kvlav hyolodaT ZlieriZala.“1998 wlis dasawyisSi 550 adgilidan 160 ekuTvnodadamoukideblebs, romelTa SemadgenlobaSic 147deputati yofil islamur ,,keTildReobis’’ partiaswarmoadgenda. meore adgilze aRmoCnda ,,dedasamSoblos~ (139), mesameze,,WeSmariti gzis’’ (92), Semdegmodiodnen ,,memarcxene-demokratiuli’’(63), ,,saxalxo-respublikuri’’(55),,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> demokratiuli’’partia (22) da sxva.am faqtTan dakavSirebiT damoukidebeli deputatijemil CiCeki (yofili ,,keTildReobis’’ partia)amtkicebda, rom ,,keTildReobis’’ partia realobaSixelovnurad gaberili partia iyo da misi daxurvacamas adasturebda. ,,samarTliani wyobis~ idea ideologiurimodelisagan miswrafebas mowmobs, maSinroca TurqeTi pragmatul midgomas saWiroebs. partiadaxurulia, magram sazogadoebis mniSvnelovaninawili amas yuradRebas ar aqcevs. nejmeTTin erbaqanski, namdvilad, sazogadoebisaTvis unda miemarTa partiisproblemis samarTliani gziT mogvarebaze, axalipirobebis, meTodebis SemoRebaze, ris Semdegac TurqeTSidapirispirebebisagan yvela Seikavebda Tavs.,,Cven SegviZlia Tavsafriani qaliSvilebis reaqciagavigoT, magram partiam winaswam marcxisTvis ganwirulikonfliqtebis (wveris, Tavsafrebis, namazis TanaxmadsamuSao dRis mowesrigebis) Sedegadac dakargaZalaufleba.~ pasuxad CiCeki aRiarebda, rom ,,rocaXXI saukunis dasawyisSi iq, sadac saxelmwifom77
mecnierebasa da swavlebis xarisxs unda mixedos, qaliSvilebisTavsafrebze zrunaven - es maTTvis ubedurebaa.adre morwmuneebs imaSi adanaSaulebdnen,rom Svilebs skolaSi ar uSvebdnen, exla maT ekiTxebian- ratom uSvebTo.~,,keTildReobis’’ partiis yofili wevrebi - parlamentisdeputatebi partiis daxurvis Semdeg damoukidebelistatusiT didxans ar darCenilan. xanmokledrois ganmavlobaSi aqtivistebma Seqmnes axali,,saTnoebis’’ partia da rogorc ,,keTildReobis’’partiis kanonieri memkvidre, eswrebodnen sxdomebs,awyobdnen erbaqanTan Sexvedrebs, amuSavebnen partiissaqmianobis axal koncefcias da sxva.erT-erTma Turqulma gazeTma ,,hurrieTma~ partiisaxali dasaxelebis gamo mware ironiisagan Taviver Seikava da dasZina: ,,bolos da bolos gavigebT,ra aris saTnoeba? aseTi dasaxelebis partia ver icruebs,saeroobis principebis aRiarebis, sakonstituciosasamarTlos gandidebis Semdeg mas mtrad ve-Rar gamoacxadeben da a. S. partia bosnieli muslimebisaTvisSegrovil fuls ver miiTvisebs da arabuliqveynebidan mas tomrebiT ver Camoitans. misi liderebigadasaxadebs Tavs ar aarideben, TavianTi qonebisSesaxeb patiosnad ganacxadeben da zeqiaTs 8 daufiqrebladRaribebs gadascemen, ramdenadac ,,saTnoeba~Tanasworobis gareSe ar arsebobs, amieridan,partia Tanasworobas ganaTlebis dargSic moiTxovs,e. i. ara marto Tavsafriani, aramed memarcxene aTeis-8 zeqiaTi – islamuri termini, niSnavs qonebis erTi nawilis Raribebzemicemas.78
ti 9 qaliSvilebisTvisac. igi mamakacebisa da qalebisTanasworobas dauWers mxars, arCevnebze ki qalebiskandidaturebsac wamoayenebs.~,,saTnoebis’’ partiam, jerbiulenT ejeviTikidev 1998 wlis zafxulSi ganacxada,rom partia mzad iyo axalisaparlamento arCevnebisaTvis.maT liderebs - rejai quTans daaidin menderess araerTgzis aRuniSnavT,rom partiis reorganizebamxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqnebodaSesaZlebeli, Tu xelisuflebaqveynis sayovelTao demokratizaciisaTvis(igulisxmebasakanonmdeblo da saxelmwifo Zalaufleba) gadam-Wrel nabijebs gadadgamda. im periodSi TurqeTSi ise-Ti gancxadebebic ki gaisma, TiTqos ,,partiis xelmZRvanelobaqalebis gareSe SeuZlebeliao.~ am faqtisSemdeg, izmiris ilis ,,saTnoebis’’ partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi,romelic 25 kacs iTvlida, arCeuliiqna oTxi qali (maTgan ori Tavsaburavs ar atarebda),amasTan dakvSirebiT partiis xelmZRvanelobam ganacxada,rom ,,partiaSi mamakacebisa da qalebis dayofaar iarsebebs.’’ ,,saTnoebis’’ partiisagan parlamentisdeputatTa Soris Catarebuli gamokiTxviT, aSkaragaxda, partiaSi ,,Tavsaburaviani~ qalebis miRebistendencia, misi realizeba ki Tavdapirvelad savilaieToorganizaciebs daevalaT.~9 aTeisti – aTeizmis mimdevari; piri, romelsac RmerTi ar swams.79
,,saTnoebis’’ partiis liderma rejai quTanma TaviserT-erT gamosvlaSi uaryo varaudi, TiTqosdayofili islamuri ,,saTnoebis’’ partia ,,keTildReobis’’partis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. man iqve das-Zina, rom ,,saTnoebis’’ partia 15 wlis win Seiqmna dadRes mas 55%-iT axali Taoba Seadgens. amdenad, rogorckadrebis, aseve struqturulad ,,saTnoebis’’partia, ,,keTildReobis’’ gagrZelebas ar warmoadgenda.~calkeul etapze sazogadoebaSi gamoTqmuli iyoeWvi partiaSi savaraudo cvlilebaTa Sesaxeb. am faqtTandakavSirebiT saintereso mosazreba gaaCniaTurq istorikoss hasan pulurs. is aRniSnavda, rom,,rasac ar unda laparakobdnen, rogorc ar unda Seicvalosprogramebi, ,,saTnoebis’’ partia dRes deputatebis,municipalitetebis da provinciaTa xelmZRvanelobisSemadgenlobis mixedviT ,,keTildReobis’’partiis gagrZelebaa. es kadrebi cidan ar Camofrenilan.didi xania icnoben erTmaneTs. am kadrebsudreki saZirkveli aqvT SenarCunebuli..... faqtia,rom maT saxelisuflebo ,,dedasamSoblos’’ da ,,WeSmaritigzis’’ partiis imedze xeli aiRes.~saero xelisufleba ,,saTnoebis’’ partias ar aZlevdaTavianTi saqmianobis ganaxlebis saSualebas.sasamarTlo devna maT mimarT 1998 wlis zafxulidanSemodgomamde grZeldeboda. ase magaliTad, rizesprovinciaSi, erT-erT municipalitetis islamistiTavmjdomaris eyuzunis mimarT gamoaqveynes gancxadebagamoZiebis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT. gancxadebaSinaTqvami iyo, rom municipalitetis xelSewyobiTrizeSi ,,mzaddeboda momavali samxedro kadrebi,80
gankuTvnili islamuri saxelmwifos dasamyareblad.amisaTvis, isini samxreT-aRmosavleTSi, aRmosavleTsada centralur anatoliaSi Tavs uyridnen oblebsada Raribi ojaxis Svilebs. Cven maT ise vamzadebT,rom isini Tvalis dauxamxameblad gadaeSvebian cecxlSi.axla 400 aseTi bavSvi rizes teritoriis internatebsada pansionatebSi cxovroben,~ - acxadebdamunicipalitetis Tavmjdomare. xelisuflebam e.uzuns misi cxra wlis winandeli saqcielic Seaxsena,roca igi 23 aprilis (respublikiuri mmarTvelobisperiodidan igi bavSvTa dResaswaulia) RonisZiebisCaSlas lamobda, radgan Tvlida, rom is ,,xelovnuri~iyo, xolo bavSvebs ar aZlevda leqsis wakiTxvisuflebas, TiTqosda maTSi sulTnis Camogdeba iyo Seqebuli.~,,saTnoebis’’ partiis aqtivistebi rogorcsazogadoebis winaSe, ise Zalovan da sakanonmdeblostruqturebSi gamodiodnen, rogorc reformirebisiniciatorebi. magaliTad, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTpartiis erT-erTi deputati x. dikijimi sazogadoebiswinaSe gamovida mosazrebiT, rom genStabi daqvemdebarebuliyoTavdacvis saministros, romelsac,rogorc cnobilia, TurqeTSi, samoqalaqo piri(mmarTveli partiis warmomadgeneli) udgas saTave-Si. misive SexedulebiT, genStabis meTauri (romelsacjarebis saxeobaTa sardlebic eqvemdebarebian)parlamentis da ara prezidentis mier unda iyos daniSnuli.mosazrebaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyoagreTve erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos likvidaciisada misi funqciebis mTavrobisaTvis gadacemis sakiTxze.,,saTnoebis’’ partiis 100-ze meti deputatismier xelmowerili winadadebebi sxva mosazrebebsac81
Seicavda, romlebic samoqalaqo xelisuflebisstruqturebSi samxedroTa warmomadgenlobis Sez-Rudvasac iTvaliswinebda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,partiis liderma r. quTanma ganacxada, rom isapirebda ,,umaRlesi samxedro sabWos gadawyvetilebebisadamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTloSigagzavnas, ramdenadac am sabWos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebaniqveynis sasamarTlo organoebisaTvisSeuvali iyo.~1998 wlis miwuruls, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> cnobilma politikurmamoRvawem miumTaz soisalma, romelsac adreministris postebi ekava, daiwyo Tavisi Sexedulebebisdafiqsireba sazogadoebis winaSe, igi eWvis qveSayenebda, xelisuflebisa da saero politikosebisdamokidebulebas islamistebisadmi da moiTxovdabrZolidan CamoeSorebinaT ,,saTnoebis’’ partia. misimtkicebiT: ,,TurqeTSi meordeboda situacia, romelic1997 wlis 28 Tebervlamde iyo SenarCunebuli,roca erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWom dagmo xelisuflebaSiislamuri ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis qmedebanida analogiuri SeiZleba momxdariyo ,,saTnoebis’’partiis magaliTze.~mTeli 1998 wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi mimdinareobdakamaTi vadamdeli saparlamento arCevnebisdaniSvnis garSemo. premierma m. ilmazma da ,,saxalxo —respublikuri’’ partiis liderma deniz baikalma, 5ivliss xeli moaweres e. w. ,,Tanxmobis paqts,~ romlismixedviTac gadawyda, rom arCevnebi Catardeboda 1999wlis 18 aprils.1998 wlis 25 noembers parlamentma undoblobagamoucxada 55-e mTavrobas. prezidentma suleiman82
demirelma ministrTa kabinetis Camoyalibeba daavala,,memarcxene—demokratiuli’’ partiis liders biulenTejeviTs, romlis mier Seqmnili umciresobismTavroba <strong>TurqeTis</strong> didma erovnulma krebam daamtkica1999 wlis 17 ianvars.momaval arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT prezidentmademirelma ganacxada: ,,TurqeTSi respublikisadmi,laicizmisadmi, armiisadmi mtroba dauSvebelia. Tumomaval arCevnebSi borotad gamoiyeneben religiurganwyobilebebs da armiis mimarT mtrul gamoxtomebseqneba adgili, saxelmwifo saTanado zomebs mii-Rebs. Cven ar SeveleviT respublikas, romelmacdRemde mogviyvana. yvelam unda imoqmedos demokratiuli,laicisturi respublikis kanonebis farglebSi.partiebic TavianT arsebobas demokratiul -laicistur respublikas unda umadlodnen. ar moWrantoti, romelzedac TviTon sxedan, momaval ar-Cevnebs mimarTuleba sWirdeba, romelsac qveynis politikurisistema miscems. yvela unda dairazmos demokratiulida laicisturi respublikis garSemoda xma unda miscen stabilurobas.~rogorc vxedavT, qveyanaSi mzaddeba axali gamosvlebi,romlebic mimarTulia islamuri orientaciispartiis saqmianobis winaaRmdeg da qveyanaSi saerommarTvelobis gansamtkiceblad, romlis garantad<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikaSi yovelTvis samxedro generalitetigvevlineba.aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebidan islamuriorientaciis adamianebis CamoSorebis da saero koaliciurikabinetis formirebis Semdeg, armiis mesveurebmaerovnuli uSiSroebis sabWoSi TavianTi SesaZleblobisgamoyenebiT daiwyes aRmasrulebel xe-83
lisuflebaSiislamistTa saqmianobis Sedegebislikvidacia. 1998 wlis zafxulidan aqtiuri zomebiiqna gatarebuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis - pirvelrigSi ganaTlebis saministros, universitetebis,samxedro saswavleblebisa da sxva saxelmwifostruqturebis mimarT. ZiriTadad saqme exeboda qveyanaSiislamis propagandaSi eWvmitanili kadrebiswmendas, moswavleTa da maswavlebelTa mier „religiuritanisamosis~ tarebis xaziT saero kanonmdeblobisdacvas, vakufebis 10 saqmianobis Semowmebas dasxva.1998 wlis martSi universitetebis reqtorebmaaxali viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoaqveynes gancxadebadolbandis Sesaxeb, romelSic xazgasmuliiyo, rom ,,universitetis maswavlebelTa sazogadoebammiiRo rezolucia dolbandis Taobaze sakonstituciosasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisa da ganaTlebissaministros instruqciebis Sesrulebis aucileblobisSesaxeb. ,,Tavsafari da CarSafi - politikurganxeTqilebaTa sababia..... universitetebi kicodnisa da teqnikuri progresis taZari.’’ Mmovlenebi,romlebic universitetebSi - Cveni progresis,Cveni dinamikis, Cveni momavlis lokomotivebSi xdebada romlebic TanamedroveobasTan gvaerTebs, xelsuSlis maT ganviTarebas da zians ayenebs qveyanas.~rogorc vxedavT, gansakuTrebiT rTuli iyo universitetebSimoswav leTa mier dolbandis tarebaze ua-10 vakufi - (Arab. Wakūf) mahmadianur qveynebSi: uძravi an moძravi qoneba,romelic saCuqris saxiT gadadis upiratesad mahmadian sasulieropirTa xelSi.84
is TqmisaTvis kompaniis Catareba. am faqtTan dakav-SirebiT qveynis Soreul regionebSi, kerZod, bingelisprovinciis q. baTmanSi protestis niSnad daiwyogamosvlebi, rasac ramdenime aTeuli demonstrantisdakaveba mohyva.1998 wlis zafxulidan sagrZnoblad gaZlierdagenerlebis gavlena mTavrobaze da TviT premier-ministrm. ilmazze, romelsac bralad edeboda im periodSimoqmed mejlisSi islamistebis mimarT rbili,Semrigebluri poziciis dakavebaSi.parlamentis erT-erT sxdomaze premier-ministrim. ilmazi Seecada samxedroebisaTvis mieTiTebina,Tu raSi mdgomareobda maTi movaleoba. man ganacxada,rom „reaqciasTan brZola mTavrobis movaleobaa daara samxedroebis. maT TavianTi saqme unda akeTon, radganbevri samuSao aqvT egeosis zRvaze, kviprosze,qurTebTan da sxva...~ m. ilmazis sityvebi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> masobrivinformaciaTa saSualebebma dauyovnebliv gaavrceles,samxedro xelmZRvaneloba misi meTaurisarmiis general i. h. yaradais TavmjdomareobiT maSinveSeikriba genStabSi saTaTbirod. monawileebs Sorisiyvnen saxmeleTo Zalebis sardali, armiis generalixusein qivrikoRlu, samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis sardali,admirali salim devriSoRlu, samxedro-sahaeroZalebis sardali, armiis generali ilhan kiliCi, JandarmeriisZalebis sardali, armiis generali fiqreTozden bozTefe. generlebma TaTbiris Semdeg mkacrigancxadeba moamzades - ,,mimarTva erisadmi,~ romelicqveynisaTvis 1998 wlis 21 marts gaxda cnobili. sazogadoebamam faqts - mTavrobisadmi samxedroebis memorandumiuwoda. aseTi mkveTri gancxadeba genStabs is-85
lamuri ,,keTildReobis’’ partiis drosac ar gaukeTebia.masSi, naTqvami iyo, rom ,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuliZalebis movaleoba da uflebamosileba konstituciiTaris dadgenili... terorisa da reaqciis winaaRmdegbrZola yoveli moqalaqis upirvelesi movaleobaa, visacam qveyanaSi Tavisuflad da damoukideblad cxovrebasurs. konstituciiTa da kanonebiT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuliZalebisadmi miniWebuli uflebamosilebanirogorc adre, axlac dauyonebliv iqneba Sesrulebuli...<strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi yovelTvisemorCilebodnen respublikur mTavrobas, magram aravis,ra Tanamdebobac unda eWiros da ra movaleobasacar unda asrulebdes, ar SeuZlia gamovides da imoqmedosise, rom Crdili miayenos <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebulZalebs an eWvi Seitanos maTSi, rogorc qveynis usafrTxoebis,separatizmisa da reaqciasTan mebrZolSi...<strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Cveni qveynisaTvis sa-SiSroeba ki ar aris, aramed igi usafrTxoebis garantiaa.isini arasodes gaakeTeben imas, rac maT rwmenasa daerisadmi pativiscemas SebRalavs da momavalSic,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi yovelgvar politikurmosazrebebze amaRldebian da TavianT poziciasada moqmedebas SeinarCuneben.~sazogadoebisadmi genStabis mimarTvam qveynispolitikur wreebSi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. cnobilipolitologi aidin engini aRwers im dramatul vi-Tarebas, romelsac adgili hqonda memorandumis gamoqveynebisSemdeg. xom ar momxdara samxedro gadatrialeba?m. ilmazi xom ar gadamdgara? da sxva. mxolodSuaRamisas gaxda cnobili, rom araviTari gadatrialebaar iyo momxdari. engini dasZenda samoqalaqoxelisuflebis saqmeebSi samxedroebis Carevis86
Sesaxeb: ,,rogoria sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebisganviTarebis Sedegi am ukanaskneli ormoci wlismanZilze, miRweulia Tu ara progresi, Tu yvelaferies uazro Sromas gvagonebs - oflisa da sisxlis-RvriT qvas mTaze aagorebs, Semdeg igi ukanve Camogordebada yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba.~islamurma ,,saTnoebis’’ partiam genStabis demarSiRiad dagmo. partiis zogierTma wevrma m. ilmazssamxedroebis amgvar qmedebaTa winaaRmdegbrZolisaken mouwoda da aRniSna, rom memorandumiufro mkacria, vidre 28 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebani.T. Cilerma komentarisagan Tavi Seikava. D,,demokratiuli<strong>TurqeTis</strong>’’ partiis liderma (koaliciismonawile) h. jindoruqma ganacxada, rom mimarTvamTavrobas ki ara, piradad m. ilmazs ekuTvniso. prezidentmas. demirelma Tavi Seikava am faqtze komentarisagan.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> umsxvilesi profesiuli gaer-Tianebis Tavmjdomarem Tiurk meralma ganacxada,rom igi Sewuxebulia qveyanaSi Seqmnili viTarebiT.armiis oficialuri pirebis gancxadebaze m. ilmazmateleviziiT gamosvlisas aRniSna, rom misimoRvaweoba qveyanaSi `demokratiulia’’ da is kvlavuryevad rCeba Tavis poziciebze, raTa misi valia Taviaaridos yvelafers, rac respublikur TurqeTsganviTarebaSi SeuSlida xels.erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze gansakuTrebuliyuradReba gamaxvilda m. ilmazis mWidrourTierTobaze islamur kapitalTan. am faqtTan dakavSirebiTm. ilmazma ganacxada, rom ,,jerovnad undadadgindes, eweva Tu ara romelime formireba reaqciulsaqmianobas. Tu dadgenili iqneba antisaxelmwi-87
foebrivi saqmianoba, Cveni mTavroba kanonis Sesabamiszomebs miiRebs.’’mis mravalricxovan komentarebSi gamoTqmuliiyo idea, rom 28 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebebi qveyana-Si ar xorcieldeba, rom islamis momxreebma moaxerxesda Seqmnes sakuTari partiebi, vakufebi, medreseebi,holdingebi da darwmunebuli arian, rom SeZlebensaeroobasa da demokratiaze orientirebuli respublikis damxobas. gamoCenili ekonomisti, memarcxenecentristuli wreebis warmomadgeneli iakub kepenekistatiaSi `remonti’’ werda: `20 martis Semdeg politikuricxovreba axal kalapotSi dgeba... politika qveyanaSixelaxla iqmneba, mis wamyvan sazrunavs ki islamismomxreTa mzardi gavlena warmoadgens.... islamispolitizirebis sakiTxSi mejlisis partiaTa umetesoba(erTis garda - ,,saxalxo - respublikuri’’ partia)gamovida islamis aSkarad politizirebis winaaRmdeg.kepenekis azriT, ,,politikuri islamis’’ waqezebaTurqeTSi axali xili ar iyo, igi meore msoflioomis Semdeg daiwyo da mTidan dagorebuli TovlisgundasaviT TandaTan gaizarda, Tumca islamis axlandelipolitizireba winandelisagan rigi TaviseburebebiTgamoirCeva. ,,politikuri islami’’ Tavis SigniTsul ufro iSleba - rbili variantidan ukiduresobamde,faruli arabulidan Ria Turqul nacionalizmamde.’’kepeneki iqve dasZens, rom ,,politikuri islami“dRiTi dRe sul ufro swrafad iRebs xelSi sazogadoebismarTvas. Cinovnikebis aSkara daxmarebiT kisaxelmwifo struqturebi islamuri kadrebis xelSigadadis, es xdeba yvelgan — ganaTlebidan — uSiSroebamde,jandacvidan - gubernatorebis Tanamdebobamde.bolo dros naTlad gamoikveTa kidev erTi movle-88
na — <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sulieri cxovreba Tavis safuZvelSisul ufro metad miiswrafis islamisaken. es ara martouniversitetebis xelmZRvanelTa mxridan dolbandisproblemasTan damokidebulebaSi vlindeba, aramedim yuradRebis masStabebSic, romelic beWdviT gamocemebSiislams eTmoba. inteleqtualuri garemopirvel yovlisa tarikaTebis SeixebiT an sulierimoZRvarebiT aris warmodgenili. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuliZalebi yovelmxriv cdiloben am tendenciis Se-Cerebas. TavianTi politikis sferod isini saeroobasasaxeleben. maT surT Seagulianon is politikuripartiebi, romlebic saeroobis sikeTiT sargebloben.surT, rom partiebma TviTon daicvan saerooba. winaaRmdegobaniam punqtidan iwyeba. partiebi xvdebian,rom saeroobis gareSe demokratia ar arsebobs, magrampraqtikaSi amis transformirebas wlobiT aWianureben.aseT pirobebSi sazogadoebas verafriT ver dauRweviaTavi dilemisagan — `xiSti Tu irTija.’’erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomis win, samxedroebsada samoqalaqo xelisuflebas Soris polemikaimiT dasrulda, rom samTavrobo koaliciismeTaurebma m. ilmazma, b. ejeviTma da h. jindoruqmaxelaxla ganacxades reaqciasTan brZola da saxelmwifosyvela instanciis TanamSromlebs Seaxsenes,rom TurqeTSi mzaddeboda kanonproeqti vakufebis,ordenebis, SemowirulobaTa mokrefis akrZalvis,sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 163-e muxlis gauqmebisSemdeg warmoSobili sicarielis SevsebisaTvis mzadebisada islamis propagandisaTvis sasjelis, islamismomxre saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebis samsaxuridandaTxovis Sesaxeb. m. ilmazma Sexvedraze monawileTasaxeliT ganacxada, rom ,,reaqciasTan brZolis89
sakiTxebSi mTavrobasa da SeiaraRebul Zalebs SorisazrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, mTavrobam miiRo yvelazeqmediTi zomebi reaqciasTan brZolaSi, risTvisacxelisuflebis sxvadasxva doneze ramdenime damatebiTicentri da meqanizmia Seqmnili.’’ m. ilmaziamtkicebda, rom ,,misi gamosvlebi da gancxadebebiarasworad iqna miwodebuli da ganmartebuli sazogadoebisaTvis.amasTan imedi gamoTqva, rom yvela gaugebrobaerovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze iqnebodamoxsnili.’’erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos morigi sxdomaprezident suleiman demirelis TavmjdomareobiTCatarda 1998 wlis 27 marts. sxdomaze erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWos da genStabis samdivnom dawvrilebiTwarmoadgina masalebi religiuri sazogadoebebis,islamuri kapitalis, vakufebis saqmianobis,agreTve saxelmwifo samsaxurSi reaqciuli kadrebisarsebobaze. preambulaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom yoveliveeZRvneboda mimdinare sagareo da saSinao movlenebisSefasebas, romlebic qveynis erovnuliuSiSroebis mdgomareobaze axdendnen gavlenas. moxsenebaSigansakuTrebuli yuradReba iyo daTmobili,,separatistul terorizmTan gansaxorcielebelbrZolis zomebze (igulisxmeba qurTi separatistebi(xazgasma Cemia)) da sxva.erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebuli dokumentisdebulebaTa komentirebisas Turquli sazogadoebagamoxatavda friad gansxvavebul, xSir Sem-TxvevaSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrs. magaliTad,TurqeTSi morwmuneTa religiuri grZnobebis eqspluataciazesaubrisas xSirad moixseniebdnen islamurisazogadoebebis saxels. meores mxriv, samTav-90
obo koaliciaSi Semavali ,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> demokratiuli~partiis lideri h. jindoruqi aqtiurad moiTxovdaerovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos ufleba - mosileba-Ta da valdebulebaTa zRvris dadgenas. misi azriT,`sabWo qveyanaSi mTavrobis makontrolebel organodunda iqces.’’ <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ganaTlebis ministri ki mosaxleobasauwyebda, rom `saministros ramdenime wamyvaniCinovniki dolbandis Taobaze miRebul gadawyvetilebaTaSeusruleblobis gamo gaTavisuflebul iqnasamsaxuridan, aseve isinic, vinc saministros kadreb-Si reaqcionerTa SeRwevas uwyobda xels. am faqtTandakavSirebiT cnobili Turqi sazogado moRvawe x. Ce-Tinqai acxadebda, rom ,,maRal Tanamebobebze darCenili`islamuri organizaciebis’’ momxreebi, romlebsacskolebisaTvis wignebis mimwodebeli sagamomcemlodawesebulebebi ekuTvniT, aqtiurad saqmianobenTurqul-islamuri sinTezis gansaxorcieleblad.dRes saxalxo ganaTlebis saministro erT ordens,`miuridebs’’ eqvemdebareba, es xalxi ise ganagrZobsorganizebas, rom ministr ulugbaisa da ejeviTisSeSfoTebas ar iwvevs.’’ CeTinqaias mosazrebiT, `suleimanis,nakSbendiebis da nurjistebis ordenebis momxreebmasaxelmwifo struqturebSi `TavianTi finansuriorganizaciebi Seqmnes.’’ televiziiT ukve ikrZalebodaiseTi programis Cveneba, romelSic ,,politikuriislamisa’’ da maT momxreTa mimarT kritikuliSeniSvnebi iyo gamoTqmuli.~erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mier Catarebulisxdomis dRis wesrigSi Setanili irTijas da ekonomikurSesaZleblobebis sakiTxze mimomxilveli mustafabalabai wers: ,,erovnuli Sexedulebis momxreebiqveyanaSi samsxverplo ceremoniisa da zogierTi91
municipalitetisagan weliwadSi milion dolarzemets iReben. islamuri organizaciebis saqmianobasaqtiurad uWeren mxars sazRvargareT (irani, libani,kuveiti, saudis arabeTi) moqmedi islamuri organizaciebi.qveynis SigniT islamuri kapitalis sim-Zlavre sazogadoebebis, komerciuli kompaniebis,holdingebis, finansuri organizaciebis, vakufebisada zogierTi municipalitetebis xarjiTaa formirebuli.gamovlenili 385 kompaniis saerTo kapitali500 trilion liras iTvlis. garda amisa, kvebis dargSi,industriaSi, teqstilSi, mSeneblobaSi, jandacvaSi,sagamomcemlo saqmeSi, marketingSi, sabanko dasafinanso saqmeSi oTxi aTasamde firma iTvleba. isinimxolod sakuTar kapitalze muSaoben da bankebiskreditebiT ar sargebloben.erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomis zogierTidawvrilebiTi cnobebis moyvanis Semdeg presam komentirebagaukeTa am sxdomaze generalur StabTanSeqmnil dasavleTis muSaTa jgufis moxsenebas. um-Tavresi yuradReba daeTmo dolbandis tarebis, saxelmwifokadrebSi islamistebis SeRwevis, islamurfinansuriwyaroebis, ganaTlebis sistemis mdgomareobasda sxva.am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba aRvniSnoT,rom erbaqan-Cileris mTavrobis wasvliT ar SeiZlebamogvarebuliyo ,,politikuri islamis’’ sakiTxi.m. ilmazic da koaliciaSi Semavali misi moadgileebic`ver amCnevdnen~ islamis momxreebis gavleniszrdas saxelmwifo organizaciebSi.swored qveyanaSi Seqmnil am rTul politikurviTarebaSi, 1999 wlis 18 aprils Catarda saparlamen-92
to arCevnebi, romelic ,,memarcxene - demokratiuli’’partiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.partiis dasaxelebamemarcxene-demokratiuli partia(DSP)nacionaluri moZraobis partia(MHP)saTnoebis partia (FP)procentideputatebisraodenoba22,06 13617,98 12915,38111dedasamSoblos partia (ANAP) 13,22 86WeSmariti gzis partia (DYP) 12,0 85saxalxo—respublikuri(CHP)partia8,79-arCevnebis Semdeg, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sazogadoebaSifarTo xasiaTi miiRo mosazrebam imis Sesaxeb, TuriT iyo gamowveuli ,,memarcxene - demokratiuli’’da ,,nacionaluri moZraobis’’ partiebis gamarjvebada vin gaerTiandeboda momaval samTavrobo koaliciaSi.,,memarcxene - demokratiuli’’partiis gamarjveba metwiladgamowveuli iyo, maTi mTavrobaSimoRvaweobis pirvelsaveTves, keniaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> nomerpirvel mtrad Seracxuli, ,,qur-Tistanis muSaTa’’ partiis damaarseblisda lideris abdulahahmeT nejdeTojalanis dakavebiT. am faqtmasezerisazogadoebis TvalSi ,,memarcxene—demokratiuli’’partia da misi lideri b. eje-93
viTi gmirad aqcia, radganac ankara ojalanis dakavebasukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi amaod cdilobda.isic unda iTqvas, rom b. ejeviTs popularobaarc adre aklda. 1974 wels swored man Seiyvana <strong>TurqeTis</strong>armia kviprosSi.,,qurTistanis muSaTa’’ partiis lideris dakavebasqveynis did qalaqebSi (stamboli, ankara) teroristuliaqtebi mohyva, ramac <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mosaxleoba-Si nacionaluri grZnobebis gaRviveba gamoiwvia, eski garkveulwilad aisaxa ,,nacionaluri moZraobis’’partiis (d. bahCeli) gamarjvebaSi.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri elita varaudobda, rom,,nacionaluri moZraobis’’ partia TurqeTSi arsebul10%-ian bariers gadalaxavda, magram amgvarwarmatebas aravin moeloda.islamistebis warumateblobas xeli garkveulwiladSeuwyo politikidan Zveli lideris n. erbaqanisCamocilebamac. aqedan gamomdinare, partia arCevnebsmoumzadebeli Sexvda.1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi damarcxdamemarjvene centristuli Zalebic. saxelisuflebo,,dedasamSoblos’’ da ,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partiebma saerTojamSi xmebis 25,23% moipoves (wina arCevnebSiki 38,83%). arCevnebis Semdeg, qveyanaSi Seqmnili SidapolitikuriviTarebis gamo dRis wesrigSi mTelisimwvaviT dadga am partiebis gaerTianebis sakiTxi.miT ufro, rom saubari iyo partiebis ori Seurigebelilideris T. Cilerisa da m. ilmazis gadadgomaze.am faqtis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda T. Cilerispartiis yofili wevris, Sinagan saqmeTa ministris,imJamad q. elazis damoukidebeli deputatis mehmedaRaris mier, 1999 wlis 2 maiss ankaraSi, ipodromze94
Catarebuli mitingi, sadac umravlesoba moiTxovdaT. Cileris gadadgomas. mis postze ki saxeldebodayofili saxelmwifo ministrebis aivaz goqdemirisada mehmed aRas kandidaturebi, xolo ,,dedasamSoblos’’partiis liderad asaxelebdnen T. ozalisSvils ahmeT ozals. 1999 wlis arCevnebSi memarjveneebisdamarcxebas politologebi maT Soris arsebuliuTanxmoebiT, gauTavebeli SuRliTa da mafiozurklanebTan maTi kavSiriT xsnidnen.respublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>Si mejlisis gareTpirvelad darCa ,,saxalxo-respublikuri’’ partia.varaudobdnen, rom es faqti qemalizms did dartymasmiayenebda (,,saxalxo-respublikurma’’ partiamwina arCevnebSi xmebis 10,7% moipova).1999 wlis 2 maiss pirvelad Seikriba <strong>TurqeTis</strong> axladarCeuli21-e mowvevis didi erovnuli kreba, romeliceqsesebiT daiwyo. sxdomaze islamuri ,,saTnoebis’’partiis deputatis, merve qavaqCis parlamentSiTavsaburiT gamoCenam didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia.rejef TaiferdoRani,,memarcxene-demokratiuli’’partiisa da qemalisturi ideebissxva partiis deputatebmamerve qavaqCis darbazidan gaZevebamoiTxoves. es faqti imisaRmniSvneli iyo, rom islamuripartia da misi wevrebi gausaZlispirobebSic ki mzad arianSeinarCunon islamuri tradiciebi.1999 wlis 3 maiss <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis prezidentma suleiman demirelma axali, rigiT 57-e mTavr95
obis Camoyalibeba daavala ,,memarcxene-demokratiuli’’partiis liders b. ejeviTs, romelic 9 ivniss<strong>TurqeTis</strong> didma erovnulma krebam daamtkica. manimave dRes gamarTul preskonferenciaze ganacxada,rom ,,axal samTavrobo koaliciaSi Sevidoda sami -,,memarcxene-demokratiuli,’’ ,,nacionaluri moZraobis’’da ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiebi.b. ejeviTis axali mTavrobis Camoyalibebisprocess Tan daerTo saprezidento arCevnebis winacieb-cxeleba. 2000 wels vada gaudioda suleimandemirels, romelsac konstituciiT meored arCevisufleba ar hqonda. dRis wesrigSi dadga axaliprezidentis arCevis sakiTxi.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis premier-ministris b.ejeviTis mier prezidentobis kandidatad dasaxelebuli iqna sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomareahmed nejdeT sezeri, romelsac yvelasaTvismoulodnelad mxari dauWira mejlisSi SemavalixuTive partiis liderma da SeTanxmdnenerT saerTo kandidatze.vinaidan sezeri parlamentis wevri ar iyo, misiprezidentobis kandidatad dasaxelebisaTvis<strong>TurqeTis</strong> konstituciis Tanaxmad aucilebeli iyominimum 110 deputatis xelmowera. parlamentiswevri partiebis liderTa erTsulovanma mxardaWeramsezeris gamarjveba winaswarve uzrunvelyo.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> konstituciis Tanaxmad, prezidentobiskandidatma mejlisSi unda moipovos deputatTasaerTo raodenobis (550) 2/3, anu 367 xma. warumateblobisSemTxvevaSi iniSneba arCevnebis meoreturi imave pirobiT. Tu meore turic ver gamoav-96
lenda gamarjvebuls, maSin iniSneba mesame turi,sadac sakmarisia deputatTa ubralo umravlesobismxardaWera.saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi, romelicSedga 2000 wlis 27 aprils, sezerma miiRo deputatTa281 xma da 220 xmiT gauswro meore adgilzemyof ialCinTaSs, romelmac mxolod 61 xma miiRo.2000 wlis 1 maiss gamarTul meore turSi, sezers314 xma hqonda da eWvs ar iwvevda, rom 5 maiss gamar-Tuli arCevnebis mesame turSi gaimarjvebda. mesameturSi sezerma moaxerxa 330 deputatis mxardaWerada gaxda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis meaTe prezidenti.2000 wlis 16 maiss suleiman demirelma oficialuradmoixsna prezidentis ufleba mosileba.ahmeT nejdeT sezerma ki mejlisis winaSe ficis dadebisasCamoayaliba Tavisi politikuri kursis ZiriTadidebulebebi. man respublikur TurqeTSikvlav aRiara laicizmis principi, rogorc qveynisxelSeuxebeli kanoni, romlis gareSe demokratiulTurqeTSi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis cxovrebismowesrigeba warmoudgeneli iqneboda.prezidentis TqmiT, misi saqmianobis umTavresida swori gza ,,aTaTurqis principebis dacva daganmtkicebaa.’’Aaxmed nejdeT sezerma Tavis gamosvlaSi, faqtobrivad,daafiqsira aTaTurqis principebze dafuZnebulirespublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> arseboba, romelsac,misi azriT, veranairi Zala ver daSlida.arCevnebSi demokratiuli Zalebis gamarjvebismiuxedavad, qveyanaSi kvlav SeiniSneboda islamuri,,saTnoebis partiis’’ warmatebebi, romelmacarCevnebSi mesame adgili daikava da kidev erTxel97
aCvena xelisuflebas, rom ar apirebda far-xmalisdayras da yovel Rones ixmarda xelisuflebaSikvlav mosasvlelad.respublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> momxreebi da racmTavaria, samxedro generaliteti yvelanairi berketebiTada meTodebiT cdilobdnen gzidan Camoe-SorebinaT islamuri mimarTulebis partiebi.,,saTnoebis partiis’’ sasamarTlo procesi 25Tve grZeldeboda. 2001 wlis 22 ivniss es partia sakonstituciosasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris mustafabuminis gancxadebiT, daSlilad gamocxadda. partiadaiSala ara imitom, rom igi akrZaluli ,,ke-TildReobis’’ partiis memkvidre iyo, aramed imitom,rom es organizacia iqca mmarTvelobis laicisturiformis mowinaaRmdegeTa erT-erT Ziri-Tad centrad.sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ,,saTnoebis’’partiis mTeli qoneba saxelmwifo xazinas gadasca,partiis xuT deputats (merve qavaCs, nazli ilijaqs,beqir sobajs, ramazan ienideds, mehmeT silais)antilaicisturi qmedebebis gamo Seuwyvitesuflebamosilebani da 5 wliT aukrZales politikurisaqmianoba.,,saTnoebis’’ partiis liderma rejai quTanmada misma Tanapartielebma mkacrad gaakritikes sasamarTlosgadawyvetileba, romelmac radikaluradSecvala politikur scenaze ZalTa Tanafardoba(islamuri partiis deputatebi parlamentSidarCnen damoukidebeli deputatis statusiT).,,saTnoebis’’ partiis daSlis Semdeg <strong>TurqeTis</strong>erovnul krebaSi deputatebi Semdegnairad ganawi98
ldnen: ,,memarcxene-demokratiuli~ partia - 123adgili, ,,nacionaluri moZraoba~ -126, ,,dedasam-Soblo~ - 88, ,,WeSmariti gzis~- 83, damoukidebelideputatebi - 113. am viTarebidan gamomdinare, parlamentSimTavar opoziciur Zalad iqca T. Cileris,,WeSmariti gzis~ partia.,,saTnoebis~ partiis akrZalvis Semdeg, 2001wlis ivlis-agvistoSi TurqeTSi Camoyalibda islamuriorientaciis ori partia: konservatuli ,,bednierebis’’partia, romlis Tavmjdomare gaxda rejaiquTani da novatorTa islamuri ,,samarTlianobisada ganviTarebis’’ partia, romlis lideri gaxdastambolis yofili meri, rejef Taif erdoRani.rogorc vxedavT, islamuri orientaciis partiismcire marcxis miuxedavad, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi,axali partiebis aRmocenebiT, qveyanaSikvlav SeiniSneba maTi mizanswrafva da saqmisadmierTguleba. aqedan gamomdinare, CvenTvis sainteresoa2002-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politikaSiSeqmnili mdgomareoba.sakontrolo kiTxvebi:1) daaxasiaTeT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politikurimdgomareoba XX saukunis 90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>;2) axseniT, ra adgils ikavebs islamisa da laicizmissakiTxi 90-iani wlebis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politikaSi;3) ra adgils ikavebs 90-iani wlebis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinaopolitikaSi islamuri politikuri partiebi;99
4) ra roli uWiravs saxelisuflebo da opoziciurpartiebs <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao cxovrebaSi;5) axseniT, samxedroebis roli 90-iani wlebis <strong>TurqeTis</strong>politikur cxovrebaSi;6) ra msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas xedavT 90-ian<strong>wlebSi</strong> moRvawe politikur liderebs Soris.praqtikuli davaleba:gaaanalizeT XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis <strong>TurqeTis</strong>saSinao politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.gamoyenebuli literatura da vebgverdebi:1. adeiSvili k., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri partiebixelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, Tsu Sromebi, №341, Tbilisi, 2002.2. batiaSvili z., armiis adgili da roli <strong>TurqeTis</strong>respublikaSi (1923-2000 <strong>wlebSi</strong>), Tbilisi, 2003,sakandidato disertacia.3. batiaSvili z, cnobari TurqeTze, saqarTvelosstrategiuli kvlevebis da ganviTarebis centri,biuleteni, №23, Tbilisi, 1999.4. batiaSvili z, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,Tbilisi, 2000.5. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis konstitucia, TurqulidanTargmna da komentarebi gaukeTa giorgisordiam, Tbilisi, 2000.100
6. komaxia m., politikuri islami TurqeTSi, saqar-Tvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebiscentri, biuleteni, №47, Tebervali 2001.7. lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri partiebisistoriuli mimoxilva, Tbilisi, <strong>2011</strong>.8. maCitiZe el., islamisturi partiebi TanamedroveTurqeTSi, orientalisturi Ziebani, krebuli,3-4, Tbilisi, 1995.9. makaraZe e., Tanamedrove <strong>TurqeTis</strong> aqtualurisakiTxebi, baTumi, 2000.10. svaniZe m., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>, Tbilisi, 2007.11. sanikiZe g., alasania g, gelovani n, axlo aRmosavleTis<strong>istoria</strong> da misi urTierToba samxreTkavkasiasTan (XIX s.—XXI s.—is dasawyisi), Tbilisi,<strong>2011</strong>.12. Киреев Н.Г. История турции ХХ века. Москва, 200713. Деловая Турция, Т. ХV-XVI Москва, 2009.14. Шувалова Н.Б. Турция ХХ век(сборник обзоров). Москва,2002.15. Ahmet Akcül, „Dünyanin Değişmi ve Erbakan Dervimi,~Đstanbul. 1995.16. Akşit N, „Milli Tarih,“ c.ІІ. Đstanbul, 1993.17. Bilge. Atatürk Kültür Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu. Kiş 7.Ankara, 1999.18. Bodgener D., Ankara's pipe dreams come true. Meed, 22April 1994.19. Erbil Tuşalp., Şeriatı beklerken. Đstanbul, 1996.20. Çavdar Tevfık., Türkiye' nin Demokrası Tarıhı. Ankara, 2003.21. Türkiye Tarihi, № 5, Bugünkü Türkiye(<strong>1980</strong>-2003), Istanbul,2005.22. Zürcher E. J Turkey: a modern history . 200423. www.turkishdailynews.com.tr24. www.iimes.ru.25. www.akparti.org.tr26. www.chp.org.tr101
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Tavi IV<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika XXIsaukunis 10-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>1. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politika 2002-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>2002 wlis dasawyisisaTvis, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinaopolitikaSi aramyari situacia Seiqmna. gazafxulismiwurulidan ki politikur wreebSi daiwyo saubarivadamdeli saparlamento arCevnebis SesaZlo Catarebaze.qveynis xelisuflebis mier amgvari SesaZleblobisuaryofis miuxedavad, analitikosTa didinawili imTaviTve miiCnevda, rom qveyanaSi SeqmniliviTareba movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis realursafuZvels iZleoda. kerZod, premier-ministrb. ejeviTis Seryeuli janmrTeloba da evrokavSirSiintegraciis procesSi partiebs Soris warmoqmniliuTanxmoeba mosalodneli samTavrobo Tu politikurikrizisis SesaZlo dasawyisad iyo miCneuli.ivnisis dasawyisSi sazogadoebasTan Sexvedrisasb. ejeviTma ganacxada prezidentis ,,nacionalurimoZraobis’’ partiasTan dapirispirebis Sesaxeb.partiis lideri devleT bahCeli sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda<strong>TurqeTis</strong> konstituciaSi imgvarcvlilebaTa Setanas, rogoricaa: sikvdiliT dasjisgauqmeba; qurTul enaze swavlebisa da sateleviziogadacemaTa SemoReba da sxva, rac evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisumTavres winapirobas warmoadgenda.iseT principul sakiTxze, rogoric evrokav-SirSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> integraciaa, mmarTvel partiebs103
Soris konsensusis miuRwevloba qveyanaSi samTavrobokrizisis dawyebis mizezi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo.premieri itovebda imeds, rom opoziciur partiaTaliderebTan konsultaciebiT moaxerxebdaparlamentSi zemoxsenebul sakonstitucio cvlilebaTamiRebas. Tumca, politikur wreebSi krizisisTavidan acilebis erTaderT saSualebad vadamdeliarCevnebis Catarebas imTaviTve miiCnevdnen. ammosazrebas devleT bahCelis gancxadeba aZlierebda:,,misi partiis pozicia xels SeuSlida samTavrobopolitikuri kursis gatarebas.”vadamdeli saparlamento arCevnebis gamarTvisirgvliv debatebi mas Semdeg gamwvavda, rac premier-ministrma,,,memarcxene-demokratiuli’’ partiisliderma biulenT ejeviTma, deputatebTan Sexvedrisasganacxada, rom ,,horizontze arCevnebis gamarTvisSesaZlebloba Canda da Tanapartielebsmouwoda winasaarCevno kampaniisaken.” ejeviTis esgancxadeba SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc mTavrobismier (romelic movlenaTa amgvari ganviTarebis kategoriuliwinaaRmdegi iyo) vadamdeli arCevnebisCatarebasTan dakavSirebiT micemul pirvel ,,niSnad.’’movlenaTa amgvarma ganviTarebam ejeviTi ai-Zula sazogadoebisaTvis ganemarta misi sityvebi,rom is ,,horizontis’’ miRma 2004 wels dagegmil saparlamentoarCevnebs gulisxmobda da ara vadamdels.qveyanaSi Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare,ejeviTis gadadgomis aucileblobaze debatebi kidevufro gamwvavda. opoziciur partiis deputateb-104
Tan erTad Tavad premier-ministris TanapartielTaerTi nawilic gadadgomis moTxovniT gamovida.qveyanaSi didi gamoxmaureba mohyva ,,nacionalurimoZraobis’’ partiis liderisa da vice-premierisdevleT bahCelis 5 ivlisis gancxadebas vadamdeliarCevnebis Catarebaze (samTavrobo koaliciiswevr partiaTa liderebi – b. ejeviTi da m. ilmazikategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen vadamdeli ar-Cevnebis Catarebas). misi mosazrebiT, politikurigaurkvevloba qveyanaSi ekonomikuri programisganxorcielebis erT-erT umTavres Semaferxebelfaqtorad ganixileboda, ris gamoc aucilebelixdeboda moewviaT parlamentis sxdoma da mieRoTgadawyvetileba vadamdeli arCevnebis CatarebisSesaxeb. misi azriT, es unda momxdariyo 3 noembrisaTvis.yovelive es ki imas moaswavebda, rom Turqe-Tis moqmedi xelisufleba arCevnebs jansaR atmosferoSiCaatarebda.politikur wreebSi araerTgvarovani gamoZaxilimohyva bahCelis am gamosvlas. samTavrobo koaliciiswevris ,,dedasamSoblos’’ partiis liderism. ilmazis gancxadebiT, ,,is arCevnebis dagegmildros Catarebis momxre iyo.’’ ,,saxalxo-respublikuri’’partiis Tavmjdomaris d. baikalis TqmiT,,,qveyanaSi arsebuli viTarebidan erTaderTi gamosavalivadamdeli arCevnebis Catareba iyo.’’ islamuriorientaciis mqone ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis’’partiis lideris rejef erdoRanis gancxadebiT,,,devleT bahCelim gamosvla Zalze daagviana,aucilebeli iyo arCevnebi ufro adre Catarebuliyo.’’105
106denizbaikali<strong>TurqeTis</strong> winasaarCevnopolitikur cxovrebaSi sazogadoebisyuradReba kidev ormafaqtorma miipyro: pirveli – saxelmwifoministris qemal devriSisaRiarebam, rom apirebdapolitikuri moRvaweobis dawyebas(igi erTaderTi ministri iyo,romelic arcerTi politikuripartiis wevri ar iyo) da meore –premier-ministr b. ejeviTsa da mis uaxloes Tanapartielsada vice-premier husameTin ozqans Soris warmoqmnilidapirispireba (orive faqti Sefasda, rogorcwinasaarCevno politikuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelimovlena), rac h. ozqanis rogorc partiis,ise vice-premieris Tanamdebobis datovebiT dam-Tavrda. am faqtma ,,memarcxene-demokratiuli’’ partiisrigebSi didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. h. ozqanisam nabijs sami ministris (saxelmwifo ministrebi –rejef onadi, mustafa ilmazi da kulturis ministrisTemihan Talais) gadadgoma da ocamde deputatispartiis rigebidan gasvla mohyva. amiT ki vadamdeliarCevnebis Catarebis procesma damatebiTi impulsiSeiZina.arCevnebis gamarTvis konkretul TariRze alaparakdakoaliciuri mTavrobis wevri, ,,dedasamSoblos’’partiis Tavmjdomare m. ilmazic. am sakiTxTandakavSirebiT parlamentSi warmodgenil partiaTaliderebs Soris gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobda,rac umTavresad <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisprocesis kritikul fazaSi SesvliT iyo
gamowveuli. kerZod, 2002 wlis 20 dekembers kopenhagenSidagegmil evropis kavSiris samitze unda garkveuliyo,Tu romeli saxelmwifoebi SeZlebdnenxsenebul organizaciaSi gawevrianebaze dialogisdawyebas. m. ilmazi miiCnevda, rom noemberSi arCevnebisgamarTva (,,nacionaluri moZraobis’’ partiisiniciativa) xsenebuli dialogis dawyebisaTvis aucilebelipolitikuri kriteriumebis Sesrulebisprocess mniSvnelovnad Seaferxebda. mimomxilvel-Ta garkveuli nawilis azriT, d. bahCelis es winadadebaswored amas isaxavda miznad. igi sikvdiliT dasjiskanonis gauqmebis, erovnul umciresobaTa enebzeswavlebis da sxva kategoriuli winadadebebis winaaRmdegiiyo.2002 wlis 5 ivliss saxelmwifo ministrma hasangemijma da ganaTlebis ministrma meTin bostanjioRlumdatoves ,,memarcxene-demokratiuli’’partia.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro sagareosaqmeTa ministrma ismail jemma da saxelmwifoministrma qemal devriSma. mTavrobaSi mimdinarekrizisis fonze isini ganixilebodnen Zalad,romelsac samomavlo gezi unda ganesazRvra. maTmosazrebebs SeuerTda gadamdgari vice-premierihusameTin ozqanic, ramac gaaZliera mosazrebaTiTqosda jemi-devriSi-ozqanis sameuli Seecdebodaaxali politikuri partiis formirebas.2002 wlis 11 ivliss, ismail jemma datova sagareosaqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba da ,,memarcxenedemokratiuli’’partiis rigebi. 2002 wlis 22 ivlissman Camoayaliba ,,axali <strong>TurqeTis</strong>’’ partia,107
ac Turqul sazogadoebaSi Sefasda, rogorc b.ejeviTis mTavrobisaTvis miyenebuli yvelaze mZimedartyma, romelmac sabolood cxadyo, rom arsebulixelisufleba funqcionirebis gagrZelebasver SeZlebda. vadamdeli arCevnebis Catareba gardauvalrealobad iqca.is, Tu ramden xans SeZlebda b. ejeviTis mTavrobapoziciebis SenarCunebas, damokidebuli iyoor ZiriTad faqtorze: pirveli, daiwevda Tu arakoaliciuri mTavrobis deputatTaraodenoba 276-ze dabla(parlamentSi ndobis votumisSesanarCuneblad saWiro raodenoba)da meore, darCeboda Tuara mTavrobaSi qemal devriSi,romelsac SeeZlo qveyanaSistabiluri ekonomikuri viTarebisSenarCuneba. q. devriSi podevleTbaxCelilitikur partiaTa liderebismxridanac zewolas ganicdida, gansakuTrebiT masSemdeg, rac Seiqmna jemi-devriSi-ozqanis axali politikurimoZraoba. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT sainteresogancxadeba gaakeTa premierma b. ejeviTma -derviSis gadadgomis SemTxvevaSi isic datovebdaTanamdebobas. faqtobrivad, yovelive es metyvelebdadevriSis dadebiT imijze.2002 wlis 17 ivliss gamarTul koaliciurimTavrobis wevr partiaTa liderebis SexvedrazegamoikveTa vadamdeli arCevnebis Catarebis Tari-Ri. b. ejeviTma da m. ilmazma gaiziares d. bahCelismosazreba arCevnebis 2002 wlis 3 noembers Catare-108
aze. imavdroulad maT miiRes gadawyvetilebamTavrobaSi darCenisa da arCevnebamde xelisuflebissaTaveSi yofnis Sesaxeb (miuxedavad imisa, romkoaliciuri mTavrobis wevri partiebis deputat-Ta ricxvi ndobis qvotebis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelraodenobaze dabla daec — 272 deputati).premier-ministrma da ,,memarcxene-demokratiuli~partiis liderma b. ejeviTma, ramdenime dRiswin koaliciuri mTavrobis wevr partiaTa liderebTanmiRweuli SeTanxmebis miuxedavad ganacxada,rom igi vadamdeli arCevnebis Catarebis winaaRmdegiiyo da konsultaciebis gamarTva daiwyocalkeul politikur partiebTan. saxelmwifo televiziiT(TRT-1) gamosvlisas man ganacxada, romsociologiuri gamokiTxvebis Sedegad, xelisuflebaSimosvlis maRali Sansi hqondaT islamuriorientaciis mqone ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~da proqurTuli orientaciis partias. b.ejeviTis mosazrebiT, islamuri da proqurTuliorientaciis partiaTa warmatebam, SeiZleba seriozulisafrTxe Seuqmnas qveyanaSi arsebul laicisturreJims. mis mosazrebas daupirispirdnensamTavrobo koaliciis wevrebi d. bahCeli da m.ilmazi.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> parlamentma 2002 wlis 28 ivliss ganaaxlamuSaoba da 1 agvistos miiRo saboloo gadawyvetilebavadamdeli arCevnebis mimdinarewlis 3 noembers gamarTvis Sesaxeb.analitikosTa azriT, arCevnebSi sazogadoebaZvel da tradiciul politikur partiebs naklebadendoboda da surda xelisuflebaSi axali po-109
litikuri Zalebis mosvla. varaudiT, arCevnebSigamarjvebis realuri Sansi SedarebiT axal, islamuriorientaciis mqone ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~partias hqonda. winaswari sociologiurigamokiTxvebis Sedegebic qveyanaSi am partiislideris rejef Taif erdoRanis mzard popularobazemetyvelebda.arCevnebSi warmatebis realuri Sansi gaaCndaTmemarcxene orientaciis mqone ,,saxalxo-respublikur~ (Tavmjdomare - deniz baikali) da ,,axali <strong>TurqeTis</strong>~(Tavmjdomare - ismail jemi) partiebsac. undaaRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom d. baikalma 1999wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi 10%-iani barierisgadalaxva ver SeZlo da parlaments miRma darCa.aqedan gamomdinare, igi am etapze xelisuflebaSimyof politikur ZalebTan ar asocirdeboda, racmisi partiis reitingis zrdas mniSvnelovnad uwyobdaxels. ismail jemi ki <strong>TurqeTis</strong> erT-erT yvelazepopularul da warmatebul politikur moRvawediTvleboda, mis mier formirebuli partiasazogadoebaSi novatoruli ideebisa da midgomebisgamtarebel Zalad aRiqmeboda. winasaarCevnoperiodSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda sakiTxs, Turomel partiaSi gaerTiandeboda saxelmwifo ministriqemal devriSi? misi gawevrianeba im politikurierTeulis reitings mniSvnelovnad gazrdida.2002 wlis 5 agvistos igi gadadga dakavebuliTanamdebobidan, Tumca amaSi moulodneli araferiyofila. faqti erTia, rom misi saxeli bolodros xSirad asocirdeboda yofil sagareo saqme-Ta ministr ismail jemTan da mis partiasTan. 15 ag-110
vistos q. devriSis gancxadebamTavisi arCevanismemarcxene-centristul ,,saxalxo-respublikur~partiaze SeCerebis Sesaxeb qveynis politikurwreebSi araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia. gancxadebisTanaxmad, misi mizani arCevnebis win memarcxene-ZalebisgaerTianeba iyo. amisken mouwebda,,,axali <strong>TurqeTis</strong>a~ da ,,saxalxo-respublikuri~partiebi, Tanac ise, rom memarcxene Zalebisxelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis SemTxvevaSi Tvi-Ton uars ambobdnen premier-ministris postze daaRniSnul Tanamdebobas rotaciuli principiT ororiwlis ganmavlobaSi ismail jemsa da deniz baikalssTavazobda. i. jemma uari ganacxada aseT SemoTavazebaze,rac sakmarisi aRmoCnda q. derviSisaTvis,raTa arCevani d. baikalze SeeCerebina, raccxadia, araerTgvarovnad iqna aRqmuli. erTni fiqrobdnen,rom misi es nabiji r. erdoRanis islamuri,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis xelisuflebissaTaveSi erTpirovnulad mosvlisaRkveTis survilma ganapiroba. meoreni ki miiCnevdnen,rom q. devriSis axali <strong>TurqeTis</strong> partiaSi gawevrianebisSemTxvevaSic ki kiTxvis niSnis qveSrCeboda aRniSnuli partiis mier 10%-iani saarCevnobarieris gadalaxvis sakiTxi.seqtembrisaTvis qveyanaSi saarCevno samzadisisruli datvirTviT mindinareobda, rac ZiriTadadpartiebs Soris winasaarCevno blokebis Camoyalibebasada partiuli siebis axali wevrebiT gamtkicebismcdelobaSi gamoixateboda. magaliTad: sam-Tavrobo koaliciis wevri partiebidan ,,nacionalurimoZraobis~ partia yovelgvar saarCevno111
lokSi gaerTianebis kategoriuli winaaRmdegiiyo. premier-ministr b. ejeviTis ,,demokratiulimemarcxene~partia ki arCevnebis win deputatTanaxevarma datova. koaliciis mesame wevrma - ,,dedasamSoblos~partiamac deputatTa didi raodenobadakarga, am SemTxvevaSi mizezad m. ilmazisadmiundoblobas asaxelebdnen.rogorc adgilobriv, ise saerTaSoriso sainformacio saSualebebSi didi rezonansi gamoiwvia20 seqtembers umaRlesi saarCevno komisiis miergamotanilma dadgenilebam, romlis mixedviT,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis lidersr. erdoRansa da cnobil islamist n. erbaqansaekrZalaT arCevnebSi deputatobis kandidatisstatusiT monawileobis miReba. isini konstituciis312-e muxliT iyvnen nasamarTlevi, rac ideologiuridanaSaulis Cadenisa da anarqistuli moRvaweobiswaqezebis gamo politikur moRvaweobaSigarkveul SezRudvebs iTvaliswinebda, maT Soris,parlamentis wevrad arCevis uflebis CamorTmevasac.miuxedavad imisa, rom im droisaTvis parlamentismier gauqmebuli iyo 312-e muxlis meore nawili,umaRlesma saarCevno komisiam SeuZlebladmiiCnia Zveli formulirebis mixedviT gasamarTlebulipirebis udanaSaulod cnoba. amas daemata sakonstituciosasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelicaiZulebda r. erdoRans partiis damfuZneblisstatusze uari eTqva da Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobadaetovebina. igi gadawyvetilebis mxolodpirvel nawils daemorCila. mimomxilvelTa azriT,erdoRani memkvidris vinaobas arCevnebis Semdegdaasaxelebda.112
arCevnebis win eWvs ar iwvevda is garemoeba,rom 10%-ian saarCevno bariers gadalaxavda ,,saxalxo-respublikuri~da ,,samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis~ partiebi. mesame partia, romelsacwarmatebas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen ,,WeSmaritigzis~ partia iyo.konstituciis Tanaxmad, prezidentis gankargulebiT samTavrobo kabinetis Camoyalibeba impartias devaleboda, romelic arCevnebSi xmaTaumravlesobas moipovebda da Sesabamisad, premierministrisadgilsac is daikavebda. msgavs situaciaSisamarTlebriv gadawyvetilebas miiRebdaqveynis prezidenti ahmed nejdeT sezeri.2002 wlis 3 noembers TurqeTSi Catarda vadamdelisaparlamento arCevnebi, romlebSic monawileobamiiRo amomrCevelTa daaxloebiT 80%—ma. SedegebismixedviT, arCevnebSi monawile 19 partiidan,10%—iani barieri gadalaxa mxolod ,,samar-Tlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ da ,,saxalxo-respublikurma~partiebma.amomrCevelTa xmebis monapovariT ,,samarTlianobisada ganviTarebis~ partiam 550 sadeputatomandatidan miiRo 363, rac xelisuflebis saTaveSiaRniSnuli partiis erTpirovnuli mosvlis mauwyebeliiyo.1 samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis partia(AKP)2 saxalxo-respublikuripartia (CHP)34.1 36319.02 1783 damoukidebeli depu- 9113
tatebiarCevnebSi islamuri partiis gamarjvebasTandakavSirebiT mimomxilvelebi aRniSnavdnen, rom1983-1987 wlebis Semdeg <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikurcxovrebaSi msgavsi faqti (erTi partiis xelisuflebissaTaveSi mosvla) ar momxdara.arCevnebis Sedegad, parlaments miRma darCnenrogorc qveynis xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofikoaliciuri mTavrobis wevrebi, aseve parlamentSiwarmodgenili sxva opoziciuri partiebi.arCevnebis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga premier-ministrissakiTxi. erT-erT realur kandidatad,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiisTavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile politikur sakiTxebSiabdula guli ganixileboda, romelsacpolitikuri moRvaweobis sakmaod didi gamocdilebahqonda. aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac,rom qveynis prezidenti sezeri arCevnebis SemdegsimpaTiebiT iyo gamsWvaluli <strong>TurqeTis</strong> kontrolispalatis yofili Tavmjdomaris vejdi gionulismimarTac. premier-ministris SesaZlo kandidaturadim periodSi saxeldeboda agreTve cnobiliTurqi saxelmwifo moRvaweebi: abdulqadir aqsuda biulenT ardinCi, Tumca politikosTa azriT,axali premieris moRvaweoba moklevadiani iqneboda,radganac erdoRanis politikur akrZalvebsvada 2003 wlis ianvarSi gasdioda.363 sadeputato mandatis mflobel ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partias 4 damoukidebelian ,,saxalxo—respublikuri~ partiis deputa-114
tis mxardaWeriT SeeZlo konstituciaSi cvlilebebisSetanisaTvis aucilebeli xmebis saerTo raodenobisori mesamedis mogroveba, rac mas Sesabamisisakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcielebissaSualebas miscemda.arCevnebis Sesaxeb pirveli Sefasebebi rig partiaTaliderebma winaswari Sedegebis gamoqveynebisTanavegaakeTes. ,,dedasamSoblos~ partiisTavmjdomaris moadgilem selCuk fehl ivanoRlumuaryo erTpartiuli parlamentis kanoniereba.premier-ministrma b. ejeviTma arCevnebis SedegebiTTavisi ukmayofileba gamoxata. misi azriT,samTavrobo koaliciis wevrma partiebma vadamdeliarCevnebis Catarebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebismiRebiT sakuTar Tavs TviTmkvlelobis ganaCenigamoutanes. ejeviTma eWvi gamoTqva ,,samarTlianobisada ganviTarebis~ partiis demokratiuli faseulobebisadmierTgu lebaze. is faqti, rom aRniSnulpartias xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlisSemTxvevaSi Tavisi samomavlo programis Sesaxeb arganucxadebia, mas optimizmis safuZvels ar aZlevda.Tumca, man mainc gamoTqva imedi, rom ,,samar-Tlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partia laicizmisa dademokratiis gziT ivlida.,,nacionaluri moZraobis~ partiis lidermadevleT bahCelma sakuTar Tavze aiRo pasuxismgebloba arCevnebSi partiis warumateblobis gamo.r. erdoRanis gancxadebiT, ,,samarTlianobisada ganviTarebis~ partiis arCevnebSi gamarjvebaTurqeTSi axali epoqis dasawyisi iyo. specialurinterviuSi man ganacxada, rom kopenhagenis samitamdedarCenil mokle droSi misi partia Zal-Ro-115
nes ar dazogavda, raTa srulfasovnad Seasrulos<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis procesisSeuferxeblad warmarTvisaTvis yvela aucilebelipiroba, rac Seexeba premier-ministris kandidaturas,igi prezidentTan molaparakebiT gadawydeboda.JurnalistebTan Sexvedra erdoRanma mustafaqemal aTaTurqis sityvebiT daiwyo: ,,Zalauflebaupirobod xalxs ekuTvnis," riTac laicizmisprincipebisadmi Tavisi erTguleba daadastura.r. erdoRanma arCevnebis Sefasebisas gamoyorigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, ramac qveyanaSi Seqmnilisituaciis ganmuxtva gamoiwvia. preskonferenciazeman isaubra im ZiriTadi garantiebis Sesaxeb,rasac ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~partia qveynis mosaxleobas hpirdeboda, rom xelisuflebapativiscemiT moekideboda moqalaqe-Ta cxovrebis wess; daaCqarebda evropis kavSirSi<strong>TurqeTis</strong> srulfasovani gawevrianebis process;gaZlierdeboda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> msoflio sazogadoebeb-Si integracia; waaxalisebda ucxour kapitaldabandebebisganxorcielebis process; gaagrZelebdamsoflio savaluto fondis programebis ganxorcielebasda sxva. is Seexo sxva sakiTxebsac:kerZod, Tavsaburavis Temas, romelic sazogadoebaSidapirispirebis mizezs warmoadgenda, upiratesobaar mieniWeba mas da moxdeboda aRniSnuliproblemis urTierTdaTmobaTa gziT gadawyveta;daculi iqneboda rwmenis Tavisufleba, pativiscemiTmoekidebodnen qveynis nebismieri moqalaqisreligiur aRmsareblobas; cxovrebaSi gaatarebdnensakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs erovnul umciresobisaTvismSobliur enaze tele-radio ma-116
uwyeblobis ganxorcielebasa da ganaTlebis miRebas;qveynis samxedro xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiTSemoRebul iqneba fasiani samxedro samsaxuri,romelic biujetSi Semosavlebis gazrdis mniSvnelovanwyarod gadaiqceva da sxva.TurqeTSi gamarTul saparlamento arCevnebsfarTo gamoxmaureba mohyva msoflio masobriv sainformaciosaSualebebSi. telekompania STT–m, ar-Cevnebis Sedegebi ,,politikur miwisZvrad" Seafasada tradiciuli partiebis warumatebloba TurqeTSiarsebul ekonomikur kriziss daukavSira.franguli sainformacio saagento FAK-is SefasebiT,qveyana, sadac demokratiuli faseulobebisSenarCuneba armiis ZalisxmeviT xdeba, politikuristabilurobisagan Sorsaa. saagentos gancxadebiT,samTavrobo koaliciis wevri partiebidanekonomikuri krizisiT Sewuxebuli mosaxleobisprotestis gamo vercerTma ver SeZlo saarCevnobarieris gadalaxva.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saqmiani da politikuri wreebi ,,samarTlianobisada ganviTarebis~ partiis mier memarjvenecentristuli poziciis dakavebas elian,rac, maTi azriT, aRniSnul Zalas ufro met warmatebasmoutans, vidre radikaluri islamis gziTsvlisas. TurqeTSi 3 noembers gamarTulma saparlamentoarCevnebma dadebiTi gamoxmaureba hpovamsoflio sazogadoebriobis (saerTaSoriso savalutofondi, evropis kavSiri) mxridanac. msoflioswamyvanma qveynebma erdoRanis xelisuflebas-Tan TanamSromlobis survili daadastures. arCevnebisSedegebiT kmayofileba gamoxates qveynis sa-117
finanso-ekonomikurma wreebmac. gavleniani Turqibiznesmenebis azriT, xelisuflebis saTaveSi erTipartiis mosvlam ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisprocesi unda gaaadvilos, rac qveynis krizisidangamosvlas Seuwyobda xels. erdoRanis damaimedebelmada momrigeblurma gancxadebebma xeliSeuwyo qveyanaSi politikuri da ekonomikurimdgomareobis swraf stabilizacias.arCevnebSi memarjvene centristuli partiebiskraxi sabediswero aRmoCnda. ,,WeSmariti gzis,~,,dedasamSoblos~ da ,,nacionaluri moZraobis~partiebis liderebma ( T. Cileri, m. ilmazi da d.bahCeli) arCevnebis Semdeg ganacxades partiisTavmjdomaris postidan gadadgomisa da aqtiuripolitikuri moRvaweobis dasrulebis Sesaxeb.uflebamosilebis moxsnis gancxadebiT prezidentiswinaSe warsdga premier-ministri b. ejeviTi.prezidentma a. n. sezerma daakmayofila aRniSnulimoTxovna, Tumca, ejeviTs sTxova xelisuflebissaTaveSi darCena axali mTavrobis Camoyalibebamde.2002 wlis 18 noembers qveynis prezidentma a.sezerma premier-ministris Tanamdeboba da 58-emTavrobis Camoyalibeba daavala erdoRanis pirvelmoadgiles - abdula guls.premierad abdula gulis mosvlis SemdegdRis wesrigSi dadga aucilebloba parlamentsmokle droSi mieRo is sakonstitucio cvlilebebi,romlis Sedegad erdoRanis premier-ministradgaxdomas samarTlebrivi winaaRmdegoba aRar eqneboda.118
sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sedegad, r.erdoRans mieca uflebamosileba monawileoba mie-Ro saparlamento arCevnebSi, romelSic brwyinvalegamarjveba moipova.2003 wlis 14 marts erdoRani gaxda <strong>TurqeTis</strong>respublikis premier—ministri, romelsac qveynisprezidentma sezerma oficialurad daavala 59-emTavrobis Camoyalibeba.rogorc vxedavT, saero, respublikuri Turqe-Tis umaRles saxelisuflebo eSelonebSi mTavarpartiad da qveynis meore pirad mogvevlina islamuriorientaciis ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~partia, romelsac gaaCnda yvela saxelisufleboberketi da mosaxleobaSi aqtiuri mxardaWeraimisa, rom momaval 2007 wlis saprezidentoarCevnebSi is wamoayenebda Taviskandidaturas.2007 wlis dasawyisSi,TurqeTSi arsebulma Sida politikurmamovlenebma mTavrobazedidi gavlena moaxdina,rac agreTve dakavSirebuliiyo prezidentis winasaarCevnokampaniasTan, radgan axaliprezidentis arCeviT TurqeabdulaguliTis politika Svidi wliT winaswariqneboda gansazRvruli.2007 wlis aprilSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri ZalebimimarTuli iyo saSinao politikis kursze.erT mxares idgnen — moqmedi prezidenti (ahmednejdeT sezeri), jari, profkavSirebi, universitetisreqtorebi, opoziciuri partiebi, xolo meore119
mxriv — mmarTveli ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~partia.mxareTa dapirispirebis ZiriTadi mizezi moqmedipremier—ministris rejef Taif erdoRanismier prezidentis Tanamdebobaze Tavisi kandidaturisdasaxeleba iyo, rasac opoziciis mxridan2007 wlis 14—15 aprils ankaraSi naxevarmilionianimitingi mohyva.Tavad erdoRani da misi momxreebi aqtiur molaparakebebsawarmoebdnen mxardamWer parlamentis wevrebTan, axalgazrdul da qalTa organizaciebTan.2007 wlis 18 marts, mmarTvelma partiam, SvidsaaTiani Sexvedris dros ganixila erdoRanis sakiTxiprezidentobis kandidatobasTan dakavSirebiT.partiam Tavad erdoRans miando am sakiTxisgadawyveta. didi fiqris Semdeg, rejef Taif erdo-Ranma moxsna Tavisi kandidatura da prezidentobiskandidatad daasaxela Tavisi moadgile, sagareosaqmeTa ministri abdula guli.mmarTveli ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~partiidan abdula gulis prezidentobis kandidataddasaxelebam opoziciis, saero da samxedroelitis gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. mTel qveyanaSigaimarTa saprotesto aqciebi, romlebSic monawileobamilionobiT adamianma miiRo. DdemonstrantebmammarTveli partia saxelmwifos saero principebisuaryofasa da <strong>TurqeTis</strong> islamizaciismcdelobaSi daadanaSaules. genStabis xelmZRvanelebisgamosvlebSi saubari iyo saxelmwifoSi arsebuliislamizaciis safrTxis Sesaxeb, xolo cen-120
traluri sainformacio saSualebebi ki axali samxedrogadatrialebis Sesaxeb laparakobdnen.TurqeTSi Seqmnilma winaaRmdegobam da daZabulobam,qveyana vadamdel saparlamento arCevnebamdemiiyvana.2007 wlis 22 ivliss TurqeTSi Catarda saparlamentoaCevnebi, romelSic monawileoba miiRo42.5 milionma amomrCevelma. 10%—iani barieri gadalaxasamma politikurma partiam.№ partiis dasaxeleba1 samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebispartia (AKP)2 saxalxo—respublikuripartia (CHP)3 nacionaluri moZraobispartia(MHP)procentideputatebisraodenoba46,58 34120,87 11214,27 714 demokratiuli partia5,41 -(DP)5 damoukidebeli 5,19 26premier—ministr rejef Taif erdoRanis ,,samarTlianobisada ganviTarebis~ partiam, 2002wlis saparlamento arCevnebTan SedarebiT, xmebisraodenoba 34,1 procentidan 46,47 procentamde gazarda.Tumca wina mowvevis parlamentisagan gansxvavebiT,partias deputatTa naklebi raodenobaeyoleboda. risi mizezic gaxldaT ori opoziciuripartiis aTprocentiani saarCevno barieris gadalaxva.121
mmarTvelma partiam bolos 53 wlis winaT SeZloarCevnebSi ukeTesi Sedegis Cveneba. msgavsi warmatebismiRweva 1954 wels ,,demokratiulma~ partiammoaxerxa. amis Semdeg yvela mmarTveli partiakargavda mxardamWerTa raodenobas. 2007 wlis ar-Cevnebis Sedegebi premier—ministris moraluri gamarjvebaciyo. mxardamWerebTan Sexvedrisas erdoRaniacxadebda, rom ,,demokratiam TurqeTSiZalian mniSvnelovani testi Caabara. visTvisac arunda migecaT xma, Cven pativs vcemT Tqvens arCevansda gansxvavebul azrs. Cveni pasuxismgeblobaadavicvaT respublikis principebi, rac mustafaqemal aTaTurqma dausaxa Turq ers.~2007 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebi,opoziciuri ,,saxalxo—respublikuri~ partislideris d. baikalisaTvis arasasiamovno informaciaiyo. parlaments daubrunda ultramemarjvene,,nacionaluri moZraobis~ partia, devleT bax-Celis xelmZRvanelobiT.parlamentSi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiTmoxvdnen (28) damoukidebeli deputatebi, rac didiwarmateba iyo. maT Soris 25 deputati ,,qurTulidemokratiuli~ partiis wevrebi iyvnen.2007 wlis 20 agvistos Catarda prezidentis ar-Cevnebis pirveli turi, romelsac boikoti gamoucxadamejlisSi Semavalma opoziciurma partiebma.Sedegad, arCevnebis pirvel turSi prezidentobiserTaderTma kandidatma abdula gulim farulikenWisyriT moagrova 367 xma, rac sakmarisi araRmoCnda gamarjvebisaTvis. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> konstituciismixedviT, pirvel da meore turSi, 550 adgili-122
an mejlisSi prezidentobis kandidatma xmaTa konstituciuriumravlesoba unda moagrovos.A2007 wlis 28 agvistos, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> parlamentmamesame turSi, saxelmwifos axali meTauri xmaTaumravlesobiT airCia. saxelmwifos meTauris uflebamosileba56 wlis abdula gulma qveynis moqmediprezidentisagan (axmed nejdeT sezeri) ankaraSi,CankaiSis rezidenciaSi gadaibara.2007 wlis 21 oqtombers TurqeTSi mmarTvelipartiis iniciativiT Catarda referendumi sakonstituciocvlilebebis (maT Soris prezidentispirdapiri arCevis) Sesaxeb. cvlilebebs mxari dauWiramasSi monawileTa 68,95%—ma. mmarTvelmapartiam aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Semdeg ganagrZoaxali reformebis gatareba.,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiisam calsaxa warmatebebis miuxedavad, laicisturadmiCneul Zalebs ar SeuwyvetiaT brZola. erT—er-Ti bolo gabrZoleba iyo 2008 wels sakonstituciosasamarTloSi mmarTveli partiis daxurvismoTxovniT saqmis aRZvra. aRniSnuli saqme partiissasargeblod dasrulda.Tumca arc samarTaldamcavi organoebi msxdarangulxeldakrefilni. 2007 wlidan daiwyo dadRemde grZeldeba e. w. ,,ergenekonis saqmis~ gamo-Zieba, romelsac Tan axlavs aTeulobiT samxedros,Jurnalistis, mecnierebis, politikosebisada a. S. daWeris talRebi. maT bralad edebaT teroristuliorganizaciis Seqmna, romelsac undagamoewvia areulobebi qveyanaSi. Seqmnili qaosisfonze ki gaexsnebodaT gza samxedro gadatriale-123
is mowyobisaTvis. organizacias hqonda 6 sammar-Tvelo (maTgan 4 samxedro da 2 samoqalaqo).gavrcelebuli informaciiT, organizaciashyavda SeiaraRebuli danayofebi, gaaCndaT moqmedebiskonkretuli gegma. arsebobs eWvi, rom maTkavSiri hqondaT TurqeTSi moqmed sxva teroristulorganizaciebTanac.e. w. ,,ergenekonis saqme~ imiTac aris gansakuTrebuli <strong>TurqeTis</strong> istoriisaTvis, rom pirveladmoxda moqmedi Turqi samxedro mosamsaxureebis(maT Soris generlebis) dakaveba—gasamarTleba.rogorc gamoZiebis masalebidan Cans, aRniSnulmaorganizaciam mis gaSifvramde ukve moaswrogarkveuli saxis teroristuli aqtebis Catareba.organizaciis winaaRmdeg <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sxvadasxvaguberniaSi ganxorcielebuli dakavebebisa daCxrekebis dros samarTaldamcavma organoebmaamoiRes SeiaraRebis didi partiebi da dokumentacia,rac gamoZiebaze warmodgenil iqna samxilissaxiT.sainteresoa, rom dakavebulTa mimarT simpa-Tiebi gamoTqves rogorc memarjvene, ise memarcxeneZalebma (maT Soris opoziciurma politikurmapartiebma).aRsaniSnavia, rom e. w. ,,ergenekonis saqmesTan~dakavSirebuli Zieba jerjerobiT ar dasrulebulada rogorc Turqi mimomxilvelebi varaudoben,SesaZlebelia mas daWerebis axali seria mohyves.2009 wlis 29 marts TurqeTSi, mZime ekonomikurida politikuri viTarebis fonze Catardaadgilobrivi arCevnebi, romelSic monawileobda124
21 politikuri partia da damoukidebeli kandidatebi.adgilobrivi arCevnebi TurqeTSi mZime dadaZabul viTarebaSi mimdinareobda. saarCevno ubnebzeareulobis dros daiRupa Svidi, xolo daiWraasamde adamiani.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> masStabiT 177.221 saarCevno ubanze70 milionidan xma misca 48 milionma amomrCevelma.mmarTvelma ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~partiam amomrCevelTa 38,17% moipova. 23,5%—iTmeore adgilze gavida ,,saxalxo—respublikuri~partia, 14,3%—iT mesame adgili daikava ,,nacionalurimoZraobis~ partiam.mmarTvelma partiam SeinarCuna TavianTi postebi<strong>TurqeTis</strong> did qalaqebSi, rogoricaa: stambulida ankara, magram daTmo poziciebi antaliaSi,diarbaqirsa da izmirSi.arCevnebis Semdeg erdoRanma ganacxada: ,,CvenmiviReT gamowveva xalxisagan da aviReT maTganmagaliTi.~,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiisiniciativiT 2010 wlis 12 seqtembers Catarda referendumisakonstitucio cvlilebebze. amjeradreformebis paketi moicavda 26 muxlis cvlilebas.referendumSi monawile 57,88%—ma mxari dau-Wira SemoTavazebul winadadebas.referendumis Sedegad cvlilebebi ganxorcieldasakonstitucio da samxedro sasamarTloeb-Si, mosamarTleTa da prokurorTa umaRles sabWoebSi;gaizarda adamianis uflebebi, Seicvala parlamentisuflebamosilebis vada da a. S.125
erdoRanis mTavrobis erT—erTi yvelaze gamorCeuliproeqti iyo e. w. ,,qurTuli iniciativa,~romelic miznad isaxavda qurTuli warmoSobis moqalaqeebiswinaSe arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas.am mizniT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saxelmwifo televiziaSi24 saaTiani mauwyeblobadaiwyo qurTulenovanmaarxma, gaixsna qurTulienis Semswavleli kursebida fakultetebi umaRlessaswavleblebSi; SemuSavdada ganxorcielda socialurida ekonomikuri xasiaTisproeqtebi qveynis samxreT—aRmosavleTSimcxovrebmoqalaqeebisaTvis.r. erdoRani da a. guliTumca amis miuxedavad, proqurTul organizaciebsmainc arasakmarisad miaCndaT xelisuflebisqmedebebi. isini moiTxoven e. w. ,,demokratiul avtonomias,~rac miuRebelia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelisuflebisaTvis.Sedegad, ,,qurTistanis muSaTa~ partiaqveynis mTel teritoriaze sxvadasxva intensiurobiTawyobda teroristul aqtebs, rasac aseulobiTadamianis sicocxle ewireboda. xSiri iyo Seiara-Rebuli Setakebebi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> policiasa da samxedroebTan.<strong>2011</strong> wlis 21 Tebervals, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mmarTveli,,samar Tlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partia, mejlisSiSevida winadadebiT, rom mejlisis arCevnebidaniSnuliyo <strong>2011</strong> wlis 12 ivniss, parlamentma eswinadadeba <strong>2011</strong> wlis 3 marts daamtkica.126
<strong>2011</strong> wlis 11 aprils politikurma partiebmaumaRles saarCevno sabWoSi waradgines sakuTarikandidatebis sia. 24 politikuri partiidan eqvsmaganacxada uari monawileobis miRebaze, danarCenma18-ma ki gamoxata sruli mzadyofna brZolisTvis.winaswari monacemebiT, xsenebuli 18 partiidan10%-iani bariers mxolod ,,samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis,~ ,,saxalxo-respublikuri~ da ,,nacionalurimoZraobis~ partiebi gadalaxavdnen.qurTuli ,,mSvidobisa da demokratiis~ partiamairCia ukve gamocdili da warmatebuli taqtika.Tavisi warmomadgenlebi damoukidebel kandidatebadwaradgina. kanoniT es nebadarTulia.samxreT-aRmosavleT saarCevno olqebSi, romlebicupiratesad eTnikuri qurTebiT arian dasaxlebuli,am kandidatebs gamarjvebis srul garantiasaZlevda. axali parlamentis muSaobis dawyebis Semdeges deputatebi Camoayalibebdnen sakuTarfraqcias da daafiqsirebdnen, rom warmoadgendnen,,mSvidobisa da demokratiis~ partiis interesebs.partiaTa danarCeni nawilebis mcdeloba, gaerTianebuliyvnenbarieris gadasalaxad, rogorcmosalodneli iyo kraxiT dasrulda.erTi SexedviT, ZalTa aseTi martivi ganawilebaar xdida saparlamento arCevnebis winasaarCevnokampanias mZafrs. saqme isaa, rom gamarjvebisSemTxvevaSi mmarTvel ,,samarTlianobisa da ganvi-Tarebis~ partias (ukve mesamed), saSualeba eZleoda,Camoeyalibebina erTpartiuli mmarTveloba,127
ac rekorduli iqneboda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mravalpartiulisistemis funqcionirebis <strong>istoria</strong>Si. swored eshqonda miznad dasaxuli mmarTvel partias da misliders - rejef erdoRans.winasaarCevno mzadebis procesis analizigvaZlevs saSualebas gavakeToT daskvna, rom saar-Cevno maraToni pirvel etapze yvelaze warmatebiTda organizebulad mmarTvelma partiam gaiara.ra Tqma unda, did rols TamaSobs administraciuliresursic, Tumca aseve unda aRiniSnos ampartiis winasaarCevno brZolis yvela mimarTulebiTgamoyenebuli moqnili taqtika da strategia.am daskvnas amyarebda winasaarCevno gamokiTxvebi.magaliTad, Turquli kvleviTi centris, Andy-ar— is mier Catarebuli Sedegebidan aSkarad Canda, Turogor imata mmarTveli partiis mxardamWerTa raodenobam2010 wlis seqtembris Semdeg, rac gvafiqrebinebdaimas, rom es marTlac warmatebuli winasaar-Cevno kampaniis Sedegi iyo.,,nacionaluri moZraobis~ da ,, saxalxo-respublikuri~ partiis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi eqspertebiganixilavdnen maT mier koaliciuri mTavrobisCamoyalibebis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, movlenebisamgvari ganviTareba naklebad savaraudo iyo,upirveles yovlisa imis gamo, rom partiebs SorisdialogSi sakmaod didi sirTuleebi arsebobda.garda amisa, ukanasknel periodSi ,,nacionalurimoZraobis~ partiis garSemo sakmaod didi aJiotaJiSeiqmna (gamoqveynda kanidatebis erotikuliskanda luri videoebi). eqspertebis wreSi sakmaod128
aqtiurad ganixileboda versia, rom es skandalebiinicirebuli iyo konkretuli politikuri Zalismier, im mizniT, rom nacionalistebs daekargaT10%-iani barieris gadalaxvis Sansi. ariel koenma(eqspertTa sabWos, Trend-is wevri) gamoTqva mosazreba,rom es aJiotaJi yvelaze metad xels mmarTvelpartias aZlevda, vinaidan Tuki nacionalistebi vergavidodnen parlamentSi, amiT „samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis~ partias realuri Sansi eqneboda moepovebinasakonstitucioumravlesoba.eqspertTa nawili gamoTqvamdamosazrebas,rom TurqeTSi politikuripartiebis warmatebaarCevnebze, gansakuTrebiTmaT liderebze iyodamokidebuli.am fonze sainteresoa 2010 wlis dekemberSi Turqulistrategiuli da socialuri kvlevebis centris,,Metropol’’-is mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi,romelTa Sedegad 40.6%-ma politikuri partiis sasurvelliderad daasaxela rejef erdoRani (,,samarTlianobisada ganviTarebis~ partia), 22.5%-maqemal kiliCdaroRlu (,,saxalxo-respublikuri~partia), 8.6%-ma ki devleT bahCeli (,,nacionalurimoZraoba~). es yvelaferi miuTiTebda imaze, rommmarTvel partias hyavda qarizmatuli lideri, racmravali eqspertis azriT, warmatebis erT-erTi sakmaodmniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo.129
ejef Taif erdoRanis umTavresi mizaniiyo, qveyana seriozuli areulobis gareSe mieyvanasaparlamento arCevnebamde, vinaidan, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi, mmarTveli partiis reitingi mkveTradSemcirdeboda.Sidapolitikuri destabilizacia qveyanaSi SeeZlogamoewvia mxolod ,,qurTebis muSaTa~ partias.Tumca, 2010 wlis 13 oqtombers erdoRanma qurTebiswinamZRolis, samudamo patimrobaSi myofi abdulaojalanis daxmarebiT saparlamento arCevnebamdeSeZlo muSaTa partiasTan molaparakeba. miuxedavadamisa, qurTebis sakiTxi kvlav nomer pirvelproblemad rCeboda qveyanaSi.winasaarCevno maraTonis dros, pirveli seriozuligamwvaveba qurTuli ,,mSvidobisa da demokratiis~partiis kandidatebis gamo moxda 19 aprils,rodesac umaRlesma saarCevno sabWom siidan amoiRopartiis Svidi kandidati im mizeziT, rom isini nasamarTleviiyvnen, rac ar aZlevda maT uflebas kenWieyaraT parlamentSi. Aam gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mTel rig provinciebSi aseulobiTdemonstranti gamovida. mmarTveli partiis oponentebmaes gadawyvetileba Seafases, rogorc demokratiulprincipebTan winaaRmdegobaSi myofi. am verdiqtmakritika evropeli politikosebis mxridanacdaimsaxura.warmoqmnili problemis gadasaWrelad prezidentisrezidenciaSi Sedga Sexvedra qveynis prezidentabdula gulsa da didi nacionaluri krebisspiker mehmeT ali Saxins Soris. Sexvedramde Tavis130
gancxa debaSi prezidentma aRniSna: ,,problemis gadaWrissakiTxs yvela konstruqciulad unda miudges...amasTan, maTi kandidaturebi moxsnilia garkveulidokumentaciis arwardgenis gamo.’’ Tavis mxriv,Saxinma ganacxada, rom surs es gadawyvetileba gadaixedos,Tu kanonmdeblobis mxridan ar aris raimebarieri am kandidatebTan dakavSirebiT. Sexvedridan24 saaTis Semdeg qurTuli partiis deputatebiskandidaturebi iqna aRdgenili.qurTuli problema da misi gadaWris gzebi winasaarCevnokampaniis ganmavlobaSi bevri partiis-Tvis potenciuri momxreebis raodenobis zrdis seriozulberkets warmoadgenda. ,,saxalxo-republikurma~partiam am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisiprogramac ki gamoaqveyna. dokumentSi SeTavazebuliiyo mTeli rigi cvlilebebi politikur, socialur,kulturul da ekonomikur sferoebSi. gansxvavebiTmmarTveli partiisgan, romelic amtkicebda,rom qveynis aRmosavleT regionebis ekonomikuriganviTareba gadaWrida TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qurTebisyvela problemas. ,,saxalxo-respublikuri~ partiisgeneraluri Tavmjdomare, qemal kiliCdaroRluxazs usvamda qurTebTan seriozuli problemebisarsebobas demokratiisa da adamianTa uflebebiskuTxiT.aprilSi aseve wamoiWra polemika qveyanaSisaprezidento mmarTvelobis SemoRebis perspeqtivaze.mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli, Tavis samoqmedo gegma-Si acxadebda, rom TurqeTSi unda Catardes refe-131
endumi, axal saprezidento mmarTvelobis formazegadasvlaze.<strong>2011</strong> wlis 12 ivliss TurqeTSi Catarda saparlamentoaCevnebi, romelSic monawileoba miiRo 50.2 milionmaamomrCevelma. 10%-iani barieri gadalaxasamma politikurma partiam.1 samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis partia(AKP)2 saxalxo—respublikuripartia (CHP)3 nacionaluri moZraobispartia (MHP)dasaxe-partiislebaprocentideputatebisraodenoba49,85 32725,98 13513,04 534 damoukidebeli 6,58 35rogorc vxedavT, saparlamento arCevneb-Si ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis” partiamtriumfalurad, damajereblad gaimarjva. saerTojamSi, mmarTvelma partiam SeZlo ara marto miRebulixmebis raodenobis gazrda, aramed <strong>TurqeTis</strong>81 guberniidan gaimarjva 61—Si (maT Soris stambol-Si, ankaraSi, trapizonSi, antaliaSi, arTvinSi da a.S.).<strong>2011</strong> wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi mmarTvelipartiis warmatebis erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> warmatebul ekonomikasa da saxelmwifouwyebebis muSaobis gaumjobesebas miiCne-132
ven. 2010 wels <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikis zrdam 8,9%Seadgina, erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali ki 10079dolaramde gaizarda.partiis gegmebSi Sedis iseTi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba,rogoricaa: arxebis gayvana Savi daegeosis zRvis auzebSi, stambulTan axali qalaqisaSeneba, axali xidebis, aeroportebis, saavadmyofoebis masobrivi mSenebloba da sxva.<strong>2011</strong> wlis 12 ivnisis saparlamento arCevnebisSemdeg, TurqeTSi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxi sakonstituciocvlilebebi iyo. gasul wlis seqtember-Si Catarebuli referendumis dros, am nabijs mosaxleobis58% miemxro.,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis(AKP) mier SemuSavebul sakonstitucio cvlileba-Ta paketSi, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, iusticiissistemis reorganizacia iyo, romelic miznadisaxavda samxedroebis politikuri gavlenis Sesustebas.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis istoriis manZilze politikada jari erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli ar yofila.wlebis ganmavlobaSi samxedroebi qemalisturirespublikisprincipebis sadarajoze idgnen. yovelTvis,roca prodasavluri, antikomunisturi ansekularuli principebi safrTxis qveS dgeboda, saxelmwifosaqmeebSi Turquli jari ereoda. samxedroZalam, bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi, arCeulimTavroba 4-jer gadaayena. samxedroebis mier Camoyalibebuli,,Rrma saxelmwifo~ (Derin Devlet), droTaganmavlobaSi paralelur mTavrobad iqca. igi war-133
moadgenda ,,gladios~ tipis qsels, romelic NATO-sqveynebSi 1950-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> Camoyalibda. Aam ukanasknelismisia antikomunisturi kampaniisa da sabWo-Ta okupaciis Semakavebeli Zalebis centris SeqmnagaxldaT. Tavdapirvelad es organizacia ideologiurisafrTxeebis winaaRmdeg inteleqtualurielitis konsolidacias iTvaliswinebda. Tumca periodulad,,Rrma saxelmwifos~ oficrebi samxedrooperaciebSic monawileobdnen. sabWoTa kavSirisdaSlis Semdeg, aqcenti ,,qurTebis muSaTa~ partiis(PKK) mier wamowyebuli saSiS kampaniaze gadaitanes.„Rrma saxelmwifos~ TurqeTSi ori ganStoeba hqonda:1) specialuri samxedro erTeuli, romelic samxedroelitisgan Sedge boda; 2) samoqalaqo-politikurifrTa.2007—2012 <strong>wlebSi</strong>, samxedro generalitetis saqmianobasTandakavSirebuli gamoZiebis dros, 500—mde generali da oficeri daakaves. prokurorebidaobdnen, rom mkvlelobebis, terorizmis da qaosisgamo, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> stabilurobas eqmneboda safrTxe daaxali samxedro gadatrialebisTvis niadagi mzaddeboda.dRes AKP, sasamarTloze kontrolis gamkacrebiT,samxedro xuntis saqmianobis aRkveTascdilobs.samxedroebsa da samoqalaqo Zalebs Soris da-Zabuloba es aris dapirispireba laicizmisa da islamizmismomxreebs Soris. qveyanaSi sakanonmdeblocvlilebebis miuxedavad, romelTac SezRudes armiispolitikuri roli, armiis valdebulebebi ucvlelirCeba ukve 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi. saxelmwi-134
fos SigniT armia aris sruliad avtonomiuri instituti.is mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs politikurigadawyvetilebebis gamotanisas da rogorc,,saxelmwifo suverenitetis mcveli~ akontrolebspolitikur xelisuflebas. ,,termini,~ samxedropatronaJis sistema,~ sakmaod zustad aRwers politikurwyobas, romelic funqcionirebs TurqeTSi.pirvelad Tanamedrove <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>Si2010 wlis noemberSi sami generali daiTxoves TavianTipostebidan samoqalaqo xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT.es generlebi arian im 200 oficers Soris,romlebic eWvmitanilni arian 2003 wlis samxedrogadatrialebis mowyobis mcdelobaSi (saqmeaRiZra 2010 wels). gamoZiebam SeTqmulebiT, romelsacar adastureben samxedroebi, gaamwvava urTier-Toba mTavrobasa da armias Soris.samxedroebsa da xelisuflebas Soris dapirispireba2012 welsac grZeldeba. xelisuflebasTankonfliqtis Semdeg, rasac SeiaraRebuli ZalebisZveli xelmZRvanelobis gadadgoma mohyva, Turqe-Tis prezidentma abdula gulma daamtkica SeiaraRebuliZalebis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis axali Semadgenloba.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluriStabis ufrosad dainiSna qveynis Jandarmeriis yofiliufrosi nejdeT ezeli, saxmeleTo jarebisxelmZRvanelob a Caibara generalma hairi qivriqoRlum,samxedro-sazRvaoZalebs uxelmZRvanelebdaadmirali emin murad bilgeli, xolo samxedro-sahaeroZalebs - generali mehmed erTeni.135
ogorc cnobilia, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli ZalebisumaRlesma xelmZRvanelebma 2012 wlis martSiprotestis niSnad datoves TavianTi Tanamdebobebi,rac dakavSirebuli iyo armiis maRalCinosanioficrebisa da generlebis dapatimrebasTan,romlebsac brali edebodaT rejef erdoRanis mTavrobisdamxobis mcdelobaSi.respublikuri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> armia amJamad warmoadgenssakmaod ideologizirebul lobisturjgufs, romlis uflebaa — Caerios qveynis politikurcxovrebaSi, Cawerilia konstituciaSi. Turqe-Tis samxedro wreebis politikuri ideologiis safuZveliaris nacionalizmi, qveynis teritoriulimTlianoba da aTaTurqis idealebisadmi erTguleba.Turqul armias aqvs didi gavlena qveynis ekonomikazekompaniebis jgufis saxiT, romlebic gaerTianebuliarian fondSi — jaris urTierTdaxmarebis asociacia.unda aRiniSnos, rom armia mniSvnelovani popularobiTsargeblobs qveynis mosaxleobaSi, amas-Tan ara rogorc usafrTxoebis garanti, aramed rogorcpolitikuri Zala.TurqeTSi, samoqalaqo da militaristul institutebsSoris dapirispireba mxolod azrTa sxvadasxvaobiTar Semoifargleba. dRis wesrigSi qveynisorientaciis sakiTxic dgas - ra politikur gzasairCevs is. darCeba dasavleTis mokavSired, Tu misisagareo politika aRmosavleTze, pirvel rigSi, islamurqveynebze gadaerTveba.TurqeTi 1960-iani wlebidan evrokavSirSi gawevrianebiskandidati qveyanaa. AKP-s pirveli vadisdros gatarebulma reformebma, evrokavSirTan mo-136
laparakebebisganaxlebas biZgi misca. sxvadasxvadokumentSi xazgasmul reformebSi, romlebsacbriuselimxars uWers, sakonstitucio cvlilebebicigulisxmeba. magram organizaciaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>miRebassafrangeTi da germania ewinaaRmdegebian.Sedegad, gawevrianebis imedic nel-nela iklebs. mosalodnelia,rom evropizaciis saxeliT momxdardemokratizacias, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> islamizacia mohyvesda qveyanam prodasavluri sagareo kursidan saboloodgadauxvios.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> premier—ministrma rejef Taif erdo-Ranma <strong>2011</strong> wlis 8 ivliss mejlisSi waikiTxa axali,rigiT 61—e mTavrobis programa, romelic iqcevamomavali oTxi wlis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politikismTavar mamoZravebel Zalad.mimomxilvelebi varaudoben, rom TurqeTSi sakonstituciocvlilebebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg,premieri rejef Taif erdoRani seriozulad ifiqrebssaprezidento arCevnebze sakuTaari kandidaturisdayenebaze.<strong>2011</strong> wlis 12 ivlisis arCevnebSi rejef Taif er-ToRanis partiis gamarjvebam kidev erTxel aCvena iskursi, rasac ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~partia axorcielebs da romelsac mxars uWers <strong>TurqeTis</strong>mosaxleobis didi nawili.sakontrolo kiTxvebi:1) daaxasiaTeT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politikurimdgomareoba XX saukunis bolos;137
2) axseniT, ra adgils ikavebs mmarTveli ,,samar-Tlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partia <strong>TurqeTis</strong>saSinao politikaSi;3) ra roli ukavia islamur da opoziciur partiebs2002—<strong>2011</strong> wlebis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao cxovrebaSi;4) axseniT, samxedroebis roli Tanamedrove TurqeTSi;5) daaxasiaTeT r. T. erdoRanisa da a. gulis politikurimoRvaweoba da maTi adgili Tanamedrove<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao politikaSi.praqtikuli davaleba:1) gaaanalizeT XXI saukunis 10—iani wlebis Turqe-Tis saSinao politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.gamoyenebuli literatura da vebgverdebi:1. adeiSvili k., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri partiebixelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, Tsu Sromebi, №341, Tbilisi, 2002.2. komaxia m., politikuri islami TurqeTSi, saqar-Tvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebiscentri, biuleteni, №47, Tebervali 2001.3. lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri partiebisistoriuli mimoxilva, Tbilisi, <strong>2011</strong>.4. svaniZe m., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>, Tbilisi, 2007.5. sanikiZe g., alasania g, gelovani n, axlo aRmosavleTis<strong>istoria</strong> da misi urTierToba samxreTkavkasiasTan (XIX s.—XXI s.—is dasawyisi), Tbilisi,<strong>2011</strong>.138
6. Киреев Н.Г. История турции ХХ века. Москва, 20077. Деловая Турция, Т. ХV-XVI Москва, 2009.8. Шувалова Н.Б. Турция ХХ век (сборник обзоров). Москва,2002.9. Егоров В.К. Турецкие исламисты во власти. Ислам иобщественное раэвитие в начале XXI века. Москва, ИВРАН, 2005.10. Volkan S. Siyasal Đslam ve AKP, Ankara, 2002.11. Türkiye Tarihi, № 5, Bugünkü Türkiye(<strong>1980</strong>-2003), Istanbul,2005.12. Zürcher E. J Turkey: a modern history . 200413. www.turkishdailynews.com.tr14. www.Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. org.tr15. www.iimes.ru.16. www.akparti.org.tr17. www.chp.org.tr18. www.mhp.org.tr19. www.anap.org.tr20. www.dp.org.tr21. www.bbp.org.tr139
Tavi V<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo politika <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong><strong>wlebSi</strong>1. TurqeT - amerikis urTierTobebi <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong><strong>wlebSi</strong>Aamerikis axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis politikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia erTaderTaziur, muslimur, natos wevr saxelmwifosTurqeTs. civi omis damTavrebisTanavevaSigtoni am qveyanas axlo aRmosavleTSiiranis gavlenis zrdis winaaRmdeg da sadamhuseinis reJimTan sabrZolvelad iyenebda.garda amisa, ankara warmoadgenda saimedoplacdarms, saidanac vaSigtons kavkasiaSimimdinare procesebis gakontroleba SeeZlo,iqneboda es, kaspiis navTobis xmelTaSuazRvispireTSitransportireba Tu ruseTissawinaaRmdego regionaluri ekonomikuripolitikis gatareba.TurqeTi Tavis mxriv sargeblobda amiT dacdilobda, rom amerikis axlo aRmosavluripolitika Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcielebladwaremarTa. Aankaras esaWiroeboda vaSigtonismxardaWera Tavisi imperialisturi ambiciebisdakmayofilebisaTvis panTurqistuli politikisgatarebisaTvis.Mmeore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg,kerZod 50-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo140
politikaSi moxda geopolitikuri Zvra, misifaqtobrivi neitraliteti mkveTradprodasavlurma veqtorma Secvala, daiwyoTurqeT–amerikis daaxloeba, rac sabWoTakavSiris agresiisagan gamomdinareobda mTelicivi omis ganmavlobaSi.civi omis damTavrebam da <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvisumTavresi safrTxis sabWoTa kavSiris gaqrobampolitikuri rukidan, TurqeTs misca regionSidamoukideblad moqmedebis Sansi, Tumca Zlierpartniorze, iseTze, rogoric amerika iyo, masuari arasodes uTqvams.miuxedavad amisa, ukanaskneli wlebixasiaTdeboda am or qveyanas Soris arsebulimcire SeuTanxmeblobiT. TurqeTma 1990 wlidan,didi zarali naxa erayisaTvis ekonomikurisanqciebis dawesebis gamo,romelic misiumTavresi navTobmommaragebeli iyo. da kidev,TurqeTs mezobel Siitur iranTandapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi sunituri erayicesaWiroeboda, romelsac iranTan rva wlianiomis Wrilobebi jer kidev ar moeSuSebina,raSic dasavleTis da amerikis zemoT aRniSnulisanqciebi uSlida xels. 1999 wels 15 TebervalsankaraSi erayis vice–premier tarik azizisvizitis dros aRiniSna, rom amerika erayishaersawinaaRmdego dacvis saSualebebiT,regionSi daZabulobas zrdida. amerikissaxelmwifo departamentma uaryofiTaT Seafasaerayis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis viziti daaRniSna, rom <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mTavrobis aseTi141
politikuri nabiji axlo aRmosavleTSikonfliqtebis mogvarebas Seaferxebda.TurqeTi arasodes ar gaamwvavebdaurTierTobas natosTan. Aam samxedropolitikur organizaciaze iyo damokidebulimisi Tavdacvis– unarianobis simtkice dawarmateba evrokavSirTan molaparakebebSi.Eevropa ankaras brals sdebda adamianTauflebebis darRvevaSi, vaSigtoni ki SedarebiTTavs ikavebda mZafri kritikisagan, radganudidesi geopolitikuri mniSvnelobisqveyanasTan, romelic TiTqmis yovelTvisamarTlebda mis imedebs da ar surdaurTierTobis gauareseba. Aamerikis da evropisqveynebi aRSfoTebuli iyvnen CeCneTSi ruseTisZalis gamoyenebaze, magram Tvals xuWavdnen<strong>TurqeTis</strong> armiis mier ajanyebul mosaxleobismimarT gatarebul represiebze.TurqeTma monawileoba miiRo yvela imaqciaSi, romlebic moawyves axlo aRmosavleTisqveynebis winaaRmdeg dasavleTissaxelmwifoebma.is monawileobda 1990-91 wleebis koaliciaSiquveiTidan erayis saokupacio jarisgansadevnad. 1990 - ian wleebSi TurqeTmaramdenjerme Seiyvana CrdiloeT eraySi Tavisisamxedro nawilebi meamboxe ,,qurTistanismuSaTa partiis” bazebis gasanadgureblad. 1998wels <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mxridan didi zewolis Semdegsiria iZulebeli gaxda uari eTqva politikurTavSesafarze TurqeTSi qurTebis amboxebismeTaurisTvis. Dda is qveynidan gaeZevebina.142
imave wels <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mxridan seriozulimuqaris Semdeg kviprosma uari Tqva Tavisteritoriaze ganelagebina ruseTSi SeZenili S-300 tipis miwa haeris raketebi.amdenad, XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo politika, ZiriTadad, aSS-TanmokavSireobaze iyo orientirebuli. Zireulicvlilebebi am kuTxiT 2002 wels daiwyo, rodesac<strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelisuflebaSi ,,samarTlianobisada ganviTarebis’’ partia movida. am politikuriZalis sagareo strategia, romlis avtori amJamindelisagareo saqmeTa ministri ahmeT davu-ToRlua, TurqeTs yvelasgan damoukidebel didZalad moiazrebs – sakuTari geostrategiuliinteresebiT. am xedvis mixedviT, TurqeTma undagaavrcelos Tavisi gavlena yofili osmaleTisimperiis teritoriaze – axlo aRmosavleTSi,kavkasiaSi, balkaneTSi. aseve centralur aziaSi,avRaneT-pakistanis regionSi da zogadad islamursamyaroSi. am axal strategias TurqeTi2002 wlidan axorcielebs, magram bolo period-Si misma aqtiurobam piks miaRwia.Uukve, 2003 wlis erayis omis win TurqeTiapirebda amerikelebTan koordinaciis gareSecki Seeyvana Cr. eraySi Tavisi armia, raTa ardaeSva iq qurTebis avtonomiis Seqmna sadamhuseinis reJimis damarcxebis Semdeg. Ees aqciaar Sedga amerikisa da natos wevri qveynebisuaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo <strong>TurqeTis</strong>mimarT.143
Aam omis win TurqeTi orazrovan situaciaSiaRmoCnda. erTis mxriv, TurqeTs aSinebdabaRdadis reJimis dacemis SemTxvevaSi erayisdaSla da mis nangrevebze qurTulisaxelmwifos daarseba, rac ewinaaRmdegebodaankaris geopolitikur interesebs. Mmeoresmxriv ankaras ar undoda Tavisi umTavresimokavSiris amerikis ganawyeneba. Tumcasabolood TurqeTma, arsebiTad, ar dauWiramxari amerikul - britanul koalicias.regionis qveynebis mTavrobebs ar SeeZloTsazogadoebrivi azris sruli ignorireba.magaliTad, omis winaaRmdegi aRmoCnda<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mosaxleobis absoluturiumravlesoba.Tavidan <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mTavrobam xangrZlivimolaparakebebis Semdeg daiTanxma vaSigtonidid finansur daxmarebaze. Aankaras dapirdnen 6miliard dolars pirdapiri daxmarebis saxiTda 9 miliards sesxebis saxiT. Amis sanacvlodamerikis armias unda miscemoda saSualeba,samxreT - aRmosavleT anatoliis gavliTCrdiloeT eraySi baRdadisTvis meore frontigaexsna.Mmagram <strong>TurqeTis</strong> parlamentma 2003 wlis 1marts, uari Tqva am garigebaze. Aamerikissamxedro TviTmfrinavebs aekrZalad <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aerodromebze dajdoma. Aamerikis samxedroxomaldebze myofi jaris nawilebi sam kvirasamaod elodnen gadasxmas samxreT <strong>TurqeTis</strong>navsadgurebSi. Bbolos isini iZulebuligaxdnen, suecis arxis gavliT sparseTis yureSi144
wasuliyvnen, raTa samxreTidan SeetiaTbaRdadze. TurqeTma ver miiRo amerikisekonomikuri daxmareba.ankaraSi myofi amerikeli diplomatebimaSinve alaparakdnen ,,gamousworebel zaralze”ormxrivi urTierTobisTvis.aSkaraa, rom dRes ori qveynisurTierTobebis saqme arc ise wyalwaRebulia,Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo TurqeTsstrategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs amerikisTvis,magram ar gaaCnia sakuTari kursi. <strong>TurqeTis</strong>ekonomikis garkveuli nawili swored, romdafuZnebulia dasavleTis sesxebsa dakreditebze. Aaseve TurqeTi warmoadgens aSSbazas dasavleTis gavlenis gasavrcelebladmuslimur centrebSi. <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis mTavarisagareo politikis ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyopolitikuri-samxedroTanamSromlobaamerikasTan.rogoric ar unda yofiliyo TurqeTSiopoziciisa Tu xelisuflebis pozicia sagareopolitikaSi, isini aRiarebdnen samxedroTanamSromlobis aucileblobas aSS-Tan. Aamerika- <strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierTobebi Tanamedrove etapzeufro mniSvnelovani, rTuli da imavdrouladnaklebad prognozirebadia, vidre warsulSiiyo.dResdReobiT ori qveynis urTierTobaSivlindeba dapirispirebac, romelicgamowveulia Semdegi mizezebis gamo:1. TurqeT–amerikis politikuri Sexedulebebi,iseTi konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi, rogorebicaa145
kviprosi, TurqeT–somxeTis urTierToba, aremTxveva erTmaneTs da did winaaRmdegobaSimodis.2. TurqeTma aCvena, rom is mzad aris mxari ardauWiros amerikis yvela iniciativas regionSi,kerZod saubaria erayis oms da qurTebissakiTxs.3. TurqeTi cdilobs awarmoos vaSigtonisagandamokidebuli sagareo politika.Mmiuxedavad am gansxvavebisa, aSS daTurqul urTierTobebs aqvs urTierTgagebisstrategiuli ganzomileba. Aamdenad, rigsakiTxebSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>a da amerikis interesebimsgavsia. Ppirvel rigSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> aseTimoqmedeba ganpirobebulia misi usafrTxoebisinteresebiT.TurqeT – amerikis urTierToba kidafuZnebulia Semdeg mimarTulebebze:1. es TanamSromloba unda gaxdesSemaferxebeli faqtori ruseTisa da iranisgeopolitikuri ambiciebisa, rasacerTpirovnulad aRiarebs <strong>TurqeTis</strong> elitac.2Aankara dainteresebulia monawileobamiiRos evropis Tavdacvis Seqmnis iniciativaSi.Ggaxdes evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevri,raSic mas did daxmarebas da rekomendaciasuwevs amerika.3. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> arsenalis 80% Seadgens amerikuliiaraRi, rac metyvelebs am mxriv farToTanamSromlobaze.146
4. TurqeTi amerikasTan urTierTobiT cdilobsuzrunvelyos iseTi didi proeqtebisusafrTxoeba, rogorebicaa ,,baqo-jeihani” daamave dros cdilobs gazardos misi gavlenakaspiis mdidar regionebSi.5. TurqeTi elis mis teritoriaze amerikismier daidgas raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvissistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs damatebiTresursebs, raTa kidev ufro gaaZlieros misiregionaluri mniSvneloba.amerika - TurqeTs Soris daZabulobis pirveliwyaro somexTa genocidis aRiarebaa.aSS-s kongresis saerTaSorisourTierTobebis komitetma miiRo rezolucia,romelic gmobs osmanTa imperiis mier XXsaukunis dasawyisSi somxebis masobrivimkvlelobis faqts, Tumca administraciiszemoqmedebis Sedegad es sakiTxi dRiswesrigidan moxsnes. miuxedavad amisa,oficialur ankaras mwvave reaqcia hqondakomitetis gadawyvetilebaze da aSS-dankonsultaciebisaTvis dauyovnebliv gamoiwviaTavisielCi.aRsaniSnavia, rom TurqeTma analogiurinabiji gadadga 2007 welsac, rodesac kongresiskomitetma e. w. „somxuri rezolucia“ miiRo(genocidTan dakavSirebiT dadgenilebis miRebismcdelobas hqonda adgili 1974 da 1985 <strong>wlebSi</strong>c,Tumca uSedegod). marTalia, amis Semdeg elCimaleve iqna vaSingtonSi dabrunebuli, magramor qveyanas Soris urTierTobebi sagrZnoblad147
gacivda da <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mosaxleobaSi aSS-sreitingis mkveTri vardna gamoiwvia. es procesidResac mimdinareobs da xsenebulidadgenilebis miRebis Semdeg savaraudod, ufroswrafi tempebiT gagrZeldeba. amas TurqeTSimosaxleobis sagareo politikuri simpaTiebisgamosavlenad Catarebuli sociologiurigamokiTxvebic adasturebs. kerZod, mimdinarewlis ianvris bolos Turqulma gazeTma„jumhurieTma“ gamoaqveyna ankarisuniversitetis sociologebis mier CatarebuligamokiTxvebis Sedegebi, romlis mixedviTacrespodentTa mxolod 9,9%–i Tvlis, romupiratesoba aSS-Tan daaxloebas unda mieniWos.SedarebisaTvis: 28%-s prioritetadevrokavSirSi integracia miaCnia, 15,8%-ssomxeTTan urTierTobis normalizeba da 7%-smusulimur qveynebTan kontaqtebis gaRrmaveba.amave gamokiTxviT, upirveles sagareopolitikur mowinaaRmdeged 37,5%-is mier aSSiqna dasaxelebuli, Semdeg modis somxeTi(10,9%), israeli (10,6%), saberZneTi (6.1%) da a.S.(sayuradReboa, rom am gamokiTxvaSi ruseTi ardausaxelebiaT).Turqi politologebi da maRali rangissaxelmwifo moxeleebi Tvlian, rom aSS miersomexTa genocidis sakiTxisperiodulad wamoweva ankaras „daSantaJebas“isaxavs miznad. „dae nuravin ifiqrebs, romTurqeTi SiSiT gadadgams iseT nabijebs,romlisac ar sjera,“ - ganacxada <strong>TurqeTis</strong>sagareo saqmeTa ministrma axmed davuToRlum148
miunxenSi, aSS saxelmwifo mdivnis pirvelmoadgilesTan jeims steinborgTan SexvedrisSemdeg. misive sityvebiT, kongresis komitetismier miRebuli dadgenileba ar emsaxureba arc<strong>TurqeTis</strong>, arc somxeTis, arc amerikisinteresebs da sargeblobis nacvlad mxolodzianis motana SeuZlia.rezoluciasTan dakavSirebiT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareosaqmeTa saministros oficialur gancxadebaSixazgasmulia is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, romlebickongresis mier sakiTxis ganxilvas mohyveba.kerZod, naTqvamia, rom „dadgenilebis proeqtismiReba zians moutans ara marto TurqeT-aSSurTierTobebs, aramed safrTxes uqmnis samxreTkavkasiaSi mSvidobasa da stabilurobas“.premier-ministrma rejef erdoRanma kikenWisyris process da miRebulgadawyvetilebas komedia uwoda. miuxedavadimisa, rom analogiuri dadgenileba ukvemiRebuli aqvs ramdenime qveyanas, maT SorisruseTsa da safrangeTs (axlaxans miiRoSvedeTis parlamentmac) da es TurqeTs artvirTavs araviTari valdebulebebiT, aSS mieraseTi nabijis gadadgmam ori qveynisurTierTobaSi seriozuli krizisi gamoiwvia.diplomatiuri demarSis paralelurad,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> ministrTa kabinetma miiRogadawyvetileba, 24 aprilamde SeCerdessamTavrobaTSoriso kontaqtebi vaSingtonTan.kerZod: r. erdoRanis sityvebiT, „ankaraelodeba aSS-gan mtkice garantiebs, romgenocidis sakiTxi ar iqneba kongresis149
sxdomaze gatanili da barak obama 24 aprils,Tavis mimarTvaSi ar axsenebs sityvas„genocidi“. mxolod amis Semdeg iqneba elCiaSS-Si dabrunebuli da aRdgeba srulfasovaniurTierTobebi“. sanacvlod TurqeTi sTavazobssomexi da Turqi istorikosebis erToblivikomisiis Seqmnas, romelic Seiswavlis 1915-1917<strong>wlebSi</strong> osmaleTis imperiaSi momxdarmovlenebs.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mxridan aseTi mwvave reaqciismiuxedavad, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kongresissagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis dadgenilebamisTvis moulodneli iyo, radgan oficialurmaankaram prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaadreve daiwyo. erT-erTi maTgania ukanasknelperiodSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mier sagareourTierTobebSi gadadgmuli nabijebi. kerZod,ruseTTan da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebTan,maT Soris iranTan kontaqtebis gaRrmaveba, racsamomavlod mokavSireebis SeZenisSTabeWdilebas tovebs da vaSingtonisgaRizianebas iwvevs.aseve unda aRiniSnos bolo TveebSi, saxelmwifogadatrialebis mowyobis mcdelobis braldebiT,60-mde maRali rangis samxedro piris (maTSoris 20-ze meti moqmedi da Tadarigisgenerali) dakaveba, romlebic tradiciuladproamerikuli orientaciis arian da aSS-sZiriTad dasayrdens warmoadgenen. rogorcpoliciam ganacxada, isini samxedrogadatrialebis e.w. „baliozis“ saqmeSi gadian,romelzec gamoZieba 2007 wlidan mimdinareobs.150
eqspertebi yuradRebas amaxvileben imgaremoebaze, rom aRniSnul dapatimrebebs winuswrebda aSS-s saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgilisuiliam bernsis viziti ankaraSi, romlisdrosac armiis generlebs Sexvda. rogorc Cans,,,samarTlianobisa da aRorZinebis’’ partiisliderebma <strong>TurqeTis</strong> armiis maRalCinosnebismimarT aSS-s interesi arsebuli xelisuflebisalternativis Ziebis mcdelobad CaTvales dakritikulad ganwyobili samxedro elitagaaneitrales. mmarTveli wreebis eWvsaZlierebs is faqtic, rom samxedrogadatrialebis gziT xelisuflebis Secvlisprecedents ukve hqonda adgili 1960, 1971 da <strong>1980</strong><strong>wlebSi</strong>. Tumca, am etapze mosaxleobaSi„samarTlianobisa da aRorZinebis’’ partiispopularobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Znelidasajerebelia, rom generlebs marTlacgadatrialebis mowyoba hqonoda Ggadawyvetili.unda aRiniSnos, rom buSisadministraciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic RiadmoiTxovda kongresis mier gansaxilevelisakiTxebidan genocidis Temis amoRebas daTavis droze Zalisxmeva ar daiSura misdasablokad, b. obama 4 martamde gaurboda amTemaze sajarod saubars, rac savaraudod misiwinasaarCevno dapirebiT iyo gamowveuli. TumcaTeTri saxlis informaciiT, h. klintoni esaubrakongresis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetisTavmjdomares hovard bermans da dRiswesrigidan sakiTxis moxsna moiTxova. h.bermanma ar gaiTvaliswina saxelmwifo mdivnis151
Txovna, mosmena mainc Catarda da cnobilidadgenilebac iqna miRebuli, ris Semdegacganacxada - „genocidis aRiareba aSS-smoraluri valia, miT umetes, rom esdadgenileba TurqeTs iuridiulad raimevaldebulebebs ar akisrebs.’’miRebul dadgenilebas Secdoma uwodaTavdacvis ministrma r. geitsma, radgan eraySimyofi amerikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebismaterialur-teqnikuriuzrunvelyofaZiriTadad <strong>TurqeTis</strong> gavliT xdeba. misisityvebiT rezoluciam SeiZleba seriozulidartyma miayenos TurqeT-aSS-s urTierTobebs.komitetis rezolucias uaryofiTadafaseben amerikeli politologebic. maTivaraudiT, dadgenilebas SeiZlebavaSingtonisaTvis arasasiamovno siurprizebimohyoloda. aseve safrTxe eqmneba somxeT-<strong>TurqeTis</strong> urierTobebis normalizebas da eWvisqveS dgeba ciurixis SeTanxmebis SesrulebissakiTxi, romelic aSS-s udidesi ZalisxmeviTiqna miRebuli (marTlac, Turqi eqspertebis daopoziciuri partiebis absoluturiumravlesoba rekomendacias aZlevs xelisuflebas, rom somxeTTan sazRvris gaxsnis procesiSeaCeros).TeTr saxlSi iTvaliswineben im garemoebasac,rom somxeTi, ekonomikuri krizisisa daTurqeTTan Caketili sazRvris gamo, iZulebuliiqneba iranTan kavSirebi gaaRrmavos (miTumetes,rom tradiciulad am or qveyanas kargiurTierTobebi aqvT). es ki CaSlis aSS152
mcdelobas somxeTsa da TurqeTs Sorispirdapiri satransporto kavSiris aRdgeniTiranis garSemo placdarmis Seqmnas, romelsacTeiranTan urTierTobebis SesaZlogamwvavebisasgamoiyenebs.amerikelTa SefasebiT, genocidis saboloodaRiarebiT vaSingtoni <strong>TurqeTis</strong> saxiTmniSvnelovan partniors dakargavda. yvelaeloda, rom 24 aprils somexTa genocidis 95wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil mimarTvaSi obama sityva,,genocids’’ gamoiyenebda, Tumca es ar moxda. amiTobamam ,,ganarisxa’’ somxebi, magram TurqeTTanerTgvari ,,Serigebis’’ survilis deklarirebamoaxdina.uTanxmoebis meore mizezi TurqeTsa da amerikisSeerTebul Statebs Soris aris israeli.mas Semdeg, rac 1952 wels TurqeTi natoSigawevrianda, ankarasa da ierusalims SorismWidro urTierTobebi Camoyalibda. israeli<strong>TurqeTis</strong>Tvis iaraRis erT-erTi mTavarimimwodebeli gaxda. urTierTobebi daiZaba 2008wels, roca israelma Razas seqtors Seutia,rasac daaxloebiT 1400 palestineli Seewira.swored am faqtis gamo uTxra davosis msoflioekonomikur forumze rejef taip erdoganmaisraelis premier–ministr, Simon peress: „Tqven,ebraelebma, kargad iciT, rogor daxocoTadamianebi.’’ TurqeTi israels daemuqra, rom Tues ukanaskneli gaagrZelebda saomar kampaniasRazas seqtorSi, ankara seriozul reagirebas153
moaxdenda. SeerTebuli Statebis CareviTisraelma SeaCera saomari kampania da ankarasa daierusalims Soris daZabulobac ganimuxta.TurqeT - israels Soris daZabulobam piksmiaRwia 2010 wlis 31 maiss, roca israelma ieriSimiitana <strong>TurqeTis</strong> droSis qveS mcurav gemze,romelsac humanitaruli tvirTi unda SeetanapalestinaSi da es Tavdacvis aucileblobiTaxsna. ebraelTa Setevisas <strong>TurqeTis</strong> 9 moqalaqedaiRupa. ankara incidentis saerTaSorisogamoZiebas iTxovda, Tumca xvdeboda, romamerikis SeerTebuli Statebi israelis,,dasasjelad’’ konkretul nabijebs argadadgamda. amaze metyvelebs, amerikaSi vizitadmyofi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo saqmeTa ministris, axmeddaviToRlus, gancxadeba - ,,fsiqologiurad,israelis Tavdasxma <strong>TurqeTis</strong>Tvis 11 seqtembristeroristuli aqtis msgavsia. Cven argavCumdebiT. TurqeTi ar aris kmayofiliamerikis qmedebebiT.’’amerika - TurqeTs Soris daZabulobis mesamewyaro aris iranis birTvuli programa.vaSingtons miaCnia, rom diplomatiurisaSualebebi iranis SesaCereblad amowurulia daamitom iranis ekonomikur blokadas iTxovs. es kiar awyobs TurqeTs, romelic iranul gazzemniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli, sworedamitom ar dauWira mxari gaeros rezolucias.erdoRanis gancxadebiT, ,,diplmatias,154
diplomatias da mxolod diplomatias SeuZliairanuli problemis mogvreba.’’SeerTebul Statebs ukiduresad aRizianebs<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mxardaWera iranis birTvuliprogramisadmi. irani, SeiZleba iTqvas, Teiranisislamuri diqtaturis diplomatiur mekavSirediqca. igi exmareboda irans, roca es ukanasknelicdilobda gaeros sanqciebis SeCerebas.TurqeTi, brazilia da irani cdilobdnen obamasadministraciis mier 2009 wels gamoTqmulibirTvuli saTbobis gacvlis gegmisreanimirebas.TurqeTTan gadakveTis gamo, saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobisaTvis ufro rTuli iqnebairanisa da misi birTvuli programis SeCereba.cxadia, TurqeTma, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosaramudmivma wevrma, 2010 wlis martSiiranisaTvis damatebiTi sanqciebis dakisrebazeuaris TqmiT dasavleTis ukmayofilebagamoiwvia. 2010 wlis ivnisSi man sanqciebiswinaaRmdeg misca xma. ramdenadac TurqeTiirans esazRvreba, amdenad, iranis winaaRmdegekonomikur sanqciebTan dakavSirebiTTanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma dasavlurpolitikas uTxris Zirs. ankaras amJamindelikursi irans saSualebas aZlevs ekonomikurizewolisadmi ufro gamZle gaxdes da regionSiiranis gavlenis gaZlierebas uwyobs xels, racmomavalSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> strategiulad arasworiyvelaze seriozuli gaTvla SeiZlebaaRmoCndes.r. t. erdoRanis administracia Seecada155
sakuTari qmedebebis gasasamarTlebladgamoeyenebina obamas werili braziliismTavrobisadmi, romelSic TiTqos obama amgegmis ganxorcielebis nebarTvas iZleoda.sinamdvileSi ki obama afrTxilebda braziliasiranis mzakvruli gegmis Sesaxeb.rogor aisaxeba <strong>TurqeTis</strong> axali politikurikursi urTierTobebze TurqeTsa da SeerTebulStatebs Soris? erdoRanis axalma kursmaeWvqveS daayena <strong>TurqeTis</strong>a da amerikispartnioroba. TurqeTi rTuli arCevanis winaSedgas. Tu mas surs iqces „pirveli rangismsoflio ekonimikis“ qveynad da liberalurdemokratiad, mas mouxdeba dasavleTTankavSirebis gamyareba. es ki misgan sagareopolitikis prioritetebis Secvlas moiTxovs,regionSi liderobis politikaze uaris Tqmasda islamuri samyarosgan ramdenadmedistancirebas. miuxedavad TurqeT – amerikasSoris arsebuli rigi uTanxmoebisa. swrafitempiT viTardeba maTi ekonomikuripartnioroba.2009 wels amerikis prezidenti barak obama da<strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidenti abdula guli SeTanxmdnen,rom or qveyanas Soris strategiuli ekonomikuriTanamSromloba daamyaron imisTvis, romTurqeTsa da amerikas Soris ekonomikuripartnioroba gaamyaron. TurqeTi da amerika aseveudides yuradRebas uTmobenTanamSromlobas energetikis sferoSi, racmoicavs rogorc energo-yairaTianobas, aseve156
ganaxlebad wyaroebs. garda amisa, mxareebi argamoricxaven komerciul TanamSromlobasbirTvuli energiis SemuSavebis mxrivac.molaparakebebis dros, TurqeTi da amerikaSeTanxmdnen, rom aqtiurad CaerTvebianekonomikuri proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSiCrdiloeT afrikisa da evraziis regionebSi.ankaraSi gamarTuli dialogis erTi nawilistambolSi saerTaSoriso finansuri centrisdaarsebas daeTmo, rac <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mTavrobis erTerTiumniSvnelovanesi ekonomikuriprioritetia. Turquli kompaniebis erTmanawilma saTao ofisebi ukve gadaitana stambolSi.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mosaxleoba amJamad 75 milionia daamerikuli biznesebisTvis potenciurad mzardbazars warmoadgens. amerikac udidesi bazaria<strong>TurqeTis</strong>Tvis rogorc produqciismimoqcevisTvis, aseve mewarmeebisTvisac.gamomdinare iqidan, rom TurqeTi evropisa daaziis gzajvaredninze mdebareobs da mezoblebTankargi ekonomikuri urTierToebebi aqvs, isamerikisTvis mniSvnelovan partniorswarmoadgens axlo aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTafrikisa Sua aziis bazrebismxriv. amerikasTanerTad, TurqeTs SeuZlia CrdiloeT afrikisqveynebs ekonomikis aRorZinebaSi daexmaros.amerika aRiarebs TurqeTTan ekonomikurikavSirebis gaZlierebis mniSvnelobas da amsferoSi TanamSromlobis imave doneze gadatana157
surs, rogoric or mokavSires Soris samxedro dapolitikur sferoebSi ukve didi xania arsebobs.rogorc prezidentma obamam 2009 wels <strong>TurqeTis</strong>parlamentSi sityviT gamosvlisas aRniSna:,,TurqeTi amerikis umniSvnelovanesi mokavSire daevropis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. TurqeTi daSeerTebuli Statebi erTad unda dadgnenmsoflioSi dRes arsebuli gamowvevebisgadasalaxad.“sakontrolo kiTxvebi:1) daaxasiaTeT TurqeT - amerikis urTierTobebi<strong>1980</strong> -1990 <strong>wlebSi</strong>;2) axseniT, ra roli ekisreba samxedro faqtorsTurqeT-amerikis urTierTobaSi;3) daasaxeleT TurqeT — amerikis urTierTobaTanamedrove etapze;praqtikuli davaleba:gaaanalizeT TurqeT-amerikis sagareo politikis ZiriTadisakiTxebi.gamoyenebuli literatura da vebgverdebi:1. batiaSvili z., armiis adgili da roli<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikaSi (1923-2000 <strong>wlebSi</strong>),Tbilisi, 2003, (sakandidato disertacia).2. batiaSvili z., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,Tbilisi, 2000.158
3. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis konstitucia, Turqulidan Targmna da gamosacemad moamzadagiorgi sordiam, Tbilisi, 2000.4. lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> Sida politika 1945—<strong>1980</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong> da politikuri partiebi, Tbilisi,2003.5. lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri partiebisistoriuli mimoxilva, Tbilisi, <strong>2011</strong>.6. maCitiZe el., armiis roli <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sazogadoebriv politikur cxovrebaSi me-20saukunis 60-80 - ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>, orientalisturiZiebani, II, Tbilisi, 1996.7. maCitiZe el., <strong>1980</strong> wlis 12 seqtembris samxedrogadatrialeba TurqeTSi, istoriul—politikuriZiebani, krebuli I, Tbilisi,1993.8. makaraZe e., Tanamedrove <strong>TurqeTis</strong> aqtualurisakiTxebi, baTumi, 2000.9. svaniZe m., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>, Tbilisi,2007.10. sanikiZe g. alasania g. gelovani n., axloaRmosavl eTis <strong>istoria</strong> da misi urTierTobasamxreT kavkasiasTan (XIX s.—XXI s.—is dasawyisi),Tbilisi, <strong>2011</strong>.11. Гасратян М. А., Орешкова С. Ф., Петросян Ю. А.Очерки истории Турции. Москва, 1983.12. Данилов В.И. Политическая борьба в Турции.Москва, Наука, 1985.13. Данилов В.И. Турция 80-х: от военного режима до«ограниченной демократии». Москва, Наука, 1991.159
Tavi VITurqeT-evrokavSris urTierTobebi<strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>1. TurqeT - evrokavSiris urTierTobebiTurqeTi erTaderTi qveyanaa muslimurisamyarodan, romelic evrokavSirTanurTierTobebs yovelTvis did mniSvnelobasaniWebs.sanam uSualod gadavalT maT urTierTobebze,mokled mimovixiloT, Tu ras warmoadgens TavadevrokavSiri.evropis gaerTianebis idea jer kidev XVIIsaukuneSi gaCnda, magram misi ganxorcielebamxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaxdaSesaZlebeli.1949 wels londonSi daarsda pirveliintegrirebuli organo-evropis sabaJo. magram imdros evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba mzad araRmoCnda daeTmo saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetievropuli politikuri kavSiris sasargeblod. Aamisgamo evropelebma droebiT Tavi Seikavespolitikuri kavSirisagan da gadawyvites misiganxorcieleba ekonomikuri integraciiT daewyoT.1950 wels safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrmarobert Sumanma wamoayena winadadeba safrangeTsa dagermaniis qvanaxSirisa da foladis mrewvelobis160
marTvis erToblivi organizaciis Seqmnisa. MmisiazriT aseTi kavSiri Searigebda Ffrangebsa dagermanelebs da momavalSi Tavidan aacilebda maTSoris omebs.1952 wels Seiqmna ,,qvanaxSirisa da foladismrewvelobis evropuli Tanamegobrobis kavSiri.” amorganizaciaSi, safrangeTisa da germaniis garda,gaerTiandnen italia da beniliuqsis qveynebi, suleqvsi saxelmwifo. male es organizacia gascdamrewvelobis erTi dargis CarCoebs.1957 wels, romSi ,,samTa kavSiris” wevrebma xelimoaweres SeTanxmebas ,,evropis ekonomikuriTanamegobrobis” Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 1967 wels Seiqmnasamive evropuli organizaciis ,,samTrmadno kavSiri,”,,ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba” da ,,evroatomis”erTiani xelmZRvaneloba. amgvarad Camoyalibda,,evropis Tanamegobroba.”Eevropis Tanamegobrobis srulyofis xangrZliviprocesi dasrulda 1992 wlis martSi, evropiskavSiris xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT da igisabolood ZalaSi Sevida 1993 wlis 1 noembers,rodesac kavSirma iuridiuli statusi miiRo.ra mizans isaxavda evrokavSiris Seqmna?gaerTianeba miznad isaxavs saerTo bazrisdaarsebiTa da wevri qveynebis ekonomikuripolitikis SejerebiT gaerTianebis sivrceSiharmoniuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis uwyveti dagawonasworebuli gafarToebis, stabilurobisamaRlebis, cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebisa dagaerTianebis wevr qveynebs Soris ufro mWidrourTierTobebis damyarebis uzrunvelyofas.161
xelSekrulebis mixedviT, evrokavSirSigawevrianebis ufleba aqvs evropis nebismiersaxelmwifos, romlisTvisac misaRebia misifaseulobebi da akmayofilebs demokratiisnormebs. ,,kopenhagenis kriteriumebis” mixedviTsaWiroa ,,kandidatma qveyanam miaRwiosinstitutebis stabilurobas, romlebicdemokratiis, kanonis uzenaesobis, adamianisuflebebis pativiscemasa da umciresobebisuflebebis dacvis garanti iqneba.”yvelaze metad faseuli, rac evrokavSirmaSeimuSava, aris sazRvrebis Tavisufali gadalaxvisprincipi anu wevr qveynebs Soris saqonlis,muSaxelis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis Tavisufaligadaadgileba – e. w. ,,oTxi Tavisufleba.”Sida sazRvrebis Tavisufal gadadgilebas 1995wels xelmowerili ,,Sengenis xelSekruleba“aregulirebs.ek-is Seqmnidan dRemde mravali qveyana gamoTqvamsmasTan mWidro urTierTobebis survils. TavadevrokavSiris xelmZRvanelobac intensiuradmuSaobs gafarToebis Semdgom perspeqtivebze,romlis kargi magaliTicaa 2004 wels misi kidev 10wevriT gazrda.rac Seexeba TurqeTTan urTierTobebs, sakiTxicota sxvagvaradaa da uamravi specifikurobiTxasiaTdeba. TurqeTs ukve ramdeni aTeuli weliaar uReben kars evropis erTa TanamegobrobaSi. esyvelaferi ki imiT daiwyo, rom evropisekonomikuri kavSiris Seqmnidan mokle periodSi,1959 wlis ivlisSi, TurqeTma kavSirSigawevrianebaze pirveli ganacxadi gakeTa. imave162
wels kavSirma mas asocirebuli urTierTobaSesTavaza. ormxrivi molaparakebebi 1963 wlis 12seqtembers ,,ankaris SeTanxmebis” (“<strong>TurqeTis</strong>respublikasa da evropis ekonomikur kavSirsSoris asociaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb”) xelmoweriTdasrulda. am SeTanxmebiT daiwyo TurqeT-evropiskavSiris urTierTobebis <strong>istoria</strong>. SeTanxmebaZalaSi 1964 wlis 1 dekembers Sevida.,,ankaris SeTanxmeba” moicavda sabaJo kavSirisSeqmnis gegmas, rac mxareebs ekonomikur dasavaWro sferoebSi daaaxloebda. amave dros,kavSiri TurqeTs finansurad unda daxmareboda,risTvisac specialuri protokolebi undaSemuSavebuliyo.pirveli finansuri protokoliT, romelic 1963-1970 wlebs moicavda. evropis ekonomikurmakavSirma TurqeTs 157 milioni sesxi gamouyo. ukve1972 wels, kavSiris wili <strong>TurqeTis</strong> importSi 1963welTan SedarebiT 29 %-dan 42 %-mde gaizarda.meore da mesame finansur protokols xeli1970 da 1977 <strong>wlebSi</strong> moewera. 1970 wlis 23 noembersxeli moewera aseve damatebiT protokols,romelic sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnisakenwingadadgmuli nabiji iyo.SeTanxmebis mixedviT, evropis ekonomikurkavSirs TurqeTTan importze tarifebi daraodenobrivi barierebi unda gaeuqmebina.damatebiTi protokoli ki mxareebs Sorisadamianuri resursebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebissaSualebasac iZleoda. swored amitom, safuZveliCaeyara Turqul migraciul procesebs evropisqveynebisaken.163
damatebiTma protokolma <strong>TurqeTis</strong> soflismeurneobis imports ekonomikuri kavSirisqveynebSi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba moutana.magaliTad, 1971 wels am urTierTobebis <strong>istoria</strong>Siyvelaze maRali maCvenebeli dafiqsirda; <strong>TurqeTis</strong>soflis meurneobam 92%-iani sargebeli miiRo.miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSiris ramodenime qveyanamniSvnelovani raodenobiT awarmoebs sasoflosameurneoproduqcias, magaliTad, saberZneTi,portugalia da espaneTi. TurqeTi kavSiris wevrxmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebTan, savaWroSeTanxmebis farglebSi, erT-erT privilegirebulsavaWro partniorad rCeba.<strong>1980</strong>-1983 <strong>wlebSi</strong> <strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierTobebievrokavSirTan gafuWda. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikaSi<strong>1980</strong> wlis 12 seqtenbris samxedro gadatrialebisgamo evropis ekonomikurma kavSirma TurqeTTanurTierTobebis gayinva da meoTxe finansuriprotokolis dablokva gadawyvita. urTierTobebisdaregulireba mxolod 1983 wels samoqalaqoxelisuflebis aRdgenisa da ekonomikis sferoSireformebis dawyebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebebli.1987 wlis 14 aprils TurqeTma kavSirSigawevrianebaze ganacxadi Seitana. evropisekonomikuri kavSiris SeTanxmebis 237-e muxlisTanaxmad, amis ufleba evropis yvela qveyanashqonda. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ganacxadi gadaegzavna daskvnismosamzadebel komisias. Kkomisiam Tavis mxriv essakiTxi gadaugzavna departamentebs evrokavSirSi<strong>TurqeTis</strong> gawevrianebis SesaZlo Sedegebisgamosavlenad da yvela saWiro informaciisa dadokumentaciis Segroveba daavala.164
kandidati qveyana evrokavSiris wevr-qveynebSiarsebul demokratiisa da saerTo ganviTarebisnormebTan axlos unda yofiliyo. amasTan, komisiadarwmunebuli unda yofiliyo imaSi, rom axaliwevris miReba damatebiT problemebs ar Seqmnida.orive savaraudo SemTxvevis gaanalizebiT SemdegisuraTi gamoikveTa: pirveli, TurqeTi uzarmazarigeografiuli regioni iyo, mosaxleobiT igi wevriqveynebisSesabamis maCveneblebs sagrZnobladaRemateboda da, meore, misi ganviTarebis donesaerToevropulze SesamCnevad dabali iyo. es orifaqtori <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis arasaxarbielo Sedegismomtani aRmoCnda evrokavSirTan daaxloebismcdelobis gzaze.komisiam daskvna moamzada 1989 wlis 18 dekembers.masSi naTqvami iyo, rom ,,arsebul pirobebSiTurqeTTan gawevrianebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebisdawyeba sasargeblo ar iqneboda”. komisiammoiyvana rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikurimizezebi. aseve, saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Sorisdavis ,,negatiuri efeqti” da ,,kviprosze arsebulimdgomareoba,” Tumca evrokavSiri acxadebda, romunda gagrZelebuliyo TurqeTTan TanamSromloba,xeli unda SeewyoT mis evropasTandaaxloebisaTvis, daxmarebodnen qveyanaSipolitikuri da ekonomikuri modernizaciis swrafdasrulebaSi.ormxrivi TanamSromloba TandaTan gaRrmavda da1995 wlis 6 marts evrokavSirma da <strong>TurqeTis</strong>asociaciis sabWom sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnissaboloo etapze gadasvlisa da finansuriTanamSromlobis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb165
gadawyvetileba miiRo. sabWom aseve gadawyvitaurTierTobaTa axali sferoebis aTviseba dapolitikuri dialogis gaaqtiureba.1995 wlis 13 dekembers gadawyda sabaJo kavSirisSeqmna. es SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sevida 1996 wlis 1ianvars. institucionalur doneze ki Seiqmnasakonsultacio organo – sabaJo kavSiriserToblivi komiteti.es faqti mniSvnelovan movlenad iqna SefasebuliTurqeTSi. roca 1995 wels premier-ministri T.Cileri briuselidan Camofrinda da sazeimodganacxada: ,,TurqeTma xeli moawera istoriulSeTanxmebas evrokavSirTan”. TurqeTSi ambobdnen,rom T. Cilerma gaakeTAis, rac Tavis droze m. q.aTaTurqma, rom man mimarTa aziuri da amasTanmuslimuri qveynis gza parizisaken da mTelievropisaken.”amave dros, evrokavSiris warmomadgenelialen Jupe acxadebda, rom _ ,,evrokavSiris azriT,TurqeTSi miRweuli progresi araa sakamrisi,radganac qveyanaSi isev aqvs adgili adamianisuflebebis darRvevas, ikrZaleba gazeTebisgamocema, idevnebian Jurnalistebi dainteligenciis wamomadgenlebi, cixeSi sxedandeputatebi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> parlamentis e.w.sazogadoebrivi demarSis gamo.’’SeniSvnebis arsebobis miuxedavad ankarakmayofilebas gamoTqvamda. Turquli presa werda,rom sabaJo kavSiris xelmoweris Semdeg mkveTradgamococxlda finansur - ekonomikuri cxovreba.amasTan, TurqeTSi aRniSnavdnen, rom Tavs arityuebdnen fuWi imedebiT da rom materialuri166
daxmareba qveyanas TavisTavad waiyvandaevrokavSirisaken, amisaTvis ki TurqeTsreformebi unda gaegrZelebina.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> kanonmdebloba saxelmwifomonopoliebTan mimarTebaSi unda daxvewiliyo,rac TurqeTsa da evropis kavSiris qveynebSiwarmoebuli produqciis mimarT diskriminaciisdauSveblobas gulisxmobda. uaxloesi wlebisganmavlobaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mxridan ekonomikuriurTierTobebis xelisSemSleli barierebi undamoSliliyo.sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg, 1996 wels,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> importi evrokavSiris qveynebidan winawlebTan SedarebiT 34,7%-iT iyo gazrdili da 11,477miliardi dolariT ganisazRvra. evrokavSirisqveynebidan importi 52,9% iyo, xolo <strong>TurqeTis</strong>eqsporti 49,5%.sabaJo kavSiris SeqmniT da TurqeTTandaaxloebiT evropis kavSirma islamur samyarosuCvena, rom integraciisaTvis religiurigansxvaveba ar aris xelisSemSleli faqtori. esmniSvnelovani momenti iyo <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis,vinaidan xSirad saubrobdnen civilizaciaTaSoris sxvaobaze, rom TurqeTi gansxvavebulikulturis matarebeli qveyanaa da is ufrosafrTxes warmoadgens evropisaTvis. cnobiliamerikeli mecnieris s. hanTingtonis Teoriisgamoqveynebis Semdeg es dava ufro intensiurigaxda. am Teoriis mixedviT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuriorientacia ar Seesabameba qveynis mosaxleobiskulturul normebs, TurqeTi am mxrivwarmoadgens gaxleCil qveyanas da misi e.w.167
feTqebaTsaSiS regionebTan siaxlovis garda,Tavad qveyanaSic aramyari viTarebaa, romelicnebismier dros SeiZleba gadaizardosuTanxmoebaSi. amave Sinaarsis gancxadeba gaakeTes1997 wlis martSi briuselSi evrokavSiriskonferenciaze ,,qristianul demokratiuli’’partiis liderebma, maT ganacxades, rom,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> adgili evrokavSirSi ar aris, radganigi ar flobs evropisTvis damaxasiaTebelkulturul da humanur Rirsebebs.’’aRsaniSnavia rom TurqeTi erTaderTi muslimuriqveyanaa, romelsac evrokavSirSi Sesvla surs.1996 wels ormxriv urTirTobebSi usiamovnomomenti gaCnda. TurqeTs daeZaba urTierTobasaberZneTTan, ramac evrokavSirTanurTierTobebzec iqonia gavlena. 1996 wlis 15ivliss generaluri saqmeebis sabWom miiRo MEDAsprogramaSi gaTvaliswinebuli proeqtebixmelTaSuazRvis 12 saxelmwifosaTvis, maT Soris<strong>TurqeTis</strong>Tvisac. magram, imave wlis 19 seqtembersevroparlamentis rezoluciiT daiblokaTurqeTSi maTi ganxorcielebis idea. esrezolucia ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyoTurqeTSi adamianis uflebebis sferoSi arsebuliviTarebiT. Jak santeris xelmZRvanelobiTevrokomisiis mier SemuSavebuli dokumenti,,programa 2000 wlisaTvis” faqtobrivad TurqeTsevrokavSiris gafarToebis procesidangamoricxavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiarebdasabaJo kavSiris damakmayofilebel muSaobas da<strong>TurqeTis</strong> SesaZleblobas politikur da168
ekonomikur sferoebSi evrokavSiris normebisSesrulebis Sesaxeb.manamde ki iyo 1997 wlis 12 dekembrisluqsemburgis samiti. TurqeTi am samitzekandidat-qveyanad dasaxelebas eloda, magramuaryofiTma Sedegma <strong>TurqeTis</strong> oficialuripirebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. politikurelitaSi daiwyes saubari evropasTanurTierTobebis Senelebaze. luqsemburgis samitisSemdeg evrokavSiris liderebisaTvis gamarTulsadilze <strong>TurqeTis</strong> premier-ministrma mesuTilmazma mipatiJeba ar miiRo da Riad gamoxataukmayofileba. man germaniis maSindel kanclers h.kols antiTurqul ganwyobilebaSi dasdo brali,ramac or qveyanas Soris diplomatiuri krizisigamoiwvia.savsebiT gasagebia saberZneTis winaaRmdegoba,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaze. xologermaniis winaaRmdegoba <strong>TurqeTis</strong> kandidaturismimarT ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo germaniaSiTurqi migrantebis mozRvavebiT. Turqulidiaspora germaniaSi ukve ramdenime milionsaRwevda da germanias garkveul Sida problemebsuqmnida.germaniaSi Turqi migrantebis Sedinebis processsafuZveli Caeyara 1961 wels dadebuli ormxriviSeTanxmebiT. mas Semdeg rac germaniaSi Savmosamsaxureebze moTxovna gaizarda, qveynismTavrobam ganviTarebad qveynebidan iafimuSaxelis mozidva gadawyvita da Ria karispolitikis Sesaxeb ganacxada. amas mohyvaTurqeTTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba, romlis169
mixedviTac Turqi muSebi droebiT samuSaodgaigzavnebodnen dasavleT germaniaSi. daiwyoTurqi muSaxelis uwyveti gadinebis procesi aramxolod germaniaSi, aramed mTel evropaSi.droebiT gasuli muSaxelis evropaSi yofnammudmivi xasiaTi SeiZina.XX saukunis bolosa da XXI saukunisdamdegisaTvis evropis 10 qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 3116 860 Turqi emigranti iTvleboda. aralegaluradgadasuli muSaxelis garda, oficialurimonacemebiT, qveynebis mixedviT gadanawilebuliiyvnen Semdegnairad:germania 2 107 426 adamianiholandia 284 902 adamianisafrangeTi 274 747 adamianiavstria 142 231 adamianiSveicaria 79 556 adamianibelgia 78 532 adamianididi britaneTi 61 600 adamianiisraeli 50 000 adamianiitalia 5 500 adamianidania 36 835 adamianiSvedeTi 35 835 adamianinorvegia 10 000 adamianirac Seexeba sxva qveynebSi maTAraodenobrivmonacemebs, Semdegi suraTia:aSS 135 adamianiruseTi 40 000 adamianiavstralia 49 724 adamiani170
kanada 35 000 adamianiyazaxeTi 7 000 adamianiuzbekeTi 3 700 adamianiTurqmeneTi 5 000 adamiani.evropis umetes qveynebSi TurqTaTanacxovreba adgilobrivebTan mSvidobianxasiaTs atarebs. magaliTad, safrangeTSi erT-erTifranguli sastumros Turqi menejeris TqmiT:,,gareT frangi var, saxlSi - muslimi.” evropaSimcxovrebi Turqi erovnebis mosaxleobisumetesoba cdilobs adaptirdes maT garSemoarsebul realobasTan.sxva viTarebaa germaniaSi. evropisqveynebidan aq yvelaze mravalricxovania TurqTaraodenoba. maT axasiaTebT kompaqturigansaxlebis tipi. isini ar gamoxataven germanulsazogadoebasTan adaptirebis survils. uarsamboben germanuli enis Seswavlaze dainformacias Turqul enaze iReben. germaniisxelisuflebis mcdeloba, daearsebinaT enisSemswavleli droebiTi kursebi, Turquliojaxebis uaryofiT damokidebulebas iwvevda.mSoblebis umravlesoba uars acxadebda germanulskolebSi Svilebis miyvanaze. germaniis TurquldasaxlebebSi gaixsna Turqulenovani skolebi.SedarebiT misaRebi mdgomareobaa TurqTaaxalgazrda TaobaSi. isini ar gamoTqvamengermanul sazogadoebisagan mowyvetis survils,piriqiT, kmayofili arian, rom saSualeba aqvTganaTleba miiRon evropis erT-erTiganviTarebuli qveynis umaRles saswavleblebSi,floben germanul enas da aqvs garkveuli171
warmatebebic, aseve adgili aqvs Sereuli ojaxebisSeqmnasac.araerTi Turqi warmatebiT moRvaweobsgermaniis ekonomikis, ganaTlebis, politikissferoSi. xolo germaniis urTierToba TurqeTTan,oficialur doneze, TavSekavebuli dakeTilganwyobilia. germania did teqnikurdaxmarebas uwevs TurqeTs Tanamedrove sabrZoloiaraRis damzadebaSi. xorcieldeba erTobliviproeqtebi.germania dRemde pirvelobas inarCunebsTurqeTTan sagareo-ekonomikur urTieTobebSi.germanuli kapitali aqtiurad monawileobs<strong>TurqeTis</strong> savaWro - ekonomikur garigebebSi,mrewvelobasa da finansur operaciebSi. aqsawarmoebi aqvs daarsebuli germaniis cnobilfirmebs. sazRvargareTul bankebs Soris kiwamyvani adgili ukavia – vestdoiCe landes banks,doiCe banks, drezden banks da sxva. TurqeTSiasobiT germanuli firma eweva saqmianobas (600 - zemeti). aq Cadebulma investiciebma ramodenimemiliard markas miaRwia.evropis saxelmwifoTa liderebi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>religiur gansxvavebaze amaxvileben yuradRebas,Tumca ara oficialur saubrebSi. erT-erTievropeli, vinc amis Sesaxeb Riad Tqva, iyosafrangeTis prezidentis yofili mrCeveli Jakatali. man ganacxada: ,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSiSesvlis ZiriTadi xelisSemSleli mizezireligiuri gansxvaveba – islamia.”xSirad davis sagani xdeba Tavad terminievropac. igi mxolod geografiuli terminia Tu172
saerTo faseulobebis matarebeli gaerTianeba.meore gansazRvrebis SemTxvevaSic <strong>TurqeTis</strong>adgils qristianul klubSi xSirad ver xedaven. amsakiTxis irgvliv dava kidev ufro aqtualurigaxda XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis meorenaxevridan, maSin roca <strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelisuflebaSiproislamuri mimarTulebis Zalebi movidnen. esevropas aiZulebda kidev erTxel dafiqrebuliyo,sanam gadawyvetilebas miiRebda.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidenti T. ozali mizezsmuslimobaSi xedavda: ,,evrokavSirSi ar miRebisWeSmariti mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cvenmuslimebi varT, isini qristianebi, magram isiniamas Riad ar amboben.” yofili premieri T. Cileriambobda: ,,evropis kulturas qristianul -berZnul - romauli sinTezi udevs safuZvlad.erTi kedeli ukve davangrieT, axal kedels nuRaravaSenebT. nu vivliT religiuri dayofis gziT.TurqeTi Tavisi demokratiuli sistemis dafaseulobebis stabilurobis erT-erTi garantiaa.evropas ki stabiluroba esaWiroeba. aRmosavleTsdasavleTisaTvis udidesi strategiulimniSvneloba aqvs... Cveni evropeli mokavSireebiamJamad TurqeTs iseT buferul qveyanadmiiCneven, romelic evropisaTvis strategiuliTvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan regionebs Sorismdebareobs. maT mier <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mudmivadbuferul regionad miCneva gonivruligadawyvetilebaa, Tumca seriozuli eWvebi maqvs,rom Turqebi am mdgomareobaSi yofnas bolomdedasjerdnen.”173
evrokavSiris morigi samiti 1998 wlis 15-16ivniss gaimarTa kardifSi. kardifis samitisgadawyvetileba SedarebiT rbil tonSi iqnamiRebuli, magram <strong>TurqeTis</strong>Tvis is mainc uarsniSnavda. am samitis umTavresi SedegievrokavSiris komisiis mier SemuSavbuli,,evropuli strategiis” damtkiceba iyo.1998 wlis seqtemberSi ekonomikur komisiasada <strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelisuflebas Soris ,,evropulistrategiis” ganxorcielebis detalebisgasarkvevad pirveli teqnikuri diskusia gaimarTa,ramac <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mzadyofna daadasturaTanamSromlobaze.ankara aRniSnavda, rom evrokavSirismomavali samiti TurqeT-evrokavSirisurTierTobebSi gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisiqneboda. marTlac, daZabuli urTierTobebisfonze, mdgomareoba dadebiTisaken Semobrunda. amsamitze (1999 wlis 10 dekemberi), TurqeTievrokavSiris wevrobis kandidat qveyanadgamoacxadda. TurqeTi, sxva qveynebTan erTad,evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis sruluflebiankandidatad aRiares.TurqeT - evrokavSiris urTierTobaSi metadmniSvnelovania 2000 - 2001 wleebi.2000 wlis dekemberSi evrokavSiris morigsamitze briuselSi gamoqveynda da TurqeTsdelegacias gadaeca evrokavSiris gafarToebiskomitetis mier momzadebuli dokumenti,,evrokavSirSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> Sesvlis sakiTxebzepartniorobis Sesaxeb.”174
,,dokumenti partniorobis Sesaxeb”Seicavda kriteriumebis CamonaTvals, romelsacTurqeTi garkveviT unda Seesabamebodes. rTulisakiTxebis gadasaWrelad (kviprosis problema,egeosis zRvaSi saberZneTTan teritoriuligamijvna, qurTebis uflebebi). erT-erTi yvelazemwvave sakiTxTa rigSia kviprosis problemismowesrigeba. dokumentma partniorebis Sesaxeb,TurqeTi daavaldebula ,,aqtiurad daeWira mxarigaeros generaruli mdivnis ZalisxmevisTvis”kviprosis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad. Tumca TurqeTiCrdiloeT kvipros ganixilavs rogorc Tavisisamxedro strategiuli interesebisuzrunvelyofis sakvanZo elements.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> kidev erTi mwvave problema,romelic asaxuliadokumentSi, qurTebissakiTxia. Pproblema isaa, rom <strong>TurqeTis</strong>konstituciaSi sityva ,,umciresobis gagebaromelime eTnosis mimarT ar arsebobs da qveynisqurT mosaxleobas warTmeuli aqvs iuridiuliwinapiroba, raTa miaRwios Tavisi uflebebisdakmayofilebas. 2001 wlis 13 noembers komisiismier gamoqveynebuli iqna angariSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT. daskvniT etapzegadasvlis Seferxebis motivacia iyo is, romTurqeTi molaparakebis dasawyebad arakmayofilebda politikur kriteriumebs, amdenadmas ar SeeZlo daskvniT etapze gadasvlac.angariSSi dadebiTad iyo Sefasebuli mTavrobismier gaweuli Zalisxmeva konstituciisSecvlasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis mizani iyodemokratiuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis175
gafarToeba. maRali Sefaseba mieca adamianis axaluflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, romelic eTnikurumciresobebs mieniWa. Aamavdroulad kvlavkritikis sagani iyo am organos farTouflebamosileba, sikvdilis dasjis SenarCuneba.CixSi moeqca kviprosis problemis gadawyvetisprocesi. mTlianobaSi xazi gaesva imas, romTurqeTi erTaderTi kanditati qveyanaa, romelmacgarkveuli cvlilebebis miuxedavad, kopenhageniskriteriumebi ar Seasrula.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSi SesvlasTandakavSirebul 2001 wlis oqmSi dadgenilia SemdegimoTxovnebi: TurqeTSi sasjelis umaRlesi zomismoratoriumis mxardaWera, xolo SemdegSisikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba da adamianisuflebebis evropuli konvenciis oqm #6-isratifikacia.TurqeTma ,,qveyana - kandidatis” mandatiTaiRo valdebulebebi, romelsac isganaxorcielebda. maT Soris oTxi qurTuliwarmoSobis qali - parlamentaris gaTavisufleba.2004 wels <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mejlisma miiRogadawyvetileba da aTwliani patimrobis SemdeggaaTavisufla parlamentari qalbatonebi: orxandogani, haTiv dikoli, salhim sadaki da saxarovispremiis laureati leila zane.gaTavisuflebamde <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sasamarTlosoTxma advokatma mimarTa sarCeliT, romelic ardakmakofilebula. briuselSi ki es faqtigamowvevad miiRes: ,,evrokavSiri Seuracxyofilia,Cven ankarisagan demokratias viTxovdiT” –aRniSna evroparlamentis wevrma luiji vinCma.176
mTeli am wlebis ganmavlobaSi es oTxiqurTi patimari qalbatoni TurqTa ukanonobissimbolod iyo miCneuli. evrokavSiri am faqtzeaqcentirebiT miuTiTebda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSiriswevrobisaTvis moumzadeblobaze.2004 wlis evrokavSiis gafarToebis Semdegisev ganaxlda saubari <strong>TurqeTis</strong> gawevrianebisSesaZleblobaze, magram evropis qveynebs Sorisver xdeba poziciebis Sejereba, maTigansxvavebuli damokidebulebis gamo. magaliTad,germaniis mTavrobaSi admianTa uflebebzepasuxismgebelma da Turqul - germanulimegobruli jgufis xelmZRvanelma klaudia rozimganacxada, rom daicavs <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSriSigawevrianebis ideas, ,,radganac germanias sWirdebaZlieri TurqTi.” Turqi JurnalistebisaTvisgamarTul Semajamebel Sexvedraze k. rozigamovida angela merkelis winadadebis winaaRmdeg,romelic <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSi privilegirebulpartniorobaze Tanxmdeboda mxolod. ,,TurqeTievropis kategoriebSi mraval asparezze ikavebsadgils. ver vxvdebi ratom aris, rom TurqeTizogjer evropas ekuTvnis, zogjer ki ara” -ganacxada igive rozim. man Sefaseba misca boloperiodSi TurqeTSi ganxorcielebul reformebsda aRniSna: ,,erTi periodi verc ki warmomedgina,rom TurqeTSi gauqmdeboda sikvdiliT dasja.”angela merkelma, roca is germaniiskancleri gaxda, Tavisi evropuli turnesafrangeTSi CasvliT daiwyo (2005 wlis noemberi).man pirveli oficialuri Sexvedra gamarTaprezident Jak SirakTan. molaparakebis Semdeg177
gamarTul pres - konferenciaze igi TurqeTsacSeexo da ganacxada: ,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirTanurTierToba Zalian mniSvnelovania, magramvfiqrob molaparakebebi mis gawevrianebasaTandakavSirebuli xangrZlivi aRmoCndeba.” germaniismxare didi sifrTxiliT ekideba am sakiTxs.safrangeTis prezidentma Jak Sirakma kiaraerTxel daafiqsira Tanadgoma <strong>TurqeTis</strong>evropul ojaxSi miRebaze. misi TqmiT: ,,CvenTanerTad <strong>TurqeTis</strong> yofna evropis interesebSiSedis.”aSS aseve mxars uWers <strong>TurqeTis</strong>gawevrianebas evrokavSirSi. <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis misimxaradaWera metad mniSvnelovania. aSS-isprezidenti jorj buSi (umcrosi) aRniSnavda, rom,,TurqeTi evropis Zalaa,” aseve ,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> wevrobaamavdroulad islamis nawilsa da dasavleTsSoris urTierTobebis winsvlisaTvis sasicocxlomniSvnelobis movlenas warmoadgens”. j. buSiTurqeTs civilizaciebs Soris xidad moixseniebs:,,islamis samyaroSi Tavisuflebis momavali amqveynis moqalaqeebis mier unda ganisazRvros daara sxvebis.”didi britaneTis premier-ministrma t.blerma dadebiTi pozicia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSigawevrianebis Taobaze BBC - is pirdapir eTerSigaakeTa.sainteresoa msoflio bankis zogierTimonacemic, romlis mixedviTac <strong>TurqeTis</strong>ekonomika evropis araerTi qveynis ekonomikazedidia. magaliTad, stambolis ekonomika bevradaRemateboda evrokavSiris 4 axali wevri qveynis178
analogiur monacemebs, igi 9-jer meti iyo igivebulgareTis ekonomikaze. miuxedavad 2001 wliskrizisisa, TurqeTs amave wlis monacemebismixedviT gaaCnda 445 miliardis RirebulebismsyidvelobiTi unari. es imas niSnavs, rom TuTurqeTi evrokavSiris wevri gaxdeba, ekonomikissididis mixedviT wevr - qveynebs Soris meeqvseadgils daikavebda.Tumca, msoflio bankis mier gamoqveynebulmsoflio ekonomikis maCveneblebis 2004 wlismoxsenebaSi TurqeTi (erT sul mosaxleze 2 626lira) erovnuli Semosavlebis mixedviT saSualo,qveda jgufis qveynebs Soris moxvda. swored esgaxda Tavis droze erT-erTi mizezi imisa, romevrokavSiris didi gafarToebis process 2004wels igi gamoeTiSa.monacemebi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikis didperspeqtivebze metyvelebs. magram, esoden didiekonomikuri potencialis qonis pirobebSicSedarebiT aradamakmayofileblad Canda miRwevebidemokratiis sferoSi gatarebuli reformebisTvalsazrisiT.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSi miRebis erT-erTSemaferxebel faqtorad, ra Tqma undaaraoficialurad, asaxeleben mosaxleobisraodenobas. am etapze misi raodenoba daaxloebiT75 milioniT ganisazRvreba.demografiuli suraTis SeswavlissafuZvelze, TurqeTSi uaxloes momavalSivaraudoben misi mosaxleobis raodenobisgazrdas. zrdis axlandeli tempebis SenarCunebisSemTxvevaSi misi raodenoba uaxloes aT weliwadSi179
SesaZloa miuaxlovdes 100 milions. TurqeTi aseTSemTxvevaSi iqneba yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuliqveyana evropis sivrceSi. magram misi amJamindeliraodenobac ki SemaSfoTebelia evrokavSirisxelmZRvanelobisaTvis. kavSirSi gawevrianebisSemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviTTurqeTi moipovebs uflebas gavlena iqoniosevrokavSiris gadawyvetilebaze. evropis qveyebs kiam uflebis miniWeba (aTis kvotis floba) ar surT<strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis. evropa ase advilad ver SeeguebamisTvis amxela berketebis gadacemas.<strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis moulodnelobebiT aRsavseiyo 2004 wlis evrokavSiris briuselis samiti. amsamitma Tavis mxriv evropas axali sazRvrebi daaxali politikuri realoba SesTavaza da amrealobaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> adgili da roli ar iyoiseTi mniSvnelovani, rogorc moelodnen ankaraSi.evrokavSiris sazRvrebSi moeqca kidev aTi qveyana.TurqeTSi mtkivneulad aRiqves masSi kviprosisberZnuli nawilis gawevrianeba, vinaidan amSemTxvevaSi saberZneTs erTiT meti xmis uflebaeqneba kavSirSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> winaaRmdeg.miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTi kandidatiqveyanaa, jer kidev araa miRebuli politikurigadawyvetileba misi evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisTaobaze. qveyanaSi mimdinare warmatebulidemokratiuli cvlilebebi ekonomikis,ganaTlebis, samarTlisa da sxva sferoebSi, verwyvets <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evropasTan gaigivebis, evropiserTian civilizaciaSi misi moazrebis sakiTxs.evrokavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris movlenaTaamgvarma ganviTarebam araerT Turq saxelmwifo180
moRvawes skeptikuri gancxadebis gakeTebisakenubiZga. magaliTad, 2002 wels mejlisisTavmjdomarem omer izgim ganacxada, rom TurqeTsevrokavSiris garda sxva arealSic gaaCniaalternativa. am gancxadebiT man faqtobrivadmxari dauWira erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosgeneraluri mdivnis Tunjer kilinjis mosazrebas_ ,,evrokavSiri <strong>TurqeTis</strong> erTaderTi alternativaar aris.”o. izgim Turqul - amerikuli sazogadobisfederaciis prezidentis egemen baRiSisa da misiTanmxlebi pirebis miRebisas aRiniSna:,,SesaZlebelia evrokavSiris arCevani TurqeTi araris, magram TurqeTs evrokavSiris garda sxvaarealSic gaaCnia arCevani. rasakvirvelia, esarealebi ver Camoyalibdeba mokavSireobis iseTiformebiT, romlis wevradac, rogorc kilinjiambobs, iranic moiazreba. magram TurqeTs TavisiRerZis garSemo yovelTvis aqvs arCevani hqondesdidi Zala iseTi saxiT, romelic arewinaaRmdegeba misi sistemis ideologias.”Turqi eqspertebi ki optimisturad arianganwyobilini da prognozebsac akeTeben Turamxela sikeTis motana SeuZlia evrokavSirissivrceSi Sesvlas. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mrewvelobisa davaWrobis ministris ali jonkunis gancxadebiT,aseT SemTxvevaSi TurqeTSi investiciebisraodenoba swrafad gaizrdeba. kerZo seqtorisaRorZinebiT ki SesaZlebeli gaxdeba qveynisekonomikis winaSe mdgari seriozuli problemebisgadaWra. xolo m. ilmazis SefasebiT, evrokavSirSi<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sruli wevrobis sakiTxis181
ganxilvisTanave qveyanaSi ucxouri kapitalisSemosvlis bumi daiwyeba. misi TqmiT, TurqeTsTavisuflad SeuZlia uzrunvelyos weliwadSisaSualod 10 miliardi dolaris ucxourikapitalis Semosvla qveyanaSi.savaWro palatebis gaerTienebulma kavSirmagamarTa konferencia deviziT ,,evrokavSirissruli wevrobis zemoqmedeba <strong>TurqeTis</strong>ekonomikasa da biznesis samyaroze.” konferenciisgaxsnisas m. ilmazma xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom,,TurqeTSi ucxouri kapitalis Semosvla axloperiodSi ufro did mniSvnelobas moipovebs.ekonomikuri krizisidan mTlianad gamosvlaSeiZleba moxdes evrokavSirTan Seguebisprocesiis daCqarebiT da ufro maRalisafexurebis daZleviT.” man amis nimuSad espaneTi,portugalia da saberZneTi moiyvana. ,,yvelakandidati qveynis mdgomareoba aseTi iyo,<strong>TurqeTis</strong>ac aseTive iqneba” ganacxada man.2004 wlis 26-29 ivniss stambolSigamarTulma natos samitma TurqeTsa dadasavleTs Soris Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebiswinaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis demonstrirebamoaxdina. erTi mxriv, TurqeTi natosmniSvnelovani wevria. am konteqstSi ankaramgadamwyveti roli unda Sesrulos radikaluriislamis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, aseve, eraysa daavRaneTSi stabilurobis damyarebis sakiTxSi.meores mxirv, evrokavSiris damokidebuleba<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrogaerTianebaSi gawevrianebazepesimisturia. Tumca, Tavis mxriv TurqeTsislamur samyaroSi stabilizaciis damyarebisa da182
politikur cvlilebebze umtkivneulodgadasvlis TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlia misabaZimagaliTi gaxdes. mas am mimarTulebiT bevradmetis gakeTeba xelewifeba, vidre nebsimiereveropul saxelmwifos.dRes - dReobiT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSigawevrianeba sul ufro bundovani xdeba, maSinrodesac es qveyana aqamde arnaxuli energiiTafarToebs sakuTar kontaqtebs umetesadmuslimur qveynebTan, am fonze didi xnisganmavlobaSi ismeba kiTxva _ xom ar ixreba esmaStaburi saero muslimuri saxelmwifo ufroaRmosavleTisaken vidre dasavleTisasaken?rodesac aSS prezidenti b. obama 2012 wlis 25aprils TurqeTs stumrobda – am simbolurmaJestma <strong>TurqeTis</strong> geostrategiul mniSvnelobasxazi gausva. man gansakuTrebiT aRniSna am qveynis,rogorc xidis roli aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTsSoris, aRiara misi Suamavlis roli arab -israelur konfliqtSi, aseve mTeli Tavisipolitikuri woniT aSkarad mxari dauWira<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSi gawevrianebiskenswrafvas. zogierTi eqsperti vaSingtonsa dabriuselSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>, rogorc partniorissandoobas eWvqveS ayenebs, bevri Turqi kisakuTar Tavs ekiTxeba, xom ar Rirs maT TavadsTqvan uari evrokavSirze, vidre amas pirvelibloki gaakeTebs.SiSia imis Taobaze, rom TurqeTma xidebismSeneblis rolze uaris Tqma gadawyvita boloxanebSi, rodesac am qveyanam israelis samxedrosahaeroZalebis manevrebSi monawileobaze uari183
sTqva. aman kidev ufro daZaba urTierToba,romelic manamde ukve sakmarisad Selaxuli iyo,rodesac Sveicariis qalaq davosSi msofliosliderebis winaSe gamosvlisas <strong>TurqeTis</strong> premierministrmarejef Taif erdoRanma israelisprezidenti Simon peresi Razas seqtorSisamxedro qmedebebis gamo gaakritika.maRalCinosani Turqi Cinovnikebi amboben,rom batonma erdoRanma, romelic israelsa dasirias Soris Suamavlis rols asrulebda RazasseqtorSi konfliqtis dawyebamde sul raRacramdenime kviriT adre, CaTvala rom masuRalates, rodesac israelma agresia wamoiwyo darac misi azriT udanaSaulo muslimebis uazromkvlelobiT dasrulda. imavdroulad, zogierTdasavlel diplomats miaCnia, rom TurqeTma maTiazriT iranTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebiTSeSfoTebis safuZveli Seqmna.rodesac am wlis ivnisSi iranissaprezidento sadavo arCevnebis oficialuriSedegebi gamoqveynda, TurqeTi im qveynebis rigSiaRmoCnda, vinc prezident mahmud ahmadinejadsxelaxali arCeva miuloca. TeiranSi vizitisdros, batonma r. erdoRanma ganacxada, romdasavleTi ormagi standartebis praqtikasmimarTavs, rodesac iranis birTvulprogramasTan dakavSirebiT am qveyanaze zewolasaxdens. ,,isini, vinc birTvuli ganiaraRebiskenmowodebebs akeTeben, pirvel rigSi es procesisakuTar qveynebSi unda daiwyon” – xazgasmiTaRniSna man.184
safrangeTis prezidenti nikola sarkozixmamaRla aprotestebda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSigawevrianebas da amtkicebda, rom es qveyanageografiulad evropas ar ganekuTvneba. amsakiTxze aseve eWvi gamosTqva germaniiskanclerma angela merkelmac. bevrma TurqmamiiCnia, rom evrokavSirSi maTi qveynis miRebamuslimebis didi raodenobis gamo ar surT.SekiTxvaze, ratom dainteresda <strong>TurqeTis</strong>xva mimarTulebiT, Aanalitikosebis nawiliacxadebs, rom TurqeTs am mimarTulebiTkulturuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebiubiZgeben.stambolis Sexvedraze ki evropissakiTxebis qvekomitetis Tavjdomarem robertueqslerma zemoaRniSnul SekiTxvaze ganacxada:,,evropa daakvirdi sakuTar qmedebebs da sakuTarmosazrebebs.”politikur mecnierebaTa profesorma ersinkalaiCioRlum aRniSna, rom globalur finansurkriziss evropuli ekonomikis Semcireba mohyva,ramac TurqeTs – msxvil eqsportiors – axalibazrebis moZiebis dawyeba aiZula. ampolitologsac da mis sxva kolegebsac miaCniaT,rom mmarTveli ,,samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis’’ partiis rogorc musulimurifesvebis mqone socialurad konservatiulipartiis liderebi Tavs gacilebiT komfortulader - riadSi, damaskosa da baRdadSi grZnoben,vidre parizSi, londonsa da romSi.185
evrokavSirTan molaparakebebis nawilobrivCavardnasac ki Sors mimavali Sedegebi mohyveba.TurqeTi – SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropisTvisSeucvleli partnioria, rogorc qveyana,romelic irans, erays da sirias esazRvreba.TurqeTi demokratiis, kapitalizmisa da islamiserTobliobis uzarmazari simboloa.miuxedavad amisa, am qveynis evrokavSirTanmolaparakebebi Zalian gaurkvevelmdgomareobaSia. kviprosTan Zveli konfliqtisgamo mTeli rigi sakiTxebis ganxilva dablokilia.pirvelad mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi saqmianiwreebis wamyvanma warmomadgenlebma, romlebicyovelTvis proevropelebi iyvnen, aRnines ,,CvenTurqebi – amayi xalxi varT da ar gvinda imsaxlSi Sesvla, sadac jer dagvpatiJes, magramSemdeg yovel jerze maspinZeli cxvirwin karsgviketavs,” – ambobs erT-erTi umsxvilesiTurquli developeruli kompaniis xelmZRvanelTawarmomadgeneli hasan arati.qveynis Selaxuli Tavmoyvareobis miuxedavad,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> oficialuri warmomadgenlebi daanalitikosebi amtkiceben, rom TurqeTidasavleTis mitovebas ar apirebs. <strong>TurqeTis</strong>ministri evropis sakiTxebSi ejemen bajisi areTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikaaRmosavleTisken icvlis orientacias. erT-erTbolo interviuSi man ganacxada, rom misi qveynismxridan mezoblebTan kointegraciismxardamWerebi iyvnen, axla eWqveS ayenebenmolaparakebaTa gagrZelebis mizanSewonilobas,romlis dasrulebac, rogorc Cans, jer-jerobiT186
ar ganixileba. kontaqtebis gaaqtiureba, siriasTansazRvris gaxsna, somxeTTan diplomatiuriurTierTobebis normalizebaze istoriuliSeTanxmebis xelmowera, aseve iranTanurTierTqmedebaTa gafarToveba – es yvelaferiTurqeTs misi dasavleli mokavSireebisTvis ufroefeqtur Suamavlad aqcevs.,,nebismieri xidi, Tuki mas erTi sayrdenimyari aqvs, meore ki susti, didxans veriarsebebs,” – aRniSna batonma bajisma.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> premier–ministr erdoRanis mTavarimrCeveli sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi ibrahimkalini ambobs, rom ,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> axali, ufrogaxsnili sagareo politikis dasavlelikritikosebi ormag standartebs iyeneben. rodesacSeerTebuli Statebi ruseTs winadadebebssTavazobs, amas yvela adidebs da diplomatiisaxali epoqis dasawyiss uwodebs, magram rodesacTurqeTi iranTan sakuTari kavSirebisgafarTovebas cdilobs, yvela kiTxulobs, es xomar niSnav orientaciis Secvlas.?”bevri gavleniani Turqi samxedrodarwmunebulia, rom evrokavSiris mierwamoyenebuli pirobebis umravlesoba qveynisaTvisdamRupvelia. Bbolo dros maT eTanxmebiansazogadoebis sxva fenis warmomadgenlebic.qveyanaSi ufro da ufro popularuli gaxda azriims Sesaxeb, rom sinamdvileSi gawevrianebispirobiT evrokavSiri ankaras acdunebs dacdilobs, rom TurqeTi aiZulos, daTmobazewavides qurTebis da kviprosis sakiTxTandakavSirebiT, teritoriuli davebi gadawyvitos187
saberZneTTan egeosis zRvaSi mdebare kunZulebisgamo da Semdeg kari miuxuros dasustebul dadanawevrebul qveyanas.rogorc Cans, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> gaurkvevelimdgomareoba momgebiania evrokavSirisaTvis, raTaqveyanas SeunarCunos demokratiuli faseulobebida araeqstremistuli zegavlena, romelicusafrTxos gaxdis evropis samxreT sazRvrebs.amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom evrokavSiri Tavsaridebs calsaxa uaris Tqmas <strong>TurqeTis</strong>gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT.sakontrolo kiTxvebi:1) daaxasiaTeT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo politikismdgomareoba evrokavSirTan Tanamedrove etapze;2) axseniT, ra roli ukavia TurqeTs evropissaxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi;3)rogor aRiqvams <strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelisufleba<strong>TurqeTis</strong> evrokavSirSi ar miRebis sakiTxebisSesaxeb;praqtikuli davaleba:gaaanalizeT TurqeT-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi<strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>.188
gamoyenebuli literatura da vebgverdebi:1. batiaSvili z., armiis adgili da roli<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikaSi (1923-2000<strong>wlebSi</strong>), Tbilisi, 2003, (sakandidatodisertacia).2. batiaSvili z., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuliZalebi, Tbilisi, 2000.3. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis konstitucia,Turqul idan Targmna da gamosacemadmoamzada giorgi sordiam, Tbilisi,2000.4. lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> Sida politika1945—<strong>1980</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong> da politikuri partiebi,Tbilisi, 2003.5. lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri partiebisistoriuli mimoxilva, Tbilisi,<strong>2011</strong>.6. maCitiZe el., armiis roli <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sazogadoebriv politikur cxovrebaSime-20 saukunis 60-80 - ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>, orientalisturiZiebani, II, Tbilisi, 1996.7. maCitiZe el., <strong>1980</strong> wlis 12 seqtembrissamxedro gadatrialeba TurqeTSi, istoriul—politikuriZiebani, krebuliI, Tbilisi, 1993.8. makaraZe e., Tanamedrove <strong>TurqeTis</strong> aqtualurisakiTxebi, baTumi, 2000.9. svaniZe m., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>, Tbilisi,2007.10. sanikiZe g. alasania g. gelovani n., axloaRmosavl eTis <strong>istoria</strong> da misi urTier-Toba samxreT kavkasiasTan (XIX s.—XXIs.—is dasawyisi), Tbilisi, <strong>2011</strong>.11. Гасратян М. А., Орешкова С. Ф., Петросян Ю.А. Очерки истории Турции. Москва, 1983.189
19012. Данилов В.И. Политическая борьба в Турции.Москва, Наука, 1985.13. Данилов В.И. Турция 80-х: от военного режимадо «ограниченной демократии». Москва, Наука,1991.
Tavi VIITurqeT-kviprosis urTierTobebi<strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>1. kviprosis problema<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo politikis erT-erTaqtualur sakiTxs kviprosis problemawarmoadgens. igi gascda TurqeT-saberZneTisurTierTobebis sferos da sarTaSoriso ganxilvissagnadaa qceuli. misi daregulireba am etapzesruliad warmoudgenelia ormxrivi (Turqul -berZnuli) urTierTobebis farglebSi. saqmis arsiSemdegia, ,,civi omis” periodSi gaizarda aSS-isSesaZlebloba kontroli gaewia xmelTaSuazRvisaRmosavleT sivrcisaTvis. amave dros gaizardanatosaTvis kviprosis samxedro - strategiulimniSvneloba. aSS-is politika am regionSidafuZnebuli iyo e.w. ganuwyvetelobis Teoriisgeopolitikur sqemaze, rac iTvaliswinebda imas,rom TurqeTi da saberZneTi damokidebuli undayofiliyvnen masze, kviprosis meSveobiT aSScdilobda natos am orive qveynis dainteresebas.misi meSveobiT amerikeli diplomatebicdilobdnen TurqeTsa da saberZneTs evloT maTipolitikuri miznebis mimarTulebiT. aseve,angariSgasawevi iyo aSS-is samxedro personalisyofna kviprosze. samxedroebis erTi nawiliemsaxureboda aSS-is sadazvervo TviTmfrinavebis191
frenas. aqve iyo amerikis 3 radiosadguri,romelic aRWurvili iyo Tanamedroveeleqtronuli mowyobilobiT. am radiosadgurebismonacemebs regularulad amuSavebdnen amerikelispecialistebi.SemdgomSi kviprosis sakiTxi gaxdaevrokavSiris mxridan TurqeTze zemoqmedebiserT-erTi saSualebac. mudmivad keTdebodaaqcenti, rom mezoblebTan urTierTobebissamxedro wesiT mogvareba ar Seesabameba evropulnormebs. arademokratiulad aRiqmeboda <strong>TurqeTis</strong>mxridan kviprosis berZnuli nawilis araRiareba.kviprosis sakiTxma TurqeT - saberZneTisurTierTobebSi diplomatiuri krizisi gamoiwvia.es sakiTxi gamwvavda mas Semdeg, rac 1974 welsamboxebulma erovnulma gvardiam saberZneTismmarTvel samxedro xuntasTan SeTanxmebiTgadaayena kviprosis respublikis prezidenti,arqiepiskoposi makariosi da mTeli kunZulissaberZneTis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvana gadawyvita.sapasuxod TurqeTma mis CrdiloeT nawilSigadasva jari. amis Semdeg moyolebuli TurqeTiufro myarad cdilobs aq damkvidrebas. moxdasaberZneTTan mosaxleobis iZulebiT gacvla:CrdiloeT nawilSi mcxovrebi 45-65 aTasi Turqigadavida <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mier dakavebul CrdiloeTismiwaze. gaiyo TviT dedaqalaqi niqoziac.kunZulis gayofis gegma adreve iyoSemuSavebuli. arsebobda kviprosis saberZneTTan(enozisis) da TurqeTTan mierTebis gegmebic.,,enozisis variants” daupirispirda Turqulinacionalizmi e.w. ,,aTaqsimas meTodiT”. amiT192
gamoixata eqspansionisturi damokidebulebakviprosisadmi, romelic miznad isaxavdakunZulis teritoriis or nawilad gayofas –berZnebisaTvis da TurqebisaTvis gavlenissferoebis Sesabamisad, rasac SemdegSi undamoyoloda ori saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelicdasruldeboda TurqeTTan da saberZneTTangaerTianebiT an momxdariyo federaciulsafuZvelze mowyoba saxelmwifoebrivi,,TviTmyofadobis” principebiT.cnobili Turqi saxelmwifo moRvawe, ankarisuniversitetis profesori nihaT erimi TaviswignSi ,,Cemi TvaliT nanaxi kviprosi,” kunZulisgayofamde qveynis xelisuflebaSi ukveSemuSavebuli xedvis Sesaxeb igonebs: ,,1956 wlis16 oqtombers me gamomiZaxa <strong>TurqeTis</strong> premier–ministrma ad. menderesma, romelmac damavalagavcnobodi kviprosis sakiTxs da momemzadebinaam sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qveynis poziciisiuridiuli dasabuTeba. premieri iTxovda, rom ampoziciaSi gaTvaliswonebuli yofiliyo Semdegimomentebi: inglisi unda darCeniliyo kunZulze,xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu igi datovebda aRniSnulteritorias, kviprosi unda gadasuliyo <strong>TurqeTis</strong>xelSi an gayofiliyo.” <strong>TurqeTis</strong> interesebSiSedioda, kunZuli ar gadasuliyo saberZenTisxelSi.kunZulis Turquli Temis xelmZRvanelobam,1983 wels gamoacxada ,,CrdiloeT kviprosisTurquli respublika.” igi ar cno arcerTmaqveyanam, garda Tavad <strong>TurqeTis</strong>a. gaerom ki mis193
mimarT saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sanqciebiSemoiRo.1995 wels <strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidentma s. demirelmaganacxada: ,,kviprosis problema, es <strong>TurqeTis</strong>nacionaluri problemaa. TurqeTi yovelTvisgaatarebs aqtiur politikas CrdiloeT kviprosisTurquli respublikis (CkTr) mimarT dadavexmarebiT ekonomikuri problemebis gadaWraSi.rac Seexeba saberZneTTan damokidebulebas, igiunda gadaiWras ormxrivi molaparakebebis gziT.”kviprosi turistebis sayvareli adgilia. masbunebrivi silamazis da kargi klimaturipirobebis gamo ,,xmelTaSuazRvis margalits”eZaxian. kviprosze weliwadSi 2 milionze metiucxoeli turisti Cadis.saberZneTma XX saukunis 90-iani wlebisdasawyisSi kviprosis evrogaerTianebSigawevrianebis sakiTxi dasva, razec ankaramsaswrafo reagireba moaxdina: ,,maSin Cven CkTr-spirdapir <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SemadgenlobaSi SeviyvanT” –aseTi iyo <strong>TurqeTis</strong> pozicia. molaparakebebidaiwyo.amis paralelurad muSavdeboda gegma,romelic kunZulis berZnuli nawili da Turqulinawilebis gaerTianebas gulisxmobda. misigaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi erTiani kviprosiSevidoda evropis sivrceSi. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> poziciaamaze, bunebrivia, uaryofiTi iyo.xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Semdeg moxdaSeTanxmeba, rom es sakiTxi saerTaSorisosamarTlis normebis mixedviT mogvarebuliyo. racgulisxmobda kunZulze mosaxleobis azris194
Seswavlas anu daniSnuliyo saerTo saxalxoreferendumi da gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviTdaregulirebuliyo sakiTxi. Tumca kviprosisberZnuli nawilis ∗ evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba ukvegadawyvetili iyo.referendumi dainiSna 2004 wels.Sedegebi iyo iseTi, rogorsac moelodasaerTaSoriso sazogadoeba: kviprosis berZnulnawils ar surda Turqul nawilTan gaerTianeba,radgan es damatebiT problemebs Seuqmida, xoloTurqulma nawilma Tavad ganacxada uarigaerTianebaze.kviprosis daregulirebis unikaluriSesaZlebloba ar iqna gamoyenebuli. KkviprosisgaerTianebiT misi Turquli mosaxleobis didnawils ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisganviTarebis farTo saSualeba miecemoda. ase rom,2004 wels 1 maiss kviprosis mxolod berZnulmanawilma izeima evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba.2005 wlis dekemberSi evrokavSiris wevriqveynebis elCebma briuselSi miiRes specialurideklaracia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> Sesaxeb, romelicoficialuri ankarisagan moiTxovda kviprosisrespublikis aRiarebas, raTa daewyoTmolaparakebebi misi evrokavSirSigawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT.deklaraciaSi aRniSnulia, rom imSemTxvevaSi Tu TurqeTi ar scnobs kviprosisdamoukideblobas, mis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaze∗ - თანამედროვე პოლიტიკურ ლექსიკონში უკვე დიდი ხანია დამკვიდრდატერმინები: : “კვიპროსის“ბერძნული ნაწილი”, “კვიპროსის“თურქულიული ნაწილი”,ასევე, , “გაყოფილი“კუნძული.”195
molaparakebebi Sewydeba. aseve, iTxoven <strong>TurqeTis</strong>mxridan kviprosisaTvis sahaero da sazRvaogzebis gaxsanas (es pirobebi jer kidev sabaJokavSiris Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi iyo Cadebuli).am pirobebis Sesrulebaze iusticiisministrma jemal CiCekma ganacxada: ,,evrokavSirisqceva komediurs hgavs... <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvisevrokavSirSi Sesvla Zalian mniSvnelovania,Tumca arc ise gulubryviloebi varT, raTamiviswrafodeT nebismier fasad iq mosaxvedrad.”premier r. t. erdoRanma ki ganacxada: ,,Cans, romTurqeTs wauyeneben ufro mkacr moTxovnebs,vidre sxva kandidatebs, arc erT qvyanas ar ucdiaevrokavSiris karebTan 41 weli, evropelebi ki isevmeryeoben.”kviprosis sakiTxi kvlav rCeba <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareopolitikis erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxad.Lliteratura:1. batiaSvili z., armiis adgili da roli<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikaSi (1923-2000 wleb-Si), Tbilisi, 2003, (sakandidato disertacia).2. batiaSvili z., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,Tbilisi, 2000.3. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis konstitucia,Turqul idan Targmna da gamosacemad moamzadagiorgi sordiam, Tbilisi, 2000.4. lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> Sida politika1945—<strong>1980</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong> da politikuri partiebi,Tbilisi, 2003.196
5. lebaniZe t., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politikuri partiebisistoriuli mimoxilva, Tbilisi,<strong>2011</strong>.6. maCitiZe el., armiis roli <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sazogadoebriv politikur cxovrebaSi me-20saukunis 60-80 - ian <strong>wlebSi</strong>, orientalisturiZiebani, II, Tbilisi, 1996.7. maCitiZe el., <strong>1980</strong> wlis 12 seqtembris samxedrogadatrialeba TurqeTSi, istoriul—politikuriZiebani, krebuli I, Tbilisi,1993.8. makaraZe e., Tanamedrove <strong>TurqeTis</strong> aqtualurisakiTxebi, baTumi, 2000.9. svaniZe m., <strong>TurqeTis</strong> <strong>istoria</strong>, Tbilisi,2007.10. sanikiZe g. alasania g. gelovani n., axloaRmosavl eTis <strong>istoria</strong> da misi urTier-Toba samxreT kavkasiasTan (XIX s.—XXI s.—isdasawyisi), Tbilisi, <strong>2011</strong>.11. Гасратян М. А., Орешкова С. Ф., Петросян Ю.А. Очерки истории Турции. Москва, 1983.12. Данилов В.И. Политическая борьба в Турции.Москва, Наука, 1985.13. Данилов В.И. Турция 80-х: от военного режимадо «ограниченной демократии». Москва, Наука,1991.197
Tavi VIII<strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierTobaaRmosavleTisa da centraluriaziis qveynebTan <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>1. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierToba centraluriaziis qveynebTanXX saukunis 90-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> orpolusianisamyaros erT-erTma solidurma moTamaSem sabWoTakavSirma, saerTaSoriso arena datova. samyaroaxali geopolitikuri realobis winaSe dadga.axali msoflio wesrigis fonze damoukidebladarseboba daiwyo centraluri aziis xuTmarespublikam.sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave gaCndadapirispireba Tu romeli politikuri Zalamoaxerxebda centraluri aziis qveynebTanmravalmxrivi da mWidro TanamSromlobisdamyarebas, rac pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli iyobunebriv simdidreebze, gansakuTrebiT navTobisada gazis sabadoebze kontrolis surviliT,romlis maragiTac es regioni msoflioSi meoreadgils ikavebs (sparseTis yuris Semdeg).mniSvnelovania misi strategiuli mdebareobac.masze gadis didi abreSumis gzis TanamedrovemarSrutic da esazRvreba iseT qveynebs,198
ogoricaa CineTi, ruseTi, axlo aRmosavleTisada sparseTis yuris qveynebi.damoukideblobis gamocxadebis periodidancentraluri azia <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo politikisyuradRebis centrSi moeqca. Aris gamo daiwyo,,Turanis” aRorZinebaze saubari. Ees idea mxolodTeoriul doneze arsebobs misi gaCenisperiodidan.rodis Camoyalibda Turanis Seqmnis ideada ras isaxavda igi miznad? ,,Turanizmi” ∗ anurogorc mas xSirad uwodeben,,Turqizmi,” rogorc politikuri mimdinareobaCamoyalibda me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi, xoloosmaleTis saxelmwifo politikis warmarTavideologiad iqca pirvel msoflio omis win.politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebisgarda, bunebrivad Cans monaTesave xalxTanmWidro urTierTobebis qonis survili. amkonteqstSi, aRsaniSnavia kavkasiis regionis rolicentraluri aziisaken mimavl gzaze. TurqeTigansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideba kavkasiisaxladwarmoqmnil respublikebTan urTierTobas.maT Soris azerbaijanTan, romelsac strategiulpartniorad miiCnevs. is cdilobs ar dauSvaskavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi iranisgaaqtiureba. unda iTqvas, rom TurqeTi am mxrivmomgebian mdgomarebaSia. iranis islamuri∗,,თურანიზმითურანიზმი’’ეწოდება პოლიტიკურ მიმდინარეობას, რომელიც მიზნად ისახავს,,თურქულენოვანიმოსახლეობის, , ,,თურანელთურანელ’’ხალხთა ეროვნულ და სახელმწიფოებრივგაერთიანებას.199
espublikis izolaciis pirobebSi igi dasavleTisdidi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.nato-s wevri TurqeTi cdilobs Tavisisagareo politika Seusabamos am organizaciiswevrobis moTxovnebs da mis strategiulinteresebs. axal politikur realobaSi TurqeTsfaqtobrivad ekisreba Seasrulos ,,dasavluridemokratiis modelis roli,” rogorc axloaRmosavleTis islamuri saxelmwifoebisaTvis, isecentraluri aziis TurqulenovanirespublikebisaTvis.Tavad TurqeTi centraluri aziisrespublikebTan urTierTobebSi xazs usvams,,moZme,” ,,monaTesave” qveynis faqtors da winaplanze gamoaqvs eTnikuri da kulturulikavSirebi. am mxriv TurqeTs SeuZlia daxmareba dapartnioroba gauwios am regionSi politikuriSeRweviT dainteresebul mxares. am saxelmwifoTaarseboba ufro mizanswrafuls xdis <strong>TurqeTis</strong>sagareo politikas da zrdis mis mniSvnelobassxva saxelmwifoTa TvalSi.XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli<strong>TurqeTis</strong>a da centraluri aziis qveynebisurTierTobebma intensiurad daiwyo ganviTareba.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> yofili prezidenti s. demireli amregionis mniSvnelobaze saubrisas aRniSnavda: ,,esis regionia, romelzec TurqeTi ver ityvis,,sulerTia iq ra moxdeba.’’ Cemi azriT, – ambobdademireli - ,,aRniSnuli qveynebis yvelaze didiproblemaa erTis mxriv komunisturi saxelmwifosdemokratiul qveyanad gadaqceva, meores mxriv,marqsistuli ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze200
gadasvla. TurqeTs arc panTurqizmis ganzraxvaaqvs da arc panislamizmis, eseni SeuZlebelia –istoriis arcerT epoqaSi adriatikidan CineTiszRvamde gadaWimul did Turqul sazogadoebaserTi saxelmwifos farglebSi ar uarsebia ...magram, am regionSi arian adamianebi, romlebicCvenTan erTad iziareben igive <strong>istoria</strong>s, igivekulturas, igive enas, igive religias, tradiciebs.Cven Tu vambobT – isini Cveni Zmebi arian, amiTaravin ar unda gaRiziandes. diax, isini CveniZmebi arian, erTi didi xis totebia, magram Cvengvinda rom maT SeinarCunon damoukidebloba...rogorc ki isini damoukideblebi gaxdnen,Cvensken gamoiqcnen, Cven ki isini gulSiCavikariT”marTlac, TurqeTi iyo pirveli qveyana,romelmac 1991 wlis 16 dekembers oficialuradcno yazaxeTis, yirgizeTis, uzbekeTis daTurqmeneTis damoukidebloba da dainteresebagamoTqva maTTan mWidro TanamSromlobis.centraluri aziis qveynebis mxridanac calsaxadiyo dafiqsirebuli politikuri arCevani. maTprodasavlur kursSi TurqeTTan urTierTobasgansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia.am regionis zogadi politikuri suraTiaseTia: XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan daiwyoekonomikis gamococxleba, magram arc ise adviliaRmoCnda erTbaSad sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla.90-iani wlebis more naxevridan ki am mxriv metiwinsvla SeiniSneba. Tumca, saerTo jamSi, regionimainc ganicdis ekonomikur da socialur kriziss.amas emateba Tavad saxelmwifoebs Soris201
eTnoteritoriuli davebi. garkveuliwinaaRmdegobebi SeimCneva qveynebs SorisliderobisaTvis. magaliTad, uzbekeTsa dayazaxeTs Soris. uzbekeTis prezidenti i. qarimoviuaryofda yazaxeTis prezidentis nursulTannazarbaevis winadadebas evroaziuri kavSirisSesaxeb da aqtiurad uWers mxars strategiulpartniorobas aSS-Tan da natos-Tan. regionSidestabilizaciis garkveuli xelSemwyobiaislamuri fundamentalisturi organizaciebispoziciebis gaZliereba, rac regionSi zrdisarastabilurobas. romelic arasaxarbielodaisaxeba mis ekonomikaze da politikurmdgradobaze.centraluri aziis regionSi Zlieripolitikuri gavlena aqvs ruseTis federacias.ruseTi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs aq Tavisipoziciebis SenarCunebas. misi politikurixelixufleba amisaTvis dgams Sesabamis nabijebs.gaformda araerTi xelSekruleba samxedro daekonomikis sferoSi. es procesi TurqeTTanurTierTobebis normaluri tempis SenarCunebasxels ar uSlis, vinaidan yovelTvis gamoiZebnebasaerTo ena im qveynebs Soris, romlebic udidesisavaWro partniorebi arian.gansakuTrebuli interesebi aqvs am regionSiCineTs, iseve rogorc aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebs.magaliTad, 2005 wels gaformda CineT-TurqmeneTsSoris SeTanxmeba gazis miwodebis Taobaze. esurTierTobebi jerjerobiT sawyis etapzea.momavlisaTvis perspeqtiulia CineTis uzarmazarbazrebze gavla. dRevandeli realobiT ki202
centraluri aziis qveynebs yvelaze ufromravalmxrivi da kargad ganviTarebuliurTierTobebi monaTesave TurqeTTan aqvs.XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amregionTan urTierTobaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> interesebiSemdegnairad SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: a)politikuri xedva - aq arsebulienergoresursebis transportireba momxdariyomisi teritoriis gavliT dasavleTisaken; Bb)ekonomikuri xedva - navTobisa da gazisenergoresursebis misi teritoriis gavliTdasavleTisaTvis miwodeba mniSvnelovani iqnebodaim kuTxiT, rom TurqeTi TavadaanaxSirwyalbadebis didi momxmarebeli dasaSuleba miecemoda maTi SeRavaTian fasebSiSesyidvis. g) strategia - axal msoflio wesrigSiTurqeTi Tavis adgils saxelmwifo - tranzitorisroliT gaamyarebda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTsSoris. Tu energoresursebi am qveyanaze gavliTmiewodeboda evropas, TurqeTs masze garkveulikontrolis saSualeba eZleoda, da meore,Seiqmneboda momenti evropis qveynebTan metidaaxloebis, riskenac ase miiswrafis igi, e.i.TurqeTi evropuli stabilurobisa dausafrTxoebis sistemis nawili gaxdeboda.sakiTxis ukeT warmoCenisaTvis aRvniSnavT,rom XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan <strong>TurqeTis</strong>respublikis axal politikur realobaSi myaraddamkvidreba, am xalxebTan monaTesaveobis winwamoweva, politikuri motivebiT iyoganpirobebuli. am politikur xazs mxars uWerdaaSS da Zalebs ar zogavda <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis203
aRmoeCina mxardaWera.Aamis damadasturebeli iyoaSS saxelmwifo mdivnis jeims beikeris (1991 w.Ddekemberi – 1992 w. Tebervali) da SemdgomSi sxvaamerikeli politikosebis vizitebi centraluraziaSi.am regionSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> upiratesmdgomareobaSi Cayeneba Semdegma movlenebmaganapiroba: 1990 wlidan daiwyo molaparakebebicentraluraziuri energoresursebis gadazidvismarSrutTan dakavSirebiT. gamoikveTa, rom aSSmxars uWerda arsebuli sami ZiriTadimarSrutidan e. w. ,,baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisproeqts.’’ ∗ 1999 wlis euTos stambolis Sexvedramsabolood gadawyvita es sakiTxi: aSS prezidentmabil klintonma <strong>TurqeTis</strong>, azerbaijanis,saqarTvelos, uzbekeTisa da yirgizeTisliderebTan erTad xeli moawera ,,baqo-Tbilisijeihanis”proeqts. es iyo, SeiZleba iTqvas,amerikis mxardaWeriT regionSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>politikis gamarjveba.amerikis mxardaWeris fonze, azerbaijanTanmWidro TanamSromlobis pirobebSi, gadawydaSahdenizis sabados energoresursebis ,,baqojeihanis”paraleluri marSrutiT gadazidvac. esiyo sruliad axali realobis Seqmna evraziissivrceSi, romelic TurqeTs mniSvnelovan rolsaniWebda. evrokavSiris ,,trasekas’’ proeqtma kidevufro gamokveTa axali geopolitikuri sevrce:∗ამნავთობსადენითხდება აზერბაიჯანის ნავთობთან ერთადცენტრალურაზიური რესურსების გადატუმბვაც.204
centraluri azia - kavkasia - <strong>TurqeTis</strong> evraziuliderefani.navTobsa da gazTan erTad es regioni sxvabunebrivi resursebiTac sakmaod mdidaria.magaliTad, bambiT, spilenZis maragiT, uraniT dasxva mZime liTonebiT. mineraluri nedleuliTumdidresia uzbekeTi (Sefasebulia 3,3 trln.dolarad). aseve, gamoirCeva sasoflo-sameurneoresursebis didi potencialiT. uzbekeTSi aris99,99 % sufTa oqros Semcveli sabado da sxva.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> centralur aziasTanurTierTobaSi yuradRebas iqcevs kulturul -saganmanaTleblo, sainvesticio da sabankopolitikis masStabebi. am procesebis ukeTilustraciisaTvis moviSveliebT konkretulfaqtebs TiToeul sferoSi.oficialurma ankaram centraluri aziisqveynebis daxmarebis programiskoordinirebisaTvis 1992 wlis ianvarSi Seqmnaspecialuri saagento. igi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidentisT. ozalis iniciativiT iyo dafuZnebuli. 1993wlidan ki imarTeba yovelwliuri forumebiTurqulenovan xalxebs Soris megobrobisa damxardaWeris ganmtkicebis mizniT. saxelmwifoebididi enTuziazmiT xvdebian am kavSirebisganviTarebas, aqtiurad TanamSromloben islamurikonferenciis organizaciasTan. aseve,mniSvnelovania maTi kavSirebi gaerosTan,euTosTan, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisorganizaciasTan.1992 wels ankaraSi gamarTulTurqulenovani xalxebis warmomadgenelTa205
Sexvedrisas xeli moewera ,,ankaris deklaracias,”romelic maT Soris ekonomikis, vaWrobis, sabankoda sxva dargebSi mWidro TanamSromlobasgulisxmobda. am xelSekrulebis pirobebma Zalianmokle periodSi realurad daiwyo amoqmedeba.yvelaze warmatebuli ganaTlebis sferoSiurTierTobebia, rasac Semdegi monacemebicadasturebs: 1992 wlidan 2000 wlamde centraluriaziis qveynebidan TurqeTSi swavleba gaiaradaaxloebiT aTi AaTasma studentma. mTlianad, amrespublikebis damoukideblobis miRebidan 2004wlamde - 16 692 studentma. maTi swavlebisaTvisgamoyofili Tanxebi dafinansebuli iyo 55 mln.dolaris kreditiT.urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebis mizniTTurqulma mxarem gaxsna ,,ahmet esevis” yazaxur-Turquli universiteti, aseve, ,,manasis”universiteti q. biSkekSi. gaixsna Turqmenul-Turquli saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa institutiq. aSxabadSi. garda amisa, regionSi moqmedebsasobiT liceumi, ucxo enebis Semswavlelicentrebi, kompiuteris Semswavleli kursebi dasxva. 2000 wlisaTvis centralur aziaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>iniciativT gaxsnili iqna 120 dawyebiTi skola,sadac daaxloebiT 20 aTasamde moswavle euflebacodnas. maT survilis SemTxvevaSi kari Ria aqvTTurqul universitetebSi. saswavleblebSi arisswavlebis sukeTeso pirobebi. saxelmwifoinstitutebisagan gansxvavebiT, aq stipendia 2-3-jer metia, teqnikurad kargad arian aRWurvilni.206
yirgizul-Turquli universiteti ,,manasi,”2002 wels qveynis xuT saukeTeso saswavlebelTaSoris dasaxelda. am procesebSi sainteresoa isfaqti, rom saswavleblebis studentebi da maTimSoblebi kmayofilni da dadebiTad ganwyobilniarian <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis mimarT.2001 wlis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ekonomikurma krizismagarkveuli gavlena iqonia stipendiantTaraodenobaze, Tumca urTierTobebi maincintensiuria da aseTive tempebiT grZeldebadRemde.mas Semdeg, rac TurqeTma diplomatiuriurTierTobebi daamyara centraluri aziisqveynebTan, am regionSi 900 milioni dolariRirebulebis investicia ganaxorciela. racSeexeba savaWro tvirTbrunvas, eqsport - importissaxiT, TiToeul qveyanasTan milionobiTdolarisaa, anu Camoyalibebulia sakmaod kargisavaWro-partnioruli urTierTobebi. magaliTad,Tu savaWro tvriTbrunva centraluri aziisrespublikebsa da TurqeTs Soris XX saukunis90-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis 100,9 milioni iyo,man XXI saukunis damdegisaTvis 969, 5 milionsmiaRwia.mniSvnelovania erT-erTi Turquli bankis -,,eqsimbankis” mier adgilobriv samSeneblowarmoebaSi Cadebuli kapitalis moculobac. 2000wlisaTvis Turquli samSeneblo kompaniebiskontraqtebis Rirebuleba TurqulenovanrespublikebSi ase gamoiyureboda:yazaxeTi - 2 427, 2 mln. dolariyirgizeTi - 201, 3 mln. dolari207
TurqmeneTi - 4 123, 6 mln. dolariuzbekeTi 1 509, 2 mln. dolari.centraluri aziis regionSi daaxloebiT 1200 Turquli samSeneblo firma moRvaweobs. maTganTurqmeneTSi – 300, yirgizeTSi ki – 200 da sxva.2002 wlisaTvis aq ganxorcielebuli proeqtebissaerTo Rirebuleba 7 miliardad iyo Sefasebuli.am regionSi aseve warmatebulia Turqulisabanko sistemis muSaoba. magaliTad, Turqul -yazaxuri saerTo bankis ,,emlakis“ sawesdebokapitalis 35%-is, ,,ziraat bankis” 50%-is, ,,demirbankis” 99, 97%-is mflobeli Turquli mxarea.Turquli sabanko sistema warmatebiT muSaobsyirgizeTSic, uzbekeTSic da TurqmeneTSic.bolo <strong>wlebSi</strong> gaaqtiurda TanamSromlobasamxedro sferoSic. mxolod erTi qveynis –yazaxeTis magaliTs Tu aviRebT, 2005 welsTurqeTma mas 900 aTasi dolari Rirebulebissamxedro - teqnikuri aRWurviloba miawoda.aqtiuria centraluri aziis respublikebisTanamSromloba samxedro sferoSi natosTanac,programa ,,partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis“farglebSi da aseve, aSS-Tan.rogorc <strong>TurqeTis</strong> opicialuriwarmomadgenlebi acxadeben, maTTvis umTavresprioritets warmoadgens TanamSromlobisganviTareba evropasTan. Tumca, rogorcurTierTobaTa intensivobac aCvenebs, maTTviscentraluri azia aseve sasicocxlodmniSvnelovni regionia. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareopolitika am mxriv sakmaod aqtiuria da amregionTan urTierTobebis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba208
maT sagareo politikur prioritetebs Soris erTerTimniSvnelovania. ormxrivi TanamSromlobaaCvenebs, rom ekonomikuri kavSirebi maT SorisurTierTsargeblianobis principzea agebuli.centraluri aziis regionTan Tanamedroveetapze TurqeTs mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri dakulturul - saganmanaTleblo kavSirebi aqvsCamoyalibebuli, romlis kidev ufro gamyarebasacxels uwyobs am erebis naTesauri kavSiriTurqeTTan.2. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierToba aRmosavleTisqveynebTanmeore msoflio omis Semdeg <strong>TurqeTis</strong>sagareo politika ZiriTadad dasavleTissaxelmwifoebisaken iyo mimarTuli. 60-ianiwleebis meore naxevridan TurqeTma gadaxeda raTavis sagareo politikas, calmxrivi sagareopolitikidan gadavida mravalmxriv sagareopolitikaze da gaaqtiura urTierToba axlo daSua aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, es strategiulicvlilebebis maCvenebeli iyo. miuxedavad imisa,rom <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo politikis ZiriTadmimarTulebad kvlav rCeboda urTierToba aSS-Tan,natosTan da evrokavSirTan, amave dros didyuradReba eTmoboda islamur qveynebTanekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebisdamyarebas.209
<strong>1980</strong> wlis 12 seqtembris TurqeTSi saxelmwifogadatrialebis Semdeg, kerZod samxedro reJimisperiodSi (<strong>1980</strong>-1983), samxedro administraciamgaaqtiura Tavisi sagareo politika axlo da SuaaRmosavleTSi. amis Sesaxeb saubari iyo premier–ministr b. ulusus programaSi. aSS-is natos daevrokavSiris paralelurad urTierTobebi undaganviTarebuliyo arabul qveynebTan, iranTan,pakistanTan, agreTve sabWoTa kavSirTanac.islamur, upirveles yovlisa arabuliaRmosavleTis mdidar navTob mompovebelqveynebTan xelsayreli ekonomikuri dapolitikuri ganviTareba xels uwyobda <strong>TurqeTis</strong>TanamSromlobas islamuri konferenciisorganizaciasTan.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis xelmZRvanelebiaraerTgzis aRniSnavdnen, rom <strong>TurqeTis</strong>respublikis saero xasiaTis miuxedavad igiwarmoadgens ,,WeSmaritad islamur qveyanas” damzad aris ganaviTaros erToba ,,religiurZmebTan” sxvadasxva sferoSi.Mmetad mniSvnelovani movlena iyo is, rom 1984wlis Semodgomaze kasablankaSi gamarTulislamuri komferenciis organizaciis umaRlesidonis meoTxe konferenciaze <strong>TurqeTis</strong>respublikis prezidenti q. evreni airCies iko-sekonomikuri da savaWro TanamSromlobismudmivmoqmedi komisiis Tavdjdomared, sami wlisvadiT. Kkonferenciis msvlelobis periodSi q.evrens hqonda Sexvedrebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifosliderebTan da igi cdilobda yuradReba210
gaemaxvilebina <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis mniSvnelovansakiTxebze. Ggarda amisa TurqeTi eZebdamxardaWeras kviprosis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.1983 wels kviprosze Turquli TemisxelmZRvanelobam gamoacxada e.w. ,,CrdiloeTkviprosis Turquli respublika,” romelic ar cnosaerTaSoriso sazogadoebam, amitom Turqiliderebi cdilobdnen moepovebinaT muslimuriqveynebis mxardaWera, da es iyo maTTandaaxloebis erT-erTi mizezi.Turquli ekonomikis orientirebasaxloaRmosavlur bazarze didi mniSvnelobahqonda qveynisaTvis. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> axloaRmosavluripolitikis SemuSavebas T. ozalis saxelsukavSireben.90-iani wleebis dasawyisidan gaaqtiurdakavSirebi regionis qveynebTan. gansakuTrebiTsaudis arabeTTan, libanTan, erayTan, romlebicmas awvdiden Semotanili navTobis did nawils,sesxebs, kreditebs.civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg TurqeTma,ZiriTadad sakuTari iniciativiT, daiwyo sakmaodswrafi daaxloeba israelTan, samxedroTvalsazrisiT regionis uZlieressaxelmwifosTan, rasac bevri arabuli qveyanaTiTqmis daufaravi ukmayofilebiT Sexvda.1991 wlis bolos, pirvelad 1956 wlidan,TurqeTma elCis donemde aamaRla Tavisidiplomatiuri warmomadgenloba TelavivSi. 1994wlidan xorcieldeba erToblivi samxedroproeqtebi, tardeba erToblivi samxedrowvrTnebi, israelis samxedro sawarmoebi211
uzrunvelyofdnen <strong>TurqeTis</strong> armiisTviTmfrinavebis, Sveulmfrenebisa da tankebismodernizacias.XXI saukunis damdegs TurqeTi israelisaTvismeore adgilze iyo siaxloviT amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis Semdeg, ramac evropissaxelmwifoebs, safuZveli misca amurTierTobisaTvis ,,israel-Turquli antanta” da,,TurqeT-israelis RerZi” ewodebina.TurqeT – israelis molaparakebebi mravalmxriv TanamSromlobas gulisxmobda, TumcaZiriTad Temad kvlav ekonomikuri kavSirisganmtkiceba rCeboda. TurqeT – israelisdaaxloeba mTel rig mizezebiT iyoganpirobebuli. maTgan umTavresi iyo is, rom 1999wlis dasawyisidan axloaRmosavleTis wamyvanimuslimuri saxelmwifoebi egvipte da iranierTmaneTs dauaxlovdnen, ris gamoc SeSfoTebagamoTqva israelma da dRis wesrigSi daayenasakiTxi TurqeTTan samxedro politikuri blokisSeqmnis Taobaze, am winadadebas mxari dauWiraamerikam.Aam or saxelmwifos urTierTobas safrTxeSeeqmna qurTTa sakiTxis gamwvavebisa da,,qurTistanis muSaTa’’ partiis lideris abdulaojalanis dapatimrebaSi israelis specsamsaxuris,,mossadis” damnaSaulebrivma qmedebam. qurTebismasiurma gamosvlam tel-avivze gavlena moaxdina.israelis mxare apirebda kidec udanaSaulobisdamtkicebis mizniT ,,qurTistanis muSaTa’’ partiisxelmZRvanelobasTan molaparakebis gamarTvas,212
magram ankaram gaafrTxila tel-avivi, rom,,qurTistanis muSaTa’’ partiasTan kontaqtisagrZnoblad gaauaresebda maT urTierTobebscalkeul politikur sakiTxebSi.urTierToba israelTan, axloaRmosavleTSi<strong>TurqeTis</strong> yofil partniorTan, radikaluradSeicvala <strong>TurqeTis</strong> axali sagareo politikurikursis ganxorcielebis procesSi. TurqeTiTanamimdevrulad ambobs uars neitralitetzeisraelsa da arabul saxelmwifoebs Soris daaqtiurad uWers mxars arabul samyaros israeliswinaaRmdeg.mas Semdeg rac 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers moxdaudidesi teroristuli Tavdasxma amerikisqalaqebze, vaSigtonma brZola gamoucxadaterorizms. Bborotebis RerZad amerikam miiCniairani, Crdilo korea da erayi, risigamoxatulebac iyo 2003 wlis erayis omi. ramacaSkara gaxada <strong>TurqeTis</strong> interesebi aRmosavleTSi.TurqeTma saSualeba ar misca amerikisvertmfrenebs gamoeyenebinaT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> teritoriaerayze TavdasxmisTvis.,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis’’ partias,romelmac demokratiul arCevnebSi triumfalurigamarjvebis Sedegad Caibara xelisuflebaTurqeTSi, qveyana axali mimarTulebiT mihyavs. esexeba rogorc sagareo, aseve saSinao politikas.sagareo politikaSi es axali mimarTulebamoiazrebs daaxloebas iranTan, mWidroTanamSromlobas islamur sudanTan, romlisprezidentsac genocidis braldeba aqvs213
wayenebuli. TurqeTi mxars uWers „hamass,“megobrobs ruseTTan da CineTTan.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo politika arasdros yofilaaseTi aqtiuri da mravalmxrivi.,,Cveni sagareo politika axloaRmosavleTTan,kavkasiasTan da balkaneTTan dakavSirebiToportunistuli ar aris, is myar principebsefuZneba. axali, ayvavebuli da usafrTxoaxloaRmosavleTis Sesaqmnelad Cven iniciativianidiplomatiis realizebas vaxdenT. swored amitommovaxdineT pirdapiri molaparakebebis inicirebaisraels da sirias Soris, amitom SevZeliT(eraySi) sunituri dajgufebebis gaerTianeba damaTi darwmuneba 2005 wels monawileoba mieRoTpolitikur cxovrebaSi. Cven Zalian aqtiurebivarT libanis politikaSi, vcdilobT ramovagvaroT dava sunitebs da Siitebs Soris,aqtiurad vmoqmedebT RazaSi, vcdilobT mivaRwioTcecxlis Sewyvetas. Cven aseve vcdilobT improblemebis daregulirebas, romlebic iranisbirTvul programas exeba, xeli movawereTSeTanxmebas somxeTTan da winsvlas mivaRwieTsomxeTs da azerbaijans Soris arsebul davaSi.” esgancxadeba gaakeTa <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo saqmeTaministrma a. davuToRlum N NEWSWEEK-isNJurnalistebTan saubrisas.rogorc vxedavT, islamur qveynebTanurTierToba TurqeTSi iTvleba erT-erTmniSvnelovan faqtorad, romelic uzrunvelyofsjansaR da mravalmxriv sagareo politikas.Eekonomikuri interesebis garda am periodSiSeiniSneba samxedro politikuri kavSirebis214
damyareba regionis monarqiul reJimebTan, raTaisini daekavSirebinaT natos samxedrostrategiuliinteresebisaTvis. saerToddasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan urTierToba kvlavprioritetad rCeba rogorc politikur, aseveekonomikur sferoSic.naTelia, rom Turquli diplomatiamomavalSic gamoiyenebs ,,islamis faqtors”sagareo politikaSi da gaaZlierebs kursa axloaRmosavleTSi Tavisi politikis gasatareblad.Yyovelive es dakavSirebulia pragmatulmiznebTan, raTa miiRon maqsimaluri sargeblobada gaaZlieron <strong>TurqeTis</strong> roli regionSi.215
Tavi IX<strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierToba kavkasiisqveynebTan <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, <strong>TurqeTis</strong>respublikis erT–erTi maTavari mizani gaxda,kavkasiaSi daubruneboda regionaluri liderisrols.mas amaSi aSkarad Tu farulad daxmarebas uwevendasavleT evropisa da amerikis qveynebi. ankaraamerikisaTvis warmoadgens saimedo placdarms,riTac aSS-s kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebisgakontroleba unda. iqneba es kaspiis navTobisxmelTaSuazRvispireTSi transportireba TuruseTis sawinaaRmdego regionaluri ekonomikuripolitikis gatareba.Tavis mxriv TurqeTic sargeblobda amiT dacdilobda amerikis axlo aRmosavluri politikaTavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad waremarTa. miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT iranisa da ruseTisinteresebs kavkasiaSi. <strong>TurqeTis</strong>Tvispartnioroba metad xelsayreli iqneboda.amerikasTansabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saerTaSorisoarenaze gamoCenili Turqulenovani saxelmwifoebi,mdidari bunebrivi resursebiT, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mierganixileboda, geopolitikuri arealis gafarToebiskuTxiT. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> elitaSi kvlav aRdga azri e.w.216
,,Turanisa” Turqulenovani saxelmWifoebisgaerTianebisa 120 milioni mosaxleobiT.oficialuri TurqeTi cdilobda ase Tu iseSeeqmna wonasworoba kavkasiaSi kaspiisa dacentralur aziaSi rusuli zegavlenisdasabalanseblad.amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom TurqeTidasawyisSive demonstraciulad amJRavnebda axalpostsabWoTa saxelmwifoebisadmi keTilganwyobas,im imediT, rom SeekavSirebina yvela Turqi ankarisegidiT da Tavis kontrolis qveS moeqcia mTelimaTi resursebis potenciali.am miznis realizaciisTvis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareosaqmeTa saministroSi, Seiqmna sammarTvelo, romlismTavari amocana iyo urTierTobis ganviTarebapostsapWoTa respublikebTan.1998 wlis bolos <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareo saqmeTaministris ismail jemis gancxadebiT, ,,Tanamedroveetapze sagareo politikaSi TurqeTi prioritetskavkasiasa da centralur aziasTan urTierTobasmianiWebda.’’ misi azriT TurqeTs unda SeeqmnasamokavSireo gaerTianeba azerbaijanTan,yazaxeTTan, TurqmeneTTan, yirgizeTTan dauzbekeTTan. ,,Cven saukunerebis manZilze vmarTavTam teritoriebs da amitom TurqeTi Tavs movaledTvlis regionaluri qveynebis ufrosi Zmis misiaSeasrulos.90-iani wleebis dasasruls TurqeTma daiwyokulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikurikontaqtebis damyareba axal saxelmwifoebTan217
omlebic warmoiSvnen sabWoTa respublikebisaganda daadgnen damoukideblobis gzas. TurqeTi amqmedebas amarTlebda imiT, rom surda da iswrafodaaRedgina sabWoTa periodSi dakarguli tradiciulikavSirebi kavkasiis xalxebTan. amas aZlierebda isfaqtori, rom TurqeTSi cxovrobenmravalricxovani warmomadgenlebi kavkasiisxalxebisa romelTa raodenoba 7-mln. aRwevs.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> xelmZRvaneloba ucvlelad aRiarebdaamierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebis teritoriulmTlianobas da urRvevobas. obieqturad TurqeTidainteresebulia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSidaZabulobis SenarCunebiT, ZiriTadad CeCneTSi.TurqeTi Tvals xuWavda CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTadiasporebis kulturuli centrebis,organizaciiebis da fondebis mierfundamentalisti meomrebisaTvis daxmarebisaRmoCenaze. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi arastabilurobisSenarCunebiT daintereseba ZviradRirebulinavTobsadenis baqo-jeihanis proeqtisganxorcielebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.CeCneTis dajgufebis sruli ganadgurebiT da amregionSi moskovis kontrolis dawesebisSemTxvevaSi aRar iqneboda ekonomikurad naklebadsargebliani navTobsadenis baqo-jeihanismSenoblobis aucilebloba, baqo novorosiskismilsadeni gacilebiT rentabeluri iyo da misisimZlavris gazrda did danaxarjebs arukavSirdeboda.218
amdenad, regionSi daZabuloba TurqeTs aZlevsruseTis gverdis avliT ,,baqo-jeihanis”navTobsadenis mSeneblobis damatebiT arguments.sapirispirio damokidebuleba aqvs TurqeTssamxreT kavkasiasTan. 1990 wlidan moyolebulidRemde, oficialuri ankara axorcielebs sakmaodpragmatul da stabilur politikas samxreTkavkasiaSi. TurqeTi upiratesobas aniWebsurTierTobebs azerbaijanTan. es aixsneba, rogorcori qveynis kulturuli da lingvisturisiaxloviT, ise azerbaijanis mniSvnelovanigeopolitikuri mdebareobiT. „baqo-Tbilisijeihanis“navTobsadenisa da „baqo-Tbilisierzerumis“gazsadenis proeqtebma, iseve rogorc,,baqo-Tbilisi–yarsis“ sarkinigzo proeqtisrealizaciis dawyebam samxreT kavkasias SesZinesdidi ekonomikuri datvirTva (politikurTanerTad), rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania <strong>TurqeTis</strong>Tvis.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> survili imTaviTve mdgomareobdaSemdegSi: Seesrulebina energetikuli dasatransporto derefnis funqcia evropasa dakaspiispireTis regions Soris. am ambiciislogikuri Sedegi gaxldaT is, rom sagrZnobladgaizarda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> interesi saqarTvelos mimarT,romelic geografiuli TvalsazrisiT warmoadgensdamakavSirebel rgols TurqeTsa da azerbaijans,aseve centralur azias Soris. TurqeTma daamyaramWidro kavSirebi saqarTvelosTan, ramac SemdgomSimiiRo strategiuli partniorobis saxe.219
Turqul - azerbaijanulma urTierTobebmaintensiuri saxe miiRo 1992 wlidan, rodesac qveynissaTaveSi saxalxo frontis lideri a. elCibei movida.rodesac 1992 wlis maisSi somxeTis armiamazerbaijanis SeiaraRebul Zalebs naxiCevanisstrategiuli gorakebidan Seutia, oficialurmaankaram gaavrcela gancxadeba, rom yarsisSeTanxmebis me-3 muxliT, TurqeTi da ruseTinaxiCevanis avtonomiis garantebs warmoadgendnen.TurqeTi samxedro dapirispirebaSi CaTreviszRvarze aRmoCnda, Tumca qveynis maSindeliprezidentis suleiman demirelis frTxilipoziciis gamo, es ar momxdara.1993 wlis maisSi azerbaijanSi momxdarisamxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebissaTaveSi azerbaijanis yofili suk-sa da ck-ispirveli mdivani heidar alievi movida. heidaralievis gaprezidentebis Semdeg, TurqeTma dakargaSesaZlebloba Seesrulebina wamyvani qveynis rolimTiani yarabaRis gamo gaCaRebul somxur -azerbaijanul konfliqtSi. Tavis mmarTvelobispirvel <strong>wlebSi</strong>, heidar alievma qveynis proTurqulipolitika ruseTisa da iranis sasargeblod Secvala.amas moyva azerbaijanis gawevrianeba dsT-Si. baqosimedi hqonda, rom moskovi da Teirani azerbaijanissasargeblo gadawyvetilebebs miiRebdnen, magram esase ar momxdara. ruseTis politikiTimedgacruebulma baqom kvlav ankaras miapyro mzera220
da met - naklebad prodasavluri politikisgatareba daiwyo.azerbaijanis dsT–Si Sesvla ver gaxda ruseTsa daTurqeTsSoris barierebis Semqmneli. miuxedavadamisa, TurqeTi mainc Tvlida azerbaijans mTavarmokavSire partniorad.1994 wlis TebervalSi g. alievi mravalricxovanidelegaciiT ewvia TurqeTs (80 adamiani).molaparakebis msvlelobaSi orive qveynis liderebiise Sors wavidnen, rom maT mokavSireobaSi wertilismoZebna ganisazRvreboda formuliT: ,,erTi nacia,ori saxelmwifo.”am molaparakebis Semdeg warmatebiT ganviTardasavaWro ekonomikuri TanamSromloba or qveyanasSoris. TurqeTs me-20 saukunis bolos meore adgiliukavia iranis Semdeg azerbaijanis vaWrobaSi, xoloTurquli investiciebis maStabebma azerbaijanisekonomikaSi miaRwia 600 mln. dolars, Tu arCavTvliT sanavTobo proeqtebs.gaizarda samxedro TanamSromloba ankarasa dabaqos Soris. Turqul saswavlo dawesebulebebSi me-20 saukunis bolos swavlobda 400-ze meti samxedromosamsaxure. amave dros baqom gamoTqva surviliarmia gadaeyvana Crdilo atlantikuri kavSirisstandartebze.samxedro TanamSromloba am or qveyanas Sorismzardi tempiT Rebulobs geopolitikuri samxedrokavSiris formas mkacrad gamoxatuli antirusulida antisemituri mimarTulebiT.221
Teiranis mxridan azerbaijanis mimarT samxedromuqaris arsebobis periodSi (2001 wlis ivlisiagvisto)oficialurma ankaram calsaxad agrZnobinayvelas, rom TurqeTi warmoadgenda azerbaijanisrespublikis usafrTxoebis garants. wlebismanZilze, TurqeTs aqtiuri wvlili Sehqondaazerbaijanis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mSeneblobisprocesSi.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> interesebi kavkasiaSi arganisazRvreba mxolod azerbaijaniT. es qveyanadaCqarebuli tempiT aviTarebs urTierTobassaqarTvelosTan. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT calkeTavSi gveqneba saubari.samxreT kavkasiis erTaderTi saxelmwifo,romelTanac TurqeTs ukiduresad garTulebuliurTierToba aqvs, aris somxeTi.oficialuri erevani miiCnevs, rom TurqeTiwarmoadgens mTavar muqaras somxeTis erovnuliusafrTxoebisTvis. TurqeTi, Tavis mxriv, uarsacxadebs aRiaros somexTa genocidis faqti,romelsac adgili hqonda pirveli msoflio omisdros (1915). ufro metic, somxeTis mTavrobis miergenocidis saerTaSoriso aRiarebisken mimarTulmcdelobebSi, TurqeTi xedavs potenciur safrTxes,rac SeiZleba gamoixatos somxeTis teritoriulipretenziebis saxiT <strong>TurqeTis</strong> misamarTiT.aRsaniSnavia, rom somxeTs jerac ar uRiarebiaTavisi sazRvari TurqeTTan. TurqeTs Zalzednegatiuri reaqcia hqonda, rodesac 1992-1993 <strong>wlebSi</strong>somxeTma moaxdina azerbaijanis teritoriebis222
okupacia. oficialurma ankaram uari ganacxadasomxeTTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebisdamyarebaze, sanam igi ar gaiyvanda TavisSeiaraRebul Zalebs azerbaijanis okupirebuliteritoriidan.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> survilia, rom somxeTi erTguli iyosyarsisa da aleqsandropolis (giumris)xelSekrulebebisa da eWvqveS ar daayenos somxeT-<strong>TurqeTis</strong> Tanamedrove sazRvris samaraTlebriviaspeqti. zogierTi wyaros cnobiT, somxeTi orqveyanas Soris arsebul sazRvars aRiarebda, rom arazemoxsenebul xelSekrulebebSi CamoyalibebulizogierTi sxva debuleba, kerZod, oficialurierevani kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeba im faqts, romxelSekrulebebSi mTiani yarabaRi azerbaijanisteritoriadaa aRiarebuli. eqspertebi imasacaRniSnaven, rom TurqeTi mzadaa gaxsnas TavisisazRvari somxeTTan, Tu es ukanaskneli gaiyvansjarebs azerbaijanis eqvsi okupirebuli raionidan.somxeTTan urTieTobebis normalizebas TurqeTiaseve ukavSirebs erevnis mier somexTa genocidisaRiarebis moTxovnis moxsnis sakiTxs. TurqeTigansakuTrebuli SeSfoTebiT adevnebda TvalsmTiani yarabaRis irgvliv ganviTarebul movlenebs.1992 wlis gazafxulze somxeTTan mosazRvreteritoriaze TurqeTma Tavisi armiis javSansatankoSenaerTebis koncentrireba daiwyo. amis sapasuxod,dsT-es SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sardalma, marSalmaSapoSnikovma mkacrad ganacxada, rom „konfliqtSimesame mxaris CarTva moaswavebda mesame msoflio223
omis dawyebas.“ am gancxadebam daadastura ruseTismzadyofna, Seesrulebina koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis xelSekrulebiT (CST/ДКБ) nakisrivaldebulebebi. moskovis muqaram Tavisi SedegigamoiRo TurqeTma ukan gaiyvana Tavisi samxedronawilebi. miuxedavad amisa, iZulebuli iyo ra uarieTqva pirdapir samxedro Carevaze, TurqeTma maincgauwia azerbaijans didZali finansuri da samxedrodaxmareba.mniSvnelovani winsvlad, yarabaxis problemisda Turqul - somxur urTierTobebSi, SeiZlebamiviCnioT alievis gancxadeba, romelic man gaakeTa2000 wlis 9 ianvars ankaraSi gamgzavrebis win,,,ramdenadac <strong>TurqeTis</strong> zewola somxeTze ar iZlevaSans yarabaxis problemis mowesrigebaSi, amdenadSeiZleba harmoniuli dialogi ankarasa da somxeTsSoris iyos ufro Sedegiani konfliqtisstabilizaciisaTvis.’’2008 wlis 6 seqtembers, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidenti a.giuli erevans ewvia, rac mniSvnelovani movlenaa imgaremoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi pirveliTurqi prezidentia, romelic somxeTSi Cavida.viziti saintereso iyo imiTac, rom <strong>TurqeTis</strong>prezidenti gamovida kavkasiis stabilurobisa daTanamSromlobis platformis Seqmnis iniciativiT,rac, misive azriT, xels Seuwyobda regionSi ndobisklimatis formirebas da konfliqtebis mogvarebas.<strong>2011</strong> wlis 10 oqtombers q.ciurixSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>a dasomxeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweres224
oqmebs, romelTa safuZvelze unda damyarebuliyodiplomatiuri urTierTobebi or qveyanas Soris,rasac unda mohyoloda TurqeT-somxeTis sazRvris(romelic Turqulma mxarem Caketa 1993 wels,yarabaRis garSemo somxeT-azerbaijanis omisperiodSi) gaxsna.xelmoweris ceremoniaze aSS-is saxelmwifomdivnis, ruseTis federaciisa da safrangeTissagareo saqmeTa ministrebis, agreTve evrokavSirissabWos generaluri mdivnis daswreba miRweuliSeTanxmebebis umaRlesi xarisxis saerTaSorisopolitikurlegitimaciis dasturia.ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong>sagareo saqmeTa ministris ahmed daviToRlus ,,mezoblebTannulovani problemebis" midgoma qveynissagareo politikis qvakuTxedad iqca.miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTs ruseTTan mWidroekonomikuri kavSirebi gaaCnia, am qveynis Zalaskavkasiis regionSi eWvis TvaliT uyurebs.<strong>TurqeTis</strong>a da kavkasiis sakiTxebis eqspert maiklreinoldis TqmiT, kavkasia kvlav asrulebs <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvismniSvnelovani geopolitikuri buferisrols ruseTis winaaRmdeg. am mxriv saqarTvelo WeSmaritpartniors warmoadgens.gansakuTrebiT bolo periodSi mWidro urTier-Tobebi myardeba TurqeTs, saqarTvelosa da azerbaijansSoris, romlis aqtiuri xelSemwyobic Turqe-Tia. am qveynebs Soris formaluri kavSiri, SesaZloa,axlo momavalSi ar Camoyalibdes, Tumca iseTi ini-225
ciativebi, rogorebic aris, magaliTad, trabzonisdeklaracia, baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis sarkinigzo xazi,Tavisufali vaWroba, Ria sazRvrebi Tu <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mierSemoTavazebuli kavkasiis stabilurobisa da TanamSromlobispaqti, am yvelafris dasawyisad moiazreba.TurqeTs, rogorc kavkasiis regionSi moTamaSeerT–erT Zlier Zalas, SedareSeuZlia, regionis geopolitikaSecvalos. <strong>TurqeTis</strong>, azerbaijanisa dasaqarTvelos urTierToba Tu am traeqtoriiT ganvi-Tarda, regionSi ankaras gavlena kidev ufro gaizrdeba,rac didi xnis regionul hegemons - ruseTs Seaviwrovebs.situacia adekvaturad iqna aRqmuli <strong>TurqeTis</strong>mier jer kidev XX saukunis 90-iani wlebisdasawyisSi. gaiTvaliswina ra Tavisi gegmebisTavsebadoba dasavleTis (upirveles yovlisa ki aSSis)geopolitikur strategiasTan da, daeyrdno ranato-s xaziT ,,strategiuli partniori qveynis”statuss, aseve specialurad SemuSavebul ,,TurqulislamurisinTezis” doqtrinas, TurqeTmawarmatebiT gamoiyena yofili ssrk-is TurquliwarmoSobis muslimuri xalxebis eTno-religiurinacionalizmis mZlavri mozRvaveba da ruseTisgandistancirebis mosurne axali damoukidebelisaxelmwifoebis miswrafeba, sakuTarigeopolitikuri miznebis realizaciis mizniT.sayuradReboa <strong>TurqeTis</strong> yofili sagareo saqmeTaministris ismail jemis sityvebi: ,,Turqebma unda226
aCvenon mTels msoflios, rom maT SeswevT unari,iyvnen evropelebi da, amavdroulad, azielebic …Cveni mizania gavxdeT evraziis centri, qveyana,romelic gansazRvravs evraziis ganviTarebas daromelSic aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi erTmaneTSiagadakveTili geografiulad, ekonomikurad,socialurad da politikurad.”227
Tavi XTurqeT-saqarTvelosurTierTobebi <strong>1980</strong>-<strong>2011</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong>sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da saqarTvelosdamoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, TurqeTiiyo erT-erTi pirveli saxelmwifo, romelmacscno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba dadiplomatiuri urTierToba daamyara masTan.MmaSin saqarTveloSi myofi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sagareosaqmeTa ministri hiqmeT CeTini ambobda: ,,vamayobimiT, rom wilad mxvda pativi xeli movawerodokuments saqarTvelosTan diplomatiuriurTierTobis damyarebis Sesaxeb.’’1992 wels ivlisis bolos saqarTveloSiCamovida <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mTavrobis oficialuridelegacia premier ministr s. demirelismeTaurobiT. Mmolaparakebis dros ganixilesorive mxarisaTvis mniSvnelovani politikuri,ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobissakiTxebi.30 ivliss xeli moaweres xelSekrulebassaqarTvelosa da <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikas Soris,,megobrobis, TanamSromlebisa dakeTilmezobluri urTierTobis’’ Sesaxeb. amxelSekrulebis mixedviT orive qveyanaaRiarebda erTmaneTis damoukideblobas,teritoriul mTlianobas, sazRvrebisurRvevobas, erTmaneTis saSinao saqmeebSi228
Caurevlobas da gamosTqvamda TanamSromlobisgaRrmavebis survils.Ggarda amisa, xelmowerili iqna eqvsimniSvnelovani dokumenti: ,,xelSekrulebaganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa da sportisdargSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb;”,,xelSekruleba savaWro - ekonomikuriTanamSromlobis Sesaxeb;” ,,xelSekrulebainvesticiebis urTierTwaxalisebis da dacvisSesaxeb” da ,,sazRvao SeTanxmeba.” ganisazRvraTanamSromlobis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi.M1992 wlis 30 ivnisis xelSekrulebis me-6 da me-7 muxliT orive qveyanaSi damkvidrebulicxovrebis wesis ufro srulyofilad gacnobismizniT mxareebi xels Seuwyoben maT moqalaqeTapirad kontaqtebs, ganaviTareben uSualoTanamSromlobas, kulturisa da xelovnebisdargSi. am SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze or qveyanasSoris urTierTobebis axali etapi daiwyo, risSesaxebac <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikaSi saqarTvelospirveli sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCinodar komaxiZe werda: ,,saqarTvelo - <strong>TurqeTis</strong>urTierTobebs didi perspeqtivebi aqvs. saqmeexeba mWidro, Tanasworuflebian, mzardkeTilmezoblur urTierTobebs, romelsac Cvenixelisufleba did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. DdidimniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, rom saqarTveloTavisi geopolitikuri da strategiulimdebareobiT regionis mniSvnelovani qveyanaa daSeuZlia Seasrulos xidis roli dasavleTsa daaRmosavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris”229
nodar komaxiZis es Sexeduleba dResacaqtualuria miT umetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebTregionSi arsebul mdgomareobas, yarabaxiskonfliqti, somxeT - <strong>TurqeTis</strong> Soris gawyvetiliurTierToba, iranis radikalizmi, yovelive eszrdis saqarTvelos rogorc satranzitoqveynis rols da erT - erTi potenciurimarSrutis funqcias aniWebs.Aamdenad <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikiskeTilganwyoba saqarTvelos mimarTgarkveulwilad zemoT aRniSnuliTac arisganpirobebuli.aRsaniSnavia, rom diplomatiuriurTierTobebi saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Sorisdamyarda m. q. aTaTurqis periodSi. keZod, 1920wlis 8 Tebervals anakaris MmTavrobam cnosaqarTvelos damoukidebloba de-iured dadaamyara masTan urTierTobebi. maSin TurqeTSiCasul saqarTvelos delegaciasTan saubrisas m.q. aTaTurqs uTqvams: ,,Cven gvaerTianebssaqarTvelosTan aramcTu marto simpaTia, aramedmizanTa erTobliobac. Cven gvyavs Zlieri mteridasavleTiT da gvesaWiroeba ZlieriaRmosavleTi. gansakuTrebiT gvWirdeba Zlierikavkasia da kavkasiaSi ki yvelaze mniSvnelovanieri – Cven gvWirdeba saqarTvelo Zlieri dadamoukidebeli. saqarTvelom da TurqeTma imazeunda izrunon, rom kavkasiis sxvasaxelmwifoebic gaxdnen Tavisufalni.”Tanamedrove pirobebSi, roca msoflio ufrourTierTdamokidebuli da integrirebuli gaxda,am urTierTobebs miT ufro didi mniSvneloba230
eniWeba. amis Sesaxeb 2004 wels TurqeTSioficialur vizitad myofi saqarTvelosprezidenti m. saakaSvili ambobda: ,,saqarTvelo<strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis kavkasiisa da Sua aziis karia,TurqeTi ki saqarTvelosaTvis evropaSigasasvleli.”2006 wlis martSi saqarTveloSi vizitadimyofeboda <strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidenti ahmed nejdeTsezeri, romelmac kidev erTxel daadastura orqveyanas Soris mWidro TanamSromlobisaucilebloba. <strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidentma mxardaWeragamoucxada saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativasnato-Si gawevrianebis Taobaze: ,,mxars vuWersaqarTvelos inicitivas evroatlantikurstruqturebSi integraciis mimarTulebiT dayuradRebiT vadevneb Tvalyurs saqarTvelosmier am kuTxiT gadadgmul nabijebs.”XX saukunis 90-iani wleebidan warmatebiTviTardeba saqarTvelo – <strong>TurqeTis</strong> savaWroekonomikuri urTierTobebi.1992 wlis 22 ivliss daarsda TurqeTsaqarTvelos biznes sabWo, romelicmowodebuli iyo xeli Seewyo or qveyanas SorisTanamSromlobis ganviTarebisaTvis.TurqeTi saqarTvelos pirveli savaWropartnioria.TurqeTi saqarTveloSi investiciebisdabandebiT SedarebiT gvian dainteresda. amJamadsaqarTvelos ekonomikaSi funqcionirebsaraerTi Turquli firma, daaxloebiT oTxaseulze meti. maT klasikur magaliTad231
,,jeoselis” da ,,bekos” muSaoba SeiZlebamovitanoT da sxva.uaRresad didia sarfis sasazRvro WiSkrismniSvneloba or qveyanas Soris urTierTobaSi.Aam gziT TurqeTi dakavSirebulia kavkasiisa daSua aziis qveynebTan.Oor qveyanas Soris urTierTobisgafarToebas garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo 1995wels vale-<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sakontrolo gamSvebipunqtis gaxsnamac.dawyebulia proeqti yarsi - axalqalaqis 120km-iani rkiniqzis xazis mSeneblobasTandakavSirebiT.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mTavroba metad dainteresebuliaazerbaijani - saqarTvelo - <strong>TurqeTis</strong> marSutit damisi iniciativiT SemuSavebuli iqna baqo -Tbilisi - jeihanis navTobsadeni milismSeneblobis proeqti, romelsac mxari dauWiraamerikisa da evropis navTob kompaniebma. AamaveperiodSi SemuSavebuli iqna baqo Tbilisi -arzrumis gazsadenis proeqti. romelic 2004 welsdasrulda. saqarTvelo usasyidlod Rebulobs 1.5miliard kubur metr gazs, rac aRematebamoxarebis dRevandel dones.saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Sorisekonomikiuri TanamSromloba kidev ufrogafarTovda mas Semdeg, rac 1992 wels 25 ivnissstambolSi, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> prezidentis TurguTozalis iniciativiT, daarsda Savi zRvisregionis saerTaSoriso organizacia (biseki).bisekSi gaerTianda 11 saxelmwifo, maT Soris Savi232
zRvis regionis 6 saxelmwifo: TurqeTi,saqarTvelo, bulgareTi, ruseTi, rumineTi,ukraina da kidev 5 saxelmwifo azerbaijani,somxeTi, albaneTi, moldaveTi da saberZneTi,romelTac ara aqvT gasasvleli Sav zRvaze.1994 wels daarsda Savi zRvis vaWrobisa daganviTarebis banki, rasac xeli moaweraTerTmetive saxelmwifos warmomadgenelma.sainteresod viTardeba urTierTobebiganaTlebis sfroSi. mimdinareobs mecnier -TanamSromlebisa da studentTa gacvla.xorcieldeba saganmanaTleblo programebi,imarTeba erToblivi konferenciebi.saqarTveloSi Sps ,,CaRlaris” TaosnobiTgaxsnilia Turquli saswavlo dawesebulebebi:TbilisSi demirelis saxelobis kerZo koleji daSavi zRvis saerTaSoriso universiteti, baTumSir. Sahinis saxelobis saerTo megobrobisliceumi, demirelis saxelobis dawyebiTi skola.quTaisSi enis Semswavleli centri da sxva.mniSvnelovania kulturuli kavSirebi.yovelwliurad <strong>TurqeTis</strong> sxvadasxva qalaqSiCadian qarTvel momReralTa jgufebi.kulturul programebs axorcieleben qarTulixalxuri cekvis ansamblebi. Tavad <strong>TurqeTis</strong>qalaqebsa da soflebSi Seqmnilia qarTulixalxuri simRerisa da cekvis ansamblebi. maTSoris gamoirCeva ,,iberi”, iberia melaSvilis(ozkani) xelmZRvanelobiT. igi daarsda 1987 welsq. bursaSi. saqarTveloSi Camodian qarTulikulturis qomagi Turqi moqalaqeebi, maTTanerTad qarTuli warmoSobis Turqebic.233
olo <strong>wlebSi</strong> saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqisuwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia IIiniciativiT saqarTveloSi Camodian msofliossxvadasxva qveyanaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi, maTSoris TurqeTidanac da tardeba kulturuliRonisZiebebi. sainteresoa da emociuri maTizedwodeba ,,Cveneburebi,” romlic kargaddamkvidrda qarTul sazogadoebaSi. TurqeTidanstumrad Camosuli qarTvelebidan yvelaze metadqarTul sazogadoebas Tavi Seayvara lazuriwarmoSobis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> moqalaqem baiar Sahinma(gundariZem). mis ,,gelinos” (Turq. Gelin -patarZali) didi siyvaruliTa da siTboTi ismensyvela qarTveli.UsaerTod, <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikaSimilionobiT qarTveli cxovrobs (istoriuliprocesebis Sedegad). bevri maTgani warmatebiTmoRvaweobs biznesis, politikis sferoSi.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> sxvadasxva qalaqebSi gaxsniliaqarTuli saTvistomoebi.qarTveli warmoSobis <strong>TurqeTis</strong>moqalaqeebTan TanamSromlobasa da kontaqtebsdidi mniSvneloba aqvs or qveyanas Sorismegobruli urTierTobis saqmeSi.s. demirelma qarTuli diasporis arsebobasTurqeTSi or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebissaimedo xidi uwoda. saqarTvelos sapatiomoqalaqis ordeniT dajildoebulia <strong>TurqeTis</strong>araerTi moqalaqe.kulturul - saganmanaTleblo urTierTobebsudidesi mniSvneloba aqvs ori qveynisurTierTobebSi. saqarTveloSi ukve didi xania234
warmatebiT muSaobs Turqologiuri skola. massafuZveli Cauyares cnobilma qarTvelmamecnierebma sergi jiqiam da valeriangabaSvilma. maTi dawyebuli saqme warmatebiTgaagrZeles qarTvelma Turqologebma o.gigineiSvilma, m. svaniZem, n. Sengeliam, n.janaSiam, c. abulaZem, l. ClaiZem, g. anTelavam, e.makaraZem, m. jiqiam, i. gociriZem, z. SaSikaZem, m.maxaraZem, el. maCitiZem da sxvebma.mniSvnelovania qarTul - TurquliurTierTobebis amsaxveli perioduligamocemebis arseboba, aseTebia: ,,axali xidi”,,,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> cnobebi”, ,,gulani”, TurqeTSi gamodisJurnali ,,Cveneburi” (Cveneburi), ,,firosmani’’(firosmani) da sxva.stambolSi arsebobs qarTuli kaTolikurielesia, sadac Tavis droze moRvaweobda udidesiqarTveli mecnieri m. TamaraSvili. am centrsamJamad saTaveSi udgas warmoSobiT qarTveli,warmatebuli biznesmeni s. zazaZe.TurqeT - saqarTvelos urTierTobebSiyvelaze masStaburi mainc savaWro - ekonomikuriurTierTobebia. 2004 wlisaTvis savaWro brunva300 mln. dolars Seadgenda. xolo aq CadebuliTurquli kapitalis moculoba 100 mln.dolarisaa.2008 wlis monacemebiT or qveyanas SorissavaWro moculobam 1200.8 mln. amerikulidolari Seadgina. funqcionirebs erToblivisamTavrobaTSoriso ekonomikuri komisia daTurqul qarTuli biznesis sabWo.235
qarTul - Turquli urTierobebisgaRrmavebisaTvis ewyoba forumebi, mimdinareobsinformaciis intensiuri gacvla. mWidroTanamSromlobis kidev erTi kargi magaliTi iyo2006 wlis 10 Tebervlidan TurqeTTan savizoreJimis gauqmebaor qveyanas Soris samTviani savizo reJimisSemoReba, Semosavlebze ormagi dabegvris Tavidanacilebisa da gadasaxadis gadauxdelobisaRkveTis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gaformeba (2007wlis 11 noemberi) bolo periodis ismniSvnelovani movlenebia, romlebic xelsuwyoben saqarTvelo TurqeTs Soris savaWroekonomikuri urTierTobebis SemdgomgaRrmavebas.2006 wlis 14 marts saqarTvelosa da<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mTvarobebs Soris xeli moeweraSeTanxmebas baTumis aeroportis erToblivigamoyenebis Sesaxeb.<strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublika sistematurad uwevssamxedro daxmarebas saqarTvelos. bolo 10-15wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mier qarTuliarmiisaTvis gaweuli daxmareba daaxloebiT 37mln. dolarze metia. Turqi instruqtorebisdaxmarebiT momzadda kojris specialuridaniSnulebis samxedro brigada, SekeTda dauaxlesi teqnikiT aRiWurva ramodenime samxedrobaza.regionuli TanamSromlobis ganviTarebamniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels saqarTvelo -<strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierTobebis mravalmxriv gaSlas.Aammxriv sainteresoa Savi zRvis regionuli236
TanamSromlobis organizaciis dafuZneba dasruliad axal formatSi TanamSromloba. ∗ misidafuZnebis periodisaTvis <strong>TurqeTis</strong> premierisT. Cileris SexedulebiT, regionSi ZalTagadanawileba Semdegi mimarTulebiT undawasuliyo: ,,am regionSi dRes arsebuli vakuumiunda Seavson TurqeTma an iranma, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi ruseTi daibrunebs Tavis Zvelpoziciebs. Tu am sivrces TurqeTi Seavsebs, igiSeZlebs Seasrulos regionsa da dasavleTsSoris damakavSirebeli xidis roli da xeliSuwyos aq progresuli saxelmwifoebisaTvisSesaferisi cxovrebis wesis damkvidrebas. Tumoxdeba piriqiT da aq irani daisadgurebs,regionSi kidev ufro daiZabeba urTierToba. Aesmarto <strong>TurqeTis</strong> problema ara aris. amisTaobaze ukve mivaRwieT SexedulebaTaerTianobas ,,msoflio bankTan.” dRemde Cven ardagvibandebia kapitali am regionSi – Tqva T.Cilerma – Tu aq avagebT aeroportebsa danavsadgurebs, maT amerikelebi da sxva qveynebicgamoiyeneben da Sesabamisad, aseTi proeqtisganxorcieleba marto <strong>TurqeTis</strong> interesebs arSeesabameba. maSasadame, maTi realizaciis simZimemarto TurqeTs ar daawveba tvriTad, amasTiTqmis mTeli msoflio daafinansebs, msofliobanki ukve elodeba Cvengan proeqtebs. ∗ ეს ორგანიზაცია შეიქმნა თურქეთიs s iniciativiT. 1992 wels stambolSixeli moewera damfuZnebel SeTანხმებასანხმებას. მასში საქართველოსა და თურქეთისგარდა გაწევრიანებულია ბულგარეთი, რუმინეთი, უკრაინა, რუსეთი, მოლდოვა,აზერბაიჯანიანი, სომხეთი, ალბანეთი და საბერძნეთი.237
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis Taobaze.amerikis da <strong>TurqeTis</strong> ,,eqsimbanki” ukveamuSaveben erToblivi dazRvevis sagarantioRonisZiebebs Turquli firmebis mier amregionSi gansaxorcielebeli saeqsportooperaciebis dafinansebis dasacavad.”<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mier momzadebul regionuliTanamSromlobis proeqts dadebiTad afasebsdasavleTi. 2005 wlis oqtomberSi berlinSigaimarTa kidec konferencia ,,Savi zRvis xedva,”sadac bevrma evropelma liderma mis SemdgomganviTarebas dauWira mxari. litvisprezidentis, valdas adamkusis TqmiT: ,,Sansebiam miznis misaRwevad ukanaskneli wlebisganmavlobaSi udavod gaizarda. Cven arcmoraluri da arc istoriuli ufleba ar gvaqvsgaveqceT am pasuxismgeblobas. dRes ki Zaliancota aqcevs yuradRebas im faqts, rom SavizRvis regioni erTaderTi regionia, romelicdasavlur civilizaciasTan aseTi geografiulisiaxlovis miuxedavad, dasavluri civilizaciisSemdgomi ganviTarebidan sruliad amovardnilia.Cven, didwilad, xelidan gavuSviT momenti da isxelsayreli SesaZlebloba, romelsac es regionigvTavazobda... Zalian rTuli samuSaos Sesrulebamogviwevs, romelic moiTxovs met mcdelobas,yuradRebas da finansur wyaroebs, evrokavSirisada misi mezoblebis kanonmdeblobebisharmonizacias, ormxrivi vaWrobisliberalizacias da gaZlierebas, es yvelaferiaris prioritetebi, romelsac zurgs undaumagrebdes evrokavSiris Zlieri samezoblo238
politika, iseve rogorc nato-s Sesabamisipolitika.”saqarTvelo - <strong>TurqeTis</strong> urTierTobebssasageblo uwoda saqarTvelos prezidentma,,,saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Soris urTierTobebiaseTi warmatebuli da sasargeblo arasodesyofila. Cven istoriuli drois momswreni varT,aRniSna m. saakaSvilma.Kkavkasia da maT Soris saqarTvelo,<strong>TurqeTis</strong> interesTa sferoSi Sedis. Aankarasainteresebs centraluri azia, romelTanacsaxmeleTo satransporto kavSiris erTaderTigza, saqarTvelo - azerbaijanis geografiuliderefania. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT <strong>TurqeTis</strong>ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRal dones, mismzard sagareo politikur gavlenas dasadazvervo samsaxurebis mZlav resursebs<strong>TurqeTis</strong> mier saqarTveloze garkveuligavlenis mopoveba gardauvalia. Ees SeiZleba,rogorc dadebiTad aseve uaryofiTiTvalsazrisiTac xasiaTdebodes. imisTvis romuaryofiTi ar sWarbobdes ori pirobisdakmayofilebaa saWiro: pirveli, saqarTvelo arunda warmoadgendes dabrkolebas <strong>TurqeTis</strong>regionaluri politikisaTvis. Cven mxari undadavuWiroT kavkasiis regionSi ankaris yvela iminiciativas, romelic saqarTvelos interesebsar ewinaaRmdegeba.pirvelyovlisa es exeba <strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvisazerbaijanTan da centralur aziasTan saimedosatranzito kavSiris uzrunvelyofas, radgan es<strong>TurqeTis</strong>aTvis geostrategiul aucileblobas239
warmoadgens. dResdReobiT saqarTvelo ampirobas asrulebs.Mmeore, qveyanam unda SezRudos Turquligavlena saqarTvelos sazRvrebs SigniT. TukiTurqeTi moipovebs sakmaris kontrolssaqarTveloSi an Tundac saxelmwifos samxreTnawilebSi mimdinare procesebze, man SeiZlebanaklebad saWirod CaTvalos saqarTvelosxelisuflebis azris gaTvaliswineba. aseTSemTxvevaSi <strong>TurqeTis</strong> politika saqarTvelosmimarT naklebad diplomatiuri da ufro xistigaxdeba. Ffaqtia, rom uaxloes aTwleulebSiTurqeTi Cven regionSi Zalian gavleniani Zalaiqneba. saqarTvelos amocana, am faqtis dadebiTimxareebis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba dagamowveuli safrTxeebis minimumamde dayvanaunda iyos. miznis misaRwevad, <strong>TurqeTis</strong>regionuli politikis mxardaWera daimavdroulad saqarTvelos teritoriazeTurquli gavlenis SezRudva, erTaderTirealisturi gzaa.saqarTvelo udides mniSvnelobas aniWebsTurqeTTan TanamSromlobas. or qveyanas Sorisarsebuli dinamiuri da nayofieri urTierTobebixels uwyobs regionul mSvidobasa dastabilurobas. mniSvnelovania <strong>TurqeTis</strong>mxardaWera saqarTvelos teritoriulimTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxSi, iseve rogorc misiroli samxedro aRmSeneblobis procesSi. sagareouwyeba maqsimalur Zalisxmevas mimarTavsTurqeTTan urTierTobis SemdgomigaRrmavebisaken, gansakuTrebiT vaWrobis da240
transportis sferoebSi. strategiulimniSvneloba aqvs energetikul TanamSromlobas,rac xels uwyobs ara mxolod ori qveynis, aramedmTlianad evropis energetikuli usafrTxoebisgaZlierebas.biografiuli cnobebimustafa qemal aTaTurqi - daibada 1881wels q. salonikSi mosamsaxuris ojaxSi. daamTavrasalonikis samxedro saSualo skola da samxedro liceumi.1902 wels samxedro saswavlebeli (leitenantiswodebiT), xolo 1905 wels stambolis generaluriStabis akademia. umaRles samxedro saswavlebel-Si yofnisas is gaitaca TanzimaTis periodis Turq nacionalistTaideebma da daukavSirda sulTan abdul-hamidII-is mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobilaxalgazrda oficrebs.akademiis damTavrebis Semdeg, mustafa qemalma1906 wels damaskoSi, Semdeg ki sxva qalaqebSi TanamoazreebTanerTad daaarsa „samSoblosa da Tavisuflebissazogadoeba,“ romelicmogvianebiT Seuer-Tda „erTianobisa da progresis“ organizacias. maleigi daniSnes „axalgazrda TurqTa“ mier Seqmnili„moqmedebis armiis“ Stabis ufrosad. monawileobdaitalia-osmaleTisa (1911-1912 w.w.) da balkaneTis meore(1913 w.) omebSi. 1913-1914 <strong>wlebSi</strong> iyo osmaleTis241
samxedro ataSe bulgareTSi, saidanac moqmed armia-Si gadaiyvanes.pirvel msoflio omSi (1914-1918) is ibrZodasxvadasxva frontze. aq man miiRo faSas anu generlistituli.1919 wlis 19 maiss man q. samsunidan wamoiwyoTurqi xalxis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola. imavewels gaxda revoluciuri „uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebis“sivasis kongresis mier arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTikomitetis Tavmjdomare. ingliselebismier stambolSi deputatTa palatis garekvis Semdeg,mustafa qemalma 1920 wlis 23 aprils ankaraSimoiwviadidi erovnuli kreba (mejlisi, parlamenti),romelmac igi airCia parlamentisa da mTavrobisTavmjdomared. imave dros mustafa qemali saTaveSiCaudga SeiaraRebul Zalebsac.1922 wels interventebze saboloo gamarjvebisSemdeg mTeli realuri Zalaufleba TurqeTSi mustafaqemalis xelSi aRmoCnda, rasac mohyva saxelmwifosistemis Secvla, romelic <strong>istoria</strong>Si qemalisturirevoluciis saxeliT Sevida.mustafa qemalis xelmZRvanelobiT gatarda rigiprogresuli reforma. 1923 wlis 29 oqtombersTurqeTi respublikad gamocxadda, imave dRes qemaliairCies respublikis pirvel prezidentad. 1934wels TurqeTSi gvarebis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiTdidma erovnulma krebam mustafa qemals aTaTurqis(„TurqTa mama“) gvari mianiWa.mustafa qemal aTaTurqi gardaicvala 1938 wlis10 noembers stambolSi. dakrZales ankaraSi specialuradagebul mavzoleumSi.242
nejmeTTin erbaqani - daibada 1926 wels sinopSi.daamTavra meqanikis instituti, stambolis daeixenis teqnikuri universitetebi. 1948-1966 <strong>wlebSi</strong>muSaobda jer asistentad, Semdeg ki leqtorad meqanikisinstitutsa da stambolis teqnikur universitetSi.1951 wels gaxda profesori. 1966-1968 <strong>wlebSi</strong>iyo <strong>TurqeTis</strong> savaWro-samrewvelo palatis industriulidepartamentis direqtori. 1970 wels daafuZna,,islamisturi erovnuli wesrigis~ partia,romelic male aikrZala. 1973 wels Camoayaliba da sa-TaveSi Caudga ,,erovnuli xsnis~ partias, romelicsamxedroebis mier aikrZala 1981 wels. 1974 welsiyo vice-premieri da saxelmwifo ministri. 1975-1977<strong>wlebSi</strong> kvlav ukavia vice-premieris Tanamdeboba.<strong>1980</strong> wels is daapatimres, 1983 wels Camoayaliba ,,ke-TildReobis~ partia. 1996 wlis 29 ivliss `refahiolis“mTavrobaSi daikava premier-ministris Tanamdeboba.1998 wlis TebervalSi keTildReobis partiisdaxurvasTan erTad n. erbaqans xuTi wliT aekrZalapolitikuri moRvaweoba.nejmeTTin erbaqani, <strong>2011</strong> wlis 27 Tebervals mZimeavadmyofobis Semdeg, 85 wlis asakSi gardaicvala.TurguT ozali - daibada 1927 wels q. mala-TiaSi. saSualo skolis damTavrebis Semdeg swavlasagrZelebs stambolis teqnikuri universitetiseleqtronikis fakultetze, romelsac 1950 wels am-Tavrebs. 1952 wels saswavleblad amerikis SeerTebulStatebSi miemgzavreba. 1960 wels T. ozali <strong>TurqeTis</strong>respublikis ministrTa kabinetis specialur243
teqnikur, xolo 1967 wlidan saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetismrCevlad iniSneba. 1971 wels saxelmwifo gadatrialebisSemdeg aRniSnuli Tanamdebobidan gadadgada aSS gaemgzavra. 1979 wels s. demirelis mierSedgenil e. w. ,,umciresobis mTavrobaSi’’ T. ozaliiniSneba saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetis Tavmjdomarismoadgiled. <strong>1980</strong> wlis 12 seqtembris saxelmwifogadatrialebis Semdeg T. ozali premier-ministrismoadgilis posts ikavebs (1982 wlis 18 ivlisamde).gadadgomis Semdeg 1983 wels Seqmna ,,dedasamSoblospartia. 1989 wlis oqtomberSi is gaxda qveynis rigiTmerve prezidenti.T. ozali gardaicvala 1993 wlis 17 aprils.suleiman demireli - daibada 1924 wlis 1 noembersispartas vilaeTis sofel islamqoiSi. 1949wels daamTavra stambolis teqnikuri universiteti,inJiner-hidroteqnikosis specialobiT. 1954 wlidans. demireli xelmZRvanelobda erT-erT saxelmwifoorganizacias — wyalTa meurneobis sammarTvelos.1960 wlidan ki samecniero-pedagogiur moRvaweobasSeudga da 1964 wlamde aswavlida ankaris Sua aRmosavleTisteqnikur universitetSi. 1964 wels s. demireliairCies ,,samarTlianobis» partiis generalurTavmjdomared. 60 - iani wlebidan moyolebuli s. demireliramdenimejer iqna arCeuli premier-ministrad.1983 wels misi aqtiuri monawileobiT Seiqmna,,WeSmariti gzis’’ partia. 1987 wels, ki igi gaxda ampartiis Tavmjdomare.1993-2000 <strong>wlebSi</strong> iyo <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis rigiTmecxre prezidenti.244
mesuT ilmazi — daibada 1947 wlis 6 noembersq. stambolSi. daamTavra stambolis vaJTa umaRlesiskola, ankaris, kiolnisa da londonis universitetebispolitikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti. 1983wlidan rizes vilaieTis ucvleli deputatia. 1986-1987 <strong>wlebSi</strong> iyo saxelmwifo, kulturisa da turizmisministri. 1987-1990 <strong>wlebSi</strong> ukavia sagareo saqme-Ta ministris portfeli. T. ozalis prezidentad ar-Cevis Semdeg xdeba ,,dedasamSoblos~ partiis Tavmjdomare.1991 wels sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi iyo premierministri.1995 wlis 24 dekembris arCevnebis Semdegayalibebs koaliciur mTavrobas, sadac mTavrobisTavmjdomaris posti ukavia. premierobam kvlav samiTve gastana. gadadga 1996 wlis 7 ivniss. zustad erTiwlis Semdeg kvlav Camoayaliba axali mTavroba.hyavs meuRle da ori Svili.biulenT ejeviTi — daibada 1925 wlis 28 maissq. stambolSi. daamTavra prestiJuli inglisurenovani robert koleji (axlandeli bosforis universiteti).codna gaiRrmava stambolis, ankaris,londonis da harvardis universitetebSi. 1946-1950<strong>wlebSi</strong> msaxurobda londonSi. politikaSia 60-ianiwlebidan. 1961-1965 <strong>wlebSi</strong> Sromis ministria, 1966-1971 <strong>wlebSi</strong> srps (saxalxo-respublikuri partia) generalurimdivania, xolo 1972-<strong>1980</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong> amave partiislideri. 1974, 1977, 1978-1979 <strong>wlebSi</strong> iyo Turqe-Tis premier-ministri.80-ian <strong>wlebSi</strong> samxedro gadatrialebis Semdegramdenjerme iqna dapatimrebuli da aekrZala politikurimoRvaweoba. 1987 wels akrZalva moexsna da245
ori wlis Semdeg saTaveSi Caudga ,,memarcxene-demokratiul~partias. sxvadasxva dros iyo ankarisa dazognuldaqis vilaieTebis deputati. 1997 wlidanaris vice premieri, xolo 1999-2002 <strong>wlebSi</strong> ki premier-ministri.biulenT ejeviTi gardaicvala 2006 wlis 5 noembers.Tansu Cileri — daibada 1945 wels q. stambol-Si. daamTavra robert koleji, stambolis koneqtikutisda ielis universitetebi.1983 wels gaxda profesori. msaxurobda sxvadasxvauniversitetSi, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodamisi moRvaweoba bosforis universitetis ekonomikurfakultetze. 1990 wels Sevida ,,WeSmariti gzis~partiaSi. 1991 wels airCies deputatad da daikavaekonomikis saxelmwifo ministris posti. 1993-1996<strong>wlebSi</strong> iyo <strong>TurqeTis</strong> premier-ministri. 1996-1997<strong>wlebSi</strong> SeTavsebiT ekava vice-premieris da sagareosaqmeTa ministris postebi. n. eraqanTan koaliciisdaSlisa da xelisuflebaSi m. ilmazis mosvlis SemdegopoziciaSia.2002 wels arCevnebSi marcxis Semdeg CamoSordapolitikur moRvaweobas.deniz baikali — daibada 1938 wels q. anTaliaSi.1960 wels daamTavra ankaris universitetis iuridiulifakulteti. 1968 wels gaxda politikurmecnierebaTa fakultetis docenti, sadac 1973 wlamdemoRvaweobda.1968 wels baikali Sevida ,,saxalxo-respublikur~partiaSi. 1973-<strong>1980</strong> <strong>wlebSi</strong> igi iyo mejlisis de-246
putati, finansTa ministri (1974), energetikisa dabunebrivi resursebis ministri (1978-1979). <strong>1980</strong> wlis12 seqtembris saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg d.baikals apatimreben.1984 wels d. baikali Sevida ,,social-demokratiul~partiaSi. ,,saxalxo~ partiasTan gaerTianebisSemdeg is gaxda ,,social-demokratiuli saxalxo~partiis Tavmjdomare. 1989 wlidan ki - generalurimdivani.1992 wels ,,saxalxo-respublikuri~ partiis aRdgenisTanaveis dainiSna partiis generalur Tavmjdomared,romelsac 2010 wlis 10 maisamde edga sa-TaveSi.2010 wels mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli ,,videokasetebis~ Temis Semdeg is CamoSorda aqtiur politikurmoRvaweobas.devleT bahCeli - daibada 1948 wels q. osmanieSi,feTahoRullarebad cnobil did TurqmenulojaxSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba osmanieSi, xolosaSualo stambulSi miiRo. Semdeg swavla gaagrZelaankaris ekonomikuri da marTvis mecnierebaTa akademiaSi.1970-1971 <strong>wlebSi</strong> TurqeTSi studentTa erovnulifederaciis generaluri mdivnis movaleobas asrulebda. 1972-1973 <strong>wlebSi</strong> iyo ankaris vaWrobisa daekonomikis samecniero akademiisa da masTan dakavSirebul umaRles saswavleblebSi ekonomikis kaTedrisasistenti. gazis universitetis sazogadoebrivmecnierebaTa institutis ekonomikis doqtoris wodebismiRebis Semdeg imave universitetSi 1987 wlamdekiTxulobda leqciebs.247
1987 wlis 17 aprils alfarslan TurqeSis xel-Sew yobiT d. bahCels ,,nacionaluri Sromis~ partiisdid yrilobaze generaluri mdivnis movaleoba daekisra.1997 wlis 6 ivliss ,,nacionaluri moZraobis~partiis riggareSe kongresze d. bahCels partiis generaluriTavmjdomaris movaleobis Sesruleba daekisra.1997 wlis 23 noembers ,,nacionaluri moZraobis~partiis me-5 kongresze is arCeuli iqna partiisgeneralur Tavmjdomared.1999 wlis 18 aprilis saparlamento arCevnebSi,,nacionaluri moZraobis’’ partiis gamarjvebis Semdegd. bahCeli koaliciur mTavrobaSi Sevida da mandaikava vice-premierisa da saxelmwifo ministrisTanamdeboba.2007 wlidan dRemde <strong>TurqeTis</strong> mejlisis deputatia.ahmed nejdeT sezeri — daibada 1941 wlis 13seqtembers q. afionSi. 1958 wels warCinebiT daamTavraafionis saSualo skola. 1962 wels umaRlesi ganaTlebamiiRo ankaris universitetis samarTlis fakultetze.a. sezerma savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri,samxedro akademiaSi rezervis oficris rangSidaasrula. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sezeri dijlesada ierqoiSi muSaobda sasamarTlo sistemaSi. saidanacigi sakasacio sasamarTloSi gamomZiebladiniSneba.1977-1978 <strong>wlebSi</strong> ankaris sasamarTlos umaRlesskolaSi man miiRo xarisxi samoqalaqo samarTalSi.1988 wlis 27 seqtembers eqs-prezidentma q. evrenma248
igi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrad daniSna.1998 wlis 6 ianvars sezeri airCies sakonstituciosasamarTlos Tavmjdomared.2000 wlis 5 maiss <strong>TurqeTis</strong> didma mejlisma masando <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikis prezidentis posti, romelic2007 wlis 28 agvistomde ekava.axmed nejdeT sezeri kavkasiidan gadmosaxlebulTaojaxSia dabadebuli.2007 wlis 28 agvistodan igi CamoSorda politikursaqmianobas.abdula guli - daibada 1950 wlis 29 oqtombersq. kaiseriSi. daamTavra stambolis universitetisekonomikis fakulteti da iqve mieniWa docentisxarisxi. sadoqtoro disertaciis dacvis Semdegleqciebs kiTxulobda saqariis universitetis sain-Jinro-industriul fakultetze. 1983-1991 <strong>wlebSi</strong>ekonomistad muSaobda saudis arabeTSi islamuriaRorZinebis bankSi. 1991 wels monawileoba miiRo vadamdelsaparlamento arCenebSi da ,,keTildReobis~partiis siiT deputati gaxda kaiseris vilaieTidan.1992 wlidan abdula guli aris evrosabWos saparlamentoasambleis wevri. 1991-1995 <strong>wlebSi</strong> iyoparlamentis dagegmarebisa da sabiujeto komitetiswevri. n. erbaqanis mier Camoyalibebul 54—e koaliciurmTavrobaSi ekava saxelmwifo ministrisa damTavrobis spikeris Tanamdebobebi. ,,keTildReobis~da ,,saTnoebis~ partiis akrZalvis Semdeg dafuZnebul,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partis Tavmjdomarismoadgilea.249
2002 wlis 18 noembers mas premier-ministrad ir-Ceven. 2003 wlis 14 martidan is aris vice-premieri dasagareo saqmeTa ministri.2007 welidan dRemde aris <strong>TurqeTis</strong> respublikisprezidenti.rejef Taif erdoRani — daibada 1954wlis 26 Tebervals. 1981 wels daamTavra marmarasuniversitetis ekonomikis fakulteti.1994 wlis 27 marts erdoRani arCeuli iqna stambolismerad, romelsac saTaveSi edga 1998 wlamde.2003 wlidan is saTaveSi udgas ,,samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis~ partias.<strong>2011</strong> wels is mesame vadiT airCies premier—ministrispostze.rejef Taif erdoRani qarTuli warmomavlobisaa.misi winaprebi baTumidan gadavidnen rizeSi sacxovreblad.250
emzar makaraZedaibada 1971 wlis 24 ianvars baTumSi, mosamsaxurisojaxSi. 1992 wels daamTavra baTumisSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis <strong>istoria</strong>—filologiisfakulteti. 1994—1998<strong>wlebSi</strong> swavlobda Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis apsiranturaSi<strong>TurqeTis</strong> istoriis specialobiT.1998 wels daicva sakandidato disertaciada moipova istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatissamecniero xarisxi.1992 wlidan muSaobs baTumis SoTa rusTavelissaxelmwifo universitetSi. amJamad arisistoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnologiis departamentis, asoc.profesori.amave dros xelmZRvanelobs <strong>TurqeTis</strong>mcodneobis saganmanaTlebloprogramas.prof. emzar makaraZis interesTa sferos warmoadgens Tanamedrove<strong>TurqeTis</strong> saSinao da sagareo politikis problemebi. am sakiTxebs araerTisayuradRebo gamokvleva miuZRvna.prof. emzar makaraZe monawileobas Rebulobs sxvadasxva respublikurda saerTaSoriso konferenciebSi, kongresebsa da simpoziumebismuSaobaSi. mas gamoqveynebuli aqvs 40—ze meti naSromi qarTul, rusulda Turqul enebze. aqedan 6 wigni.hyavs meuRle da erTi Svili.Emzar Makaradze24 Ocak 1971’de Batum’da doğdu. 1992 yılında Batum Şota rustaveliDevlet Üniversitesi, Tarih ve Filoloji Fakültesi’nden mezun oldu. 1994-1998yıllarında Đvane Javakhişvili Tiflis Devlet Üniversitesi, Türk Tarihi Bölümü’ndelisansüstü okudu. Doktorasını 1998 yılında Đvane Javakhişvili Tiflis DevletÜniversitesi’nde tamamladı.1992 yılından bu yana Batum Şota rustaveli Devlet Üniversitesi’ndeçalışmaktadır. Tarih, Arkeoloji ve Etnoloji Bölümü Profesörü. Aynı zamandaTürklük Bilimi Lisans Programı nın Başkanı.Prof. Dr. Emzar Makaradze ilgi alanı modern Türkiye’nin iç ve diş siyasetinsorunlarıdır. Birçok çalışmada bu konuya dikkat verdi ve önemli araştırmalaryaptı.Prof. Dr. Emzar Makaradze birçok ulusal ve uluslararası konferans, kongreve sempozyumlara katılmaktadır. 40’ten daha fazla Gürcü, Rus ve Türkdillerinde yayınlanmış bilimsem çalışmaları vardır. Bunlardan 6 tane kitaptır.Eşi ve bir oğlu vardır.251
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