bgeraTa simboloebi Tanamedrove frangul enaSi d i s e r t a c i a
bgeraTa simboloebi Tanamedrove frangul enaSi d i s e r t a c i a
bgeraTa simboloebi Tanamedrove frangul enaSi d i s e r t a c i a
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avtoris stili daculia<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
romanuli filologia<br />
miranda lomiZe<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> <strong>simboloebi</strong> <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>frangul</strong> <strong>enaSi</strong><br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
filologiis doqtoris (Ph. D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />
warmodgenili<br />
d i s e r t a c i a<br />
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: ciuri axvlediani<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009<br />
filologiis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori
2<br />
winasityvaoba-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-8<br />
§1 kavSiri bgerasa da mniSvnelobas,<br />
Tavi I<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis raoba<br />
aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris ---------------------------------------------------------9-28<br />
§2 fonetikuri simbolizmis Teoriebi ------------------------------------------------------28-31<br />
§3 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis aRmocenebis sami Teoria --------------------------------31-37<br />
Tavi II <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi, rogorc<br />
fsiqolingvisturi movlena<br />
§1 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis buneba -----------------------------------------------------------------38-40<br />
§2 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> interferencia, rogorc<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis faqtoris ZiriTadi axsna ---------------------------39-41<br />
§3 sityvebis bgeraTsimboluri<br />
komponentebis aRqmis fsiqofiziologiuri safuZvlebi -------------------------40-43<br />
§4 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi da motivacia -------------------------------------------------------43-45<br />
§5 xmabaZviTi sityvebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------45-50<br />
§6 suprafonema, rogorc bgeraTsimboluri<br />
erTeuli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50-76<br />
§7 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis funqcionireba ---------------------------------------------------77-79
3<br />
Tavi III bgeraTsimboluri erTeulebis mecnieruli kvleva<br />
§1 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis Seswavlis<br />
eqsperimentuli meTodebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------81-84<br />
§2 saxeldebis problema eqsperimentul fsiqologiaSi -------------------------84-96<br />
§3 bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebis kvleva ori enis<br />
leqsikur masalaze dayrdnobiT -------------------------------------------------------------97-111<br />
Tavi IV bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebis gamovlineba da<br />
aRqma<br />
§1 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis roli saqonlis<br />
dasaxelebis SerCevis processa da marketingSi ----------------------------------112-124<br />
§2 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi poeziaSi ----------------------------------------------------------124-135<br />
§3 TargmanebSi gamovlenili <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------135-150<br />
daskvnebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------147-152<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura --------------------------------------------------------------------152-162
4<br />
winasityvaoba<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis eqsperimentuli kvleva meoce saukunis<br />
ociani wlebidan daiwyo da <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> enaTmecnierebasa da<br />
fsiqologiaSi intensiurad mimdinareobs. kvlevis praqtikam naTeli<br />
gaxada problemis eqsperimentuli kvlevis perspeqtiuloba.<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> mecnierebaSi am problemis mimarT araerTgvarovani<br />
damokidebuleba arsebobs. aris uamravi urTierTgamomricxavi<br />
Sexeduleba. atarebs Tu ara <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi universalur<br />
xasiaTs? dasturdeba Tu ara korelacia sxvadasxva enebSi? es is<br />
kiTxvebia, romlebzec pasuxi araerTgvarovania, Tumca lingvistebic<br />
da fsiqologebic erT sakiTxSi Tanxmdebian: bgerebi xasiaTdebian e.<br />
w. simbolizmiT. faqtia, rom nebismier <strong>enaSi</strong>, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong>a Tu Zveli, kulturis ganviTarebis maRal donezea am<br />
enaze molaparake eri Tu dabalze, arsebobs iseTi sityvebi,<br />
romlebSiac kargad Cans sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobas<br />
Soris arsebuli saerTo momentebi, maT Soris arsebuli<br />
urTierTSesatyvisoba.<br />
am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli kvlevebi saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT miRebuli Sedegebi da ar gavimeoroT Secdomebi.<br />
miuxedavad <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis mravaljeradi kvlevisa, ar<br />
gamovlenila sityvebSi bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli<br />
erTeuli, ar Seswavlila adamianis cnobierebaSi bgeraTsimboluri<br />
asociaciebis gamomwvevi mizezebi.<br />
Temis aqtualoba gamomdinareobs <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis<br />
Seswavlis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> amocanebidan. <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> mecnierebaSi am<br />
problemis mimarT araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba arsebobs, aris<br />
uamravi urTierTgamomricxavi Sexeduleba. Cven, Teoriul da<br />
praqtikul masalaze dayrdnobiT, vcadeT gamogvevlina<br />
bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli erTeuli, agvexsna<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis materialuri buneba da funqcionireba.
5<br />
naSromis miznebi da amocanebi: kvlevis ZiriTadi mizani<br />
gansazRvravs naSromSi kvlevis mimarTulebasa da konkretul<br />
amocanebs. Cveni kvlevis mizania <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis problemasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli TeoriaSi arsebuli postulatebis praqtikuli<br />
analizi.<br />
naSromSi dasmulia Semdegi amocanebi:<br />
Teoriuli (mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ukve arsebuli<br />
masalis Tavmoyra _ ganzogadeba):<br />
1. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT cnobil lingvistTa<br />
mosazrebebis analizi.<br />
2. sakuTari Teoriis Camoyalibeba <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis<br />
materialuri bunebis Sesaxeb.<br />
3. sityvis bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli erTeulis<br />
Teoriulad gamoyofa.<br />
praqtikuli:<br />
1. lingvistikaSi ukve arsebuli meTodebis safuZvelze kvlevis<br />
sakuTari meTodis SemuSaveba.<br />
2. am meTodis safuZvelze eqsperimentis Catareba.<br />
3. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis praqtikuli kvleva.<br />
mecnieruli siaxle: bgeraTsimboluri sityvebi pirvelad iqna<br />
ganxiluli axali hipoTezis meSveobiT. iyo sxvadasxva enis<br />
matarebelTa Soris fsiqo-emociuri asociaciebis universalurobis<br />
damtkicebis mcdeloba. SevecadeT dagvemtkicebina sxvadasxva enis<br />
matarebelTa Soris fsiqo-emociuri asociaciebis universaluroba.<br />
mocemuli eqsperimentis kidev erTi siaxle mdgomareobs imaSi,<br />
rom faqtobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT, gamoiyo bgeraTsimboluri<br />
komponentis matarebeli axali erTeuli _ suprafonema.<br />
gamokvleul iqna bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebi<br />
poeziasa da TargmanebSi.
6<br />
axali meTodis efeqturoba aseve unda avRniSnoT im<br />
TvalsazrisiT, rom aucilebelia SeviswavloT ara calkeuli<br />
bgerebi, aramed <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi. eqsperimentebic, Sesabamisad,<br />
unda Catardes ara fonemis, aramed suprafonemis doneze, romelic<br />
bgeraTsimboluri mniSvnelobis matarebelia.<br />
naSromis Teoriuli mniSvneloba mdgomareobs mocemuli<br />
hipoTezis safuZvelze bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis Seswavlis<br />
perspeqtivaSi. rogorc avRniSneT <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi am kuTxiT<br />
arasodes yofila Seswavlili.<br />
praqtikuli mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis<br />
eqsperimentuli kvlevis gamoyenebiTi mniSvnelobiT: ramdenadac am<br />
tipis analizi da kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas<br />
rogorc fsiqolingvistikis, ise fonostilistikis sferoSi, aseve<br />
mxatvruli teqstis Targmanebis Sesrulebisas.<br />
naSromis masalad gamoviyeneT <strong>frangul</strong>i da italiuri enebidan<br />
amoRebuli sityvebi, romlebic Seicavda bgeraTsimbolur<br />
komponentebs, analizisaTvis aseve gamoyenebul iqna mxatvruli<br />
literaturidan aRebuli nawyvetebi da maTi Targmanebi.<br />
kvlevis meTodebi bgeraTsimboluri masalis<br />
SedarebiT_SepirispirebiTi da komponenturi analizi (raTa<br />
gamovlindes bgeraTgamomxatvelobis arsebuli maxasiaTeblebi),<br />
statistikuri analizi da eqsperimenti, romlis mizanic iyo<br />
bgeraTsimboluri asociaciebis arsebobis damtkiceba.<br />
naSromis struqtura: sadisertacio naSromSi warmodgenilia<br />
Sesavali, oTxi Tavi, daskvnebi, gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa.
7<br />
pirveli Tavi _ <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis raoba Sedgeba sami<br />
qveTavisagan. masSi warmodgenilia gansaxilveli sakiTxis, misi<br />
aqtualobis da kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodologiis Teoriuli<br />
kvleva da dasabuTeba. kerZod, ra kavSirebi arsebobs sityviT<br />
bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobas Soris, ganxilulia <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmis Teoriebi da fonetikuri simbolizmis ZiriTadi<br />
principebi.<br />
meore Tavi _ <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi, rogorc fsiqolingvisturi<br />
movlena _ Sedgeba 4 qveTavisagan. masSi ganxilulia <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmi ara mxolod rogorc lingvisturi, aramed rogorc<br />
fsiqolingvisturi movlena, axsnilia <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis buneba<br />
fizikis kanonebis mixedviT da aris mcdeloba aixnas<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis faqtori. aqvea mocemuli<br />
bgeraTsimboluri komponentebis aRqmis fsiqofiziologiuri<br />
safuZvlebi, piqtoraluri sityvebi (anu “bgerweriTi sityvebi”),<br />
miRebuli daskvnebis safuZvelze SemuSavebulia axali cneba<br />
“suprafonema”.<br />
mesame Tavi _ <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis eqsperimentuli kvleva _<br />
eZRvneba bgeris fizikuri bunebis da adamianze misi zemoqmedebis<br />
aRweras. am TavSi warmodgenilia hipoTeza sityvis<br />
bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli erTeulis Sesaxeb da<br />
Seqmnilia <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis funqcionirebis modeli. aqvea<br />
kvleva ori enis praqtikul fono-semantikur masalaze dayrdnobiT,<br />
romelic miznad isaxavs _ suprafonemis, rogorc sityvis<br />
bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli erTeulis gamoyofis<br />
kanonzomierebis damtkicebas.
8<br />
meoTxe Tavi _ bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebis<br />
gamovlineba da aRqma _ Sedgeba oTxi qveTavisagan. masSi ganxilulia<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis funqcionireba, kerZod, <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis<br />
roli safirmo niSnebis SerCevis processa da marketingSi, <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmi mxatvrul literaturasa da TargmanebSi.<br />
daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenilia kvlevis Sedegebi.
9<br />
Tavi I<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis raoba<br />
§1 kavSiri bgerasa da mniSvnelobas, aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels<br />
Soris<br />
antikuri periodidan moyolebuli dRemde, kavSiri sityvis<br />
bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobas Soris, cxare diskusiisa da<br />
polemikis sagans warmoadgens. problemisadmi interesi<br />
gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda meoce saukuneSi da misi Seswavla<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> enaTmecnierebaSi, fsiqologiasa da filosofiaSi<br />
intensiurad mimdinareobs. zemoxsenebuli problemisadmi interesi<br />
ganpirobebulia misi kavSiriT iseT pirvelxarisxovan<br />
problemebTan, rogoricaa azrovnebisa da metyvelebis<br />
urTierTkavSiri, metyvelebis warmoSoba, metyvelebis<br />
fsiqologiuri meqanizmi, enis da enobrivi niSnis bunebis raoba.<br />
saxeldebis problemis kvleva mTel rig problemebTan aris<br />
dakavSirebuli. saqme imaSia, rom yoveli Taoba enas mza saxiT<br />
iRebs, amitom imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogoria sityvis bgeriT mxaresa<br />
da mniSvnelobas Soris arsebuli kavSiris buneba, iZulebulni<br />
vxdebiT ukve mza sityvis – saxeldebis Sedegis mixedviT<br />
vimsjeloT. problemas warmoadgens isic, rom yoveli <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />
ena warmoadgens xangrZlivi ganviTarebis produqts da saxeze<br />
gvaqvs bgerasa da mniSvnelobas Soris ara pirveladi, aramed<br />
xangrZlivi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad saxecvlili kavSiri.<br />
aRniSnuli siZnele Cvens winaSe marTlac dgas, Tumca<br />
mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> done SesaZleblobas<br />
gvaZlevs sakiTxis gadawyvetisas vixelmZRvaneloT ara zogadi<br />
principuli mosazrebebiT, aramed daveyrdnoT empiriuli<br />
mecnierebebis mravalmniSvnelovan monacemebs.
10<br />
marTalia, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> enebi xangrZlivi istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis poduqtia, magram rogorc gviCvenebs enis<br />
enaTmecnieruli da fsiqologiuri kvlevis praqtika, sxvadasxva<br />
enebis urTierTSedareba da sxva, empiriuli mecnierebebis<br />
gankargulebaSi aris mravali iseTi monapovari, romelsac<br />
aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetaSi pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs.<br />
kavSiri sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobas Soris, anda<br />
sosiuris (sosiuri 1933, 35) terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, „aRsaniSnsa”<br />
da „aRmniSvnels” Soris, TviT adamianSia. maT Soris kavSirs _<br />
saxeldebas adamiani axorcielebs. amitom gaumarTlebelia<br />
problemis gadawyvetis mcdeloba imis gauTvaliswineblad, Tu<br />
rogori saxiT aris es kavSiri warmodgenili TviT adamianSi,<br />
rogor axdens adamiani saxelisa da mniSvnelobis dakavSirebas _<br />
saxeldebas. problemis gadawyvetisas fsiqologiis uaryofa, Cveni<br />
azriT, gaumarTlebelia. kvlevebi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> fsiqologiaSic<br />
intensiurad mimdinareobs da eqsperimentebis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
daskvnebic sakmaod STambeWdavia, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
problema ganvixiloT kompleqsurad.<br />
Zvel saberZneTSi gacxovelebuli diskusia warmoebda imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu ra gansazRvravs ama Tu im sagnis saxels, mocemul<br />
sagans ratom ewoda es saxeli da ara sxva. am sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT Tavisi misazrebebi gamoTqves heraklitem, demokritem,<br />
epikureelebma, stoikosebma, skeptikosebma da sxvebma, xolo<br />
platonis dialog “kratilSi” (platoni 1931; 75) es problema<br />
sakmaod detalurad aris ganxiluli. berZnebis mier gamoTqmul<br />
mosazrebebs dResac ar daukargavT aqtualoba. dResac, sakiTxis<br />
gadawyvetaSi SeiniSneba ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romlebic<br />
antikur periodSi ase Camoyalibda:<br />
1. saxelsa da mniSvnelobas Soris kavSiri arsebiTia; sagani<br />
gansazRvravs, Tu ra saxeli daerqmeva mas, xolo raSi
11<br />
mdgomareobs es kavSiri, es sxvadasxva Teoriis mier<br />
sxvadasxvanairad aris gagebuli.<br />
2. saxelsa da mniSvnelobas Soris kavSiri nebismieri,<br />
pirobiTia. sagans saxeli ewoda SeTanxmeba - dakanonebis<br />
gziT.<br />
platonis dialog “kratilSi” (platoni 1931; 45) sakmaod<br />
detalurad aris warmodgenili saxeldebis sakiTxis gadawyvetis<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli orivenairi varianti. pirvel maTgans icavs<br />
kratili, meores – hermogene. sokrate arbitris rolSi gvevlineba<br />
da gamoTqvams mosazrebebs rogorc erTi, aseve meore Tvalsazrisis<br />
Sesaxeb. marTalia sabolood arc erT maTgans ar uWers mxars,<br />
sakiTxs Riad tovebs, magram am SemTxvevaSi amas ara aqvs<br />
principuli mniSvneloba. “kratilSi” erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia<br />
sakuTar saxelTa, warmoebul sityvaTa Seqmna da Tavdapirveli<br />
saxeldeba. gmirTa da kacTa saxelebma SeiZleba SecdomaSi<br />
Segviyvanos, radganac adamianebs saxelebs xSirad winaparTa<br />
saxelebis Sesabamisad arqmeven; bevri saxeli gamoxatavs<br />
saxelmdeblis survils da a. S. saxeldebis es ori saxeoba<br />
erTmaneTisagan principulad gansxvavdeba, Tumca rogorc<br />
bolodroindeli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, mTeli rigi saerTo<br />
specifiurobiTac xasiaTdeba.<br />
sagans, platonis azriT, garegan TvisebebTan erTad sakuTari<br />
arsic gaaCnia. swored am arsis mibaZva xorcieldeba asoebisa da<br />
marcvlebis saSualebiT, mxolod arsis mibaZvis Sedegad miiReba<br />
saxeli. ase magaliTad: moZraobis gadmocema daekisra “r”_ s imitom,<br />
rom, misi warmoTqmisas ena gamudmebiT TrTis da trialebs: “i”<br />
_gamoxatavs svlasa da swrafvas; ”ph”, ”ps”, “s”, “dz” fSvinierTa<br />
saSualebiT saxelmdebeli baZavs da asaxelebs imas, rac Tavisi<br />
bunebiT didad waagavs am bgerebs (stiqiebs): civs, mduRares, ryevas<br />
da Zvras. “d” da “t” warmoTqmisas awvebian enas da kumSaven mas,<br />
amitomac, maT daekisraT borkilisa da dgomis gadmocema. “a” _
12<br />
“dids” miewera, “e” _ “grZels”, cnebis _ “mrgvali” gadmosacemad<br />
“o” _ s mimarTaven. ase da amrigad, asoebiTa da marcvlebiT Seiqmna<br />
danarCen saganTa saxelebic, Semdeg ki gadavidnen warmoebul<br />
sityvebze, romelTac safuZvlad daedo pirvelqmnili sityvebi.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, “kratilSi” gamoTqmuli mosazreba Sorsaa<br />
xmabaZvis im Teoriisagan, romlis mixedviTac, pirveli sityvebi am<br />
sityvebiT aRniSnuli sagnebis mier gamocemuli bgerebis wabaZvas<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
stoikosTa Sexedulebis mixedviT, Tu sagnebi CvenSi iwvevs<br />
sxvadasxva asociaciebs, magaliTad, “rbili”, “magari”, amgvar<br />
saxelebSi gamoyenebulia bgerebi, romlebic akustikurad<br />
Seesabameba mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, roca Cven warmovTqvamT<br />
sityvas “lene” (sirbile), is aseve rbilad JRers; vin ver amCnevs<br />
sisastikes TviT sityva “asper” _ Si? sirbile SeigrZnoba yuriT,<br />
roca warmovTqvamT “voluptas” (tkboba), simtkicis SegrZneba<br />
gveufleba, rodesac warmovTqvamT “crux” (jvari); Tafli (mel)<br />
tkbili gemosia da misi saxelic sasiamovnod JRers, xolo sityva<br />
“mware” (acer) usiamovno gemos Seesatyviseba da a. S.<br />
platonisa da stoikosebis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ufro<br />
axloa fonetikuri simbolizmis gavrcelebul TeoriasTan, vidre im<br />
gulubryvilo TeoriasTan, romelic <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> literaturaSi<br />
“xmabaZvis Teoriis” saxeliT aris cnobili.<br />
aranakleb gavrcelebulia Sorisdebulebis, anu wamoZaxilebis<br />
Teoria, romelsac jer kidev epikureelebi icavdnen. am Teoriis<br />
mixedviT, pirvelyofili adamianebi, iRebdnen ra garkveul<br />
STabeWdilebebs garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi, uneburad<br />
gamoscemdnen bgerebs da es uneburi wamoZaxilebi Semdgom<br />
Sesatyvisi sagnebis saxelebad gadaiqcnen.<br />
Sorisdebulebis Teoria gaziarebul iqna mravali gamoCenili<br />
moazrovnis mier, romelTa Soris arian didi romaeli poeti da<br />
filosofosi lukreciusi da neokantianeli filosofosi l.nuare
13<br />
(nuare 1925; 64). nuares enis warmoSobis e.w. SromiTi Teoriis<br />
mixedviT ena aRmocenda refleqsuri wamoZaxilebis safuZvelze,<br />
wamoZaxilebis, romlebic Tan axlda Sromis aqts daZabulobisas<br />
amosunTqvis dros. Sromis procesis es Tanmxlebi refleqsuri<br />
wamoZaxilebi TandaTanobiT gadaiqcnen SromiTi procesebis<br />
simboloebad, pirveli sityvebis _ zmnebis fuZeebad. l. nuares<br />
azriT metyvelebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb Tu gamovalT Sromis<br />
procesSi monawile adamianebis urTierTSeZaxilebidan, es<br />
SesaZleblobas mogvcems, avxsnaT, jer erTi, pirveli sityvebis<br />
fuZeebis zmnuri xasiaTi.<br />
xmabaZvis da Sorisdebulis Teoriebs dResdReobiT nakleb<br />
angariSs uweven. h. pauli (pauli 1960; 28) da sxva avtorebi<br />
miuTiTeben, rom yvela Sorisdebuli ar aris namdvili, bunebrivi<br />
bgera, yvela maTgani Tavisi arsiT ar gamomdinareobs afeqtis<br />
mdgomareobidan ise, rogorc sicili da tirili. SorisdebulTa<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili gviani warmoSobisaa da maTi xasiaTi<br />
momdinareobs ara emociebTan uSualo kavSirebidan, aramed<br />
semantikuri Suamavali rgolis meSveobiT.<br />
s. rubinSteinis azriT, bgeriTi wabaZvis da Sorisdebulebis<br />
Teoriebis ZiriTadi nakli is aris, rom isini ar iTvaliswineben<br />
bgeriTi metyveelbis agebulebis principebs. bgeriTi metyveleba<br />
principSi bgeriTi gamoxatvisagan gansxvavebul safuZvlebzea<br />
agebuli. metyvelebisaTvis arsebiTia aRniSvna da ara sagnis<br />
gamoxatva, igive iTqmis emociuri wamoZaxilebis (Sorisdebulebis)<br />
Teoriis Sesaxebac. Sorisdebulebi ar qmnian metyvelebis<br />
safuZvlebs “da rac mTavaria, ramdenadac isini ubralod mxolod<br />
gamomxatvelobiTi bgeriTi moZraobebia, maTi warmoSobis axsna<br />
siZneles ar Seadgens, magram es ar iqneba metyvelebis axsna.<br />
auxsneli darCeba, Tu rogor aRmocenda sityva, romelic ara<br />
mxolod gamomxatvelia, aramed raRacasac aRniSnavs.” (rubinSteini<br />
1946; 418)
14<br />
miuTiTeben, rom bgeriTi wabaZvisa da Sorisdebulebis Teoriebi<br />
tipobriv individualistur Teoriebs warmoadgens da “miuxedavad<br />
gansxvavebisa, am or Teorias saerTo principi udevs safuZvlad:<br />
rogorc erTis, ise meoris mixedviT pirvel sityvebs calkeuli<br />
pirebi qmnian. sruliadac ar aris saWiro adamianTa jgufi<br />
imisaTvis, rom gaigon “gu-gu” da daukavSiro igi garkveul<br />
frinvels, an imisaTvis, rom daiyviro SiSisagan, an autaneli<br />
tkivilisagan” (Ciqobava 1952; 126).<br />
bgeriTi wabaZvis da Sorisdebulis Teoriebis ZiriTadi nakli<br />
is aris, rom isini ar aTvaliswineben bgeriTi metyvelebis<br />
agebulebis principebs.<br />
Sorisdebulebi ar qmnian metyvelebis safuZvlebs da rac<br />
mTavaria, ramdenadac isini ubralod gamomxatvelobiTi bgeriTi<br />
moZraobebia, maTi warmoSobis axsna siZneles ar warmoadgens,<br />
magram es ar aris metyvelebis axsna.<br />
delakruas azriT, xmabaZvis Teoria ganvlili etapia<br />
mecnierebaSi. dRes ukve aRar SeiZleba laparaki naturalur<br />
simbolikaze. cda, rom bunebis Tvisebebis daxmarebiT aixsnas<br />
bgerebi da mniSvneloba, mizans ver aRwevs. SesaZloa davuSvaT, rom<br />
bgeras SeuZlia gvemsaxuros aRmniSvnelad da saxelwodebad,<br />
rodesac magaliTad cxovelis yvirilis imitacias axdens, magram<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> erTi da igive cneba gamoixateba sxvadasxva bgeriT,<br />
garda amisa, damtkicebulia, rom, xmabaZviT sityvebs aqvT Zlier<br />
subieqturi xasiaTi; isini icvlebian lingvisturi jgufebis<br />
mixedviT da eqspresiul Rirebulebas mxolod mniSvnelobis<br />
wyalobiT iZenen.<br />
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, xSirad xmabaZvisa da Sorisdebulebis<br />
Teoriebis kategorias akuTvneben iseT Teoriebs, romelTa mimarTac<br />
aRniSnuli kritikuli SeniSvnebis sakmao nawili daumsaxurebelia,<br />
magram am sakiTxis ganxilva amJamad Cvens amocanebs scildeba. miT<br />
umetes, rom es Teoriebi dReisaTvis mecnierebaSi ukve ganvlil<br />
etapad aris miCneuli da Tuki raime aris maTSi Rirebuli, maT
15<br />
TavianTi asaxva ukve hpoves ufro gviandel TeoriebSi, romlebic<br />
eqsperimentuli Ziebis masalebze dayrdnobiT iqna wamoyenebuli da<br />
romelTa Sesaxebac Cven Sedmgom gveqneba msjeloba.<br />
zogierTi avtori iTvaliswinebs ra, rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> enebis<br />
sityvaTa did umravlesobaSi ar igrZnoba maTi xmabaZviTi an<br />
Sorisdebuliseuli warmoSoba, sakiTxis kompromisul<br />
gadawyvetilebas gvTavazobs. ase magaliTad, cnobili germaneli<br />
filosofosis g. leibnicis (leibnici 1936; 245) mixedviT, arseboben<br />
gviani warmoSobis _ “nawarmoebi enebi” da arsebobs pirveladi _<br />
“fuZiseuli” ena, romlisganac warmoiSva yvela “nawarmoebi ena”.<br />
pirveladi, “fuZiseuli” enebis aRmocenebis sakiTxi ukavSirdeba<br />
metyvelebis warmoSobas, xolo “nawarmoebi enebis” istoria<br />
calkeuli enebis aRmocenebis istoriaa. xmabaZvas adgili hqonda<br />
fuZiseul <strong>enaSi</strong>. nawarmoebi enebic aviTarebdnen xmabaZvis princips<br />
imisda mixeviT, Tu romel <strong>enaSi</strong> ukeT viTardeboda fuZiseuli enis<br />
principebi. im masStabebiT, ra masStabebiTac nawarmoebi enebi<br />
scildeboda fuZiseul enas, maT axasiaTebda sul ufro da ufro<br />
naklebi xmabaZviToba da xdeboda metad simboluri” (leibnici 1936;<br />
245).<br />
sakiTxis analogiuri gadawyveta gvxvdeba metyvelebis<br />
warmoSobis TeoriaSi delakruasTanac.<br />
delakruas mixedviT, metyvelebis warmoSobis aucilebel<br />
pirobas warmoadgens emociis gamoxatva, socialuri garemo da<br />
inteleqti. metyveleba saTaves emociebidan iRebs, yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, am masalis did nawils _ bgerebs, romlebisganac<br />
sityvebi Sedgeba, da Jestebs, romlebic metyvelebis aqts erTvis<br />
Tan. metyveleba Tavis sawyis etapze emociuria; emocia aris<br />
bunebrivi metyveleba (delakrua 1924; 78). emociis arsi imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom igi difuzur iradiacias warmoadgens, romelic<br />
gamRizianebelze uSualod iZleva Sesatyvis pasuxs. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, emociis gamomsaxvelobiTi mxare ara marto uSualo<br />
pasuxia gamRizianebelze.
16<br />
emocia difuzur iradiacias warmoadgens, romelic mTel<br />
organizmze vrceldeba da mis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva<br />
gavlenas axdens. emocia bunebrivi metyvelebaa, magram namdvili<br />
metyveleba im momentidan iwyeba, rodesac subieqts SeuZlia<br />
mTliani reproduqciisagan gaTavisufldes da erTi elementisagan<br />
mTlianobis niSani Seqmnas. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia<br />
sazogadoebrivi garemo. Cveni metyveleba gavlenas axdens sxvebis<br />
cnobierebaze, is interpretirebuli da gagebulia. mxolod am<br />
SemTxvevaSi Sedgeba sametyvelo aqti. metyveleba, iseve rogorc<br />
mimika, gvibrundeba sxvaze Tavisi arekvlis meoxebiT. amitomac,<br />
delakrua xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovreba<br />
metyvelebis aucilebeli garemoa, metyveleba mxolod koleqtivSi,<br />
socialuri pirobebis gamo SeiZleba gamovlindes. komunikaciis<br />
moTxovnileba, socialuri kontaqti, sxvaze zemoqmedebis saWiroeba<br />
metyvelebis aucilebeli pirobaa. metyveleba arsebobs mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu ori individi mocemul aqts SeTanxmebiT garkveul<br />
mniSvnelobas miawers da am aqts isini urTierTobis mizniT<br />
gamoiyeneben. metyveleba iwyeba maSin, rodesac niSani bunebriv<br />
gamosaxvas cvlis, xolo intencia _ meqanikur gantvirTvas.<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovreba niSnad gardaqmnis imas, rac mxolod<br />
bunebrivi moZraoba da Zaxili iyo. swored amis Sedegad gadaiqceva<br />
grZnobebis gamoxatva metyvelebad.<br />
metyvelebis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia azrovneba. imisaTvis,<br />
rom niSani arsebobdes, aucilebelia niSanTa sistema, romelic<br />
cnebebsa da maT Soris mimarTebebzea dafuZnebuli. sagnebs Soris<br />
mimarTebebis monaxva azrovnebaa. amitom metyvelebas ar SeuZlia<br />
Tavi daaRwios azrovnebas, azrovneba ki aucileblad miaRwevs<br />
metyvelebas. metyvelebis warmoSobas win uswrebs azrovnebis<br />
intuiciuri anticipaciis safexuri. azrovnebis Sinagani moTxovna,<br />
romelic fsiqikur niSans aRwevs, xvdeba komunikaciis saWiroebis<br />
garegan moTxovnas, romelic socialur niSans aRwevs. ai, am<br />
socialuri da fsiqikuri niSnis kavSiriT iqmneba metyveleba.
17<br />
delakruas mixedviT, marTalia metyveleba pirvel sityvebs<br />
naxulobs jer kidev sagnebTan mWidro mimarTebebiT dakavSirebul<br />
afeqtur gamomxatvelobiT moZraobebSi, magram igi Cqara gadalaxavs<br />
am sawyis kavSirebs da pirobiTobasa da nebismierobas miaRwevs. igi<br />
TandaTanobiT gafaqizdeba da garTuldeba, raTa niSanTa sistema<br />
aagos.<br />
metyvelebaSi warmoebs Znelad warmosaTqmeli kombinaciebis<br />
eliminacia. bevri <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> primitiuli ena gadatvirTulia<br />
Znelad warmosaTqmeli bgerebiT, misi azriT, primitiul enas aqvs<br />
Zlier musikaluri aqcenti da pirveladi metyveleba gacilebiT<br />
musikaluri da gamomsaxvelobiTia. civilizacia TiTqos adunebs<br />
grZnobebs da Sesabamisad aseTi enebi xasiaTdeba gamomsaxvelobis<br />
naklebi xarisxiT.<br />
Cveni azriT delakruas TeoriaSi arasworad aris gagebuli<br />
� azrovnebisa da metyvelebis roli, maTi funqcia.<br />
� azrovnebisa da metyvelebis urTierTobis sakiTxi.<br />
� komunikaciis roli.<br />
SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT delakruas imaSi, rom pirveladi<br />
leqsika mxolod emociebis urTierTgaziarebas, urTierTgagebinebas<br />
emsaxureboda, iseve rogorc Znelia gaiziaro misi daSveba<br />
metyvelebis aRmocenebamde azrovnebis sakmaod maRali donis da<br />
aseve sakmaod maRali formebis komunikaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb.<br />
mecxramete saukuneSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca<br />
metyvelebis Tanmxleb komponentebs _ mimikasa da Jestikulacias. am<br />
ukanasknelebze yuradReba gansakuTrebiT l. gaigerma gaamaxvila,<br />
xolo v. vundti (vundti 1913; 76) pirvelad Seecada Seeqmna xelis<br />
(Jestis) enis fsiqologiuri Teoria, Tumca xmabaZvis,<br />
Sorisdebulebis da Jestis enis Teoriebi, rogorc zemoT<br />
avRniSneT, sakiTxis kvlevaSi ukve ganvlil etapad aris miCneuli,<br />
amitom maTi safuZvliani ganxilva umarTebulod migvaCnia.
18<br />
saxeldebis sakiTxis meorenairi gadawyveta sawyiss aseve<br />
antikuri saberZneTidan iRebs. am Teoriis mixedviT, saxelisa da<br />
mniSvnelobis pirveldakavSireba nebismieri, pirobiTia. jer kidev<br />
sofisti hermogene amtkicebda, rom vaSls SeiZleba qliavi ewodos<br />
da qliavs _ vaSli, Tuki Cven amaSi SevTanxmdebiTo. skeptikosebi,<br />
akritikebdnen ra stoikosebis xmabaZvis Teorias, miuTiTebdnen, rom<br />
sityvam Tavisi mniSvneloba nebismierad, SemTxveviTad miiRo,<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi yvela xalxs erTmaneTisa unda esmodes.<br />
sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta meoce saukunis meore naxevarSic<br />
sakmaod popularuli iyo. j. loki (loki 1960; 43) da sxvebi,<br />
ebrZodnen ra enis warmoSobis Sesaxeb bibliur miTs, xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSnavdnen, rom urTierTobis aucileblobam aiZula adamianebi,<br />
gamoegonebinaT ena. j. loki werda: “yovlad dauSvebelia veZeboT<br />
raime saxisD bunebrivi kavSiri calkeul bgerebsa da cnebebs Soris.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi yvela adamiani ilaparakebda erTsa da imave<br />
enaze”( loki 1960:45).<br />
daaxloebiT imave azrs iziareben J. ruso, e. kondiliaki, e.<br />
mopertiu, J. kondorse da sxvebi _ enis warmoSoba xelSekrulebis,<br />
winaswari mofiqrebisa da SeTanxmebis gziT moxda; enis<br />
warmoSobaSi adamianTa Segnebulma, mizandasaxulma moqmedebam<br />
Seasrula didi roli.<br />
saxeldebis problemis meorenairma gadawyvetam, asaxva hpova<br />
enobrivi niSnis pirobiTobis TeoriaSi.<br />
enobrivi niSnis bunebis sakiTxSi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> enaTmecnierebis<br />
sxvadasxva mimdinareobebs Soris azrTa principuli sxvadasxvaobaa.<br />
zogjer enobrivi niSani gagebulia, rogorc mxolod bgeriTi<br />
masalisagan Sedgenili enobrivi elementi, romelic, f. de sosiuris<br />
termini rom gamoviyenoT, warmoadgens mxolod aRmniSvnels. am<br />
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT “aRmniSvneli udris niSans, “aRmniSvneli”<br />
da “niSani” sinonimebia” (sosiuri 1933: 35) . ufro xSirad ki<br />
enobrivi niSani gagebulia, rogorc aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnelis,<br />
sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobis erToblioba.
19<br />
rogorc vxedavT, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba saxeldebis sakiTxis<br />
orgvari gadawyveta:<br />
1. aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis dakavSireba kanonzomieri<br />
xasiaTisaa, igi motivirebulia, maT Soris kavSiri ar aris<br />
SemTxveviTi, nebismieri, mocemuli aRsaniSnis aRmniSvnelad<br />
nebismieri <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi ar gamodgeba.<br />
2. aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis dakavSireba ar aris<br />
motivirebuli, es kavSiri SemTxveviTia, pirobiTia, nebismieria,<br />
mocemuli aRsaniSnis aRmniSvnelad nebismieri <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsi gamodgeba.<br />
pirvelnairi gadawyveta emyareba faqtebs, romelTa sisworeSi<br />
eWvis Setanis safuZveli ar arsebobs. saxeldobr, yvela <strong>enaSi</strong><br />
sakmao raodenobiT arseboba im sityvebisa, romlebic Seicaven<br />
piqtoralur elementebs, bunebrivi enebis sxvadasxva kategoriis<br />
sityvebSi fonemaTa sxvadasxvagvari ganawileba, mravalmxriv da<br />
mravalricxvovan eqsperimentul gamokvlevaTa Sedegebi da sxva.<br />
meorenairi gadawyveta emyareba mravalenianobis faqts _ erTi<br />
da igive sagani sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> sxvadasxva saxeliT aRiniSneba da<br />
ase Semdeg. aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis dakavSirebis sakiTxis ori<br />
urTierTsapirispiro gadawyvetis sasargeblod warmodgenili<br />
argumentebi arc upirispirdebian da arc gamoricxaven erTmaneTs.<br />
es garemoeba zogierTi mecnieris azriT, imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom<br />
mocemul SemTxvevebSi sakiTxi ori sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT<br />
ganixileba: sakiTxis pirvelnairi gadawyveta aris sakiTxis<br />
empiriuli ganxilvis, xolo meorenairi _ sakiTxis filosofiur,<br />
gnoseologiur, logikur aspeqtSi ganxilvis Sedegi. marTalia,<br />
aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT ganxilva savsebiT kanonieria, magram es<br />
ar niSnavs, rom saxeldebis problemis orivenairi gadawyveta aseve<br />
marTebuli da misaRebia. es ar niSnavs, rom marTebulia mtkiceba:<br />
Tu sakiTxs empiriuli TvalsazrisiT mivudgebiT, kavSiri<br />
aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris ar aris pirobiTi, ar aris<br />
nebismieri, ar aris SemTxveviTi, motivirebulia, kanonzomieria,
20<br />
aRsaniSni nebismieri <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsiT ar SeiZleba iyos<br />
aRniSnuli.<br />
avtorebi, romlebic sakiTxis orivenair gadawyvetas kanonierad<br />
Tvlian, ar iTvaliswineben, rom “mecnerebebi erTmaneTisgan<br />
gansxvavdebian Seswavlis obieqtiT da ara TvalsazrisiT” da rom<br />
or sxvadasxva mecnierebas ar SeuZlia Seiswavlos erTi da igive<br />
kanonzomiereba.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli, cxadia ar gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom<br />
sxvadasxva mecniereba swavlobdes sinamdvilis erTsa da imave<br />
faqts, magram am SemTxvevaSic sxvadasxva mecniereba swavlobs erTi<br />
da igive movlenis sxvadasxva mxares da maSasadame, sxvadasxvaa maTi<br />
kvlevis sagani. filosofias ainteresebs aRmniSvnelisa da<br />
aRsaniSnis kavSiris gnoseologieri mxare, saxeldobr, aris Tu ara<br />
aRmniSvneli aRsaniSnis asaxva, aris Tu ara maT Soris organuli<br />
kavSiri, amasTan, mas ainteresebs sakiTxis obieqturi mxare _<br />
aRsaniSni da aRmniSvneli TavisTavad. aqedan gamomdinare aRsaniSni<br />
da aRmniSvneli ganixileba uSualod erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
xdeba am kavSiris abstrahireba adamianisagan, romelSiac as kavSiri<br />
arsebobs da romelic am kavSirs amyarebs.<br />
aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis gnoseologiur, logikur aspeqtSi<br />
ganxilvisas irkveva, rom “sityva, rogorc <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi, ar<br />
warmoadgens sagnebis asls, ar imyofeba organul kavSirSi<br />
obieqturi samyaros TvisebebTan ”, rom aRmniSvnelis aRsaniSnTan<br />
dakavSireba organuli kavSiriT ar aris determinebuli. metic,<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi da sagani heterogenuli movlenebia da Tu maT<br />
adamianisagn abstrahirebulad ganvixilavT, saerTod maT Soris<br />
aranairi kavSiri ar asebobs.<br />
aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris kavSiris gnoseologiur<br />
aspeqtSi ganxilva saWiro da aucilebelia misi principuli<br />
Teoriuli da meTodologiuri mniSvnelobis gamo, magram, roca<br />
gnoseologiuri Tvalsazrisi gadainacvlebs metyvelebis<br />
fsiqologiasa da enaTmecnierebaSi, xan filosofiuri
21<br />
argumentaciiT, xan mis gareSe, Tavs iCens filosofiis,<br />
enaTmecnierebisa da fsiqologiis saganTa aRreva.<br />
saqme imaSia, rom folosofias ainteresebs aRsaniSnisa da<br />
aRmniSvnelis kavSiris buneba obieqturi TvalsazrisiT, xolo Tu<br />
kavSiris am mxares ganvixilavT, maSin misi buneba mxolod<br />
uaryofiTi predikatebiT xasiaTdeba: aRmniSvneli ar warmoadgens<br />
aRsaniSnis asaxvas, aRmniSvnelis aRsaniSnTan dakavSireba organuli<br />
kavSirebiT ar aris determinebuli. saqmis viTareba ar icvleba<br />
imaze miTiTebiT, rom sakiTxi filosofiur an logikur aspeqtSi<br />
ganixileba. aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris kavSiri mxolod<br />
individSia mocemuli. ”es rom ase ar iyos, aRsaniSnsa da<br />
aRmniSvnelis dakavSireba adamianis gareSe iwarmoebda, e. i.<br />
mniSvneloba materialuri sinamdvilis, gare samyaros faqti<br />
aRmoCndeboda”, _ samarTlianad SeniSnavs a. Ciqobava (Ciqobava 1952:<br />
154). adamianis, individis gareSe maT Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis gamo marTebuli unda iyos saxeldebis<br />
meorenairi gadawyveta, romlis mixedviTac kavSiri aRsaniSnsa da<br />
aRmniSvnels Soris pirobiTia, nebismieria, mocemuli mniSvnelobis<br />
aRsaniSnavad nebismieri <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT,<br />
ganvixiloT, rogorc saxelsa da mniSvnelobas Soris adamianSi<br />
mocemuli kavSiris daxasiaTeba da vnaxoT, ramdenad marTebulia<br />
igi.<br />
1. problemis meorenairi gadawyvetis ZiriTad arguments<br />
warmoadgens mravalenianobis faqti _ erTi da igive aRsaniSni<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> sxvadasxva saxeliT aRiniSneba. es miuTiTebs imaze,<br />
rom kavSiri aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris SemTxveviTia,<br />
nebismieria.<br />
maSasadame, mravalenianobis mizezi aris aRsaniSnisa da<br />
aRmniSvnelis kavSiris aramotivirebuloba, misi nebismieroba.<br />
mravalenianoba aris am kavSiris nebismierobis Sedegi. rogorc<br />
vxedavT, mravalenianobis faqtis, rogorc Sedegis, arsebobis<br />
safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna misi mizezis _ aRsaniSnisa da
22<br />
aRmniSvnelis kavSiris nebismierobis Sesaxeb, magram Cven migvaCnia,<br />
rom daskvna, logikuri TvalsazrisiT moklebulia sakmao<br />
safuZvels, Tumca Cven ar vamtkicebT imas, rom debuleba aRsaniSnsa<br />
da aRmniSvnels Soris kavSiris nebismierobis Sesaxeb, aucileblad<br />
mcdaria. ubralod SevecdebiT, ramdenime magaliTi moviyvanoT.<br />
e. w. warmoebuli sityvebi sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> sxvadasxva<br />
sityvebidan arian warmoebulni. ase magaliTad, frinvel “stvenias”<br />
saxeli qarTulSi warmodgeba sityvidan “stvena”, imave frinvelis<br />
saxeli rusul <strong>enaSi</strong> nawarmoebia sityvidan “Tovli” (снегирь),<br />
serbiul <strong>enaSi</strong> sityvidan _ zamTari (зимовка), germanul <strong>enaSi</strong> Gimpel<br />
warmoebulia sityvidan “xtunva”(gümbel), <strong>frangul</strong>i saxeli “le<br />
bouvreuil” nawarmoebia laTinuri sityvidan “bovariolus” _ mwyemsi. am<br />
frinvelis <strong>frangul</strong>i saxeli “piovine” ki varaudoben, rom<br />
momdinareobs tyis yayaCos (peoni) saxelidan, mecnieruli<br />
(laTinuri) saxelwodeba Pirrula (vulgaris) wiTeli feris berZnuli<br />
saxelidan aris warmoebulida sxva (1). frinveli erTi da igivea,<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> ki misi saxeli sxvadasxva sityvebidan aris<br />
warmoebuli, Tumca samotivacio sityvebis sxvadasxvaobis<br />
safuZvelze albaT veravin gaakeTebs daskvnas, rom samotivacio<br />
sityvis SerCeva ar aris gansazRvruli saxelsadebi Sinaarsis<br />
specifikiT, rom mocemuli mniSvnelobis saxelis sawarmoeblad<br />
nebismieri sityvis bgeriTi mxare SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli, rom<br />
samotivacio sityvis rolis Sesruleba nebismier sityvas SeuZlia.<br />
aseT daskvnas aravin gaakeTebs, radgan cnobilia, rom warmoebuli<br />
sityva aRniSnavs ara mxolod garkveul mniSvnelobas, aramed aseve<br />
asaxavs am mniSvnelobis sxva mniSvnelobebTan mimarTebasac.<br />
“yoveli ena, _ wers a. Ciqobava, _ asaxavs sinamdviles, magram<br />
ara erTnairad. sinamdvilis movlenebi, maTi kavSiri Taviseburi<br />
saxiT Cndeba sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong>. erT SemTxvevaSi aRsaniSnis EerTi<br />
mxarea amosavali, meoreSi _ sxva... aRsaniSnTa Soris urTierToba<br />
erTgan asea warmodgenili, sxvagan _ sxvagvarad, ... zogjer
23<br />
Tavisebureba ise Sors midis rom erTi enis gamoTqma pirdapir arc<br />
iTargmnis” (Ciqobava 1945: 185_186).<br />
debuleba: yoveli ena msoflmxedvelobaao, marTebulia im<br />
gagebiT, rom yovel <strong>enaSi</strong>, rogorc niSanTa Tavisebur sistemaSi,<br />
sinamdvile (aRsaniSni) met-naklebobis Nnair _ nairobiTaa<br />
warmodgenili (asaxuli). yoveli ena meoris TvalsazrisiT,<br />
metismetad nebismieria Tavis klasifikaciebSi. is, rac erT <strong>enaSi</strong><br />
warmogvidgeba erTian martiv idead, meoreSi SeiZleba ideebis<br />
mTeli seriiT iyos warmodgenili.<br />
2. Tezisis _ sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mis leqsikur<br />
mniSvnelobas Soris kavSiri ar aris motivirebuli, nebismieria,<br />
pirobiTia, dasabuTebis mizniT miuTiTeben, rom erTi da igive<br />
sagani sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> sxvadasxva saxeliT aRiniSneba da<br />
magaliTad mohyavT sityva magida _ rusulad, <strong>frangul</strong>ad,<br />
italiurad, inglisurad da germanulad.<br />
dasabuTebis es forma logikur Secdomas Seicavs, romelsac<br />
Tezisis ignorirebas, ignoratio elenchi _ s uwodeben. is faqti, rom<br />
erTi da igive sagani sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> sxvadasxva saxeliT<br />
aRiniSneba, ar asabuTebs Teziss _ kavSiri sityvis bgeriT mxaresa<br />
da mniSvnelobas Soris nebismieria, radganac sxvadasxva saxeliT<br />
aRiniSneba ara erTi da igive leqsikuri mniSvneloba, aramed, erTi<br />
da igive sagani.<br />
3. rodesac aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis kavSiris<br />
nebismierobaze msjeloben, Cveulebriv miuTiTeben, rom niSnis<br />
nebismierobis ZiriTadi principi xels ar gviSlis, yovel <strong>enaSi</strong><br />
ganvasxvavoT is, rac safuZvelSive nebismieria, e. i. umotivacioa,<br />
imisgan, rac mxolod SedarebiTaa nebismieri. niSanTa mxolod<br />
nawilia absoluturad nebismieri: sxvebs ki iseTi niSnebi gaaCniaT,<br />
romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs mivakuTvnoT isini nebismierobis<br />
sxvadasxva safexurs. niSani SeiZleba iyos SedarebiT motivirebuli.<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, rom enis pirveladi,<br />
ZiriTadi masala araa motivirebuli; amiTaa Sepirobebuli enobrivi
24<br />
niSnis nebismieri xasiaTi f. de sosiuris mixedviT (sosiuri 1933:<br />
127).<br />
ese igi absoluturad nebismieri mxolod enis pirveladi,<br />
ZiriTadi masalaa da leqsikis umetesi nawili ki _ SedarebiT<br />
nebismieri.<br />
aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis kavSiris nebismieroba,<br />
aramotivirebuloba warmoebuli sityvebis magaliTze ver<br />
dasabuTdeba, amitom asaxeleben xolme iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa<br />
“xari” da sxva, magram cnobilia, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi sityva,<br />
romelic sxva sityvidan iyo warmoebuli, ganicdis<br />
deetimologizacias da ikargeba is semantikuri kavSirebi,<br />
romliTac is Seqmnis dros xasiaTdeboda. amis gamo ama Tu im<br />
sityvis etimologiuri Zirebis dadgena did siZnelesTan aris<br />
dakavSirebuli da Zalian xSirad SeuZlebelic. albaT<br />
gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom dReisTvis Znelia<br />
romelime sityvaze vTqvaT, rom mas ar ganucdia deetimologizacia.<br />
Znelia davasaxeloT romelime iseTi sityva, romlis mimarTac<br />
SeiZleboda dabejiTebiT imis Tqma, rom is sxva sityvidan ar aris<br />
warmoebuli, rom is Tavdapirveli fuZiseuli sityvaa.<br />
4. sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobis urTierTkavSiris<br />
nebismierobis, aramotivirebulobis, pirobiTobis sasargeblod<br />
Cveulebriv miuTiTeben xolme im garemoebaze, rom saxeli _ <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsi _ ar asaxavs am saxeliT aRniSnul sinamdvilis<br />
movlenebs, sagnebs.<br />
“yovel <strong>enaSi</strong>, _ wers b. a. serebrenikovi (serebrenikovi 1950:247),<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi ukavSirdeba mxolod ama Tu im sagans an<br />
movlenas, magram es ar aris sagnebisa da movlenebis niSnebisa da<br />
Tvisebebis asaxva... <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi, garda umniSvnelo<br />
raodenobis xmabaZviTi sityvebisa, arsad ar aris motivirebuli<br />
imiT, rom is raime saxiT asaxavdes mis mier aRniSnul sagans”.<br />
sityvasa da sagans Soris aseTi organuli Sesatyvisoba rom<br />
arsebuliyo, e. i. sityvebi rom sagnebs asaxavdnen, maSin yvela ena
25<br />
leqsikurad erTnairi iqneboda, radganac sityva uSualod<br />
gamoxatavda sagnebs an movlenebs.<br />
yoveli sityva Tavisi ieriT rom asaxavdes sagnebis bunebriv<br />
Tvisebebs, sityva ver SeZlebda yofiliyo ganzogadeba, radganac<br />
yoveli sagani specifiurad gansxvavebulia sxvebisgan, sityvas unda<br />
aesaxa yoveli sagnis specifika, xolo ganmazogadebeli sityvebi<br />
arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo, adgili ar eqneboda sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobis gadatanas, arc mniSvnelobis Seviwrovebas an<br />
gafarToebas.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, arc erTi aRniSnuli argumentTagani calcalke<br />
aRebuli da erTad, ar iZleva sakmaris logikur safuZvels, rom<br />
vamtkicoT aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris kavSiris nebismieroba.<br />
am argumentebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvna logikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT ar aris marTebuli:<br />
1. mocemuli mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnad nebismieri <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsi ar gamodgeba jer erTi imitom, rom sityvis bgeriTi<br />
garsis konstruireba xdeba ara nebismieri bgerebidan, aramed<br />
garkveuli enis bgerebisagan, romlebic mis fonologiur sistemas<br />
qmnian da amitom imyofebian garkveul urTierTmimarTebaSi rogorc<br />
erTmaneTTan, aseve enis sxva struqturul elementebTan.<br />
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom sityvis bgeriTi garsi CvenTvis<br />
ar warmoadgens monoliTur da homogenur warmonaqmns. Cven maTSi<br />
gamovyofT <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebs, romlebsac Cven ganvsazRvravT,<br />
rogorc sityvis calkeul komponentebs (fesvi, fuZe, daboloeba da<br />
sxva) da romlebsac, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tavis nawilSi (prefiqsi,<br />
sufiqsi, fleqsia) mkacrad gansazRvruli bgeriTi saxe aqvT. es ki<br />
axali mxridan apirobebs sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mis leqsikur<br />
mniSvnelobas Soris damokidebulebas, radganac am mniSvnelobis<br />
xasiaTisda mixedviT (e. i. garkveuli mniSvnelobis sityvebis<br />
mikuTvneba saxelebis anda zmnebis ricxvisadmi) sityvam SeiZleba<br />
miiRos fleqsiis, prefiqsis anda sufiqsis saxiT (fleqsiur anda<br />
aglutinaciur enebSi) mkacrad gansazRvruli bgeriTi kompleqsebi.
26<br />
2. mecnierebis, teqnikis da kulturis ganviTarebis Sedegad ena<br />
sul axal_axali terminebiTa da sityvebiT ivseba. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
rogorc cnobilia, “xelovnuri” sityvebis Seqmna Zalian iSviaTi<br />
movlenaa. aseTi sityvebi msoflios yovel <strong>enaSi</strong> erT aTeuls ar<br />
aRemateba da zogierTi maTganis xelovnuroba sadavodac kia<br />
gadaqceuli. Tu mocemuli mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnad nebismieri<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi gamodgeba, rogorc sosiuri miuTiTebs da mis<br />
Semdgom mravali enaTmecnieri iziarebs am azrs, maSin gaugebaria<br />
enebSi e. w. xelovnuri sityvebis esoden mcire raodenobiT<br />
arseboba, gaugebaria, ratomaa, rom enebi ZiriTadad viTardebian<br />
sakuTari elementebis gardaqmnis xarjze da ara axlis Seqmnis<br />
gziT.<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>i sociologiuri skolis warmomadgeneli J. vandriesi<br />
(vandriesi 1937:28_29), iseve, rogorc am skolis fuZemdebeli<br />
sosiuri, iziarebs mosazrebas, rom aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis<br />
urTierTkavSiri nebismieria, rom nebismieri <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsiT<br />
nebismieri aRsaniSnis aRniSvnaa SesaZlebeli. amis miuxedavad, igi<br />
iZulebulia aRiaros, rom: “Znelia maTi (sityvebis) xelovnuri<br />
Seqmna. axali sityvebis Semotana <strong>enaSi</strong> urTulesi procesia da<br />
saerTod warmoudgenelia sityvaTwarmoeba da saxeldeba<br />
sityvaTwarmoebis Cveulebrivi xerxebis gareSe. miuxedavad<br />
amisa,YyovelTvis aris raRac, rac arCevans winaswar gansazRvravs”.<br />
aseT sirTules adgili ar unda hqondes, Tu saxelsa da<br />
miSvnelobas Soris kavSiri nebismieria, iseve, rogorc ar unda<br />
arsebobdes “raRac, rac arCevans winaswar gansazRvravs”.<br />
<strong>enaSi</strong> axali sityvebis Semotana rig sirTuleebTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli da mxolod gagebinebis sirTule _ siadvile ver<br />
gadawyvets sityva iqneba Tu ara sanqcionirebuli enobrivi<br />
koleqtivis wevrebis mier. xSirad mSobliuri enis sityvebidan<br />
warmoebuli “advilad gasagebi” sityva uariyofa da mis nacvlad<br />
<strong>enaSi</strong> mkvidrdeba ucxo enis “arafrismTqmeli” sityva. zogjer ukve<br />
damkvidrebuli, enobrivi koleqtivis mier sanqcionirebuli sityva
27<br />
icvleba axliT, rogorc amas adgili aqvs magaliTad evfemizmisa<br />
da tabus SemTxvevaSi. zogjer Zveli, uaryofili sityva imave<br />
fuZidan aris nawarmoebi, romlidanac axali sityva, gansxaveba<br />
mxolod mawarmoebel sufiqsebSia, Tumca orive sityva<br />
sityvaTwarmoebis wesebis TvalsazrisiT savsebiT marTebuli da<br />
kanonieria.<br />
maSasadame, sapirispirod enobrivi niSnis nebismierobis<br />
Teoriisa, enis axali sityvebiT Sevsebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom<br />
saxelTa SerCevisas, yovelTvis aris raRac, rac Cvens arCevans<br />
winaswar gansazRvravs (es dasturdeba neimingis procesSic, am<br />
process Cven qvemoT ganvixilavT). saxeldebisas yovelTvis dgas<br />
sakiTxi, saxelis ukeTes_uaresobis Sesaxeb, yovelTvis aris raRac,<br />
rac SeuZlebels xdis nebismieri <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi nebismieri<br />
aRsaniSnis saxelad iqnas gamoyenebuli.
28<br />
§2 fonetikuri simbolizmis Teoriebi<br />
rogorc ukve avRniSneT SesavalSi, fonetikuri simbolizmis<br />
tradiciuli Teoriis mixedviT arsebobs Sinagani Sesatyvisoba<br />
bgerebsa da mniSvnelobebs Soris, garkveuli bgerebi garkveul<br />
mniSvnelobebze miuTiTeben.<br />
yvela avtori fonetikur simbolizms ganixilavs, rogorc<br />
deskripciul cnebas, romelic Tavis mxriv axsnasa da misi<br />
gansmsazRvreli .meqanizmis Cvenebas saWiroebs, magram Tu avtorTa<br />
umravlesoba erTsulovnebas iCens imaSi, rom miRebuli Sedegebi<br />
fonetikuri simbolizmis gamovlinebad miiCnios, misi<br />
ganmsazRvreli meqanizmis sakiTxSi msgavsi erTsulovneba ar<br />
SeiniSneba. fonetikuri simbolizmis meqanizmis sakiTxSi adgili<br />
aqvs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas.<br />
e. sepiri (sepiri 1929; 49) gadaWriT ver ambobs, riT aris<br />
ganpirobebuli cdebSi gamovlenili simbolizmi da saerTod,<br />
rogorc miuTiTebs, termins _ fonetikuri simbolizmi, iyenebs<br />
ukeTesi terminis uqonlobis gamo. mas SesaZleblad miaCnia<br />
fonetikuri simbolizmis safuZveli akustikuri xasiaTisa iyos; _<br />
SesaZloa garkveuli xmovnebis Sinagani moculoba aris ufro didi,<br />
vidre sxvebis _ miuTiTebs igi. magram mas SesaZleblad miaCnia<br />
agreTve, rom, fonetikuri simbolizmi kinesTetikuri faqtorebiT<br />
iyos ganpirobebuli _ SesaZloa Cven qvecnobierad vgrZnobdeT, rom<br />
fonetikuri simbolizmi enis poziciasTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
magaliTad, “i”_s SemTxvevaSi ena maRla aris sasasTan da haeris<br />
rxevadi nakadi gadis viwro sarezonanso areSi; “a” _ s SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki piriqiT, ena Zlier dablaa daweuli da gaweulia ukan, ris gamoc<br />
haeris rxevadi nakadi gadis ufro farTo sarezonanso areSi.<br />
sepiris mixedviT, cdaSi dadasturebuli simbolizmi
29<br />
arasocializirebuli simbolizmia da misi axsna SeuZlebelia<br />
funqciuri enobrivi faqtorebiT.<br />
s. niumenis (niumeni 1933; 87) mixedviT, fonetikuri simbolizmi<br />
da, maSasadame, eqsperimentebSi dadgenili simboluri skalac,<br />
ganpirobebulia iseTi meqanikuri faqtorebiT, rogoricaa<br />
saartikulacio aparatis pozicia, akustikuri rezonansis sixSire,<br />
artikulaciisas piris Rrus zoma, fonemis vokaluri sigrZe,<br />
Tanxmovnis JReradoba da fonetikuri struqtura. simbolizmis<br />
sxvadasxvaobac aseve obieqturi faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
ase magaliTad, iseTi faqtori, rogoricaa fonemis vokaluri sigrZe<br />
da misi warmoTqmisas piris Rrus zoma, ZiriTadi faqtorebia<br />
sididis simbolizmisaTvis. artikulaciisas enis poziciis<br />
Tanamimdevroba da Tanxmovnis JReradoba sididisa da sibnelis<br />
simbolizaciis faqtorebs unda warmoadgendnen da sxv.<br />
r. pajetis (pajeti 1930; 13-23) fonetikuri simbolizmis Teoriis<br />
mixedviT simbolizmi aris ara fonemis, aramed saartikulacio<br />
aparatis unari. misi azriT, garkveuli bgerebi, garda maTi<br />
akustiko-artikulatoruli Taviseburebebisa, garkveul<br />
mniSvnelobebzec miuTiTeben. saartikulacio aparats aqvs unari,<br />
moaxdinos gare samyaros movlenebis moZraobebisa da konturebis<br />
imitacia. misi azriT, komunikacia daiwyo, rogorc mTeli sxeulis<br />
Jestebis sistema, romelic warmoadgenda primitiuli cxovrebis<br />
ZiriTad moqmedebas. artikulaciis kunTebi asrulebs am Jestebs<br />
miniaturaSi. am moZraobebisadmi fonaciis damatebam Seqmna<br />
Sinaarsis mqone gamonaTqvamebi, romlebSiac mniSvnelobas<br />
warmogvidgenda kunTebis moqmedeba. maSasadame bgerebi Sesaferisebi<br />
aris mxolod imitom, rom maT imitaciuri Jestebi qmnian.<br />
bentli da varonis (bentli... 1933; 23-34) azriT, is faqti, rom<br />
cdaSi monawile pirebi axdenen garkveuli kriteriumebis mixedviT<br />
bgerebis dajgufebas, ar gvaZlevs safuZvels davamtkicoT <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmis, an rogorc Tavad uwodeben fonetikuri simbolizmis<br />
arseboba.
30<br />
fonetikuri simbolizmis Teoriis mimdevrebi da<br />
warmomadgenlebi, eyrdnobian ra sepiris, dagiris, mironis, devisis<br />
da sxvaTa jvaredin _ enobrivi kvlevis masalebs, ucnobi enis<br />
antonimuri sityvebisaTvis mSobliuri enis ekvivalenturi sityvebis<br />
SerCevis eqsperimentebs, agreTve o. iaspersenis, hornbostelis,<br />
vestermanis da sxvaTa dakvirvebebis masalebs _ Tvlian, rom<br />
eqsperimentebSi gamovlenili fonetikuri simbolizmi universaluri,<br />
sayovelTao xasiaTisaa.<br />
zogierTi avtoris azriT, arsebuli eqsperimentuli faqtebi ar<br />
iZleva safuZvels universaluri fonetikuri simbolizmis<br />
arsebobis mtkicebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, r. brauni (brauni 1958; 70)<br />
ajamebs ra fonetikuri simbolizmis kvlevis mimarTulebiT<br />
Catarebul eqsperimentebs, askvnis, rom universaluri fonetikuri<br />
simbolizmis arseboba problematuria, Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
Sedegebis saerTo xasiaTs, misi azriT sayovelTao fonetikuri<br />
simbolizmi arc damtkicdeba da arc uariyofa.<br />
malcmani, moriseti da bruqsi, brekbili da liTli sakuTar<br />
eqsperimentebze dayrdnobiT icaven azrs, rom universaluri<br />
fonetikuri simbolizmis daSveba ar unda iyos marTebuli.<br />
i. da m. teilorebi (teilori 1962; 14-38) sakuTar jvaredin _<br />
enobriv eqsperimentebze dayrdnobiT cdiloben daasabuTon, rom<br />
universaluri simbolizmis Teoria ar Seesatyviseba faqtiur<br />
viTarebas, Tumca aRniSnuli avtorebis mier universaluri<br />
fonetikuri simbolizmis Teoriis kritika ar aris sakmarisi da maT<br />
mier moyvanili argumentacia daskvnebisaTvis sakmao safuZvels ar<br />
iZleva.<br />
arc erTi Catarebuli eqsperimentis (romlebzec aris<br />
dafuZnebuli universaluri fonetikuri simbolizmis Teoria)<br />
Sedegad ar mtkicdeba, rom calkeuli fonemebi xasiaTdeba maTTvis<br />
specifiuri fonetikuri simbolizmiT, rom garkveuli bgerebi<br />
garkveul mniSvnelobebze miuTiTebs. saqme imaSia, rom<br />
eqsperimentebis umravlesobaSi gamoiyeneba <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi.
31<br />
garda amisa, rogorc specialuri eqsperimentiT mtkicdeba, <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsi warmoadgens ara masSi Semavali bgerebis meqanikur jams,<br />
aramed geStaltur mTlianobas, romelSiac zogierTi bgera<br />
marTalia erTgvarad wamyvan rols asrulebs, magram mainc misi<br />
specifiuroba sabolood gansazRvrulia <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsiT,<br />
rogorc mTeliT da im SinaarsiT, romlis saxeladac is gvevlineba.<br />
§3 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis aRmocenebis sami Teoria<br />
Cven ukve gavecaniT <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis Seswavlisas dagrovil<br />
TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad Sexedulebas, axla ki SegviZlia SevudgeT<br />
am problemasTan dakavSirebuli erT_erTi yvelaze rTuli da<br />
yvelaze mTavari sakiTxis ganxilvas, _ es aris <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmis bunebis raobis sakiTxi.<br />
dResdReobiT arsebobs sami ZiriTadi mosazreba <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmis aRmocenebis mizezebis Sesaxeb.<br />
1. s. niumenis, m. bentlis da e. varonis (niumeni 1933; 56);<br />
(bentli... 1933; 45) da sxvaTa azriT, <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms safuZvlad<br />
udevs <strong>bgeraTa</strong> fizikuri (akustikuri da artikulaciuri) Tvisebebi.<br />
f. kaincis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adgili aqvs SegrZnebebis erTi<br />
saxidan meoreSi “transpozicias”, anu “sinesTezias”.<br />
pirvel Tvalsazriss eyrdnoba e. w. “fizionomiuri” koncefcia,<br />
romelic mTel rig naSromebSi mkacradaa gakritikebuli. am<br />
koncefciis mixedviT, bavSvebi, cxovelebi, daRlili an avadmyofi<br />
adamianebi zogjer garesamyaros araadeqvaturad, fizionomiurad<br />
aRiqvamen. ase magaliTad, avtomobilis farebi cxovelis ori<br />
saSineli Tvali HhgoniaT. h. verneris azriT, swored usulo<br />
sagnebis es unari, gaaCndeT “fizionomiuri Tvisebebi” udevs<br />
safuZvlad yovelgvar simbolizms, maT Soris <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmsac. verneris simboloTa warmoSobis TeoriaSi<br />
yvelaferi Tavdayiraa dayenebuli. saerTod, adamiani or sagans
32<br />
akavSirebs da simbolos saxiT iRebs erTs, vernerTan ki piriqiTaa,<br />
arsebobs erTi ganuyofeli, daunawevrebeli, fiziognomiuri<br />
obieqti, romlidanac TandaTanobiT gamoiyofa ori Tavisi bunebiT<br />
dakavSirebuli obieqti, romelTaganac erT_erTi xdeba meoris<br />
simbolo.<br />
2. r. braunis Teoria. r. braunis (brauni 1958; 1-8) azriT, <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizms safuZvlad udevs ara raRac idumali da amoucnobi,<br />
aramed adamianis mier Tavisi praqtikuli moRvaweobis manZilze<br />
SeZenili gamocdileba. adamiani “swavlobs” imas, rom mZime sagnebi<br />
(magaliTad karada), gamoscems (gadaadgilebisas) “dabal” da “uxeS”<br />
bgerebs, xolo patara sagnebi _ “sasiamovno” da “maRal” bgerebs.<br />
amitom cdaSi monawile pirebi eqsperimentisas maRal bgerebs<br />
ukavSireben raRac “pataras”, dabals ki _ “dids”.<br />
3. i. teiloris koncefcia. i. teiloris (teilori 1963; 65) azriT<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms safuZvlad udevs “enobrivi Cveva”,<br />
”lingvisturi treningi”. inglisur da <strong>frangul</strong> enebSi fonema [g]<br />
gvxvdeba “didis” mniSvnelobiT, amitom cdaSi monawile pirebi (ra<br />
Tqma unda qvecnobierad) sawyis [g]-s aRiqvamen, rogorc raRac<br />
“didTan” asocirebuls.<br />
am sam Teorias moixsenieben, rogorc SedarebiT sinesTetikurs<br />
(s. niumanis, m. bentlis, e. veronis, h. verneris, da sxvaTa<br />
koncefciebi), referentuls (r. braunis koncefcia) da asociaciurs<br />
(i. teiloris koncefcia).<br />
mocemuli sami Teoria SeiZleba daviyvanoT or ZiriTadze:<br />
1. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms safuZvlad udevs erTi SegrZnebis<br />
sxva SegrZnebaSi transpozicia (am sityvis farTo<br />
gagebiT);<br />
2. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms safuZvlad udevs “enobrivi Cveva”.<br />
Cven SevecdebiT SemogTavazoT Cveni koncefcia <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmis materialuri da fsiqologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb,<br />
razec momdevno TavSi vilaparakebT. es koncefcia formalurad
33<br />
pirveli koncefciis CarCoebSia moqceuli, Tumca aRrmavebs mas,<br />
eyrdnoba ra fiqolingvistikis, lingvisturi tipologiis, fizikisa<br />
da fsiqofiziologiis Teoriul da faqtobriv masalebs. rac<br />
Seexeba pirveli (transpoziciaze dayrdnobiT) da meore (enobrivi<br />
Cvevis Sedegi) Teoriebis siswores, v. v. levicki (levicki 1969),<br />
romelic Seiswavlida aRniSnul problemas, mivida daskvnamde, rom<br />
rom pirveli koncefcia ufro Seesabameba drevandel mecnierebaSi<br />
arsebul faqtebs. Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod i. teilors<br />
(teilori 1963; 80-84) mohyavs Semdegi faqtebi:<br />
1. fonemebi, romlebic gaizoma erTsa da imave skalaze,<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> erTmaneTs ar daemTxva;<br />
2. Sedegebis sxvadasxvagvarobis gamo, ar arsebobs korelacia<br />
sxvadasxva enebs Soris. Tumca, aseTi korelacia unda izrdebodes<br />
enaTa naTesaobis xarisxTan erTad;<br />
3. bgerebi, romlebic zogierT <strong>enaSi</strong> (magaliTad <strong>frangul</strong> da<br />
italiur enebSi) dakavSirebulia cnebebTan “didi” an ”patara”,<br />
gvxvdeba mocemul <strong>enaSi</strong> sawyisi [g] da sawyisi [t] – s saxiT.<br />
miuxedavad mocemuli Sexedulebebis logikurobisa i. teiloris<br />
mier moyvanili faqtebi an ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, an ar<br />
gaaCniaT sakmarisi damajerebloba.<br />
teiloris eqsperimentis xarvezebi:<br />
1. teiloris instruqcia cdaSi monawile pirebs saSualebas<br />
aZlevda SeedarebinaT mocemuli sityvebi mSobliur an<br />
inglisur enasTan. es ukve eWvis qveS ayenebs miRebuli<br />
Sedegebis marTebulobas. m. maironma (metyvelebis... 1986;<br />
16-46) i. teiloris sawinaaRmdegod daadgina, rom xmovnebi<br />
_ [i], [e], [a], [o], [u] amerikelebisa da iaponlebis mier TiTqmis<br />
erTnairad aRiqmeba. iaponurSi, magaliTad [i] asocirdeba<br />
sasiamovno da sustTan, [u]-usiamovno da ZlierTan.
34<br />
2. sxvadasxva enebs Soris fonemis doneze korelacia,<br />
marTalia ar vlindeba, Tumca es korelacia<br />
damokidebulia ara enaTa naTesaobis xarisxze, aramed<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> fizikur Tvisebebze da mainc, rusul, inglisur,<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>, italiur enebSi sakmaod bevri magaliTi<br />
moiZebneba fonemaTa SemadgenlobiT gansxvavebuli<br />
antonimuri wyvilebisa. ase magaliTad <strong>frangul</strong>Si,<br />
sinonimebis jgufSi “pataras” mniSvnelobiT yvelaze<br />
xSirad gvxvdeba fonemebi [i:], [i], [l], [m], xolo “didis”<br />
mniSvnelobis matarebel sityvebSi [a], [b], [g], [d ].<br />
am lingvistur faqts SeiZleba mivceT ormagi interpretacia:<br />
1. CamoTvlili fonemebi xSirad gvxvdeba imitom, rom Tavisi<br />
fizikuri Tvisebebis gamo, molaparakeTa azriT, isini<br />
metad Seeferebian Sesabamis cnebas (s. niumenis<br />
Tvalsazrisi);<br />
2. fonemebi [i:], [i], [b], [g] da a. S. cdaSi monawile pirebis mier<br />
ganicdeba, rogorc patara an didi imitom, rom, isini<br />
xSirad gvxvdeba Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebis mqone sityvebSi<br />
da ara maTi fizikuri Tvisebebis gamo (i. teiloris<br />
Tvalsazrisi).<br />
amrigad, Cvens winaSe kidev erTi mojadoebuli wrea. Tu i.<br />
teiloria marTali, maSin sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> sxvadasxva xarisxiT,<br />
sxvadasxva fonemebi Segvxvdeba, magram, aRmoCnda, rom fonemebi [i], [l],<br />
[m] aRniSnaven pataras ara mxolod inglisurSi, aramed rusulSic,<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>Sic, germanulSic, italiurSic (lingvisturi analizis<br />
safuzvelze). zustad aseve, fsiqolingvistikis monacemebze<br />
dayrdnobiT, [g], [d] aRniSnavs dids ara marto inglisurSi, rogorc<br />
amas amtkicebda i. teilori, aramed rusulSic, <strong>frangul</strong>Sic,<br />
germanulSic, italiurSic, iaponurSic; [s] aRniSnavs pataras<br />
rusulSic, <strong>frangul</strong>Sic, germanulSic, italiurSic, ukrainulSic,
35<br />
moldavurSic, iaponurSic; xolo [b] aRmoCnda didis aRmniSvneli<br />
TiTqmis yvela <strong>enaSi</strong> garda iaponurisa.<br />
axla ukve SegviZlia i. teiloris hipoTeza enobrivi Cvevis<br />
Sesaxeb uarvyoT, rogorc lingvisturi da fsiqolingvisturi<br />
faqtebisadmi Seuferebeli.<br />
meore mxriv, uarvyofT ra “enobriv Cvevas”, rogorc <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmis aRmocenebis mizezs, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT misi<br />
gavlena, eqsperimentis Catarebisas (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
roca instruqcia arasworadaa formulirebuli an gagebuli),<br />
miTumetes, Tu es exeba iseT Skalas, rogoricaa Sefasebis Skala. p.<br />
Juravliovma (Juravliovi 1991; 25, 26) aRmoaCina, rom rusebi afaseben<br />
bgeras [х'], rogorc “usiamovnos”, germanelebi _ rogorc<br />
“sasiamovnos”. es faqti SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom rusulisTvis<br />
araa ucxo germanuli fonema - [Ç], romelic Sedis kninoboT-<br />
alersobiTi sufiqsis SemadgenlobaSi. saintereso iqneba aRiniSnos<br />
isic, rom, i. teiloris sawinaaRmdegod, j. vaisi (vaisi 1966; 23)<br />
aRniSnavda, rom Tu <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms safuZvlad edo enobrivi<br />
Cveva, maSin es pirvel rigSi aisaxeboda ara sawyis, aramed bolo<br />
xmovnebze, radgan indoevropul enebSi kninoboT-alersobiTi forma<br />
gamoxatulia sufiqsis meSveobiT. amgvarad, simarTle vaisis<br />
mxaresaa.<br />
Sesabamisad, marTebuli iqneba avRniSnoT, rom eqsperimentis<br />
Sedegebi damokidebulia ara mxolod Sesaswavli bgerebis<br />
materialur bunebaze, aramed sxva faqtorebzec. meore, aseTi saxis<br />
faqtorebidan (enobrivi Cvevis garda) SeiZleba iyos mTeli<br />
fonologiuri sistemis gavlena mocemul enaze.<br />
enebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba fonemaTa raodenobiTac da<br />
SemadgenlobiTac. fonemaTa Soris sistemurma urTierTobam ar<br />
SeiZleba gavlena ar moaxdinos eqsperimentis msvlelobisas<br />
nebismieri fonemis Sefasebaze. ase magaliTad, fonemaTa _ [i] da [e]<br />
Sefaseba im <strong>enaSi</strong>, sadac ar aris Sesabamisi labializebulebi [y] da
36<br />
[œ], gansxvavebuli iqneba imave fonemebis Sefasebisagan im enebSi,<br />
sadac Sesabamisi labializebulebi mogvepoveba. ai ratom aris<br />
aramarTebuli veZeboT bgeraTsimboluri kavSirebi enebs Soris<br />
fonemis doneze: fonemaTa rangebis damTxveva sxvadasxva enebSi<br />
SeuZlebelia am enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansxvavebuli<br />
fonologiuri sistemebis gamo. bgeraTsimboluri universaliebis<br />
niSnebi dayvanil unda iqnas diferencialur (akustikur da<br />
artikulaciur) niSnebamde, Tanac, rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT,<br />
mniSvnelovan faqtorad gvevlineba ara calkeuli bgerebis, aramed<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebis sakvlev masalad gamoyeneba.<br />
sakvlev sityvebSi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> Tanamimdevroba aseve unda axdendes<br />
gavlenas cdispirebis aRqmaze, magram aris kidev Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos<br />
eqsperimentebis Sedegebze da romlis aRniSvna Cveni azriT<br />
aucilebelia.<br />
zogierTi gamokvleva iZulebuls gvxdis vivaraudoT, rom<br />
eqsperimentis msvlelobaSi “CarTuli” “SegrZnebaTa transpoziciis<br />
meqanizmi” an “enobrivi Cvevis meqanizmi” SeiZleba provocirebuli<br />
iyos ara mxolod instruqciis SemadgenlobiT, aramed TviT im<br />
ganzomilebiT, romelSiac mimdinareobs bgeris Sefaseba. Tumca amis<br />
damtkiceba SesaZlebelia mxolod eqsperimentis meSveobiT. v. v.<br />
levickis (31) mier Catarebuli eqsperimenti miznad isaxavda<br />
daemtkicebina an uareyo enobrivi Cvevis monawileoba<br />
bgeraTsimboluri asociaciebis warmoqmnaSi. saerTo jamSi<br />
eqsperimenti, romelic man Caatara ukrainuli da moldavuri enebis<br />
bazaze dayrdnobiT, a. p. Juravliovis (Juravliovi 1991; 98-122)<br />
daskvnebs amarTlebs.<br />
yovelive aman safuZveli misca mas, wamoeyenebina Semdegi<br />
hipoTeza: arsebobs iseTi ganzomilebebi, sadac SedarebiT iolad<br />
xdeba SegrZnebaTa transpozicia (aq Sedis “sididis”, “siZlieris”,<br />
“simyaris” da a. S. skalebi) da iseTi, sadac transpozicia
37<br />
SedarebiT rTulad xorcieldeba (aq Sedis ferebis, gemos,<br />
temperaturis Skalebi).<br />
roca cdaSi monawile piris winaSea (sworad formulirebuli<br />
instruqciis Sedegad) SedarebiT “ioli” Skala, muSaobs<br />
“sinesTeziis meqanizmi”., xolo roca cdispiri aRmoCndeba<br />
SedarebiT “rTuli” amocanis winaSe, misi gadawyvetisaTvis<br />
moqmedebs “enobrivi Cvevis meqanizmi”. zogierT SemTxvevaSi erTi da<br />
imave eqsperimentis msvlelobisas orive meqanizmi SenacvlebiT<br />
moqmedebs. swored amiT SeiZleba aixsnas erTi mecnieris mier<br />
warmoebuli eqsperimentis Sedegebis aseTi sxvadasxvaoba.<br />
instruqciis Secvla ganapirobebs cdaSi monawile piris mier an<br />
“sinesTeziis meqanizmis”, an “enobrivi Cvevis meqanizmis” gamoyenebas.<br />
amrigad, Cven xazs vusvamT dakvirvebis obieqtisadmi sworad<br />
formulirebuli instruqciis mniSvnelobas.
38<br />
Tavi II<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi, rogorc fsiqolingvisturi movlena<br />
§1 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis buneba<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis xasiaTis (universaluria Tu<br />
nacionaluri) da bunebis (ra udevs safuZvlad <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms)<br />
sakiTxi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia.<br />
dResdReobiT arsebobs ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
Tvelsazrisi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis xasiaTis Sesaxeb:<br />
1. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi universaluria.<br />
2. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi nacionaluria.<br />
pirveli Tvalsazrisi warmodgenilia h. alportisa (alporti<br />
1935) da sxvaTa naSromebSi.<br />
meore Tvalsazriss iziarebs i. teilori. TiTqmis yvela<br />
naSromi, romelic eyrdnoba pirvel Tvalsazriss, agebulia<br />
”SerCevis” meTodze, maSin roca teilorma gamoiyena ufro efeqturi<br />
meTodi da am meTodis meSveobiT gamoikvlia enaTa umravlesoba.<br />
yovelive aman mas didi upiratesoba moapovebina (man Seiswavla 4<br />
ena, 18 bgera). teiloris eqsperimentebis Sedegad (teilori 1962; 155-<br />
158) miRebuli daskvnebi aseTia:<br />
1. arsebobs Sinagani Sesatyvisoba bgerebsa da mniSvnelobebs<br />
Soris.<br />
2. eqsperimentebSi gamoyenebuli marcvlebis bgerebs Soris ara<br />
aqvs adgili mniSvnelovan urTierTmoqmedebas; TiToeul<br />
bgeras fonetikur simbolizmSi sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs<br />
sxvebisgan damoukideblad.
39<br />
3. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsis simboluri RirebulebisaTvis mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsis vizualur sidides, rac Seexeba<br />
ormarcvlian sityvebSi maxvilis pozicias, igi umniSvnelo<br />
rols asrulebs.<br />
4. fonetikuri simbolizmi ar aris universaluri, rac imiT<br />
dasturdeba, rom mniSvneloba romelic romelime calkeul<br />
bgeras ukavSirdeba, sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong> sxvadasxvaa.<br />
sakmaod mwvave polemika gaimarTa i. teilorsa da j. vaiss<br />
Soris. vaisi, eyrdnoboda eqsperimentebis msvlelobisas “SerCevis<br />
Sedegad” miRebul faqtebs, teilori ki am faqtebs uaryofda; axali<br />
faqtebi arc erT, arc meore mxares ar gaaCnda. amitom, diskusiis<br />
monawileebis SeTanxmebis mixedviT, problemis gadaWra SesaZlebeli<br />
iyo mxolod axali monacemebis safuZvelze. swored aman ganapiroba<br />
v. v. levickis mier Catarebuli eqsperimentis mizani da xasiaTi.<br />
Sesadarebeli enebi mis mier arCeul iqna ise, rom ori maTgani<br />
yofiliyo moneTesave (es mas saSualebas miscemda Seemowmebina i.<br />
teiloris erT_erTi argumenti enobrivi Cvevis sasargeblod,<br />
korelacia maTi naTesaobis pirdapir proporciuli unda<br />
yofiliyo). levickim gamoikvlia 6 xmovani da 12 Tanxmovani _<br />
rusul, moldavur da ukrainul enebSi. (levicki 1969; 63)<br />
levickis mier miRebuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom<br />
urTierTgansxvavebul enebSic arsebobs mkacrad gamoxatuli<br />
kanonebi, gansazRvruli artikulaciis asocireba gansazRvrul<br />
cnebebTan.<br />
yvelaferi imaze miuTiTebs, rom :<br />
1. ucnobi enis sityvebis bgeriTi mxareebi TavianTi<br />
mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb met _ naklebi xarisxis<br />
informacias iZleva.<br />
2. informaciis miRebis TvalsazrisiT SeiniSneba<br />
interindividualuri sxvadasxvaoba, cdaSi monawile<br />
zogierTi pirisaTvis sityvis gamocnobisaTvis
40<br />
SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis informaciac sakmarisia,<br />
zogs ki ufro meti informacia esaWiroeba.<br />
3. raki ucnobi enis sityvebis gamocnoba kanonzomieri<br />
xasiaTisaa, aseve kenonzomieri unda yofiliyo maTi<br />
saxeldeba.<br />
4. sityva, warmoebuli iqneba is Tu ara, misi Semadgeneli<br />
nawilebi daeqvemdebareba raime xasiaTis cvlilebebs Tu<br />
ara _ saxelisa da mniSvnelobis urTierTSesatyvisobis<br />
SenarCuneba mainc xdeba. cvlilebebis xasiaTis<br />
miuxedavad, am urTierTSesatyvisobis ignorirebas<br />
enobrivi koleqtivi arasodes axdens.<br />
§2. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> interferencia, rogorc bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis<br />
faqtoris ZiriTadi axsna<br />
bgeraTsimbolur sityvebSi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> da bgeraTSeerTebaTa<br />
adamianis fsiqikaze gavlenis Seswavlis win, unda gamovikvlioT<br />
bgeris fizikuri buneba da adamianis mier misi aRqmis<br />
fiziologiuri safuZvlebi.<br />
bgeris cneba Cvens mier asocirdeba smenasTan, Sesabamisad<br />
yurSi mimdinare fiziologiur procesebTan da aseve Cvens tvinSi<br />
mimdinare fsiqologiur procesebTan (swored iq xdeba im<br />
SegrZnebaTa gadamuSaveba, romlebic smeniTma organom miiRo). garda<br />
amisa fizikuri movlena, romelic smeniTi organos amoqmedebas
41<br />
iwvevs, Cven gvesmis rogorc talRebi e. i. bgera aris<br />
saartikulacio aparatis mier warmoebuli talRa.<br />
bgeris safuZvels Seadgens sami ram _ es, pirvel rigSi aris<br />
bgeris wyaro (mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cveni saartikulacio aparatis<br />
muSaoba); meore, _ es aris energia, romelic gadadis bgeris<br />
wyarodan bgeriT talRebSi; mesame, _ es aris yuris mier bgeris<br />
aRqma (registracia).<br />
bolo etapze bgera tvinis mier aRiqmeba da iSifreba, rogorc<br />
cvlilebas dauqvemdebarebeli. Sesabamisad, raTa adamianis yurma<br />
(da Sesabamisad tvinma) sityvebSi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi aRiqvas,<br />
rogorc raRac ufro meti, vidre ama Tu im sagnis an movlenis<br />
aRmniSvneli bgerebis ubralo nakrebi, aucilebelia raRac pirobis<br />
arseboba, pirvel (bgerebis formireba da warmoeba) da nawilobriv,<br />
meore etapze (bgeriTi energiis gadacema talRebis saSualebiT).<br />
mocemul sakvalifikacio naSromSi yuradRebas ar<br />
gavamaxvilebT bgerebis iseT Taviseburebebze, rogoricaa,<br />
intensivoba, simaRle, sixSire, gavrcelebis siswrafe, tembri da<br />
tonaluri Seferiloba. es friad mniSvnelovani parametrebia bgeris<br />
fizikuri daxasiaTebisas, Tumca naklebad mniSvnelovani<br />
lingvisturi da fsiqo_lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT,<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis adamianis cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis<br />
asaxsnelad. ase rom, SemdgomSi Cven yuradRebas davuTmobT mxolod<br />
zemoaRniSnul maxasiaTeblebis saSualo donis mqone bgerebs.<br />
aRniSnul momentamde mkvlevarebi, romlebic yvela <strong>enaSi</strong><br />
Seiswavlidnen bgeraTsimbolur sityvebs, yuradRebas aqcevdnen<br />
mxolod garkveul bgerebs, romlebic am sityvaSia gamoyenebuli.,<br />
bevri mkvlevari am problemas udgeboda calmxrivad, ar<br />
iTvaliswinebda ra im faqts, rom sityva, maT Soris<br />
bgeraTsimboluric, es yovelTvis aris calkeuli bgerebis<br />
kompleqsi. ra Tqma unda calkeuli bgerebi xasiaTdebian zogierTi<br />
TvisebebiT, romlebic mkvlevarebs saSualebas aZlevs ganaTavson<br />
isini Skalaze “sasiamovno _ arasasiamovno”, “didi _ patara” da a. S
42<br />
adamianis SegrZnebebis TvalsazrisiT, magram ara rogorc<br />
calkeuli bgerebi, aramed, rogorc <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi, ase isini<br />
adamianis warmosaxvaze zemoqmedebis ufro met Zalas floben da<br />
iwveven asociaciebs. qvemoT Cven SemogTavazebT hipoTezas, romelic<br />
am kanonzomierebas xsnis.<br />
hipoTeza. bgera, ise rogorc nebismieri talRa, flobs<br />
garkveuli Tvisebebs da eqvemdebareba gansazRvrul fizikur<br />
kanonebs. iseTi cnobili fizikuri fenomeni, rogoricaa talRebis<br />
interferencia, lingvistikis sferoSi arc erTxel ar gamxdara<br />
kvlevis sagani, konkretulad bgeraTsimbolur sityvebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
talRebis interferencia es aris sivrceSi ori an meti talRis<br />
Sekreba, romlis drosac sxvadasxva wertilSi Zlierdeba an<br />
sustdeba jamuri talRis amplituda. interferencia<br />
damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri talRisaTvis. Tu sivrceSi ori talRa<br />
vrceldeba, sivrcis nebismier wertilSi jamuri rxeva Sesakrebi<br />
talRebis rxevaTa geometriuli jamia. superpoziciis es principi<br />
Cveulebriv, didi sizustiT vrceldeba (vikipedia; internet<br />
resursi;)<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac bgeris fiziologiuri aRqma (Sesabamisad<br />
misi gaSifvrac) aris misi fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis asaxva,<br />
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli bgerebi, romlebic<br />
bgeraTsimbolur sityvebSi gverdigverd dganan, warmoSoben<br />
talRebs, romlebic interferenciisas (erTmaneTze gadajaWvulebi),<br />
Tu isini koherentulebi arian, qmnian talRas rxevis didi<br />
amplitudiT da romelic adamianis yuris mier aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />
raRac, rac ar aris ubralo bgera an bgeraTSeerTeba, raRac, rac<br />
aris azris matarebeli. erTi sityviT, bgerebi, romlebic erTmaneTs<br />
“uTanxmdeba”, qmnian efeqts, romelsac Cven <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms<br />
vuwodebT.
43<br />
§3 sityvebis bgeraTsimboluri komponentebis aRqmis<br />
fsiqofiziologiuri safuZvlebi<br />
sakmaod rTulia adamianis mier monasmenis aRqmis da bgeriTi<br />
signalebis dekodirebis procesi.<br />
gamokvlevebi fsiqo_fiziologiis sferoSi gamoyofs nervuli<br />
sistemis Semdeg Ffunqciebs: signalebis aRmoCena da maTi amocnoba,<br />
gadacema, gardaqmna da kodireba, aseve sensoruli saxis niSnebis<br />
deteqcia da maTi amocnoba. am funqciebis garda kidev SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyos bgeris aRqma _ gaSifvris procesis Sesabamisi etapebi.<br />
pirveli sami etapi: signalebis aRmoCena, amocnoba da gadacema<br />
_ atarebs sufTa fsiqo-fiziologiur, fizikur xasiaTs, sadac<br />
bgeriTi talRebi adamianis smeniTi aparatis mier fiqsirdeba da<br />
amoicnoba, rogorc Sesabamisi fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone<br />
bgerebi.<br />
ukanaskneli etapi _ sensoruli sistemis bolo da yvelaze<br />
rTuli operaciaa, romelic warmoadgens saxeebis mikuTvnebas<br />
obieqtTa ama Tu im klasis mimarT, e. i. saxeebis klasifikacia _<br />
saxe ukve “dasrulebulia”, “savsea”, yvela Tavisi bgeraTsimboluri<br />
Tu sxva asociaciebiT. neiron_deteqtorebis signalebis sinTezis<br />
Semdeg, sensoruli sistema axdens “saxis” formirebas da mis<br />
Sedarebas mexsierebaSi arsebul sxva mraval “saxesTan”.<br />
identificirebamde ukve warmoiqmneba bgeraTsimboluri asociaciebi<br />
(Tu sityva bgeraTsimboluria) da identifikaciis procesi<br />
mimdinareobs ufro swrafad da martivad, radgan ukve gvaqvs<br />
“miniSneba” _ bgeraTsimboluri asociaciais saxiT.
44<br />
Sesabamisad, bgeraTsimboluri asociacia warmoiSveba signalis<br />
gardaqmnis, kodirebis, da dekodirebis Sua etapis dros.<br />
kodireba _ es aris garkveuli wesebiT informaciis gardaqmna<br />
pirobiT formad _ kodad. am procesis Tavisebureba is gxlavT, rom<br />
satelefono da satelevizio kodebisagan gansxvavebiT, dekodireba<br />
signals aRadgens ara Tavdapirveli, aramed odnav Secvlili saxiT.<br />
signalebis dekodireba _ es aris sensoruli neironebis mier<br />
gamaRizianeblis ama Tu im Tvisebis arCeviTi gamoyofa. am analizs<br />
axorcieleben neiron _ deteqtorebi, romlebic arCeviT reagireben<br />
stimulis garkveul Tvisebebze (pirveli rigis<br />
deteqtorebi)(http://ido.edu.ru/psychology/psychophysiology/index.html).<br />
sensoruli sistemebis umaRles danayofebSi ganTavsebulia<br />
umaRlesi xarisxis deteqtorebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs rTuli<br />
niSnebisa da maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofas. Sesabamisad SeiZleba<br />
vivaraudoT, rom Sesabamis sityvebSi bgeraTsimboluri komponenti<br />
kodirebisas inaxeba, dekodirebis dros ki aRdgeba da pirveli<br />
rigis deteqtorebis mier gamoiyofa rogorc Sesabamisi niSani<br />
(swored mocemul etapze Cndeba garkveuli asociaciebi, romlebic<br />
iwveven “bgeraTsimbolur asociaciebs” ) da exmareba maRali rigis<br />
deteqtorebs ufro advilad da efeqturad ipovon mTliani saxe an<br />
misi rTuli niSani. amasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso iqneba<br />
moviyvanoT Semdegi dakvirveba: eqsperimentis msvlelobisas<br />
aRmovaCineT, rom asociaciebi, romlebsac iwvevdnen sityvebi ucxo<br />
enebidan, cdispirebs ufro swrafad uCndebodaT, Tu sityva<br />
Seicavda bgeraTsimbolur komponents, rac kidev erTxel<br />
adasturebs Cvens mier wamoyenebuli hipoTezis siswores.<br />
dekodirebis da amocnobis procesis saintereso Tavisebureba is<br />
aris, rom sensoruli saxeebis amocnobisas SeiZleba moxdes<br />
Secdomac. maT gansakuTrebul jgufs hqvia “sensoruli iluzia”.<br />
isini gamowveulia signalis damuSavebaSi monawile neironebis
45<br />
urTierTqmedebis gverdiTi movlenebiT, da iwveven saxebis aRqmis<br />
mTlian an nawilobriv damaxinjebas.<br />
Sesabamisad SegviZlia Semdegi varaudi wamovayenoT:<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityvebi, romlebic flobs Sesabamis<br />
bgeraTsimbolur komponents, dekodirebisa da amocnobisas metad<br />
arian daculebi Secdomebisagan, e. w. Sesabamisi fonetikur-<br />
semantikuri komponenti gvevlineba “gamaZliereblad”, romlis<br />
saSualebiTac ufro iolia sityvis pirvelsawyisi formis aRdgena.<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis fsiqofiziologiuri sawyisis umTavresi<br />
komponentebia _ sinesTezia da kinemika.<br />
sinesTezia _ es aris aRqmis fenomeni, romelis arsic<br />
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mocemuli gamaRizianeblis Sesabamis da<br />
grZnobis mocemuli organosaTvis specifiur STabeWdilebas Tan<br />
axlavs damatebiTi SegrZneba an saxe, romelic sxva<br />
modalobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. bevri mecnieris azriT, swored<br />
es movlena udevs safuZvlad <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms (SegrZnebaTa<br />
transpoziciis Teoria).<br />
kinemika _ es aris kunTebis daWimuli moZraobebis jami,<br />
romelsac Tan axlavs emocia da SegrZnebebi. rogorc aRniSnuli<br />
sakiTxis mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, swored am movlenam Seueyo xeli<br />
bgeraTgamomxatveli fuZe _ enis warmoSobas.<br />
amgvarad, es movlenebi SeiZleba miviCnioT bgeraTsimboluri<br />
sityvebis produqcirebis da adamianis mier misi aRqmis safuZvlad.<br />
§4 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi da motivacia<br />
amgvarad <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms safuZvlad udevs <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
fizikuri Tvisebebi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, metyvelebis bgerebs<br />
gaaCniaT bgeraTsimboluri mniSvneloba.
46<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi SeTavsebadia Tu ara bgeraTsimboluri wesebi<br />
da enobrivi niSnis pirobiToba? rogor SeiZleba bgerasa da<br />
mniSvnelobas Soris kavSiris Tanaarseboba, _ erTi mxriv da<br />
sinqroniaSi (enidan _ <strong>enaSi</strong>) fonetikuri sistemebis cvalebadobisas<br />
da meore mxriv diaqroniaSi (enis istoriuli ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi).<br />
es SekiTxva arc dasmula fsiqolingvistikaSi, xolo <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmisa da enobrivi niSnis pirobiTobis Tanaarseboba<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis TeoriaSi kardinalur sakiTxs warmoadgens.<br />
eqsperimentebis mTeli rigi seriebis Sedegad dadginda, rom<br />
cdaSi monawile pirisaTvis Sinaarsis gareSe JReradobis wardgena<br />
iwvevs saxelsa da mniSvnelobas Soris an bundovan, an faqtobrivad<br />
arasaimdo korelacias, an saerTod korelaciis ararsebobas.<br />
piriqiT, Tu JReradoba wardgenil iqneba ori an meti mniSvnelobis<br />
TanxlebiT, saxeze iqneba satatikurad saimedo korelacia calkeul<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebsa da Sinaarsobriv erTeulebs Soris.<br />
amrigad, cdaSi monawile pirs unda miewodos SesaZlo<br />
pasuxebis SezRuduli raodenoba. yovelive es gvaZlevs saSualebas<br />
gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi: bgeris JReradobas ar gaaCnia da arc<br />
SeiZleba gaaCndes araferi saerTo sityviT aRniSnul saganTan an<br />
movlenasTan, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva <strong>enaSi</strong><br />
saxelebs sxvadasxva dasaxeleba ar eqnebodaT, miTumetes enis<br />
istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad ar Seicvleboda sityvebi erTi da<br />
imave enis farglebSi.<br />
yovelive es xels ar uSlis e. w. “meoradi bgeraTsimbolizmis”<br />
arsebobas, roca molaparake cdilobs aRmoaCinos korelacia<br />
sityvis JReradobasa (romelic viTardeba mocemuli enis<br />
fonetikuri kanonebis mixedviT) da mniSvnelobas Soris. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs movlenasTan, romelic funqciurad waagavs<br />
e. w. “xalxur etimologias”. iqac da aqac molaparake cdilobs<br />
ipovos sagnis romelime TvalSisacemi niSani, raTa nawilobriv
47<br />
mainc uaryos JReradobasa da mniSvnelobas Soris KkavSiris<br />
nebismieroba.<br />
eqsperimentuli monacemebi aCvenebs, rom molaparake sruliadac<br />
ar cdilobs eZebos mSobliuri enis yvela sityvaSi Sesabamisoba,<br />
bgeraTsimboluri “ynosva” TiTqos “Tvlems” adamianis cnobierebaSi<br />
da Cndeba mxolod maSin, roca sityva, romelic viTardeboda<br />
mocemuli enis fonetikuri da morfologiuri kanonebis<br />
Sesabamisad, SemTxveviT iRebs iseT formas, romelic molaparakis<br />
azriT, am sityvis Sinaarss Seesabameba.<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizaciis procesSi xdeba ori struqtulad<br />
msgavsi, magram bunebiT gansxvavebuli movlenidan erT_erTisaTvis<br />
garkveuli pirobiTi mniSvnelobis miniWeba. aseTi saxiT<br />
warmoSvebuli meorad (e, i. pirobiT) kavSirs JReradobasa da<br />
mniSvnelobas Soris, safuZvlad udevs erTi saxis SegrZnebaTa<br />
meoreSi transpozicia, anda Tu gnebavT, <strong>bgeraTa</strong> fizikuri Tviseba.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare naTelia, rom miuxedavad fonetikuri kanonebis<br />
da bgeraTsimboluri wesebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebisa,<br />
pirvelis moqmedeba xels ar uSlis meores moqmedebas: simboluri<br />
mniSvnelobebi miewereba <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqss ukve imis Semdeg, rac<br />
misi “axali” (Secvlili) bgeriTi garsi SemTxveviT miuaxlovdeba<br />
“axal” (Secvlil) leqsikur mniSvnelobas.<br />
roca Cven vlaparakobT, “<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolur mniSvnelobebze”, ra<br />
Tqma unda saqme gvaqvs samecniero abstraqciasTan. TavisTavad,<br />
maTTvis raime mniSvnelobis miweris gareSe bgerebs ara aqvT<br />
aranairi mniSvneloba arc eqsperimentisas (Sedegebi bgerebis<br />
wardgenisas mniSvnelobis gareSe _ uaryofiTia), arc <strong>enaSi</strong><br />
(TavisTavad fonemebi aranair mniSvnelobas <strong>enaSi</strong> ar floben).<br />
eqsperimentisas bgerebi mniSvnelobebs iZenen mxolod maSin, roca<br />
maT xelovnurad miaweren or an ramodenime mniSvnelobas, <strong>enaSi</strong> ki _<br />
roca isini Sedis sityvebis da garkveuli leqsikuri an<br />
derivaciuli mniSvnelobis mqone morfemebis (magaliTad kninobiT-<br />
alersobiTi) SemadgenlobaSi.
48<br />
Tumca Cveni hipoTezis Tanaxmad, calkeul <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebs<br />
sityvisagan damoukideblad, SeiZleba HgaaCndes bgeraTsimboluri<br />
mniSvneloba.<br />
xmovnebis da Tanxmovnebis simboluri Tvisebebis Seswavlisas<br />
Cans, rom erTi da igive akustikur-artikulaciuri erTeulebi<br />
axdenen msgavs cnebaTa simbolizacias. magaliTad :<br />
1. rbili Tanxmovnebi asocirdeban raRac – “rbil”,<br />
“patara”, “sasiamovno”, “TbilTan” da a. S;<br />
2. magrebi _ “magar”, “myar”, “did”, “ZlierTan” da a. S.;<br />
3. mJRerebi _ “didi”, “civi”, “Cqari”;<br />
4. yruebi _ “patara”, “Tbili” da a. S;<br />
5. ingliselebi, frangebi da italielebi “sinaTlesTan”<br />
dakavSirebuli leqsikis Sesaqmnelad ufro xSirad<br />
iyeneben wina, anu naTel bgerebs, “sibnelis”<br />
leqsikisTvis ki ukana, yru bgerebs.<br />
Tumca erTi da igive cneba simbolizirdeba sxvadasxva<br />
akustikur-artikulaciuri erTeulis meSveobiTac: magaliTad, cneba<br />
_ “didi” SeiZleba gamoixatos ukanaenismieri, magari, mJReri<br />
bgerebis meSveobiT. “patara” _ yru, rbili bgerebis meSveobiT da a.<br />
S. amrigad, miuxedavad artikulaciur-akustikur da semantikur<br />
erTeulebs Soris garkveuli kavSiris arsebobisa, maT Soris myari<br />
kavSiri mainc ar arsebobs.<br />
<strong>frangul</strong> <strong>enaSi</strong> ukve damkvidrebulia bgeraTSeerTebebis Semdegi<br />
mniSvnelobebi, romlebic dagvexmreba bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri<br />
mniSvnelobis analizisas:<br />
[bl] _ sinaze, simsubuqe;<br />
[br] _ sixiste, Zala, simkacre, vibracia;<br />
[bsk] _ winaaRmdegoba;<br />
[bt] _ sirTule, winaaRmdegoba;<br />
[kr] _ arasasiamovno, ngreva, msxvrevis, ngrevis xma;
49<br />
[ks] _ arasasiamovno, trauri, sirTule, aRgznebadoba, gitara,<br />
gansja, pasiuroba;<br />
[ksp] _ sivrce, siSore;<br />
[kss] _ yuradReba;<br />
[dr] _ mimdinareoba, moqmedeba (moZraobis sema);<br />
[fl] _ nazi, axali, msubuqi, sasiamovno, abreSumi, frena;<br />
[fr] _ msxvreva, arasasiamovno, SiSi, energia, kankali, Sexeba,<br />
uxeSi, tanjva;<br />
[gl] _ tirili, sixaruli, sinaTle, simkacre;<br />
[gr] _ arasasiamovno, Cxubi, caxcaxi, pirquSi;<br />
[gz] _ siSore, distancia;<br />
[pf] _ zizRi, siZulvili;<br />
[pl] _ siSore, sivrce;<br />
[pr] _ caxcaxi;<br />
[pst] _ Zaxili, yuradReba;<br />
[rk] _ moZraoba, moqmedeba;<br />
[rf] _ grZlivoba, moZraoba, moqmedeba;<br />
[rd] _ grZlivoba, moZraoba, moqmedeba;<br />
[rs], [rt], [rz] _ siSore, manZili;<br />
[rd], [rf], [sp] _ siSore, manZili;<br />
[st] _ pirdapiri, mdgomi, daxuruli, fiqsirebuli, stabiluri,<br />
gaWimuli;<br />
[str] _ sirTule;<br />
[tr] _ mimdinare, morbenali, tkivili, kankali, Cqari moZraoba,<br />
winaaRmdegoba, dardi, Cqari vibracia;<br />
zogadi kanonzomierebebi:<br />
<strong>frangul</strong> <strong>enaSi</strong> “sinaTlis” aRmniSvnel sityvebSi winaenismieri<br />
xmovnebi Seadgens 48%; xolo ukanaenismieri xmovnebi _ 52%.
50<br />
“sibnelis” aRmniSvnel saxelebSi xmovanTa pirvel jgufze<br />
modis 25%, xolo meoreze 75%.<br />
“axlos” – “Sors”,<br />
“msubuqi” – “mZime”,<br />
“Cqari” – “neli”,<br />
“maRali” – “dabali” mimarTebis mdgomareoba aseTia:<br />
“axlos”,<br />
“msubuqi”,<br />
“Cqari”,<br />
“maRali” Sinaarsis aRmniSvnel saxelebSi xmovanTa 37% Seadgens<br />
ukanaenismieri xmovnebi; xolo 63% winaenismieri xmovnebi.<br />
“Sors”, “mZime”, ‘neli”, “dabali” Sinaarsis saxelebSi 67-78%<br />
modis aRniSnul xmovanTa pirvel jgufze, xolo 22-33% - meore<br />
jgufze.<br />
§5 xmabaZviTi sityvebi<br />
yovel <strong>enaSi</strong>, miuxedavad imisa, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>a igi Tu Zveli,<br />
kulturis ganviTarebis maRal donezea am enaze molaparake eri Tu<br />
dabalze, arsebobs e.w. piqtoraluri sityvebi, romlebSiac kargad<br />
Cans sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobas Soris arsebuli<br />
saerTo momentebi, maT Soris arsebuli urTierTSesatyvisoba.<br />
aseTi sityvebis aRsaniSnavad specialur literaturaSi sxva<br />
terminebsac iyeneben<br />
� bgeriTi wabaZva<br />
� piqtoraluri sityvebi<br />
� xmabaZva<br />
� onomatopea<br />
� eqspresia
51<br />
terminebi _ bgeriTi wabaZva, xmabaZva ufro xSirad viwro<br />
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, e. i. iseTi kategoriis sityvebis<br />
aRsaniSnad, romelTa saxelebSic gamoyenebulia am saxelebiT<br />
aRniSnuli sagnebisa da movlenebis mier gamocemuli bgerebi. magram<br />
enis leqsikaSi saxelisa da mniSvnelobis urTierTSesatyvisoba<br />
mxolod am formiT ar vlindeba, amitomac, saerTod aseTi<br />
kategoriis sityvebis aRsaniSnad am terminebis gamoyeneba<br />
uxerxulobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. asec ar iyos, es terminebi<br />
garkveul Teorias gulisxmoben _ es sityvebi bgeriTi wabaZvis<br />
gziT aris miRebuli, e. i. wina planze wamoweulia sityvaTqmnadobis<br />
xasiaTi. sityvis qmnadobis procesis Tavisebureba gulisxmobs<br />
bunebrivi bgeris cnobier, Segnebul, mizandasaxul imitacias, rasac<br />
albaT, imis miuxedavad, es sityvebi gvian warmoSobisaa Tu<br />
adrindeli, adgili arasodes ar hqonia, rac yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
jer kidev garkvevasa da dazustebas saWiroebs. Tumca imisaTvis,<br />
rom piqtoraluri sityvebis sxva saxeobidan gamovyoT<br />
araSorisdebuliseuli sityvebis is Taviseburi jgufi, romlebSiac<br />
igrZnoba bgeriTi saerTooba saxelsa da mniSvnelobas Soris, am<br />
termins Cvenc SemdgomSi gamoviyenebT aseTi mniSvnelobiT da<br />
principulad ara im mniSvnelobiT, rom es sityvebi Seqmnilia<br />
bgeriTi imitaciis gziT.<br />
termini onomatopea enaTmecnierebaSi gamoiyeneba bgeriTi<br />
wabaZvis gziT sityvaTwarmoebis aRsaniSnad da amitomac misi<br />
xmarebac ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT uxerxulobas qmnis.<br />
termini eqspresia ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba metyvelebis erT-<br />
erTi funqciis _ gancdaTa gamoxatvis funqciis aRsaniSnad.<br />
amitomac, misma xmarebam SesaZloa gaugebroba gamoiwvios. Cven<br />
viziarebT im avtorTa azrs, romlebsac am kategoriis sityvebis<br />
aRsaniSnad ufro moxerxebulad miaCniaT termini _ piqtoraluri<br />
sityvebi, piqtoraluri damwerlobis, piqtografiis analogiiT.<br />
magram am termins gamoviyenebT mxolod maSin, rodesac msjeloba<br />
gveqneba saerTod am kategoriis sityvebze, xolo calkeul avtorTa
52<br />
mosazrebebis dalagebis dros gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebis<br />
mizniT gamoviyenebT maT mier SerCeul terminebs.<br />
yovel <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>enaSi</strong>, wers a. spirkini (spirkini 1958; 30-31),<br />
sakmaod didi raodenobiT arsebobs sityvebi, romlebSiac jer kidev<br />
garkveviT SeigrZnoba maTi xmabaZviTi buneba. aseTi sityvebis<br />
moZiebisaTvis didi dro ar dagvWirdeba da arc gonebis zedmeti<br />
daZabva mogviwevs. ubralod is sityvebi rom aviRoT, romelic<br />
mexsierebaSi SemTxveviT amotivtivdeba, esec sakmarisi iqneba.<br />
sprikinis azriT, xmabaZviTi xasiaTis sityvebi <strong>enaSi</strong> arc Tu ise<br />
mcire raodenobiT moipoveba. amasTan yvela maTgani warmoadgens<br />
yoveldRiurad xmarebul, farTod gavrcelebul sityvebs,<br />
gamoxataven sayofacxovrebo cnebebs da albaT ZiriTadad jer<br />
kidev Soreul warsulSi warmoiSva. am sakiTxze msjelobis dros,<br />
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is garemoebac, rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> enis<br />
sityvebi aseulaTasobiT wlebis winandelia, TavianTi xangrZlivi<br />
istoriis manZilze uTvalavjer iqna gadatanili erTi sagnidan<br />
meoreze; adgili hqonda sityvaTa sesxebas sxva enebidan, sxva<br />
sityvebTan Sezrdas; araerTgzis eqvemdebarebodnen<br />
Sidastruqturul bgeriT cvlilebebs, Semoklda da gafarTovda,<br />
imoseboda morfemebis rTuli sistemiT da a.S.<br />
s. ulmani miuTiTebs, rom germanuli ena upiratesobas aniWebs<br />
warmoebul sityvebs, <strong>frangul</strong>Si ki aseTi warmonaqmnebi SedarebiT<br />
naklebia. sityvis struqturis am aRniSnul or tips Soris<br />
sxvadasxvaoba, misi azriT, ganpirobebulia im roliT, romelsac<br />
germanul da <strong>frangul</strong> enebSi asrulebs onomatopea. marTalia,<br />
bgeris eqspresiuli mniSvnelobis Sefaseba Zlier rTuli sakiTxia<br />
da bevr SemTxvevaSi subieqturic, zogierTi saerTo tendencia aq<br />
sakmaod gamokveTilad vlindeba, da dasZens, ase magaliTad<br />
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom germanuli ena araCveulebrivad<br />
mdidaria xmabaZviTi sityvebiT, maTi fonetikuri struqturiT,<br />
motivirebiT, im dros, roca <strong>frangul</strong>i, Tumca arafriT<br />
Camouvardeba germanuls eqspresulobaSi, msgavs efeqtebs SedarebiT
53<br />
iSviaTad mimarTavs, italiuri ena gacilebiT farTod iyenebs<br />
onomatopeas, vidre <strong>frangul</strong>i, inglisur <strong>enaSi</strong> bgeriTi wabaZviTi<br />
warmonaqmnebi metia, vidre <strong>frangul</strong>Si, magram naklebi, vidre<br />
germanulSi (ulmani 1962; 24-25).<br />
h. pauli sityvaTa pirvelqmnadobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas<br />
gvTavazobs gviani periodis Sua zemogermanuli dialeqtis im<br />
sityvebis vrcel sias, romlebSic igrZnoba Sinagani kavSiri sityvis<br />
Jreradobasa da mniSvnelobas Soris. aseTi sityvebis umravlesoba,<br />
miuTiTebs igi, aRniSnavs sxvadasxva saxis bgerasa da moZraobebs.<br />
paulis azriT, aseTi sityvebis didi raodenoba SeiZleba SeirCes<br />
rogorc Zvelgermanul dialeqtebSi, aseve berZnuli da laTinuri<br />
enebis leqsikaSic (pauli 1960; 215-217).<br />
am saxeobis sityvebSi JReradobasa da mniSvnelobas Soris<br />
gancdili Sinagani kavSiri, paulis azriT, jer kidev ar iZleva<br />
safuZvels mtkicebisaTvis, rom sityvaTa am jgufidan yoveli<br />
maTganis warmoSoba marTlacda aseTi kavSirebidan momdinareobs.<br />
cnobilia SemTxvevebis mTeli rigi, rodesac damtkicda, rom is<br />
gansakuTrebuli fonetikuri saxe anda mniSvneloba, romelTa<br />
wyalobiTac msgavsi sityvebi onomatopeuris STabeWdilebas tovebs,<br />
maT mier ufro gviani ganviTarebis procesSi iqna SeZenili, magram<br />
Tu am sityvebs mTlianobaSi ganvxilavT, miuTiTebs igi, Cven<br />
iZulebulni viqnebiT, ukuvagdoT mosazreba, rom maTi dRevandeli<br />
saxe yovelTvis SemTxveviTobis Sedegia. aq didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
imasac, rom maT Soris xSirad gvxvdeba erTimeoresTan Zlier<br />
msgavsi variantebi igiveobrivi anda Zlier msgavsi mniSvnelobebiT,<br />
romlebic Cveulebriv mxolod xmovanebiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca<br />
fonetikuri kanonebis mixedviT maTi dayvana erT saerTo sawyis<br />
formaze ar SeiZleba, sxva enebSic, aRniSnavs pauli, aseve xSirad<br />
SeimCneva amgvari saxis msgavsi JReradobis sityvebi, romelTa<br />
monaTesaveebad miCneva fonetikis kanonebis mixedviT ar SeiZleba<br />
(pauli 1960; 219-220).
54<br />
mxolod onomatopeuri instinqtiT SeiZleba aixsnas agreTve<br />
zogierTi is saxecvlilebac, romlebsac ukve Camoyalibebuli<br />
sityvebi eqvemdebareba.<br />
sityvaTa pirvelqmnadobasTan dakavSirebiT Sorisdebulebis<br />
sakiTxis ganxilvisas pauli miuTiTebs _ ar iqneboda marTebuli<br />
gvefiqra, rom yvela Sorisdebuli bunebrivi bgeraa da isini<br />
sicilisa da tirilis msgavsad aucileblad afeqtis<br />
mdgomareobidan momdinareobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia erTi<br />
da imave emociis gamoxatvis saSualeba sxvadasxva enasa da<br />
dialeqtSi sxvadasxva iyos. piriqiT, erTi da imave dialeqtze<br />
molaparake sxvadasxva individebic ki SeiZleba iyebebdnen<br />
gansxvavebul Sorisdebulebs erTsa da imave situaciaSi (pauli<br />
1960; 220_221).<br />
pauli ansxvavebs ori saxis Sorisdebuls:<br />
� mxolod Sinagani emociis gamomxatvelni<br />
� Sorisdebulebi, romlebic gamoxataven rogorc Sinagan<br />
emociebs, aseve garegan movlenebsac.<br />
pirveli saxis emociebidan zogierTi miekuTvneba mxolod erT<br />
garkveul garkveul emocias, zogi ki SeiZleba sruliad<br />
sxvadasxvagvari emociiT iyos gamowveuli. Ees ukanasknelni<br />
gvevlineba, rogorc TavisTavad sakmaod gaurkveveli<br />
artikulirebadi substratebi, romlebic konkretul Sinaarss<br />
mxolod Tanmxlebi emociuri intonaciis wyalobiT iZenen. magram,<br />
paulis azriT, maTi mniSvnelobebis es gaurkvevloba ar unda iyos<br />
Tavdapirveli. sxva sityvebis msgavsad Sorisdebulebi SeiZleba<br />
nasesxebi iyos sxva enidan, SeiZleba warmoiSvas calkeuli<br />
sityvebidan an sityvaTa erTobliobidan. fonetikuri cvlilebebis<br />
wyalobiT am ukanasknelTa warmoSoba SeiZleba imdenad SeiniRbos,<br />
rom dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSiac ver movaxerxoT maTi SemCneva.<br />
amitomac, miuTiTebs pauli, im SorisdebulTa SemTxvevaSiac ki,<br />
romlebic absoluturad martivad gamoiyureba da, rogorc Cans,
55<br />
morfologiur analizs ar eqvemdebareba, ar SeiZleba winaswar<br />
gvqondes imis rwmena, rom isini aseTi gziT ar arian warmoSobilni.<br />
Tumca, miuTiTebs igi, unda vigulisxmoT, rom am saxis<br />
SorisdebulTa garkveuli nawili mainc sxva sityvebidan ar<br />
aRmocenebula da uSualod emociis gamomxatveli bgerebidan<br />
momdinareobs. (pauli 1960; 221).<br />
SorisdebulTa meore saxe, romlebic gamoxatavs ara mxolod<br />
garkveul emociebs, aramed sxva saxis movlenebsac, paulis azriT,<br />
Zlier mWidro kavSirSi aris onomatopeur warmonaqmnebTan. maTi<br />
onomatopeuri xasiaTi vlindeba fuZis gaorebisa da gasamebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
garda zemoxsenebuli avtorisa, kidev mravali mecnieri Tvlis,<br />
rom yovel <strong>enaSi</strong> moipoveba sakmarisi raodenoba piqtoraluri<br />
sityvebisa. meore mxriv, gacilebiT meti avtoris dasaxeleba<br />
SeiZleba, romlebic, marTalia ar uaryofen aseTi sityvebis<br />
arsebobas, magram raodenobrivaad imdenad umniSvnelod Tvlian maT,<br />
rom saWirod ar miaCniaT am faqtisaTvis angariSis gaweva. azrTa<br />
sxvadasxvaoba imiT aris gamowveuli, rom terminebi _ bgeriTi<br />
wabaZva, Sorisdebuliseuli sityvebi, eqspresia, onomatopea,<br />
piqtoraluri sityvebi da sxva, romlebic Cveulebriv aseTi<br />
kategoriis sityvebis aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneba, yvela avtoris mier<br />
erTnairad ar aris gagebuli. zogierTi maT Zlier viwro<br />
mniSvnelobiT iyenebs, zogierTis mier ki met-naklebad farTo<br />
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. aseTi azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad,<br />
ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, am sakiTxis sistematuri kvleva<br />
aravis ucdia, raTa gaerkvia, Tu ra xvedriTi wonisaa aseTi<br />
kategoriis sityvebi ama Tu im enis leqsikaSi. es garemoeba albaT<br />
sakiTxis kvlevis siZneliTac aris ganpirobebuli. sityvaTa<br />
ganxilvisas arc Tu ise meorexarisxovan rols asrulebs<br />
Semfaseblis Teoriuli pozicia. Tu imasac miviRebT mxedvelobaSi,<br />
rom piqtoralobis momentebi sityvebSi met-naklebi xarisxiT aris<br />
warmodgenili, gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu raoden Znelia sityvaTa
56<br />
piqtoralobis sazRvrebis dadgena, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
sakiTxis mniSvnelobas, cxadi gaxdeba, rom Tundac miaxloebiT<br />
masalebi am mxriv garkveuli Rirebulebis mqonea.<br />
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uaRresad sagulisxmo<br />
kanonzomiereba gamoavlina t. gudavam. megrulSi aris xmabaZviTi<br />
sityvebis erTi rigi, romelic garda ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebisa,<br />
gamoxatavs moqmedebis elfers, moqmedi sagnis sidides, wonas,<br />
simkvrives da a.S. aRniSnul TvisebaTa gamoxatvis saSualebas<br />
warmoadgens mJRer, fSvinvier da mkveTr TanxmovanTa dapirispireba<br />
erTmaneTTan. amgvari saSualebiT gamoxatul xmabaZvas “bgerwera”<br />
SeiZleba vuwodoT”. (gudava 1958; 15)<br />
“bgerweriTi sityvebi” (Cveulebriv zmnebi) qmnian konebs: ori an<br />
ramdenime “bgerweriTi” sityva gaerTianebulia msgavsi<br />
mniSvnelobiTa da erTmaneTisagan kanonzomierad gansxvavebuli<br />
TanxmovnebiT. es gansxvaveba sameulebSi ( an wyvilebSi ) Semaval<br />
TanxmovanTa urTierTmonacvleobiT myardeba.<br />
“bgerweriT” sityvebSi mJReri Tanxmovnis monawileoba<br />
gadmoscems “didis”, “msxvilis”, “mZimis” elfers, yru Tanxmovnis<br />
monawileoba _ “pataris”, “msubuqis”, “wvrilis” elfers. fSvinvieri<br />
Tanxmovani, roca dapirispireba samsafexuriania (mJReri _<br />
fSvinvieri _ mkveTri) am mxriv saSualo adgils iWers. am<br />
kanonzomierebis sailustraciod avtors mohyavs ramdenime nimuSi<br />
da maTi miaxloebiTi Targmani qarTul enaze:<br />
1. mJReri (g – g) migvagvalu “migoravs” (didi, msxvili<br />
raRac).<br />
2. fSvinvieri (q _ q) miqvaqvalu “migoravs”, migogmanebs”,<br />
“micqrialebs”.<br />
3. mkveTri (k – k) mikvakvalu “migoravs” (patara, mkvrivi<br />
raRac).<br />
1. mJReri (Z _ Z) qodaZvaZu “dajda”, “daeca” (didi, mZime<br />
raRac).
57<br />
2. mkveTri (w – w) qodawvawu “dajda”, “daeca” (patara,<br />
msubuqi, nazi raRac).<br />
1. mJReri (g – j) igvijinans “didi, raRac msxvilad,<br />
dondlod gamoiyureba”.<br />
2. fSvinvieri (q – C) iqviCinans “aqoCrilad gamoiyureba”.<br />
3. mkveTri (k _ W ) ikviWinans “patara raRac mkveTrad<br />
gamoiyureba”.<br />
1. mJReri (Zg – Zg) ZgiZgonuns “ZiZgnis”.<br />
2. fSvinvieri (cq – cq) cqicqonuns “cicqnis”.<br />
3. mkveTri (wk _ wk) wkiwkonuns “wiwknis”.<br />
avtoris azriT, megrulSi dadasturebuli es kanonzomierebani<br />
qarTulSi SedarebiT sustadaa gamoxatuli.<br />
piqtoraluri momentebis Semcvel sityvebad ara mxolod iseTi<br />
sityvebi CaiTvleba, rogoricaa xmabaZviTi (viwro mniSvnelobiT, e.i.<br />
sityvebi, romlebSic gamoyenebulia is bgerebi, romlebsac<br />
gamoscems am sityviT aRniSnuli sagnebi) da Sorisdebulebi., aramed<br />
sityvebic, romlebic arc sagnis mier gamocemuli bgerebis<br />
imitacias warmoadgens da arc Sorisdebulebs Seicavs, magram<br />
romlebSiac amis miuxedavad sakmao warmatebiT xerxdeba. yovel<br />
<strong>enaSi</strong> piqtoraluri efeqtis misaRebad mravalnairi saSualeba<br />
gamoiyeneba. Cven ara gvaqvs pretenzia piqtoraluri sityvebis<br />
sityvaTwarmoebis gzebi gavarkvioT, es Cvens kompetencias scildeba.<br />
piqtoraluri sityvebiT rogorc ukve avRniSneT Zalze mdidaria<br />
italiuri ena. piqtoraluri efeqti xSirad miiReba sityvis fuZeSi<br />
am sityviT aRniSnuli sagnis an movlenis mier gamocemuli bgerebis<br />
warmomadgenlobiT. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT zogierT maTgans:<br />
tuffo CayvinTva<br />
sciabordio SenjReva<br />
scoppio afeTqeba<br />
fragore xmauri
58<br />
sfrigolare CurCuli<br />
tartagliare buzRuni<br />
borbottare buzRuni<br />
acciottolio kakuni<br />
cozzo rqebiT Sejaxeba<br />
lugubre jmuxi<br />
tetro jmuxi<br />
zip elva<br />
gracchiare Cxavili<br />
sciabordio njRreva<br />
sfarfallio cimcimi<br />
gocciolio uwyveti cimcimi<br />
fumigginare uwyveti wkapuni<br />
aseTi kategoriis sityvebi upirvelesad myisieri moqmedebis<br />
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, rogorc magaliTad qarTuli: braxuni,<br />
bzriali, bzuili, griali, gruxuni, zriali, raxuni, rixini da a.S.<br />
piqtoraluri efeqtis misaRebad gavrcelebuli formaa sityvis<br />
fuZeSi am sityviT aRniSnuli sagnis mier gamocemuli bgerebis<br />
reduplikacia: boomboom, clik clak, dindon etc...<br />
aseTi kategoriis sityvebi umTavresad droSi gavrcobil<br />
erTgvarovan, stereotipul moqmedebebs gamoxatavs.<br />
sityvebis fuZeSi marcvalTa stereotipuli ganmeorebiTaa<br />
miRweuli agreTve piqtoraluri efeqti iseTi movlenebis<br />
aRmniSvnel sityvebSi, romlebic umTavresad droSi gavrcobili<br />
stereotipulobiT xasiaTdebian, magram romelTa mimdinareoba<br />
upiratesad bgerebis gamocemasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli: bibini,<br />
laqlaqi, fusfusi, RaJRaJi da a.S<br />
piqtoraluri sityvebiT arc ise mdidari <strong>frangul</strong>i ena aseTi<br />
saxis sityvebs mravlad iyenebs komiqsebSi. moZraoba da eqspresia<br />
unda gadmoices naxatebSiac.
59<br />
am mxriv frangebs badali ara hyavT:<br />
AARGH ! Borborygme de<br />
l'individu pris à la gorge par son<br />
adversaire ou l'administration<br />
fiscale.<br />
AH! AH! AH! Rire dubitatif et<br />
méprisant.<br />
AÏE Cri de douleur<br />
BADABOUM Bruit de chute.<br />
BAF Bruit de claque.<br />
BALABOUM, BALOUM,<br />
BALOUM Bruit mat d'un corps<br />
dévalant une pente en<br />
rebondissant.<br />
BANG Explosion.<br />
SeZaxili, romelic adamians aRmoxdeba<br />
maSin, roca mas yelSi xels wauWers<br />
mowinaaRmdege an sagadasaxado<br />
inspeqcia.<br />
undoblobisa da zizRis gamomxatveli<br />
CaRimeba<br />
tkivilisagan wamoyvireba<br />
dacemis xma<br />
silis gawnis xma<br />
sxeulis xma daRmarTze Camogorebisas<br />
afeTqebis xma
BEEP En français Bip (tonalité,<br />
un bip d'appel)<br />
BERK ! Exprime le dégoût.<br />
BEUH ! Gros chagrin enfantin.<br />
BEURK ! Vomir, gerber.<br />
BING Bruit de coup<br />
BLAM Claquement d'une porte.<br />
BOF Marque le désintérêt.<br />
BOING ! Bruit de rebond.<br />
BOUM Bruit d'explosion.<br />
BRAOUM Bruit de la foudre au<br />
lointain.<br />
60<br />
tonaloba<br />
gamoxatavs zizRs<br />
bavSvuri mwuxareba, dardi<br />
Rebineba<br />
dartymis xma<br />
karis mixurvis xma<br />
gamoxatavs indiferentulobas<br />
ukan gaxtomis xma<br />
afeTqebis xma<br />
Weqa-quxilis xma Soridan
BROOM, BROM Son inquiétant<br />
d'un tremblement de terre.<br />
BROUM Vibrations de surface<br />
engendrées par un corps pesant.<br />
BRUSH Verbe anglais. Brosser<br />
BUZZ Mot anglais signifiant<br />
bourdonnement. Bruit du vol du<br />
bourdon et autres coléoptères.<br />
BZOING Bruit de ressort.<br />
BZZZ Bruit d'insecte en général et<br />
de l'abeille en particulier.<br />
CHEESE Souriez.<br />
CHOP ! CHOP ! Le boucher<br />
découpe la viande. Du verbe<br />
anglais To Chop : Couper .subs.<br />
Côtelette<br />
61<br />
miwisZvris SemaZrwunebeli xma<br />
mZime sxeuliT gamowveuli zedapiris<br />
vibraciis xma<br />
inglisuri zmna. wmenda<br />
inglisuri sityva, romelic niSnavs<br />
zuzuns. mwerebis freniT gamowveuli<br />
xma<br />
zambaris xma<br />
mweris xma. ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi es<br />
aris futkari<br />
gaiRimeT<br />
yasabi Wris xorcs. momdinareobs<br />
inglisuri sityvisagan.
CLAC Bruit de fermeture d'un<br />
mécanisme.<br />
CLAP Verbe anglais signifiant :<br />
Applaudir. (clap one's hands)<br />
CLAP ! CLAP ! CLAP !<br />
Applaudissements.<br />
CLIC-CLAC Bruit du pêne d'un<br />
serrure.<br />
CLIC Bruit d'enclenchement d'un<br />
mécanisme.<br />
CLUTCH Bruit d'embrayage.<br />
Verbe anglais signifiant embrayer.<br />
COCORICO Chant du coq aux<br />
aurores.<br />
COIN-COIN Cri du canard.<br />
COT ! COT ! COT ! Cri de la<br />
poule avant de pondre.<br />
62<br />
raime meqanizmis daxurvis xma<br />
aplodismentebi<br />
aplodismentebi<br />
saketis gadaketvis xma<br />
meqanizmis CarTvis xma<br />
CarTvis xma<br />
mamlis yivili ganTiadze<br />
ixvis xma<br />
qaTmis kriaxi kvercxis dadebis win
COTT ! COTT ! Cri de la poule<br />
cherchant sa pitance.<br />
COUCOU Cri du coucou.<br />
COUGH Verbe anglais signifiant<br />
tousser.<br />
CRAAAC Bruit de la foudre.<br />
CRAC Cassure<br />
CRAPUH ! Bruit d'explosion<br />
suivi d'un sifflement.<br />
CRASH ! Verbe anglais signifiant<br />
s'écraser.<br />
CRIC ! CRIC ! Crissements légers<br />
répétés.<br />
CROÂ Cri du corbeau.<br />
63<br />
qaTmis kriaxi<br />
gugulis xma<br />
inglisuri zmna, aRniSnavs xvelebas<br />
elvis xma<br />
gatexvis xma<br />
afeTqebis xma, romelsac Tan sdevs<br />
stvena<br />
inglisuri zmna, niSnavs Camovardnas.<br />
msubuqi, xSiri wamoyvireba<br />
yvavis xma, Cxavili<br />
Cxavili
CROAK Verbe anglais : Coasser,<br />
croasser<br />
CRONCH, CRUNCH Bruit de<br />
mastication de nos amies les<br />
vaches en train de ruminer.<br />
CUI-CUI Les petits oiseaux, sous<br />
la frondaison, font entendre leurs<br />
gentils cui-cui, c'est le Printemps.<br />
DING-DONG Bruit de cloches.<br />
DRELIN DRELIN Appel de<br />
clochette. Madame sonne sa<br />
bonne.<br />
DRUM Bruit de pluie ou de grêle.<br />
Verbe anglais signifiant<br />
tambouriner.<br />
EUH ! Marque d'hésitation ou de<br />
perplexité. Dans les discours<br />
marque la confusion mentale ou le<br />
manque de maîtrise d'un sujet.<br />
64<br />
Zroxis coxna<br />
patara Citebis galobis xma<br />
zarebis rekvis xma<br />
zaris xma<br />
Weqa-quxilis an wvimis xma<br />
yoymanis gamomxatveli Sorisdebuli
FLACK Employé pour évoquer<br />
l'explosion des obus de défense<br />
anti-aérienne.<br />
FLAP Bruit d'un tissu claquant au<br />
vent.<br />
FLIC-FLOC Gouttes d'eau.<br />
FLIP-FLOP Bruit de goutte à<br />
goutte.<br />
FLOP Bruit d'un tissu agité<br />
mollement par le vent.<br />
FLUSH Bruit de l'écoulement d'un<br />
liquide. De l'anglais Flush :<br />
Chasse d'eau<br />
FRICHH ! Bruit de friture.<br />
FUIT ! Bruit de fuite d'un gaz ou<br />
d'un liquide.<br />
65<br />
haersawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis sistemis<br />
iaraRebis afeTqebis xma<br />
qaris dros naWris Srialis xma<br />
wylis wveTebi<br />
wylis wveTebis wkapuni<br />
qaris dros msubuqad Serxeuli<br />
qsovilis xma<br />
siTxis Camosxmis xma<br />
Sewvis xma<br />
gazis an siTxis daRvris xma
GASP Verbe anglais exprimant un<br />
hoquet de terreur.<br />
GLAGLA Indique un froid<br />
intense.<br />
GLOMP Bruit de déglutition.<br />
GLOUGLOU Bruit de déglutition<br />
d'un liquide.<br />
GLOU-GLOU-GLOU-GLOU Cri<br />
du dindon.<br />
GLOUP Bruit de déglutition.<br />
GLUMP Bruit de déglutition en<br />
anglais.<br />
GNARF! GNARF! Cri du sanglier<br />
en train de fouir.<br />
GONG Son du gong.<br />
66<br />
SeZrwunebis amoZaxili<br />
saSineli sicive<br />
ylapvis xma<br />
siTxis dalevis dros gamocemuli xma<br />
indauris xma<br />
ylapvis xma<br />
ylapvis xma inglisurad<br />
taxis xma<br />
gongis xma
GROUI Cri du porc, tel celui dont<br />
Duguesclin tirait les oreilles.<br />
GUILI-GUILI Chatouilles.<br />
HA ! HA ! Cris d'appréciation ou<br />
d'admiration.<br />
HAN ! Cri du bûcheron au travail.<br />
HÉ ! HÉ ! HÉ ! Exprime un rire<br />
sardonique.<br />
HI-HAN Cri de l'âne.<br />
HIII ! Hennissement de cheval.<br />
HON ! HON ! 1 - Marque un<br />
appel aux forces vitales 2 - Scande<br />
la marche à pied.<br />
67<br />
Roris xma, romelsac yurebi daacales<br />
Ritini<br />
Sefasebis an aRfrTovanebis SeZaxili<br />
xismWrelis SeZaxili muSaobis<br />
procesSi<br />
ironia, dacinva<br />
viris yroyini<br />
cxenis coxna<br />
1. SeZaxeli sasicocxlo Zalebis<br />
mokrebisaTvis.<br />
2. fexiT svlis skandireba<br />
seriozuli.
HOOPS ! Same as OUPS ! Grave<br />
HOP ! HOP ! En anglais, sautiller,<br />
aller à cloche-pied.<br />
HUM Bourdonner<br />
HUM-HUM Marque la réflexion.<br />
HUMM ! Que tout cela semble<br />
bon.<br />
HUMPF ! Accuser le coup.<br />
KLING-KLANG Bruit de pièces<br />
métalliques qui s'entrechoquent.<br />
KNOCK Verbe anglais signifiant<br />
frapper, frapper à une porte.<br />
MÊÊÊ ! Cri de la brebis.<br />
MEUH ! Un cri de nos<br />
68<br />
ingl: cal fexze xtoma, askinkila<br />
zuzuni<br />
fiqri<br />
mgoni kargia es yvelaferi<br />
reagireba<br />
liTonis monetebis xma<br />
ingl: karebze kakuni<br />
cxvris xma<br />
zmuili
campagnes, meuglement.<br />
MIAOU Miaulement.<br />
NA ! Interjection enfantine<br />
signifiant " C'est mon dernier mot<br />
".<br />
OH ! Marque d'étonnement.<br />
OH ! OH ! OH ! Rire du Père<br />
Noël.<br />
OK D'accord.<br />
OUIN ! Pleur enfantin.<br />
PAF Bruit de coup.<br />
PAM, PAN Bruit de détonation<br />
provoqué par une arme à feu.<br />
PATATRAS Tout s'écroule.<br />
69<br />
knavili<br />
bavSvebis metyvelebidan: es aris Cemi<br />
bolo sityva<br />
gakvirvebis gamoxatva<br />
Tovlis babuis sicili<br />
kargi, Tanaxma var, gasagebia<br />
bavSvis tirili<br />
dartymis xma<br />
afeTqebis xma, romelic gamowveulia<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRiT<br />
yvelaferi ingreva
PIF Coup porté au nez.<br />
PIM Coup de poing.<br />
PIN-PON Bruit de sirène.<br />
PING Porter un coup.<br />
PLIP-PLOP Bruit de robinet qui<br />
fuit.<br />
PLOP ! Bruit de bouteille que l'on<br />
débouche.<br />
PLOUF Bruit que fait un objet en<br />
tombant à l'eau.<br />
POF Bulles crevant à la surface.<br />
POUET-POUET Son de la corne,<br />
ancêtre de l'actuel avertisseur<br />
70<br />
cxvirSi dartyma<br />
muWiT dartymis xma<br />
sirenis xma<br />
dartyma<br />
onkanis xma<br />
boTlis gaxsnis xma<br />
wyalSi sagnis Cagdebis xma<br />
wylis buStukebis gaxeTqvis xma<br />
rqis sayviris xma
sonore.<br />
POUM Bruit de détonation d'un<br />
fusil .<br />
PSCHITT ! Bruit que fait un gaz<br />
sous pression lorsque l'on ouvre<br />
une bouteille.<br />
PSSSH Bruit que fait un gaz sous<br />
pression en s'échappant.<br />
REUH ! Bruit d'accélération d'un<br />
moteur diesel.<br />
REUM Le brame du cerf.<br />
RING ! Tintement de sonnette. Du<br />
verbe anglais Ring : Sonner<br />
RON-RON Ronronnement du<br />
chat.<br />
RRRR ! Ronfler.<br />
71<br />
iaraRis xma<br />
gazis xma boTlis gaxsnisas<br />
gazis Suili<br />
dizelis motoris xma<br />
irmis xma<br />
zaris xma. ingl: zaris darekva<br />
katis xma. katis RuRuni<br />
xvrinva
RUSH ! Marque un mouvement<br />
précipité. Du verbe anglais Rush :<br />
Se précipiter.<br />
SCHTUMPH, SCHTOUMPH<br />
Bruit sourd de détonation.<br />
SCRAP Verbe anglais signifiant<br />
racler<br />
SCRATCH Verbe anglais<br />
signifiant gratter<br />
SLAP - SLAP - SLAP Bruit de la<br />
fessée. De l'anglais Slap .v. gifler<br />
SLASH En anglais balafrer,<br />
taillader. En français schlass<br />
(couteau).<br />
SLIP Verbe anglais. Glisser<br />
72<br />
aRniSnavs Cqar moZraobas<br />
afeTqebis yru xma<br />
ingl: gawmenda<br />
ingl: kakuni<br />
ingl: silis gawna<br />
ingl: daWra. fr: dana<br />
gasxltoma
SLUSH ! Bruit d'un écoulement<br />
de boues. Du verbe anglais Slush :<br />
Patauger<br />
SMAC Bisou, suçon.<br />
SMOOTH .adj. Doux(-ouce)<br />
SNIFF Verbe anglais signifiant<br />
renifler.<br />
SOB Mot anglais impliquant un<br />
arrêt transitoire convulsif de la<br />
respiration ; hoqueter. Également<br />
l'acronyme "Short Of Breath"<br />
c'est-à-dire avoir le souffle coupé.<br />
TACATA-CATA-CATA Bruit de<br />
mitraillette.<br />
TAC-TAC-TAC Bruit de<br />
machoires qui s'entrechoquent<br />
pour cause de froid, peur ou<br />
famine.<br />
73<br />
talaxSi Cafloba. ingl: kotriali<br />
kocna<br />
keTili<br />
uaryofa<br />
ingl: sunTqvis Sekvra<br />
avtomatis xma<br />
siciviT, SiSiT an SimSiliT kbilebis<br />
wakwaki
TAÏAUT A la chasse à courre.<br />
TAP-TAP-TAP Jeannot lapin<br />
paraît très impatient. Il veut sa<br />
carotte.<br />
TCHOU TCHOU TCHOU Son de<br />
la locomotive à vapeur.<br />
TEUF ! TEUF ! Bruit d'un moteur<br />
mono-cylindre.<br />
TIC-TIC-TIC Bruit aigu répétitif.<br />
TIC-TAC Bruit d'horloge ou de<br />
réveil-matin.<br />
TOC ! TOC ! TOC ! Frappement<br />
à une porte - Voir Knock.<br />
TRASH Verbe anglais signifiant<br />
jeter.<br />
74<br />
ZaRlebiT nadirobis xma<br />
kurdReli Zalian mousvenari Cans.<br />
stafilo unda<br />
orTqlmavlis xma<br />
erTcilindriani Zravis xma<br />
ganmeorebiTi Zlieri xmauri<br />
saaTis xma diliT<br />
karze dakakunebis xma<br />
ingl: srola
TRIII ! La trille des oiseaux<br />
annonçant le printemps.<br />
TUMB Bruit de détonation d'une<br />
arme équipée d'un modérateur de<br />
bruit.<br />
TURLUTUTTU Son du mirliton.<br />
TUUT ! TUUT ! Annonce d'un<br />
train entrant en gare.<br />
UH ! UH ! Cri de la chouette,<br />
hululement.<br />
VLAM Bruit de porte qui claque.<br />
VLANG Bruit de volets battus par<br />
le vent.<br />
VROOM ! VROOM ! Bruit<br />
d'accélération d'un moteur.<br />
75<br />
Citebis WikWiki, gazafxulis<br />
mauwyebeli<br />
xmis saxSobiani iaraRis gasrolis xma<br />
sayviris xma<br />
sadgurze Semosuli matareblis xma<br />
bus xma<br />
karis xma<br />
qaris dros darabebis Wrialis xma<br />
ingl: Zravis daqoqvis xma
WOW Mot anglais argotique<br />
exprimant l'étonnement ou<br />
l'admiration.<br />
YEAAH ! Cri du guerrier<br />
s'élançant au combat.<br />
YOUPEE Cri de joie.<br />
ZAP Zapper.<br />
ZIN BOUM TSOIN TSOIN Et en<br />
avant la musique.<br />
ZZZZ Dormir.<br />
76<br />
gakvirvebis an aRfrTovanebis<br />
gamomxatveli Sorisdebuli<br />
meomris SeZaxili brZolis velze<br />
Sesvlis win<br />
sixarulis SeZaxili<br />
gadarTva erTi telearxidan meoreze<br />
Sesavali musikis, melodiis dawyebis<br />
win<br />
Zili<br />
DICTIONNAIRE DES ONOMATOPÉES DE BANDES DESSINÉES<br />
(http://www.dr-belair.com/dic/Entertainment/Onomatopoeias/dc-onomatopoeias.htm)
77<br />
§6 suprafonema, rogorc bgeraTsimboluri erTeuli<br />
rogorc mkvlevarTa umravlesoba fiqrobs, erTeuli, romelic<br />
metyvelebis Sinaarsobriv aRqmaSi umTavres rols asrulebs, es<br />
aris sityvis bgeriTi gamoxatuleba. metyvlebis “sityvieri aRqmis”<br />
Teziss iziarebdnen r. o. iakobsoni, .h. moli da e. ulenbeki .<br />
rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs e. ulenbeki (fsiqolingvistika<br />
1984: 67) “msmeneli metyvelebaSi ar aRiqvams erT fonemas meoris<br />
miyolebiT, aramed axdens Sinaarsis mqone erTianobis e. i. sityvis<br />
identificirebasa da determinirebas”.<br />
Cveni mxriv avRniSnavT, rom sityvis bgeraTsimboluri<br />
komponenti ar aris calkeuli fonema. rogorc ukve iTqva, calke<br />
aRebuli bgerebi, Sinaarsisgan mowyvetiT, arafers ar aRniSnavs,<br />
ufro metic, cdaSi monawile pirebisaTvis erTmaneTTan<br />
dasakavSireblad bgerebis (xmovnebis) da ferebis wardgenisas,<br />
mkvlevarebi “enobrivi Cvevis” meqanizms iSveliebdnen, ramac<br />
savsebiT ar Seuwyo xeli eqsperimentis Sedegs.<br />
aseve ar SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom bgeraTsimboluri<br />
komponentis matarebeli aris mTliani sityva, romelic, rogorc<br />
zemoT avRniSneT, enis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi ganicdis<br />
fonetikur cvlilebas da romelsac SeiZleba hqondes mravali<br />
sinonimi msgavsi mniSvnelobebiT, magram sxvadasxva fonetikuri<br />
formiT (sadac bgeraTsimboluri komponenti an saerTod ar aris,<br />
an sxva bgerebiT aris warmodgenili).<br />
Cvens mier warmodgenili hipoTezis gaTvaliswinebiT (iseTi<br />
fizikuri movlenis gavlena, bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis aRqmaze,<br />
rogoricaa talRebis interferencia) mizanSewonilad miviCnieT
78<br />
gamogveyo axali erTeuli _ suprafonema, romelic Sesabamis<br />
sityvebSi bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebelia da romelic<br />
Cven ganvsazRvreT, rogorc myari bgeriTi Sesityveba,<br />
struqturulad Semdgari, rogorc wesi ramdenime fonemisagan,<br />
sityvis fonetikuri JReradobisa da sagnebis Tvisebebis obieqturi<br />
asociaciebis gamomwvevi.<br />
Tavisi struqturis mixedviT, is, rogorc wesi Sedgeba 2 – 4<br />
fonemisagan, romelTa SerCeva sulac ar aris nebismieri da<br />
ZiriTadad damokidebulia konkretuli enis fonetikur<br />
struqturaze.<br />
suprefonema, romelic TavisTavad ar aris dasrulebuli sityva,<br />
mainc aris leqsikuri mniSvnelobis nawilis matarebeli (“kargi” _<br />
“cudi”, “mrgvali”, “fafuki”), romelsac ZiriTadad miaweren mTlian<br />
sityvas. ra Tqma unda, morfologiuri suprafonema ar aris bgera,<br />
is ar aris “gawyobili” fleqsiebiT, daboloebebiT, da sityvis<br />
fuZec xandaxan ar emTxveva suprafonemas: ZiriTadad is warmoadgens<br />
fuZis mxolod nawils, Tumca is bgeraTsimboluri komponenti,<br />
romelic masSia mocemuli da “muSaobs” gverdiT mdgomi bgerebis<br />
interferenciis meSveobiT, gansazRvravs misTvis specifiur<br />
leqsikur mniSvnelobas, romelsac Cven SemdgomSi vuwodebT<br />
bgeraTsimbolurs. rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, eqsperimentSi,<br />
romelic agebul iqna Cveni hipoTezis safuZvelze, Cven gamoviyeneT<br />
aseTi suprafonemebi da ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi, cdispirebma<br />
“amoicnes” es komponenti.<br />
formaluri sistemizaciisaTvis Cven marTebulad migvaCnia<br />
gamovyoT suprafonemis ori jgufi: fuZiseuli da afiqsaluri;<br />
Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, xSir SemTxvevaSi fuZiseuli<br />
suprafonema ar warmoadgens safuZvliv FfuZes, mxolod misi<br />
nawilia morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT, iRebs ra Tavis Tavze<br />
specifiuri leqsikuri mniSvnelobis nawils.<br />
afiqsaluri suprafonemebi ki albaT warmoadgendnen calkeul<br />
arc Tu ise damoukidebel bgerebs damatebiTi leqsikuri
79<br />
mniSvnelobiT, romlebic bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli<br />
iyo da sityvas uerTdeboda “Sesavsebad” srulyofis mizniT.<br />
magaliTad, kninobiT – alersobiTi an sxva mniSvnelobis misacemad.<br />
§7 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis funqcionireba<br />
zemoT aRniSnulis safuZvelze SegviZlia bgeraTsimbolizmis<br />
funqcionirebis Semdegi modeli warmovadginoT: artikulaciur-<br />
akustikuri invariantuli nakrebidan yoveli ena gamoyofs<br />
suprafonemebis SezRudul nakrebs, romlebic, molaparakeTa azriT,<br />
yvelaze kargad asaxavs msgavsi sagnebis an movlenebis<br />
kompleqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. xSirad, erTi da igive<br />
niSani aisaxeba <strong>bgeraTa</strong> sxvadasxva nakrebiT, e. i. sxvadasxva<br />
suprafonemebiT, <strong>enaSi</strong> SeiZleba arsebobdes mravalricxovani sityva<br />
_ sinonimebi, romlebsac molaparake gamoiyenebs Tavisi<br />
Sexedulebisamebr.<br />
am TavSi Cven ganvixileT bgeris fizikuri buneba da <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
interferenciis movlena, romelic Cveni hipoTezis Sesabamisad aris<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis safuZveli. aseve xazi gavusviT im faqts, rom<br />
aucilebelia bgeraTsimbolur sityvebSi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsis da ara<br />
calkeuli bgerebis Seswavla, radgan adamianis aRqmaSi<br />
bgeraTsimboluri efeqti mxolod bgeraTSeTanxmebebs SeuZlia<br />
mogvces.<br />
Semdeg gamokvleuli iyo bgeris aRqmis fsiqo-fiziologiuri<br />
buneba, aseve warmodgenili iyo mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sityvis<br />
bgeraTsimboluri komponenti bgeris kodireba/dekodirebis etapze<br />
badebs garkveul asociaciebs, exmareba ra azrovnebas saxeebisa da<br />
maTi maxasiaTeblebis amocnobaSi.<br />
aseve gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityva amoicnoba ufro iolad da efeqturad,<br />
vidre sxva sityvebi, rac ganpirobebulia masSi bgeraTsimboluri
80<br />
komponentis arsebobiT, romelic aZlierebs signals da gvexmareba<br />
maTi dekodirebisas Tavidan avaciloT SesaZlo Secdomebi.<br />
aRiniSna, rom sityvebi, TviT bgeraTsimboluri elementebis<br />
matareblebic ki icvlian TavianT fonetikur formas enis<br />
fonetikuri sistemis Sesabamisad. Catarebuli eqsperimentebis<br />
Sedegad gamovlenil iqna sityvis bgeraTsimboluri elementis<br />
matarebeli erTeuli _ romelsac Cven pirobiTad suprafonema<br />
vuwodeT da romelic warmoadgens fonemebis myar naerTs, aris<br />
garkveuli enebisTvis specifikuri da iwvevs sityvis JReradobasa<br />
da mniSvnelobas Soris obieqtur asociaciebs, TiTqos sityvis<br />
garegani mxare Seesabameba mis Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas
81<br />
Tavi III <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis eqsperimentuli kvleva<br />
§1 <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis Seswavlis eqsperimentuli meTodebi<br />
dResdReobiT <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis Seswavlis sami ZiriTadi<br />
eqsperimentuli meTodi arsebobs.<br />
meTodi №1. cdaSi monawile pirisaTvis bgeraTSeTanxmebis<br />
wardgena Sinaarsis gareSe (miuleris eqsperimenti). es meTodi<br />
SedarebiT srulyofilia. monacemTa Sejameba subieqturia, rac<br />
Tavis mxriv, gamoricxavs masalis damuSavebisas statistikis<br />
efeqtur gamoyenebas.<br />
meTodi № 2. cdaSi monawile pirisaTvis ori JReradobis da<br />
ori Sesabamisi Sinaarsi wardgena. Tavis “klasikur” variantSi es<br />
meTodi “SerCevis eqsperimentis” saxels atarebs (matching experiment) da<br />
misi arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi _ dakvirvebis obieqtebs, romlebic<br />
floben mxolod da mxolod erT enas, eZlevaT antonimuri<br />
wyvilebi (“didi” – “patara”, “civi” – “cxeli” da a. S.) or enaze,<br />
romelTagan erTi cdispiris mSobliuri enis monaTesave enaa, xolo<br />
meore misTvis ucnobia. eqsperimentis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze<br />
dayrdnobiT, s. tsuru (tsuru 1934; 92) mivida daskvnamde, rom<br />
universaluri fonetikuri simbolizmi arsebobs, radgan<br />
inglisurenovani studentebi iaponur sityvebs saocari sizustiT<br />
icnobdnen.<br />
s. tsurus meTods seriozuli nakli aqvs : fonemaTa ricxvi<br />
yvela <strong>enaSi</strong> SezRudulia, swored amitom sityvebi sxvadasxva enebSi<br />
SeiZleba hgavdes erTmaneTs. eqsperimentators, romelmac icis<br />
orive ena, uneburad SeuZlia enis leqsikuri fondidan intuitiurad
82<br />
SearCios iseTi sityvebi, romlebic fonetikurd waagavs meore enis<br />
sityvebs, xolo cdaSi monawile pirebi Semdeg ukve TviTon irCeven<br />
sityvebs, romlebic erTmaneTs hgvanan bgeriTi SemadgenlobiT,<br />
amitom h. alporti (alporti 1935; 34-46) da Semdeg r. brauni (brauni<br />
1958: 47) Semdegnairad moiqcnen: mSobliuri enis sityvebi maT<br />
aTargmnines specialist-filologebs, ris Semdegac iyo<br />
gamovlenili sacdel sityvaTa wyvilebi. sityvaTa umravlesoba<br />
mainc iqna gamocnobili cdaSi monawile pirebis mier.<br />
meTods №2 aqvs sami seriozuli nakli. pirvel rigSi,<br />
cdispirebi icnoben mocemuli asoTSeTanxmebis Sinaarss, adareben<br />
ra mas sufTa formaluri gziT mSobliuri an maTTvis cnobili<br />
enis sityvebs. meorec, <strong>enaSi</strong> yvela sityvas ara aqvs simboluri<br />
mniSvneloba, cdispirma SeiZleba ver gamoicnos mocemuli sityvis<br />
mniSvneloba ara imitom, rom <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi ar arsebobs,<br />
aramed imitom, rom mocemuli sityva SeiZleba ar iyos aranairi<br />
bgeraTsimboluri “niSnis” matarebeli da bolos mesame, orive<br />
winamdebare meTodi saSualebas ar gvaZlevs davadginoT<br />
gansazRvruli artikulaciuri da Sinaarsobrivi erTeulebis<br />
Sesabamisoba. “SerCevis” meTodi SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes zogierTi<br />
specialuri amocanis amosaxsnelad, magaliTad, ori an meti<br />
sinonimuri sityvis fonetikuri motivirebulobis xarisxis<br />
gamosavlenad. mizanSewonilia warvudginoT cdaSi monawile pirs<br />
ori JReradoba (erTi an ori mniSvnelobiT) im SemTxvevaSic, roca<br />
aucilebelia erTmaneTs davupirispiroT ori erTmaneTisagan erTi<br />
an ori diferencialuri niSniT gansxvavebuli fonema (magaliTad,<br />
cdispirs SeiZleba warvudginoT <strong>bgeraTa</strong> Semdegi kompleqsebi dan, tan,<br />
ban da din da dan, tin da tan, raTa gamovavlinoT piris aparatis Riaoba-<br />
daxurulobis roli). Tumca eqsperimentis Catarebis mesame meTodi<br />
mkvlevarebs ufro met SesaZlobebs aZlevs.<br />
meTodi № 3. cdaSi monawile pirisaTvis erTi JReradobis (erTi<br />
bgeris, erTi tipis sityvebis “Tanxmovani _ xmovani _ Tanxmovani” an
83<br />
rTuli SeTanxmebis) da ramdenime Sinaarsis wardgena, romlebic<br />
ori polaruli cnebis gradacias warmoadgens (magaliTad, “Zalian<br />
patara”, “patara”, “neitraluri”, “didi”, “Zalian didi”). am meTodis<br />
gamoyenebis nimuSebia i. teiloris Sromebi (teilori 1963).<br />
inglisuri da iaponuri enebis 5 xmovnisgan da 5 Tanxmovnisgan<br />
m. maironma (maironi 1981; 36-46 ) Seadgina 50 uazro SeTanxmeba,<br />
romlebsac sTavazobda amerikelebs (romlebic inglisurad<br />
laparakobdnen) da iaponlebs, romlebic eqsperimentamde ramdenime<br />
xniT adre Camovidnen amerikaSi. cdaSi monawile pirebi (orive<br />
jgufSi 100 adamiani) afasebdnen maT winaSe wardgenil SeTanxmebebs<br />
16 Skalad. masalis statikuri damuSavebis Semdeg m. maironi Semdeg<br />
daskvnamde mivida:<br />
1. inglisurad da iaponurad molaparakeTa mier <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
Sefaseba erTmaneTs emTxveva.<br />
2. winaenismieri bgerebi orive <strong>enaSi</strong> aRniSnavs “susts” da<br />
“sasiamovnos”, xolo ukanaenismieri _ “Zliers” ”usiamovnos”.<br />
zogadad Catarebuli yvela eqsperimentis Sedegi aseTia:<br />
1. cdaSi monawile pirebisaTvis sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da<br />
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb informacia imdenad garkveulia, rom<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi arCvani sxvagvarad verc warmoudgenia,<br />
imdenad srulyofili gancda aqvs, TiTqos icis rom es<br />
namdvilad asea.<br />
2. ucnobi sityvebis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobaTa<br />
urTierTSesatyvisobis gancdas umetes SemTxvevaSi Tan axlavs<br />
rwmena maTi gamocnobis sisworis Sesaxeb.<br />
3. gamocnobis sisworis Sesaxeb maRali rwmenis arsebobis<br />
pirobebSi ucnobi enis sityvebi ZiriTadad sworad aris<br />
gamocnobili.<br />
4. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdaSi monawile pirTa arCevanis<br />
damTxveva didia, ufro xSirad sityvaTwyvilebi sworad aris<br />
gamocnobili.
§2 saxeldebis problema eqsperimentul fsiqologiaSi<br />
84<br />
sanam sakuTar eqsperiments CavatarebdeT, aucilebelia<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT Cvens winamorbedTa eqperimentebis Sedegebi da<br />
gavakeToT daskvnebi.<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi mniSvenelovan rols TamaSobs saxeldebis<br />
procesSi. saxledebis problemis eqsperimentuli kvleva meoce<br />
saukunis ociani wlebidan iwyeba. j. ingliSma (kornelis<br />
laboratoria) 1916 wels gamoaqveyna eqsperimentuli gamokvleva,<br />
romelic miznad isaxavda gaerkvia “sakuTari saxelebis” roli am<br />
saxelebis matarebel ucnob individebze (ingliSi 1916; 27) . es<br />
gamokvleva sawyiss iRebs k. kolaritsisa da e. klaparedis<br />
gamokvlevebidan da amitom mizanSewonilia mokled maTzedac<br />
SevCerdeT. k. kolaritsi sakuTari da sxvaTa dakvirvebis masalebis<br />
analizis Sedegad askvnis, rom ucnob individebze, literaturul<br />
gmirze an ucnob adgilmdebareobaze Cven mier SemuSavebuli<br />
vizualuri xati SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos misi azrebiT,<br />
stiliT, erovnebiT, misi saxelis an profesiis msgavsebiT nacnob<br />
pirovnebasTan da sxva.<br />
e. klaparedi (klaparedi 1914; 14) kolaritsis am gamokvlevis<br />
(kolaritsi 1914; 8) ganxilvisas miuTiTebs, rom aseTi vizualuri<br />
xatebis ragvaroba sxva faqtorebTan erTad mniSvnelovnad aris<br />
gansazRvruli agreTve sakuTari saxelebis bgeriTi<br />
SemadgenlobiTac” _saxelis JReradobas aqvs afeqturi toni,<br />
romelic monawileobs am saxelis matarebeli individis Sesaxeb<br />
gonebrivi xatis SemuSavebaSi. yvela Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
miuTiTebs igi, saxeli, mZime an gameorebuli marcvlebiT aRZravs<br />
dabali, Casqelebuli , cota sasacilo individis xats; mokle da
85<br />
mJReri saxeli aRZravs cocxali, Txeli, maRal-maRali da a.S.<br />
pirovnebis xats. am mosazrebis siswore iqedanac Cans, dasZens igi,<br />
rom mwerlebi TavianT personaJebs miakuTvneben iseT fizionomias,<br />
rogoric maT undaT, rom am saxelebma gamoiwvios maTi<br />
mkiTxvelebis warmosaxvaSi. am mosazrebiT Seqmna albaT saxeli<br />
tartareni a. dodem, pikviki _ C. dikensma.... sakuTari saxelebis<br />
fizionomia, klaparedis azriT ar SeiZleba iyos individualuri<br />
faqtori, radganac es saxelebi yvela mkiTxvelSi analogiur<br />
efeqts iwvevs.<br />
j. ingliSma miznad daisaxa eqsperimentulad Seemowmebina e.<br />
klaparedis zemoT moyvanili mosazreba. man cdis sami varianti<br />
Caatara:<br />
1. cdaSi monawile pirebs aZlevda maTTvis ucnobi<br />
adamianebis saxelebs da sTxovda aReweraT am saxelebis<br />
matarebeli individebi;<br />
2. adamianTa saxelebis nacvlad cdaSi monawile pirebs<br />
eZleodaT uazro <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi da evalebodaT<br />
aReweraT adamianebi, romlebsac SeiZleboda hqonodaT<br />
zustad aseTi saxeli;<br />
3. cdaSi monawile pirebs aCvenebdnen ucnobi individebis<br />
suraTebs da avalebdnen saxeli SeerCiaT maTTvis.<br />
J. ingliSisa da e. alspaCis gamokvlevebSi sakvlevi problema<br />
sakmaod konkretulia _ ra saxis gancdebs iwvevs ucnobi<br />
individebis saxelebi. miRebuli Sedegebi maT mier ar ganixileba<br />
saxeldebis problemasTan mimarTebaSi, magram am eqsperimentebSi<br />
pirvelad gamovlinda, rom: cdaSi monawile pirebis mier <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsi, raime cnobieri semantikuri da asociaciuri kavSirebis<br />
gareSe, ganicdeba iseTi Tvisebis matareblad romlebic<br />
raRacnairad Seesatyvisebian im STabeWdilebas, romelsac cdaSi<br />
monawile pirSi esa Tu is individi iwvevs, amasTan daadginda, rom<br />
beraTa kompleqsiT gamowveuli es STabeWdilebebi xasiTdeba<br />
erTgvari intraindividualuri konstantobiT.
86<br />
am problemis gadawyvetisaTvis sagulisxmo faqtebs gvawvdis z.<br />
fiSeris FfiSeri miznad isaxavs ikvlios: “rogor da ra pirobebSia<br />
sazogadod SesaZlebeli, rom <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsma sagnis<br />
warmomadgenloba aiRos TavisTavze, rogor xdeba kompleqsi sagnis<br />
saxelad” (fiSeri 1922; 42-43).<br />
igi Tavis 5 cdaSi monawile pirs, romelTa Soris iyvnen karl<br />
da Sarlota piulerebi, TanmimdevrobiT awvdida uazro naxazebs da<br />
maT “saxelebs” _ uazro <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebs. cdaSi sul<br />
gamoyenebuli iyo 6 figura, romelTagan TiToeulis Cveneba 5 wams<br />
grZeldeboda. eqperimentSi gamovlinda saxeldebis problemisaTvis<br />
erTi metad mniSvnelovani ram, saxeldobr aRwerili wesiT uazro<br />
naxatsa an fotosuraTze gamoxatul adamianTan dakavSirebuli<br />
uazro <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi cdaSi monawile pirebis mier<br />
yovelTvis ar aRiqmeboda am obieqtebis saxelebad. rodesac<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi gvevlineboda, rogorc saxeli, igi Zlier<br />
Taviseburad, sxva <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsisagan gansxvavebulad<br />
aRiqmeboda.<br />
ingliSis, alspaCisa da fiSeris gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani<br />
Sedegebis miuxedavad, isini mainc ver CaiTvlebian saxeldebis<br />
eqsperimentuli kvlevis pionerebad.<br />
saxeldebis problemis eqsperimentuli kvlevis pirveli cda d.<br />
uznaZes ekuTvnis. mis eqsperimentebSi cdis masalad gamoyenebuli<br />
iyo 6 uazro naxazi. “TiToeuli maTgani ise iyo Sedgenili, rom<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad arc erTi nacnobi sagnis warmodgena ar unda<br />
gamoewvia asociaciurad. damzadebuli iyo eqvsi calke furceli,<br />
romlebzec uazro sammarcvliani sityvebi iyo Camowerili<br />
(TiToze_rva). mag: iza, yuj, ubefir, layozu da sxva... cdaSi<br />
monawile pirs eZleoda 5 wamiT TiToeuli naxazi, igi unda<br />
Cahkvirveboda mas da SeZlebisdagvarad naTlad aReqva. mas winaswar<br />
eZleoda ganmarteba, rom TiToeuli es naxazi magiuri niSani iyo da<br />
TiToeul maTgans Tavisi saxeli hqonda, romelic mas TiToeuli<br />
naxazis eqspoziciis Semdeg eZleoda da Sesaferisi kompleqsi
87<br />
amoerCia. dro aqac e.w. wamzomiT izomeboda. saxelis amorCevis<br />
Semdeg TiToeuli cdispiri iZleoda angariSs Tavis gancdaTa<br />
Sesaxeb, romlis dawvrilebiTi oqmic iqve dgeboda. cdaSi<br />
monawileoba miiRo aTma pirma, xnovanebiT 19-dan 37-wlamde” (uznaZe<br />
1940; 5).<br />
eqsperimentis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom “sityva SemTxveviT ki ar<br />
ukavSirdeba obieqts da, maSasadame, igi SemTxveviT ki ar Rebulobs<br />
saxelwodebis funqcias Tavis Tavze, aramed, Cveulebriv, sityvisa<br />
da obieqtis warmodgenaTa mimarTebis monacem Sesaferisobas<br />
emyareba, romelSic sityvisa da obieqtis mniSvneloba urTierTs<br />
xvdeba. am mniSvnelobis cnobierebaSi orTave dasaxelebuli<br />
komponentis Sexvedra zogadad oTxi gansxvavebuli gziT warmoebs:<br />
1. arsebulis cnobili enis sityvebis _ saxelTa mimsgavsebis<br />
gziT ganzraxuls bgeriT kompleqsTan;<br />
2. saxelsadebi obieqtisa da bgeriTi kompleqsis<br />
moyvanilobaTa SeTanxmebulobis cnobierebis gziT;<br />
3. maTi emociuri komponentebis Sedarebis gziT;<br />
4. im Taviseburi mdgomareobis gancdis Sesaferisobis gziT,<br />
romelic Tan axlavs orTave relatis aRqmas, da<br />
romelsac cdispirni saerTo STabeWdilebis saxelwodebiT<br />
axasiaTeben, an ufro gaurkvevlad _ ara TvalsaCino azris<br />
saSualebiT, an kidev ufro gaurkvevlad : marto<br />
miaxloebiTi Sesaferisi saxelwodebis aRniSvniT, anda<br />
dasasrul, sruliad gaurkvevlad, uilustraciod,<br />
dauxasiaTeblad, udadebiT Sinaarsian sityviT “ar vici<br />
ratom”, _ amboben igini.” (uznaZe 1940 ; 23)<br />
d. uznaZis mier dasaxuli mimarTulebiT Semdgom mravali<br />
gamokvleva iqna Sestrulebuli, romlebSiac mraval sagulisxmo<br />
momentze iqna gamaxvilebuli yuradReba, magram misi gamokvlevebis<br />
ZiriTadi Sedegebi yvela maTganSi dadasturda, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom cdebSi monawileobdnen sxvadasxva enisa da asakis pirebi.<br />
saxeldobr, d. uznaZis eqsperimentebiT gamovlinda:
88<br />
1. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi cdaSi monawile piris mier garkveuli<br />
saxelis funqciis matareblad aRiqmeba. maSasadame<br />
gamoirkva, rom j. ingliSisa da e. alspaCis (ingliSi... 1914)<br />
eqsperimentebSi gamovlenili faqti zogadi xasiaTisaa da<br />
ar warmoadgens specifikurs mxolod sakuTari<br />
saxelebisTvis. (j. ingliSisa da e. alspaCis gamokvlevebi<br />
d. uznaZisaTvis ar iyo cnobili)<br />
2. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqssa da mniSvnelobas Soris kavSiri rom<br />
damyardes, saxeldeba rom ganxorcieldes, saWiroa<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi saxelmdeblis mier saxelsadebi<br />
Sinaarsis Sesatyvisi saxelis funqciis matareblad<br />
aRiqmebodes. maSasadame, z. fiSeris (fiSeri 1922) cdebSi<br />
gamovlenilma faqtma, rom mocemuli Sinaarsis saxelad<br />
yvela <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi ver gadaiqceva, d. uznaZis<br />
eqsperimentebSi Semdgomi dazusteba da dadastureba naxa.<br />
3. cdaSi monawile pirebis mier uazro <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebis<br />
siidan amoRebuli saxelsadebi SinaarsisTvis SerCeul<br />
saxelTa damTxvevis xarisxi imdenad didia, rom<br />
SeuZlebelia igi SemTxveviTobiT iyos ganpirobebuli.<br />
maSasadame, winaaRmdeg ingliSisa da alpaCis varaudisa,<br />
ama Tu im <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsis garkveuli saxelis funqciis<br />
matareblad gancda interindividualuri konstantobiT<br />
unda xasiaTdebodes.<br />
4. cdaSi monawile pirebi, cdebs Soris xangrZlivi<br />
intervalis pirobebSi, imis miuxedavad, rom ukve aRar<br />
axsovT maT mier saxelsadebi SinaarsebisTvis adre<br />
SerCeuli saxelebi, ganmeorebiT cdebSi avlenen garkveul<br />
tendencias miwodebuli siidan airCion igive saxelebi,<br />
romlebic adre SearCies. maSasadame, <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsis<br />
garkveuli saxelis gfunqciis matareblad gancda<br />
intraindividualuri konstantobiTac xasiaTdeba. amrigad,<br />
uznaZis cdebSi dadasturda e. alspaCis Sedegebic.
89<br />
v. kiolers saxeldebis eqsperimentuli kvleva specialurad ar<br />
uwarmoebia. magram mas sxvadasxva grZnobis organoebidan miRebul<br />
STabeWdilebaTa msgavsebis sakiTxis ganxilvis dros ( kioleri<br />
1930; 56-60) moyavs metad sagulisxmo eqsperimenti da gamoTqvams<br />
mosazrebas, romelmac garkveuli gavlena moaxdina. misi azriT<br />
sagnebisa da movlenebis saxelebi warmoiSva mxedvelobiTi an<br />
SexebiT gamowveuli STabeWdilebis Sedegad, sagnebis Tvisebebis da<br />
bgerisa da mniSvnelobis dakavSirebis Sedegad.<br />
im gamokvlevaTa Soris, romlebic d. uznaZis Sedegebis Semdgom<br />
dazustebas isaxaven miznad, gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa C. foqsis<br />
gamokvleva ( foqsi 1935; 47). foqsis azriT, d. uznaZis Sedegebidan<br />
dazustebasa da Semdeg kvlevas saWiroebs:<br />
1. ganzogadebis marTebuloba, radganac cdaTa raodenobis<br />
simcire saeWvos xdis monacemebis sandoobis xarisxs.<br />
2. TviTdakvirvebis monacemebi, radganac TiToeul cdaSi<br />
monawile pirs cdebis ise mcire raodenobisas uxdeboda<br />
TviTdakvirveba, rom ver moaxerxebdnen gawafvas.<br />
3. debuleba, rom saxeldebis namdvili safuZvlebi cdaSi<br />
monawile pirTa CvenebaSia mocemuli, radganac igi<br />
avtoris mier winaswar, Semowmebis gareSea miRebuli. d.<br />
uznaZem, foqsis azriT, angariSi ar gauwia im garemoebas,<br />
rom SesaZloa dakvirvebis obieqtTa mier figurebisaTvis<br />
saxelis SerCevis realurma safuZvlebma an motivebma<br />
sruliad anda nawilobrivad ver hpovos asaxva cdaSi<br />
monawile pirTa CvenebebSi, rom SesaZlebelia cdaSi<br />
monawile pirebma mogvawodon racionaluri Cvenebebi.<br />
4. statistikuri monacemebi, radganac isini mcirea da<br />
zogierTi daskvnisaTvis arasakmarisia.<br />
foqsis mier Catarebuli 10 eqsperimentis Sedegad dadasturda<br />
uznaZis Sedegebi, magram man agreTve yuradReba gaamaxvila zogierT<br />
friad mniSvnelovan detalze, romelic manam arc erTi sxva<br />
mkvlevaris mier sagangebo yuradRebis sagani ar gamxdara:
90<br />
� gamoirkva, rom cdaSi monawile pirebi calkeuli<br />
naxazisaTvis saxelis SerCevis dros gacilebiT ufro<br />
xSirad irCeven erTsa da imave sityvas, vidre avlenen<br />
SeTanxmebulobas arCevanis safuZvlebis dasaxelebisas.<br />
amitom foqsis azriT, saWiroa erTmaneTisagan<br />
ganvasxvavoT saxeldebis realuri safuZveli da is<br />
“mizezebi”, romlebsac cdaSi monawile pirebi asaxeleben<br />
TavianTi arCevanis safuZvlad. es ukanasknelni xSirad<br />
mxolod “racionalizaciebs” warmoadgenen, romlebic<br />
xels uwyoben ukve arCeuli saxelis vargisobis<br />
dasabuTebas.<br />
� d. uznaZis Sedegebisagan gansxvavebiT, foqsis monacemebis<br />
mixedviT ar SeiniSneba, rom sityvebi, romlebic SeirCa<br />
“Sinagani” kriteriumebiT ganmeorebiT cdebSi,<br />
reproducirebulia ufro meti sizustiT, vidre<br />
asociaciuri kriteriumiT SerCeuli sityvebi. mas miaCnia,<br />
rom Tavis da uznaZis moancebebs Soris sxvaoba SeiZleba<br />
gamowveuli iyos uznaZis eqsperimentebSi cdaSi monawile<br />
pirebis simciriT.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, zemoxsenebul eqsperimentebSi cdaSi<br />
monawile pirebi or heterogenul movlenas _ vizualur xatsa da<br />
akustikur STabeWdilebas _ erTimeoris Sesatyvisad, erTimeoris<br />
msgavsad aRiqvamen. imis gasarkvevad, Tu riT aris ganpirobebuli es<br />
mdgomareoba, mniSvneloba aqvs dadgindes _yvela asakisaTvis aris<br />
Tu ara damaxasiaTebeli heterogenuli movlenebis<br />
urTierTSesatyvisad gancdis unari. am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki saeWvoa imis garkveva, Tu sxvadasxva asakobriv<br />
safexurebze ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba igi.<br />
es sakiTxi inteleqtis ganviTarebis problemasTan kavSirSi<br />
ikvlies f. irvinma da niulendma. (irvini.... 1940; 9). maTi varaudiT,<br />
saxeldebis eqsperimentebSi vizualur xatsa da akustikur aRqmas
91<br />
Soris msgavsebas metad SeniSnavs ganviTarebuli inteleqtis mqone<br />
adamiani. MmaSasadame, sxvadasxva asakobriv safexurze<br />
mosalodnelia SedegTa sxvadasxvaoba, amasTan asakis zrdasTan<br />
erTad msgavsebis SeniSvnis SemTxvevebi proporciulad unda<br />
gaizardos. cdaSi monawileoba miiRo 299-ma bavSvma 4-dan 18 wlamde.<br />
arCevanTa 78% SemTxvevaSi isini “standartul pasuxebs” iZleodnen,<br />
e.i cdaSi monawile pirebis arCevani daemTxva eqsperimentatorebis<br />
Canafiqrs. cdebis Sedegad gairkva:<br />
1. cxra wlis asakamde pasuxebis ganawileba<br />
albaTobiT mosalodnelis farglebSi Tavsdeba,<br />
xolo 9 wlis Semdeg “standartuli pasuxebi”<br />
maqsimums aRwevs da Cerdeba 88%-ze<br />
2. standartul pasuxTa raodenobaze gavlenas<br />
axdens masalis miwodebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
3. cdaSi monawile pirebi TavianTi arCevanis<br />
safuZvlad asaxelebdnen zogad STabeWdilebas.<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, TiTqmis<br />
yvela aRwerili eqsperimenti rigi naklovanebebiT xasiaTdeboda,<br />
rac aucilebels xdis sakiTxis Semdgom kvlevasa da miRebuli<br />
Sedegebis dadasturebas.<br />
eqsperimentebis naklovanebebi:<br />
1. ver moxerxda eqsperimentatorTa mizandasaxulobis<br />
ganxorcieleba _ rac SeiZleba metad yofiliyo<br />
miaxloebuli saxeldebis eqsperimentuli pirobebi<br />
pirvelad saxeldebasTan.<br />
2. imis gamo, rom eqsperimentebi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianze<br />
tardeboda da eqperimentatorebi miznad isaxavdnen<br />
gamoericxaT saxeldebis procesSi ukve saxeldebuli<br />
Sinaarsebisa da maT saxelTa monawileoba. saxelsadebi<br />
Sinaarsica da <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebic ise iyo Sedgenili,<br />
rom arc erTi nacnobi sagnis warmodgena ar gamoewvia<br />
asociaciurad. amitom gamoyenebuli <strong>bgeraTa</strong>
92<br />
kompleqsebica da saxelsadebi Sinaarsebic iyo uazro.<br />
amis Sedegad ki saxeldebis eqsperimentuli pirobebi<br />
saxeldebis, Tundac pirevladis, bunebrivi pirobebisagan<br />
uaRresad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda. saqme imaSia, rom<br />
saxeldebis Sedegi sityvaa. sityva ki, rogorc cnobilia,<br />
uazro <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mas<br />
aqvs mniSvneloba, rom igi garkveul Sinaarss, garkveul<br />
azrs aRniSnavs. sityva, Cveni azrovnebis produqtis _<br />
cnebis Sinaarsis obieqtivizaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva:<br />
Cveni azri obieqtur mocemulobad sityvaSi iqceva da<br />
amiT igi ara mxolod CvenTvis, aramed sxvebisTvisac<br />
xelmisawvdomi xdeba. adamiani saxelsadebis amocanis<br />
winaSe dgeba mxolod maSin, rodesac is garkvuli<br />
Sinaarsis obieqtivizacias axdebs da acnobierebs, rom es<br />
Sinaarsi <strong>enaSi</strong>sityviT ar aris fiqsirebuli. TAvisi<br />
azris sxvisTvis gaziarebis saWiroeba aiZulebs mas<br />
moaxdisnos saxeldeba, raTa azri obieqtur<br />
mocemulobad, sityvad aqcios da am gziT mis mier<br />
Semecnebuli Sinaarsi sxvebisTvisac misawvdomi gaxados.<br />
uazro masalis saxeldebis winaSe <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamiani<br />
arasodes ar dgas da warmoudgenelia, rom aseTi<br />
amocanis winaSe is rodesme mdgariyo. is, rac uazroa,<br />
arc obieqtivizacias saWiroebs da arc komunikaciis<br />
miznebisaTvis aris gamosadegi. amrigad, zemoTxsenebul<br />
eqsperimentebSi uazro cdis masalis gamo cdispirebi<br />
saxeldebis arabunebrivi amocanis winaSe dganan da<br />
bunebrivia aseTma eqsperimentma ar SeiZleba amomwuravi<br />
cnobebi mogvces saxeldebis bunebrivi procesis Sesaxeb.<br />
3. sinamdvilis sagnebi da movlenebi, rogorc cnobilia<br />
sistemas qmnis, erTmaneTTan organulad aris<br />
dakavSirebuli, erTmaneTze aris damokidebuli da<br />
erTmaneTs ganapirobebs. Cveni cnebebi warmoadgenen ra
93<br />
sinamdvilis asaxvas, Tavis mxriv qmnis cnebaTa erTian<br />
sistemas, romelic sinamdvilis erTiani sistemis asaxvas<br />
warmoadgens. amitom yoveli cneba garkveul kavSirSia,<br />
garkveul mimarTebaSia yvela danarCenTan. igive iTqmis<br />
saxelsadeb Sinaarszedac. normalur pirobebSi<br />
saxelsadebi Sinaarsi arasodes ar aris mocemuli<br />
adamianis cnobierebaSi izolirebulad, igi yovelTvis<br />
aris CarTuli sxva, ukve saxeldebul SinaarsebTan<br />
kavSirSi. am kavSirebma ki ar SeiZleba specifiuri daRi<br />
ar daaCnios saxeldebis procesis mimdinareobas. uazro<br />
masalis pirobebSi ki saxelsadebi moklebulia ukve<br />
saxeldebul SinaarsebTan kavSirs da maSasadame, amis<br />
gamo saxeldebis eqsperimentuli mimdinareoba<br />
mniSvnelovnad Sordeba mis bunebriv mimdinareobas.<br />
4. uazro masalis gamoyeneba cdaSi miznad isaxavda cdis<br />
procesidan gamoricxuli yofiliyo nacnobi,<br />
saxeldebuli Sinaarsebis monawileoba, magram cdis<br />
masalebis analizis dros gamoirkva, rom, rogorc wesi,<br />
cdaSi monawile pirebi am TavisTavad uazro naxazebs da<br />
garkveuli azrisa da Sinaarsis mqoned ganicdidnen,<br />
Tumca cdaSi uazro saxelsadebi masalis Semotanam<br />
Tavisi daniSnuleba ver gaamarTla.<br />
5. cdaSi monawile yvela pirs saxelsadebad erTi da igive<br />
Sinaarsi eZleoda, magram masalis uazrobis gamo erTsa<br />
da imave saxelsadeb SinaarsSi sxvadasxva piri sxvadasxva<br />
Sinaarss “poulobda”, sxvadasxva “mniSvnelobas” debda.<br />
6. zemoxsenebul eqsperimentebSi avtorebi miznad isaxavdnen<br />
iseTi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi SeerCiaT, rom maT<br />
“SeZlebisdagvarad arc erTi nacnobi sityva ar<br />
gamoewviaT asociaturad” (uznaZe 1956; 13)<br />
7. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is garemoebac, rom saxeldebis<br />
eqsperimentisaTvis yovelgvari uazro <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi
94<br />
ar gamodgeba. am miznebisaTvis gamoyenebuli uazro<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi unda Seeferebodes mocemuli enis<br />
orTografiasa da fonologias. ase, agaliTad, inglisuri<br />
enis sityvebi, rogorc r. brauni miuTiTebs (brauni 1958;<br />
68), ar iwyeba iseTi Tanxmovnebis jgufebiT, rogoricaa<br />
mle, lme. inglisurad molaparakis mier aseTi konstruqcia<br />
warmosaTqmelad Seufereblad miiCneva. <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsi mle ki egueba inglisur enas da SeiZleboda igi<br />
inglisuri enis sityvad gadaqceuliyo. am ukanaskneli<br />
kategoriis uazro <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebisagan, r. brauni<br />
potencionalur sityvebs, aralingvistur sityvebs<br />
uwodebs. cxadia ori aseTi saxis <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi ar<br />
SeiZleba Tanabari warmatebiT iqnas gamoyebuli<br />
saxeldebis eqsperimentebSi. naklebad savaraudoa, rom<br />
mocemuli enis orTografiisa da fonologiisaTvis<br />
Seuferebeli <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi cdaSi monawile pirma<br />
gamoiyenos saxelsadebi Sinaarsis saxelad, Tumca aseTi<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi SesaZlo asociaciebisagan ufro<br />
Tavisufalia vidre e.w. potenciuri sityvebi, romlebic<br />
ufro metad eguebian ra mocemuli enis leqsikas,<br />
mosalodnelia ufro Sesaferisi iqnen saxeldebis<br />
eqsperimentisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsebi nacnobi Sinaarsis saxelebis asociaciurad<br />
aRmocenebis met midrekilebas amJRavnebs.<br />
8. amrigad mizandasaxulobas _ saxeldebis pirobebi<br />
maqsimalurad mivuaxlovoT pirvelyofil saxeldebas _<br />
aseTi saxis siZnelec eRobeba win.<br />
9. gamarTlebuli ar unda iyos aseve aRniSnuli<br />
eqsperimentebis umravlesobaSi gamoyenebuli uazro<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompeqsebis Sedgebis principebic. rogorc wesi,<br />
gamoyenebuli uazro <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi Sedgenilia<br />
Semdegnairad erTi Tanxmovani _ erTi xmovani an piriqiT.
95<br />
aseTia mokled is naklovanebebi, romlebic met-naklebad uvela<br />
zemoxsenebul eqsperiments axasiaTebs. amis miuxedavad, es garemoeba<br />
ver xdis saxeldebis procesis eqsperimentul kvlevas SeuZleblad.<br />
saqme imaSia, rom saxeldebis amocanis gadawyveta <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />
adamiansac uxdeba. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, adamianTa<br />
praqtikuli saqmianobis, mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis<br />
Sedegad ganuwyvetliv xdeba enis leqsikis axal-axali sityvebiT<br />
Sevseba, axali Sinaarsebis saxeldeba.<br />
raki saxeldebis amocanis gadawyveta <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamiansac<br />
uxdeba, maSasadame, rpincipulad SesaZlebeli yofila saxeldebis<br />
eqsperimentuli kvlevac.<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianis mier warmoebuli saxeldeba mravalmxriv<br />
gansxvavebuli iqneba pirveladi saxeldebisagan. im garemoebam,, rom<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> saxelmdebeli flobs enas da xSirad ramdenimesac, ar<br />
SeiZleba gavlena ar moaxdinos saxeldebis procesis<br />
mimdinareobaze, ar SeiZleba, rom ukve saxelis mqone Sinaarsebma<br />
erTgvari Suamavlis roli ar Seasrulos saxelis Ziebisas.<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianisaTvis saxeldeba cnobieri, mizandasaxuli<br />
procesia, rac ar iTqmis pirvelad saxeldebaze. garda amisa,<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli abstraqtuli<br />
azrovnebis unari, rasac moklebuli iyo adamiani pirveladi<br />
saxeldebis pirobebSi, cxadia, Tavisebur wvlils Seitans<br />
saxeldebis procesis specifikaSi. yovel enas axali sityvebis<br />
warmoebis garkveuli tradicia aqvs, rasac eqvemdebareba<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianis saxeldebis procesic. aseTi tradicia<br />
pirveladi saxeldebis dros ar arsebobda da cxadia, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />
adamianis mier warmoebuli saxeldeba am mxrivac iqneba<br />
gansxvavebuli. aRniSnulis garda kidev mraval specifikurobaze<br />
SeiZleboda miTiTeba, riTac <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamiani<br />
pirvelyofilisagan gansxvavdeba da rac Tavisebur gavlenas<br />
moaxdens mis mier warmoebul saxeldebaze, magram amis miuxedavad,<br />
safuZveli ara gvaqvs es gansxvaveba principuli xasiaTis
96<br />
gansxvavebad miviCnioT da davuSvaT, rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianis mier<br />
warmoebuli saxeldebis Seswavlas arafris mocema ar SeuZlia<br />
adrindeli saxeldebis procesis specifikurobaTa Sesaxeb. yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, am mosazrebis xelaRebiT uaryofa naCqarevi iqneba da<br />
masze pasuxi unda mogvces saxeldebis procesis kvlevis Sedegebma.<br />
amrigad, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianze warmoebuli eqsperimentuli<br />
kvlevis mizans pirveladi saxeldebis procesis TaviseburebaTa<br />
Seswavla ki ar unda warmoadgendes, aramed <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianis<br />
mier warmoebuli saxeldebis procesis specifikurobaTa<br />
gamovlineba. Sesatyvisad cdis masala da cdis organizaciac iseTi<br />
unda iyos, rom saxelmdebeli bunebrivi saxeldebisaTvis<br />
specifikur pirobebSi Cadges, maqsimalurad iyos miaxloebuli<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamianis saxeldebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel pirobebs.<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> adamiani rom bunebrivi saxeldebis amocanis winaSe<br />
dadges, aucilebelia saxelsadebi masala garkveul pirobebs<br />
akmayofilebdes.<br />
amjerad Tamamad SegviZlia SevudgeT sakuTari eqsperimentis<br />
ganxorcielebas.
97<br />
§3 bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebis praqtikuli<br />
kvleva ori enis leqsikur masalaze dayrdnobiT<br />
sruliad marTebulad migvaCnia gamovimuSavoT <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmis Seswavlis axali meTodi Cvens mier wamoyenebuli<br />
hipoTezis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad SeviswavloT mocemuli movlena<br />
fonemaze didi, magram leqsemaze patara, _ suprafonemis doneze.<br />
gadavwyviteT, Cagvetarebina sakuTari eqsperimenti, sakuTari<br />
meTodiT, Tumca yvela winamorbedis kvlevis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
eqsperimentis miznebi<br />
eqsperimenti miznad isaxavda sxvadasxva enis matareblebis mier<br />
garkveuli bgeriTi kompleqsebiT gamowveuli fsiqo-emociuri<br />
asociaciebis universalurobis kidev erTxel damtkicebas,<br />
romlebic zogierTma mkvlevarma eWvqveS daayena. eqsperimentis<br />
meore mizani iyo suprafonemis, _ rogorc bgeraTsimboluri<br />
komponentis matarebeli erTeulis, Teoriuli postulatis<br />
praqtikiT damtkicebas.<br />
Cveni eqsperimentis amocanaa:<br />
1) ori sakvlevi enis bgeraTsimboluri masalis Segroveba;<br />
2) arCeuli masalis dajgufeba sityvis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
CarTuli suprafonemis mixedviT;<br />
3) bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis cxrilis Sedgena cdaSi<br />
monawile pirTa testirebisaTvis;
98<br />
4) dakvirvebis obieqtTa eqsperimentuli testirebis<br />
Catareba sakvlevi masalis Segrovebis mizniT;<br />
5) Segrovebuli empiriuli masalis analizi Cvens mier<br />
SemuSavebuli meTodiT;<br />
6) da bolos;<br />
a). gavakeToT Sesabamisi daskvnebi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis<br />
universaluroba - arauniversalurobis Sesaxeb;<br />
b). davamtkicoT an ar davamtkicoT suprafonemis, rogorc<br />
sityvis bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli axali nawilakis<br />
gamoyofis kanonzomiereba.<br />
eqsperimentis meTodebi<br />
Cveni miznebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad Cven gamovimuSaveT<br />
Semdegi meTodi :<br />
sityvebi ganTavsdeba areulad, enisa da suprafonemebis<br />
Semadgenlobebis ganurCevlad, vertikalurad, maSin, roca,<br />
horizontalurad warmodgenili iqneba TvisebaTa sxvadasxva tipebi<br />
“sasiamovno”-”usiamovno” da a. S., romlebic mogvcemen arCeuli<br />
sityvebis daxasiaTebas.<br />
1) aRniSnuli cxrilebi daurigdaT cdaSi monawile<br />
pirebs _ monolingvebs an maT, vinc ar icoda eqsperimentSi<br />
gamoyenebuli enebi. maT aucileblad unda aReniSnaT TavianTi<br />
sinTezuri asociaciebi imis Semdeg, rac mkvlevari xmamaRla<br />
waikiTxavs sityvebs. cdaSi monawile pirebs ufleba hqondaT<br />
gaekeTebinaT ramdenime saxis SeniSvna, magram aucileblad unda<br />
gamoeyoT erTi Tviseba, romelic, maTi azriT, yvelaze naTlad<br />
axasiaTebda mosmenil sityvas da survilisamebr ori damatebiTi<br />
maxasiaTebeli.<br />
2) yvela Sedegi damuSavda asociaciebis formirebis<br />
marTebuloba - aramarTebulobis Tanaxmad da gamoviyvaneT swori
99<br />
pasuxebis procenti. ra Tqma unda, rac maRalia procenti, miT ufro<br />
Tamamad SeiZleba laparaki suprafonemis, rogorc bgeraTsimboluri<br />
komponentis matarebeli umciresi erTeulis arCevanis sisworeze.<br />
Cveni eqsperimentis dadebiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom,<br />
yvela bgeraTsimboluri sityva, romelic eqsperimentSi iqna<br />
gamoyenebuli, aris realurad arsebuli da maTi moZieba SeiZleba<br />
nebismier Sesabamis leqsikonSi; Tanac mravali mecnieri maT<br />
namdvilad aRiqvams, rogorc bgeraTsimbolurs. uazro sityvebi<br />
cocxali metyvelebis kvlevaSi ver dagvexmareba.<br />
Cveni eqsperimentis sxva dadebiTi mxareebia:<br />
1) cdaSi monawile pirebis SerCeva ise, rom maTi ucxo enebis<br />
codna iyos minimaluri, an idealur variantSi, saerTod ar icodnen<br />
isini.<br />
2) rac Zalian mniSvnelovania, eqsperimentSi yuradReba davuTmeT<br />
ara calkeuli bgerebis, xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis, aramed <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsebis analizs, romlebic, Cveni hipoTezis Tanaxmad, qmnian<br />
sityvis bgeraTsimboluri komponents _ suprafonemas. amgvarma<br />
midgomam, Cveni azriT, gavlena iqonia eqsperimentis Sededgebze.<br />
Teoria<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis adamianis aRqmaze gavlenis<br />
hipoTezis Seqmnisas Cven ukuvagdeT moZvelebuli Teoriebi<br />
calkeuli bgerebis “xarisxis” Sesaxeb, imis safuZvelze, rom arc<br />
erTi enisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis nakadSi<br />
calkeuli bgerebis arseboba.<br />
saqme imaSia, rom sakiTxis dasma calkeuli fonemebis<br />
simbolizmis Sesaxeb, gamomdinareobs enis, rogorc sakvlevi<br />
obieqtis aramarTebuli gagebidan. is, vinc sakiTxs amgvarad svams,<br />
nebiT Tu uneblieT sityvas ganixilavs ara rogorc swrafad<br />
mimdinare cocxali metyvelebis nawils, monakveTs, aramed rogorc<br />
raRac iseT TviTmyofad raimes, romelic SeiZleba danawevrdes
100<br />
auCqareblad da TiToeuli nawili sxvebisagan damoukideblad<br />
Seswavlis obieqtad gadaiqces. sakiTxis amgvarad dayenebisas<br />
gamodian ara cocxali metyvelebidan, ara warmoTqmuli sityvidan,<br />
aramed dawerilidan. dawerili sityvis Semadgenel nawilebad<br />
daSla siZneles ar warmoadgens, magram es nawilebi ar iqneba<br />
cocxali sityvis nawilebi, cocxali sityva am nawilebiT ver<br />
amoiwureba. sityva ar warmoadgens garkveuli raodenobis<br />
damoukidebeli bgerebis meqanikur SeerTebas, romelTagan<br />
TiToeulis asoTi gamoxatva SeiZlebodes. sityva <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simravlis ganuwyveteli rigia da asoebi arigis damaxasiaTebel<br />
wertilebs aRniSnaven mxolod garkveul farglebSi es mosazreba<br />
savsebiT daadastura sametyvelo artikulaciis rentgenologiurma<br />
kvlevam. am kvlevam naTelyo, rom metyvelebis JReradi nakadis<br />
calkeu bgerebad dayofa Zlier pirobiTia, rom igi atarebs ara<br />
fiziologiur an fizikur xasiaTs, aramed azriTs. Cven gvesmis<br />
calkeuli bgerebi imitom, rom isini sityvebis mniSvnelobis<br />
ganmasxvaveblad gvevlineba da ara imitom, rom izolirebulad<br />
warmoiTqmeba.<br />
amrigad, calkeuli formebis simbolizmis kvleva daniSnulebas<br />
ver amarTlebs, magram amis mTavari mizezi ara am miznisTvis<br />
gamoyenebuli eqsperimentuli meTodis uvargisobaa, aramed saerTod<br />
adamianis metyvelebis calkeuli fonemebis kvlevis principuli<br />
SeuZlebloba. SesaZloa meTodi daixvewos, SesaZloa<br />
sxvadasxvagvari gziT gamoiricxos calkeul fonemebze sxva<br />
fonemebis gavlenisa da zemoqmedebis SesaZlebloba, magram Sedegad<br />
miRebuli simbolizmi ar iqneba adamianis metyvelebis fonemebis<br />
simbolizmi. radganac cocxal metyvelebaSi fonema yovelTvis<br />
figurirebs rogorc <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsis Semadgeneli nawili da<br />
amitom misi specifika yovelTvis ganpirobebulia <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsis, rogorc mTelis, specifikiT.<br />
cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom fonema <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsSi Tavis<br />
garkveulobas kargavs. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi Tavisi simboluri
101<br />
Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT diferencirebuli struqturis mqonea,<br />
struqturis, romelSiac sxvadasxva bgeriTi wvlili sxvadasxva<br />
xvedriTi woniT aris warmodgenili. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi simboluri<br />
Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT geStalturi mTelia.<br />
es varaudi, rogorc vnaxeT ar unda iyos safuZvels<br />
moklebuli, magram cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom igi Semdgom<br />
Semowmebasa da eqsperimentul dadasturebas ar saWiroebdes.<br />
rogorc dawvrilebiT iqna aRwerili meore TavSi, Cven<br />
talRebis interferencias vTvliT cdaSi monawile pirebSi<br />
Sesabamisi sinesTeziuri asociaciebis warmoSobis mizezadac da<br />
safuZvladac. iqve Cven SevniSneT axali erTeuli, romelic<br />
Seicavda sityvis bgeraTsimbolur komponents, romelsac vuwodeT _<br />
suprafonema. amitom Cvens gamokvlevaSi gamoviyeneT mxolod<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityvebi, romlebic Seicavdnen aseT<br />
suprafonemebs da ara calkeul bgerebs.<br />
kvevis procesSi vxelmZRvanelobdiT Semdegi mosazrebebiT: Tu<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi struqturul mTlianobas warmoadgens, maSin<br />
masac unda axasiaTebdes is Taviseburebani, rac geStaltis<br />
Tvisebebis saxeliT aris cnobili. saxeldobr geStalti, rogorc<br />
cnobilia, rodesac ar aris dasrulebuli _ xarvezis mqonea,<br />
yovelTvis miiswrafvis dasrulebisaken, danaklisis Sevsebisaken.<br />
amasTan geStaltis Sevseba SeuZlia mxolod iseT rames, rac<br />
geStalts daasrulebs da am miznisaTvis nebismieri danamati ar<br />
gamodgeba.<br />
masala<br />
kvlevisaTvis Cven gamovyaviT 6 suprafonema. Sesabamisad Cvens<br />
mier SeirCa leqsikuri masala _ <strong>frangul</strong>i da italiuri sityvebi,<br />
romlebic daiyo 6 jgufad, <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebis Sesabamisad.<br />
sityvebi ikiTxeboda cdaSi monawile pirebis winaSe avtoris mier<br />
xmamaRla, garkveviT, rac SeiZleba naklebi emociiT (kvlevis<br />
procesSi subieqtivizmis gamoricxvis TvalsazrisiT). cdispirebs
102<br />
waredginaT cxrilebi, sadac vertikalurad iyo ganlagebuli<br />
sakvlevi sityvebi, xolo horizontalurad _ maTi Tvisebebis<br />
sxvadasxvagvari Sefaseba. wakiTxvis Semdeg cdaSi monawile pirebs<br />
sTavazobdnen mosmenili sityvis gaswvriv gaekeTebinaT SeniSvnebi,<br />
romlebic maTi azriT, am sityvas yvelaze ukeT axasiaTebda.<br />
gamoyenebuli iyo Semdegi sityvebi italiuri da <strong>frangul</strong>i<br />
enebidan:<br />
1. sityvebi, romlebic Seicavdnen suprafonemas [-r]:<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>i italiuri<br />
brèche breccia<br />
brusque brusco<br />
brutale brutale<br />
briguand brigante<br />
drogue droga<br />
frappe frappa<br />
frisson frimido<br />
triste triste<br />
flagrant flagrante<br />
grave grave<br />
froid freddo<br />
2. sityvebi, romlebic Seicavdnen suprafonemas [-l]:<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>i italiuri<br />
flexible flessibile<br />
fluide fluido<br />
flûte flauto<br />
glisser slittare<br />
3. sityvebi, romlebic Seicaven supafonemas [sk-] [-sk]:<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>i italiuri<br />
cascade cascata<br />
brusque brusco<br />
obstacle ostacolo
103<br />
obscure oscuro<br />
scrupule scrupolo<br />
4. sityvebi, romlebic Seicavdnen suprafonemas [b-l], [g-l]:<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>i italiuri<br />
bel bello<br />
galant galant<br />
glorifier glorificare<br />
baleine balena<br />
da Semdegi bgeraTSeerTebebi _ suprafonemebi<br />
bl<br />
b-l<br />
fl<br />
f-l<br />
gl<br />
gr<br />
tr<br />
br<br />
Skalebi<br />
cdaSi monawile pirebis mier yvela sityva fasdeboda Semdegi<br />
Skalebis mixedviT: “sasiamovno” _ “usiamovno”, “didi” _ “patara”,<br />
“naTeli” _ “muqi”, “Cqari” _ “neli” da damatebiTi Skalebi. amgvarad,<br />
dakvirvebis obieqtTaa mier gakeTebuli SeniSvnis maqsimaluri<br />
raodenoba erTi sityvis gaswvriv ar iqneboda samze meti (TiTo<br />
wyvili Skalebidan da ori damatebiTi); Tanac, instruqciis<br />
wakiTxvisas cdaSi monawile pirebs urCies gamoeyoT erTi Tviseba,<br />
romelic yvelaze ukeT asaxavda maTTvis wardgenil JReradobas. es<br />
meTodi gamoviyeneT eqsperimentis “sisufTavis”, swori asociaciebis<br />
miRebis maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRwevad (SeadareT meTodi nomeri<br />
ori, romelic warmoadgens “SerCevis eqsperimentis” klasikur<br />
magaliTs, sadac cdaSi monawile pirebs ar aqvs arCevanis gakeTebis
104<br />
saSualeba (ori JReradoba – ori Sinaarsi)), radganac<br />
cdispirisaTvis arCevanis Tavisuflebis SeTavazeba warmoadgenda<br />
alternativas da saboloo arCevanis gakeTebas arTulebda. es,<br />
Tavis mxriv, mocemuli eqsperimentis Sedegebs sandoobas da<br />
Rirebulebas matebda, meore meTodiT Catarebuli<br />
eqsperimentebisagan gansxvavebiT.<br />
cdaSi monawile pirebi<br />
eqsperimentSi monawileobda sxvadasxva socialuri statusis da<br />
ganaTlebis mqone 32 pirovneba, asakiT 14-dan 47 wlamde. erTaderTi<br />
piroba iyo sakvlevi enebis arcodna (eqsperimentis “sisufTavis”<br />
mizniT). analizisas cdomilebis Tavidan asacileblad, cdispirebs<br />
vTxoveT, ar gaekeTebinaT aranairi SeniSvna im sityvebis gaswvriv,<br />
romelTa mniSvnelobac maTTvis raRac mizeziT iyo cnobili.<br />
instruqcia<br />
Tqven miiRebT monawileobas samecniero eqsperimentSi, romlis<br />
mizania metyvelebis bgerebis Seswavla. Tqvens winaSea cxrili,<br />
romelSic vertikalurad warmodgenilia sityvebi, xolo<br />
horizontalurad sagnebis an movlenebis sxvadasxva Tvisebebis<br />
aRmniSvneli sityvebis ramodenime sveti, oTxi maTgani wyvilia,<br />
magaliTad “didi” – “patara”, da ori neitraluri. me wagikiTxavT<br />
sityvebs erTimeoris miyolebiT. SeecadeT moeSvaT, survilisamebr<br />
daxuWoT Tvalebi da ar ifiqroT araferze. ar SeecadoT sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobis gaxsenebas, _ is albaT TqvenTvis ucxo iqneba, _<br />
SeecadeT “igrZnoT” sityvis JReradoba, miaqcieT yuradReba imas, Tu<br />
ra asociaciebs iwvevs is TqvenSi, gansazRvreT, horizontalurad<br />
ganlagebuli Tvisebebidan, romeli ufro axasiaTebs mas da<br />
gaakeTeT SeniSvna Sesabamis svetSi. SegiZliaT gaakeToT ramdenime<br />
SeniSvna, Tu Tqven geCvenebaT, rom arc erTi maTgani ar axasiaTebs
105<br />
sityvas mTlianobaSi, magram SeecadeT ar gaakeToT samze meti<br />
SeniSvna. cxadia, SeniSvnebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba erTdroulad<br />
sapirispiro mniSvnelobis wyvil svetebSi. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba<br />
aRniSvnis gakeTeba svetebSi “sasiamovno” da “arasasiamovno”. Tu<br />
migaCniaT, rom romelime sityva svetSi TqvenTvis nacnobia,<br />
gamotoveT is da gadadiT Semdeg sityvaze. es aucilebelia<br />
eqsperimentis “sisufTavisTvis”.<br />
masalis damuSaveba<br />
cdispirTa anketebis analizis Sedegad gamoyvanil iqna “swori”<br />
asociaciebis saSualo statistikuri raodenoba, im cdispirebis<br />
azrovnebaSi, romlebmac ama Tu im sityvis mniSvneloba ar icodnen,<br />
warmoiSva 74% swori asociacia sagnis an movlenis Tvisebis mimarT.<br />
zogadi kanonzomierebebi<br />
1. suprafonemebi, romlebic Seicaven xmovans [u] ,<br />
iwveven “arasasiamovno” SegrZnebas. aseve isini<br />
xSirad iyvnen “bnelebi”.<br />
2. suprafonema [-r], romelsac win uswrebda Tanxmovani,<br />
xSirad iyo “usiamovno”.<br />
3. suprafonemebi, romlebic Seicavdnen xmovnebs [о], [а],<br />
xSirad aRniSnavdnen “dids”, xolo [е], [i] xmovnebiT<br />
Sedgenili suprafonemebi _ “pataras”, ”sasiamovnos”.<br />
4. suprafonema [l-] aris yvelaze universaluri sakvlev<br />
enebSi, is yvelaze xSirad iwvevs “naTelis” da<br />
“sasiamovnos” asociacias.<br />
5. iolad amoicnoba suprafonemebi [sk-], [-sk], romlebic<br />
gamoxataven mniSvnelobas _ “Cqari”, “arasasiamovno”.
106<br />
eqsperimentis Sedegebis Sefasebis Sedegad kanonierad miviCnieT<br />
sityvis bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli axali erTeulis,<br />
suprafonemis gamoyofa, romelic calkeul fonemaze metia da<br />
sityvaze patara. saxelwodeba suprafonema avirCieT imitom, rom<br />
struqturuli TvalsazrisiT is warmoadgens ramdenime fonemis<br />
nakrebs, magram es nakrebi sakmaod gansazRvruli da dauSlelia,<br />
erTiani da mTelia, rogorc enis yvela erTeuli, fonetikuric da<br />
sintaqsuric. magram sxva struqturuli erTeulebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, suprafonema aris naklebad abstraqtuli, radgan<br />
mimarTavs uSualod adamianis cnobierebas da qvecnobierebas,<br />
rogors azris mqone <strong>bgeraTa</strong> nakrebi, iwvevs asociaciebs da<br />
dasaxelebuli sagnis an movlenis simbolur aRqmas aiolebs.<br />
daskvnebi:<br />
1. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi ar aris universaluri movlena, Tumca<br />
Cvens mier gamoyofili segmenti _ suprafonema, sxvadasxva<br />
enis matarebel adamianebis cnobierebaze SeiZleba<br />
erTnairad moqmedebdes da iwvevdes msgavs asociaciebs.<br />
2. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis materialur safuZvlad migvaCnia erTi<br />
suprafonemis farglebSi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> talRebis interferencia:<br />
swored <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompeqsSia SesaZlebeli moxdes <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
talRebis interferencia da mogvces absoluturad axali,<br />
magram calkeuli bgerebisTvis aradamaxasiaTebeli efeqti.<br />
3. nebismieri bgerebis erToblioba <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqss ver<br />
Seqmnis, xarveziani geStaltis Sesavsebad yvela bgera ar<br />
gamodgeba<br />
4. sityvis bgeriTi mxare, garkveuli struqturis mqonea da<br />
mis sxvadasxva nawils <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsis mTlianobaSi<br />
sxvadasxvagvari wvlili Seaqvs
107<br />
5. aucilebelia, motivirebulad da obieqturad<br />
ganpirobebulad vaRiaroT sagnebisa da movlenebis<br />
saxeldeba.<br />
6. bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis SedarebiT mcire raodenoba<br />
(procentuli mimarTebiT) msoflios <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> enebSi<br />
SeiZleba aixsnas suprafonemebis SezRuduli raodenobiT am<br />
enebSi. Tumca mainc, bgeraTsimboluri fuZeebis maRali<br />
efeqturoba, maTi emociuri Seferiloba, xSirad esTetiuri<br />
Rirebulebac, rac maTi, rogorc stilisturi xerxis<br />
gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva poeziasa da prozaSi<br />
sasurveli efeqtis misaRwevad, miuTiTebs bgeraTsimboluri<br />
komponentis Semcveli sityvebis saerTo lingvistur da<br />
kulturul mniSvnelobaze. dabejiTebiT SegviZlia<br />
vamtkicoT, rom aseTi sityvebi yovelTvis iarsebebs yvela<br />
<strong>enaSi</strong> da arc Tu ise meorexarisxovan rols iTamaSebs<br />
rogorc yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi, aseve literaturisa<br />
da xelovnebis sferoSi.<br />
eqsperimentis dadebiTi mxareebi<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityvebi pirvelad iqna ganxiluli axali<br />
hipoTezis saSualebiT.<br />
mocemuli eqsperimentis kidev erTi siaxle mdgomareobs imaSi,<br />
rom faqtobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT, gamoiyo bgeraTsimboluri<br />
komponentis matarebeli axali erTeuli _ suprafonema.<br />
aseve aucilebelia avRniSnoT axali meTodis efeqturoba im<br />
TvalsazrisiTac, rom aucilebelia SeviswavloT ara calkeuli<br />
bgerebi, aramed <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebi. eqsperimentebic, Sesabamisad,<br />
unda Catardeds ara fonemis, aramed suprafonemis doneze, romelic<br />
bgeraTsimboluri mniSvnelobis matarebelia.
108<br />
aRniSnuli problemis Teoriuli da eqsperimentuli kvlevis,<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis analizis Semdeg, kanonzomierad miviCnieT,<br />
warmogvedgina Semdegi daskvnebi:<br />
1. sityvis bgraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli erTeulia _<br />
suprafonema, romelic Sedgeba calkeuli fonemebisagan da<br />
aris myari Sesityveba, specifiuri konkretuli enisaTvis.<br />
2. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis materialuri safuZveli aris iseTi<br />
fizikuri movlena, rogoricaa bgeriTi talRebis<br />
interferencia erTi erTeulis _ suprafonemis farglebSi.<br />
3. suprafonemebis nakrebi specifiuria yoveli enisTvis, Tumca<br />
monaTesave enebSi arsebobs msgavsi suprafonemebi, romlebic<br />
aRniSnaven sagnis an movlenis erTsa da imave Tvisebebs.<br />
4. asociaciebi, romelsac iwveven suprafonemebi, yovelTvis<br />
kompleqsuria da aixsneba adamianebis cnobierebis specifikiT.<br />
5. amrigad, <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis da misi materialuri<br />
safuZvlebis problema kvlevis am etapze SeiZleba<br />
gadawyvetilad CaiTvalos. miuxedavad amisa, Cven vaRiarebT am<br />
problemis Semdgomi kvlevis perspeqtiulobas<br />
fonostilistikis, fsiqo da neirolingvistikis sferoSi,<br />
sadac arsebobs bgerebis da adamianis tvinze maTi fizikuri<br />
zemoqmedebis, asociaciebis fsiqikuri bunebis Seswavlis ufro<br />
meti SesaZlebloba.
109<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi, romlebic iwveven asociacias “sasiamovno”<br />
1<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi simboluri<br />
bl<br />
b-l<br />
fl<br />
f-l<br />
gl<br />
2<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
(asociaciebi,<br />
romlebsac es<br />
sinaze<br />
sityvebi<br />
iwveven)<br />
simsubuqe<br />
silamaze<br />
nazi<br />
axali<br />
msubuqi<br />
abreSumi<br />
aRmafrena<br />
sinaTle<br />
sixaruli<br />
bel<br />
balle<br />
bleu<br />
flexible<br />
fluide<br />
flûte<br />
felin<br />
gloire<br />
3<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>i<br />
glorifier<br />
sityvebi<br />
bello<br />
balla<br />
blu<br />
4<br />
italiuri<br />
sityvebi<br />
flessibile<br />
fluido<br />
flauto<br />
felino<br />
gloria<br />
glorificare
110<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi, romlebic iwveven asociacias “didi”<br />
1<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi simboluri<br />
Gr Didi<br />
2<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
(asociaciebi,<br />
romlebsac es<br />
sityvebi<br />
iwveven)<br />
seriozuli<br />
Grave<br />
grand<br />
grade<br />
3<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>i<br />
grenade<br />
gronder<br />
gros<br />
sityvebi<br />
grave<br />
4<br />
italiuri<br />
grande<br />
grado<br />
sityvebi<br />
melagrana<br />
sgridare<br />
grosso
111<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi, romlebic iwveven asociacias “arasiamovno”<br />
1<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi simboluri<br />
Kr<br />
br<br />
Tr<br />
2<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
(asociaciebi,<br />
romlebsac es<br />
sityvebi iwveven)<br />
arasasiamovno<br />
ngreva<br />
msxvrevis,<br />
ngrevis<br />
xma<br />
arasasiamovno<br />
xmauri<br />
mowyeniloba<br />
TrTolva<br />
Cruel<br />
3<br />
<strong>frangul</strong>i<br />
sityvebi<br />
crepuscule<br />
cru<br />
craquement<br />
craquer<br />
brèche<br />
brusque<br />
brutale<br />
briguand<br />
briller<br />
brise<br />
brûlant<br />
brulé<br />
brute<br />
tragique<br />
triste<br />
trembler<br />
tronquer<br />
4<br />
italiuri<br />
crudele<br />
sityvebi<br />
crepuscoloso<br />
crudo<br />
scricchiolio<br />
scricchiolare<br />
breccia<br />
brusco<br />
brutale<br />
brigante<br />
brillare<br />
brezza<br />
bruciante<br />
bruciato<br />
brutto<br />
tragico<br />
triste<br />
tremare<br />
troncare
Caxcaxi<br />
112<br />
Tavi IV<br />
bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebis gamovlineba da<br />
aRqma<br />
§ 1. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis roli saqonlis<br />
dasaxelebis SerCevis processa da marketingSi<br />
wina TavebSi Cven xazi gavusviT fonetikuri simbolizmis<br />
rols adamianis cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis dros. aRiniSna, rom<br />
garkveuli bgeraTSeerTebebi iwveven sxvadasxva asociaciebs<br />
adamianis tvinis mier mosmenilis aRqmisas.<br />
amrigad marTebulad migvaCnia ganvixilavT fonetikuri<br />
simbolizmis roli safirmo niSnebis Sedgenisa da aRqmis procesSi.<br />
produqciisaTvis saxelwodebis SerCevisas ori gza arsebobs.<br />
pirveli, _ es aris semantikuri saxeldeba, anu saxeli xdeba<br />
produqtis Sesaxeb garkveuli saxis informaciis matarebeli. Tumca<br />
arsebobs saxeldebis sxva, arasemantikuri meTodebic, roca<br />
ZiriTadi yuradReba gadatanilia ara Sinaarsze, aramed<br />
JReradobaze. menejerebi iyeneben iseT fonetikur saSualebebs,<br />
rogoricaa xmovnis gariTmuli gameorebebi, aliteracia, sityvebis<br />
Sekveca _ gafarToeba, sasurveli JReradobis misaRwevad da a. S. Tu<br />
metyvelebis bgerebi adamianis cnobierebaSi garkveul<br />
fsiqo_emociur asociaciebs iwveven, maSin <strong>bgeraTa</strong> is nawili,<br />
romelic arasasiamovno asociaciebis gamomwvevia, amoRebul unda<br />
iqnas saxelwodebebidan.
113<br />
saWiroa produqciisaTvis saxelis sworad SerCeva, raTa man<br />
bazarze warmateba moipovos, Tanac saxelwodeba Sinaarsobrivadac<br />
da JReradobiTac unda Seesabamebodes produqciis Tvisebebs<br />
(zogjer ki mxolod JReradobiT). firmebi did dros uTmoben<br />
produqciisTvis saxelwodebis SerCevas, radgan safirmo niSnis<br />
gamomxatvelobam da bgeraTSemcvelobam zegavlena unda moaxdinos<br />
adamianis mexsierebasa da aRqmaze.<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis roli safirmo niSnebisa da<br />
produqciis dasaxelebis procesSi rom ganvsazRvroT, jer unda<br />
ganvixiloT, Tu ra aris neimingi (anu biznesis enaze<br />
produqciisaTvis “warmatebis momtani” saxelis SerCeva, saxeldeba).<br />
Sexedulebebi saqonlisaTvis saxelwodebis SerCevis<br />
processze zogjer diametriulad gansxvavebulia. erTni foqroben,<br />
rom sworad SerCeuli saxelwodebis gareSe firma an saqoneli ar<br />
SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli. meoreni amtkiceben, rom ra saxelic ar<br />
unda ewodos saqonels, mTavaria is xarisxiani iyos. ra Tqma unda<br />
xarisxs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs produqciis popularobisaTvis,<br />
magram saxelwodeba, es aris saqonlis da momxmareblis pirveli<br />
kontaqti, xolo produqciisaTvis saxelis mofiqreba misi<br />
arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirveli etapi. amgvarad, saxelis<br />
SemuSavebis procesi, romelsac inglisurad “neimings” (naming)<br />
uwodeben xolme, es aris umTavresi da umniSvnelovanesi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi procesi, romelSic arc Tu ise meorexarisxovan<br />
rols asrulebs <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi.<br />
neimingi _ es aris specialuri saagentoebis profesiuli<br />
moRvaweobis specifiuri sfero. Eefeqturi saxelwodeba sWirdeba<br />
ara mxolod axladaRmocenebul kompaniebs aramed calkeul<br />
markebs, romlebic bazarze warmodgenilia ama Tu im firmis saxiT.<br />
saxelwodeba pirvel rigSi unda gamohyofdes produqts<br />
sxva konkurentuli firmis produqciisagan. mimbaZveloba xSirad<br />
damRupvelia brendisaTvis.
114<br />
am sakiTxis specialistebis azriT, momaval mSoblebs ufro<br />
uioldebaT sakuTari bavSvis saxelis mofiqreba, vidre<br />
marketologebs axali saqonlis dasaxelebisa. saxelis mofiqrebis<br />
meTodologia aseTia:<br />
� pirveli etapi: kvleva<br />
raTa daiwyos saqonlis saxelis SerCeva Seswavlil unda iqnas<br />
bazari, Catardes gamokvleva da Sejamdes Sedegebi, mopovebul iqnas<br />
rac SeiZleba meti informacia konkurentebis Sesaxeb. anu<br />
damuSavdes yvela is informacia, romelic saWiroa saxelis<br />
SerCevisaTvis.<br />
� meore etapi: ideebis ganzogadeba<br />
am etapze kompaniis TanamSromlebi axdenen ideebis ganzogadebas.<br />
ideebisa, romlebic Seexeba saxelwodebas.<br />
� mesame etapi: saxelze SerCeva<br />
is saxelwodebebi da dasaxelebebi, romlebic ukve SemuSavebul<br />
iqna da bazarze gavida, gadis analizs, kerZod ki mas amowmeben<br />
fonetikisa da semantikis specialistebi. am SemTxvevaSi Jreradobas<br />
gansakuTrebuli roli ekisreba. aucileblad gaTvaliswinebul<br />
unda iqnas is, Tu rogor JRers esa Tu is dasaxeleba sxva enaze.<br />
magaliTad kompania koka-kola didxans eZebda Sesaferis<br />
saxelwodebas raTa CineTis bazarze Sesuliyo. saqme imaSia, rom<br />
Cinelebi koka-kolas warmoTqvamen, rogorc “kekukela” rac sakmaod<br />
usiamovno asociaciebs iwvevda momxmarebelSi (TargmanSi es<br />
aRniSnavs “ukbine cvilis Tavkombalas”). kompania iZulebuli gaxda<br />
40 000 variantidan SeerCia yvelaze uwyinari CinelebisaTvis.<br />
dasaxeleba Jrers daaxloebiT ase “koku-kole” .<br />
cnobilma kompaniam General Motors aseve fiasko ganicada Seecada<br />
ra laTinur amerikaSi Seeyvana axali brendi Chevrolet Nova radgan<br />
espanur enaze es iwvevda asociacias “ar (ver) dadis”.<br />
� meoTxe etapi: SemkveTis Sefaseba
115<br />
wina etapebze SemuSavebuli ideebi aucileblad unda Seafasos<br />
SemkveTma.<br />
� mexuTe etapi: testireba<br />
SerCeulma saxelwodebebma aucilebelia gaiaron “testireba”<br />
fokus-jgufebSi.<br />
� meeqvse etapi: saboloo<br />
saxelwodebebis nusxa iuridiuli dokumentaciisa da fokus-<br />
jgufebis daskvnebis TanxlebiT gadaecema damkveTs, romelic iRebs<br />
saboloo gadawyvetilebas.<br />
ZiriTadad brendebis saxelwodebebi neologizmebia. Tylenol,<br />
Teflon,Pepsi -es yvela neologizmia. neologizmebs aqvs rogorc<br />
dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi. dadebiT mxared iTvleba is,<br />
rom neologizmebs ar aqvT “istoria”. axali sityva arafers ar<br />
niSnavs, xolo Tu kompanias gaumarTlebs saqonlis saxelwodeba<br />
xalxs ara mxolod daamaxsovrdeba, aramed ganapirobebs SemdgomSi<br />
mTlianad kategoriis dasaxelebas (Xerox, Kleenex, Pampers)
1 abreviacia<br />
2 akronimi<br />
116<br />
saxeldebis sqema<br />
Abbreviation FedEx, Microsoft, PanAm<br />
Acronym IBM, BP, KFC<br />
3 aliteracia Alliteration Dunkin` Dinuts, Roto Rooter,<br />
Intel Inside<br />
4 miTiTeba Allusion London Fog, V-8, B-12, 7-<br />
Eleven<br />
5 analogia<br />
Analogy Gateway 2000, Kool-Aid<br />
6 azris gadatana<br />
7 SerCeviTi<br />
8 klasikuri fesvebi<br />
9 neologizmebi<br />
Appropriation Soap, Java Bloody Mary`s<br />
Arbitrary Apple, Red Pepper, Poppy<br />
Classical Roots Pentium, Quattro<br />
Composition Nutrasweet, Kodak,<br />
Qualcomm<br />
10 aRweriTi Descriptive Volkswagen, Caterpillar, Head<br />
& Shoulders<br />
11 sxva enebidan nasesxebi Foreign Language Haagen Daz, Volare, Montero<br />
sityvebi<br />
12 damfuZnebelTa gvarebi<br />
Founders Hewlett Packard, Hilton,<br />
Disney, Ford<br />
13 Serwyma Fusion Eveready, DirecTV,<br />
ReaLemon<br />
14 istoriuli da<br />
Historical & Rocky Mountain Chocolate,<br />
georgrafiuli<br />
Geographical Silicon Valley Bank
117<br />
15 iumoristuli Humor Yahoo!, Bullfrog, Please Go<br />
Away<br />
16 ideofonemebi<br />
Ideophonemes 7-UP, Union 76, 3COM<br />
17 Jurnalituri<br />
18 metonimia<br />
19 mimeturi<br />
20 morfemuli<br />
konstruqciebi<br />
21 miTologiuri<br />
22 xmabaZviTi<br />
23 Ooqsimoroni<br />
24 Ppoeturi<br />
25 realuri sityvebi<br />
Journalistic Silicon Valley, New England<br />
Metonymy Sillicon Alley, Starbucks<br />
Mimetic Krispy Kreme, Kleenex<br />
Morpheme<br />
Construction<br />
Amtrak, Unisys, Qualcomm,<br />
Compuserve<br />
Mythological Centaur, Mercury<br />
Onomatopoeia ZapMail, Kookooroo, Kisses<br />
Oxymoron Lowe Alpine, True Lies<br />
Poetics Rockin` Tacos<br />
Real words Apple, Adobe<br />
26 Zveli warmoSobis Retrogressive<br />
Formation<br />
Ceaser`s Palace<br />
27 riTmiuli<br />
Rhyme Shake `n Bake, Osh-Kosh<br />
28 simReridan an<br />
moTxrobidan aRebuli<br />
29 bgeraTi simbolizmi<br />
Song and Story<br />
Origins<br />
Orient Expresse, Aladdin<br />
Thermos<br />
Sound Symbolism Talon, Kraft, RoundUp<br />
30 simbolizmi Symbolism Tahoe, Yukon, Ford Explorer,<br />
Mustang
118<br />
31 Sekveca an SeerTeba Tacking and<br />
Clipping<br />
Nilla Wafers, FedEx, Amex<br />
32 Tematuri<br />
Themes Apple Macintosh, BMW,<br />
Boeing 707<br />
33 CamoWra<br />
gavixsenoTM SemTxveva (IBM, NEC, DEC, PSDI da a.S.)Tu brendis<br />
saxelwodeba iwyeba “s” iT is asocirdeba “ucnaurTan”, Tu daiwyeba<br />
“k” Ti is aRqmul iqneba rogorc “saimedo”. saxelwodebebi,<br />
romlebic iwyeba “s”, “k” da “b” ze myidvelis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />
“tradiciuli” da “klasikuri”, im dros roca bgerebi “z” “x” “w”<br />
ufro “inovaciurad” JRers. Ggarda amisa, bgerebi “l”, “v”, “f”, da “w”<br />
aRiqmeba, rogorc “qaluri”, xolo “x”, “m” da “z” ufro<br />
“mamakacurTan” asocirdeba.<br />
SeadareT: LLouis Vuitton da Microsoft Xbox . es mxolod nawilia<br />
im saintereso daskvnebisa, romlebic SeiZleba vipovoT amerikuli<br />
kompaniis Strategic Name Development kvlevebSi.<br />
bgeris “s” klaknili gveliseburi forma asocirdeba<br />
“vnebasa” da “grnobasTan”, _ ambobs uiliam lozito (hartli 1992:<br />
96), Strategic Name Development - is prezidenti. Aamitom, misi azriT,<br />
iseTi brendebi, rogoricaa Sara Lee da Stouffers, iTvleba ufro<br />
“qalurebad”. ratom asocirdeba “k”ze dawyebuli sityvebi, iseTebi,<br />
rogoricaa “kraft” asocirdeba “saimedoobasTan”? nawilobriv es<br />
bgeris mokle da mkafio JReradobis damsaxurebaa, romelic<br />
miuxedavad aqcentisa da sxva garemoebebisa, TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />
yvela <strong>enaSi</strong> erTnairad JRers.<br />
Troncation Intel, Cisco Systems
119<br />
rogorc wesi, neimingis procesSi Sesabamisi dasaxelebis<br />
SerCevisas marketologebi iTvaliswineben marcvalTa raodenobas,<br />
damaxsovrebis siadviles da warmoTqmis simartives. Strategic Name<br />
Development is kvlevebi marketologebs Seaxsenebs sityvebis<br />
damatebiTi fsiqolingvisturi analizis mniSvnelobas. “Cvenma<br />
kvlevebma Cven saSualeba mogvca gagvego ratom aris esa Tu is<br />
brendi warmatebuli” _ acxadebs lozito _ Strategic Name Development<br />
is prezidenti (hartli 1992: 86) da Tan dasZens, rom miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom Cvens saqmianobas Znelia vuwodoT zusti mecniereba, es<br />
umTavresi instrumentia axali saxelwodebebis Seqmnisas.<br />
Strategic Name Development-ma Caatara eqsperimenti, romelSic<br />
monawileobda 400_ze meti adamiani. cdaSi monawile pirebs unda<br />
SeefasebinaT inglisuri anbanis bgerebi 9 baliani SkaliT da<br />
zogadi SefasebiTi parametrebiT (siaxle, qaluroba, sinaze da<br />
piriqiT). jer-jerobiT kompanias ar Cautarebia xmovnebis<br />
gamokvleva. saqme imaSia, rom gamoyenebis konteqsti uSualo<br />
gavlenas axdens enobrivi erTeulis konotatur mniSvnelobaze.<br />
Ppraqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, aseTi kvlevis Catareba rTuli<br />
araa. sakmarisia cdaSi monawile pirebs warvudginoT masala<br />
SefasebisaTvis ramdenime Tvisebis mixedviT, rogoricaa magaliTad<br />
_ lamazi-uSno, naTeli-bneli, xmauriani-wynari da a.S. CamonaTvali<br />
SeiZleba nebismieri iyos, Tumca masalis arCevisas unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom antonimebi iyofa konotaturi mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone 3 universalur kategoriad:<br />
a.S.<br />
SefasebiTi _ “kargi” _ “cudi”, “mxiaruli” _ “mowyenili” da<br />
Zalismieri _ “Zlieri” _ “susti”, “magari” _ “rbili” da a.S.<br />
aqtivobasTan dakavSirebuli _ “Cqari” _ “neli”, “cxeli” _<br />
“civi” da a.S.<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT kompaniam gamoaqveyna<br />
gamovlenili bgeriTi asociaciebis sia da aqedan gamomdinare
120<br />
gaanaliza 1000_ze meti yvelaze reklamirebuli brendis<br />
saxelwodebebi. Eeqspertebma gamoyves 11 kategoria, romelTa Soris<br />
aris “sakvebi produqtebi”, “restornebi”, “sasmelebi”,<br />
“avtomobilebi”, “silamaze da janmrTeloba”, “sacalo vaWroba” da<br />
a.S.<br />
amrigad, Tu kompania, romelic dakavebulia eleqtro saqonlis<br />
warmoebiT, uSvebs axal produqcias da dainteresebulia, rom misi<br />
brendi aRiqmebodes myidvelis mier, rogorc inovacia, saWiroa<br />
gamoviyenoT iseTi bgerebi, rogoricaa “q” an “x” (warmatebuli<br />
magaliTebia Xbox an Microsoft).<br />
Eeqsperimentis Sedegad dadginda aseve, rom produqtebis<br />
dasaxelebebSi metia aso vidre marcvali. xolo aTasobiT yvelaze<br />
xSirad reklamirebuli brendebis saxelwodebebSi piriqiT. Mmokled<br />
rom vTqvaT, neimingis procesSi “mokle” jer kidev ar niSnavs<br />
“ukeTess”. warmatebuli brendebis ,mxolod 32% aris erT an<br />
ormarcvliani.<br />
unda aRvniSnoT, rom analogiuri kvlevebi tardeba ruseTSic,<br />
sakvlevi masala Sesabamisad rusulenovani produqciaa. Sesabamisi<br />
kvlevis yvelaze cnobili sistemaa kompiuteruli programa "ВААЛ"<br />
(vaali. ru 2002). am programis Seqmnis winapiroba iyo Sesabamisi<br />
enobrivi movlena _ sityvis formasa da mniSvnelobas Soris<br />
arsebuli kavSiri. Pprograma zogadad saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
SevafasoT sityvis fonetikuri struqturis emociuri gavlena<br />
adamianis qvecnobierebaze.<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> qvecnobieri gavlenis gamosavlenad da<br />
dasaxasiaTeblad es sistema iyenebs an 20 erTpolarul Skalas<br />
(mSvenieri, naTeli, nazi, mxiaruli) an 24 bipolarul Skalas,<br />
romelic warmodgenilia antonimuri wyvilebis saxiT (lamazi _<br />
uSno, msubuqi _ mZime, usafrTxo _ saSiSi, aqtiuri _ pasiuri da<br />
a.S.).<br />
magaliTad:
121<br />
“k” _ wvetiani, Cxvletia, Tumca mecnierTa azriT is kargad<br />
jdeba kurieruli momsaxurebis kompaniaTa saxelwodebebSi (50%)<br />
bgera “z” raRac “saSiSisa” da “avis” STabeWdilebas axdens<br />
(30% da 35%), Tumca amavdroulad gamoxatavs “Zalasa” da<br />
“simamaces” (40% da 25%). Bbgera “m” sjobs ar gamoviyenoT<br />
restornebisa da cxeli produqtebis saxelwodebebSi, radgan<br />
skalis mixedviT 0% dan 100% mde is asocirdeba “sicivesTan”.<br />
rusebSi Zalian cud asociaciebs iwvevs bgerebi (Ч, Ш, Щ, Х,<br />
С, Ф). maT maxasiaTeblebSi dominirebs iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa<br />
“pasiuri”, “moTenTili”, “mowyenili”, “neli” da a.S.<br />
bgerebi "Л" da "Д" piriqiT, asocirdeba “sixarulTan”,<br />
“sinaTlesTan” da “sikeTesTan”.<br />
Mmokled rom vTqvaT amerikeli mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
rusi mkvlevarebi ara mxolod sawyisi bgeris simbolizmsa da<br />
asociaciebs ikvleven, aramed <strong>bgeraTa</strong> erTobliobas. sityva xom<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> erTobliobaa.<br />
Mmeore mxriv, saxelis analizi _ mravalfaqtoruli procesia.<br />
viyenebT ra neimingis specialistTa kvlevebsa da maT mier<br />
Catarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegebs, unda gaviTvaliswinoT ara<br />
mxolod saxelwodebebis aRqmis bgeriTi aspeqti, aramed grafika,<br />
konkurentuli garemo, azrobrivi asociaciebi da sxva prametrebi.<br />
<strong>frangul</strong> <strong>enaSi</strong> magaliTad, akrZaluli bgeraTSeerTebebi<br />
farTod gamoiyeneba safirmo niSnebis saxelwodebebSi. rogorc<br />
cnobilia, weliwadSi safrangeTSi registrirdeba daaxloebiT 45<br />
aTasi safirmo niSani. yoveli maTgani erTaderTia da<br />
ganumeorebeli. saxelwodeba SeiZleba aRebul iqnas leqsikidanac,<br />
magram aucilebeli moTxovnaa lamazi JReradoba.<br />
analizisaTvis aviRoT CvenTvis cnobili da msoflioSi<br />
popularuli <strong>frangul</strong>i produqtis ramdenime dasaxeleba :<br />
Allure _ cnobili <strong>frangul</strong>i sunamo koko Sanelisagan, romelic<br />
Seicavs cdispirebis mier yvelaze “sasiamovnod” aRqmul bgeras [l].
122<br />
SegviZlia CamonaTvali gavagrZeloT<br />
Miracle<br />
Elsève<br />
Éclat<br />
da a.S.<br />
rogorc albaT SeniSneT, dResdReobiT msoflioSi<br />
yvelaze warmatebuli <strong>frangul</strong>i sunamoebis saxelwodebebSi<br />
dominirebs eqsperimentebis Sedegad “yvelaze sasiamovnod” aRqmuli<br />
bgera [l]. es sruliadac ar aris SemTxveviTi. dasavleTSi<br />
produqciisaTvis saxelis SerCeva mecnierebisa da xelovnebis<br />
doneze xdeba.<br />
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xarisxis garda saxelwodebac<br />
axdens myidvelze zemoqmedebas. pirveli kontaqti xom potenciuri<br />
myidvelis cnobierebasa da produqciis dasaxelebas Soris<br />
reklamis saxiT xorcieldeba.<br />
arc erTi warmatebuli produqtis saxelwodebaSi ar Sedis<br />
arasasiamovno asociaciebis gamomwvevi bgeraTSeerTebebi, iseTebi,<br />
rogoricaa:<br />
[br]<br />
[bsk]<br />
[bt]<br />
[kr]<br />
[ks]<br />
[ksp]<br />
[fr]<br />
[gz]<br />
[pf]<br />
[pr]<br />
[pst]<br />
[str]<br />
[tr]
123<br />
gansakuTrebiT es vrceldeba sunamoebisa da sakvebi<br />
produqtebis dasaxelebebze, rasac ver vityviT manqanebisa da<br />
SedarebiT “xisti” produqciis saxeldebaze, iseTi, rogoricaa<br />
ludi, iaraRi da a. S. aseT SemTxvevaSi firmis menejerebi<br />
upiratesobas SedarebiT “uxeS” da xandaxan dauSvebel<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebs iyeneben, Tumca yvela SemTxvevaSi, statistikis<br />
mixedviT, produqciis popularoba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli<br />
mis dasaxelebaze.<br />
magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia ganvixiloT zogierTi brendisaTvis<br />
saxelis SerCevisa an Secvlis procesi.<br />
aviRoT kompania Canon<br />
Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory in Japan - Кwanon-Canon<br />
dasaxelebis cvlileba gamoiwvia misma arapopularobam da<br />
arakeTilxmovanebam.<br />
kompania Google Tavidan iwodeboda BackRub<br />
saxelwodebis cvlileba moxda igive mizeziT, rac Canon<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
BackRub-Google<br />
Kodak is firmis pirveli aparati gamovida 1888 wels. jorj<br />
estmenma – firmis xelmZRvanelma didxans eZeba iseTi saxelwodeba,<br />
romelic TiTqmis yvela <strong>enaSi</strong> wrmoiTqmeboda erTnairad. saboloo<br />
jamSi miviReT warmatebuli brendis warmatebiT SerCeuli<br />
saxelwodeba, romelic xalxur metyvelebaSi dRemde rCeba<br />
fotoaparatis sinonimad.<br />
popularul araalkoholur gamagrilebel sasmels Pepsi<br />
Tavidan erqva Brad’s drink da sakmaod arapopularuli gaxldaT.<br />
saxelwodeba kompaniam 100 dolarad iyida da mas Semdeg<br />
popularobas ar uCivis.<br />
igive istoria aqvs msoflioSi saxelganTqmul kompanias Sony ,<br />
romlis saxelwodebac Tavdapirvelad iyo “tocuko” rac sakmaod<br />
arasasiamovnod JRerda da rTulad warmosaTqmeli da aRsaqmeli
124<br />
gaxldaT evropelebisaTvis. amitom kompaniam SeimuSava axali da<br />
sakmao warmatebuli (rogorc Semdgom aRmoCnda) dasaxeleba,<br />
romelic dRemde kompaniis popularobasa da warmatebaSi<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.<br />
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bgeraTSeerTebaTa<br />
simboluri mniSvnelobebi udides gavlenas axdenen adamianis<br />
cnobierebaze da xSir SemTxvevaSi gansazRvraven sagnebis aRqmas,<br />
Tumca zogjer es aRqma SeiZleba Zlier subieqturic iyos. bgerebis<br />
subieqturi aRqma ZiriTadad poeziaSi vlindeba.<br />
§ 2. bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebi poeziaSi<br />
wina TavebSi Cven ganvixileT bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri<br />
mniSvnelobebi fonetikuri simbolizmis WrilSi. gamovyaviT sityvis<br />
bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli erTeuli _ suprafonema<br />
da avxseniT <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis funqcionirebis meqanizmi.<br />
avRniSneT, rom problemis kvleva perspeqtiulia aseve<br />
fonostilistikis sferoSi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia fonostilistika ikvlevs enis eqspresiul<br />
funqcias. stilistikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Seiswavlis ufro<br />
kompleqsur mTlianobebs (winadadeba, fraza, paragrafi, teqsti),<br />
fonostilistika calkeul bgerebs mimarTavs.<br />
es SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom bgeraTSeerTebebs (da ara<br />
calkeul bgerebs) gaaCniaT e. w. poeturi funqcia anu funqcia,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs Setyobinebas.
125<br />
rogorc viciT, poezia Zalian xSirad mimarTavs <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizms. poetebi xmovnebs yofen jgufebad, raTa gamoxaton<br />
garkveuli cnebebi, aseve iyeneben calkeul Tanxmovnebs sxvadasxva<br />
movlenebis ukeT warmosaCenad. a. rembos cnobili soneti “xmovnebi”,<br />
amis tipiuri magaliTia.<br />
A noir, E blanc, I rouge, U vert, O bleu : voyelles,<br />
Je dirai quelque jour vos naissancecs latentes :<br />
A, noir corset velu des muoches éclatantes<br />
Qui bombinent autour des puanteurs cruelles,<br />
Golfes d’ombre ; E, candeurs des vapeurs et des tentes,<br />
Lance des glaciers fiers, rois blancs, frissons d’ombelles ;<br />
I, pourpres, sang crache, rire des lèvres belles<br />
Dans la colère ou les ivresses pénitantes ;<br />
U, cycles, vibrement divins des mers virides<br />
Paix des patis semes d’animaux, paix des rides<br />
Que l’ alchimie imprime aux grands fronts studieux ;<br />
O, supreme Clairon plein des strideurs etranges,<br />
Silences traverses des mondes et des Anges :<br />
— O l’Omega, rayon violet de Ses Yeux !<br />
(Arthure Rimbaud. Voyelles)<br />
(frangi poetebi 2000 : 89)<br />
es leqsi, romelic rembos mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
poeturi maneriT aqvs Sesrulebuli, bgerebis simboluri<br />
mniSvnelobebis damaxasiaTeblad ar gamogvadgeba. ara imitom, rom<br />
bgerebs “feri” ar gaaCniaT, aramed imitom, rom Cven<br />
ugulebelvyaviT mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, calkeuli bgerebi<br />
garkveuli simbolizmiT xasiaTdebian. Tumca imis naTel nimuSad ki<br />
gamogvadgeba, Tu ramdenad subieqturi SeiZleba iyos adamianis
126<br />
warmosaxvaSi calkeul bgraTa aRqma. am leqsiT STagonebuli<br />
gabriel bonuri, opoziciaSi xmovani _ Tamxmovani xedavs<br />
dapirispirebas mdedrobiTi _ mamrobiTi. Tumca es mosazrebebic<br />
Rrmad subieqturia, amitom maT ganxilvas aRar SevudgebiT. poetis<br />
mier nebismieri bgera SeiZleba nebismieri feris an Tvisebis mqoned<br />
iyos aRqmuli. ufro Tanmimdevrulia lekont de lisli (<strong>frangul</strong>i<br />
literatura (a) 1984), romelic ambobs :<br />
« Si l’on supprimait l’o de paon, je ne verrais plus cet oiseau faire la roue ».<br />
Tumca miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeul bgerebs feri da msgavsi<br />
Tvisebebi ar gaaCniaT, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, bgeraTSeerTebebi<br />
garkveuli gamomxatvelobiT mainc xasiaTdebian da gaaCniaT e. w.<br />
poeturi funqcia.<br />
aqve SeiZleba am funqciis ramdenime aspeqtis ganxilva.<br />
pirvel yovlisa gamovyoT esTetiuri zemoqmedebis funqcia, anu<br />
Setyobinebis mimRebSi garkveuli mdgomareobis gamowveva. yvelaze<br />
ukeT es gamoixateba poeziaSi. leqsSi konsonanturi jgufebis<br />
ganlageba SeiZleba dagvexmaros im sityvebis moZiebaSi, romlebic<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovania da romlebic ukeT gamoxataven avtoris<br />
ganwyobas.<br />
magaliTisaTvis gamogvadgeba konsonanturi jgufebis gameoreba<br />
strofis SuagulSi:<br />
La lune était sereine et jouait sur les flots,<br />
La fenetre enfin libre est ouverte à la brise,<br />
La soultane regarde et la mer qui se brise,<br />
Là-bas d’un flot d’argent brode les noirs ilots,<br />
De ses doigt en vibrant s’échape la guitare<br />
Elle ecoute... Un bruit sourd frappe les sourds échos.<br />
(V. Hugo. Claire de lune)<br />
(frangi poetebi 2000 : 56)
127<br />
konsonanturi jgufi [br] an rogorc Cven mas vuwodeT _<br />
suprafonema mocemul eqvs strofSi eqvsjer gvxvdeba Semdeg<br />
sityvebSi :<br />
libre<br />
brise<br />
brise<br />
brode<br />
vibrant<br />
bruit<br />
es albaT imaze migvaniSnebs, rom mocemuli leqsis saTauri<br />
Claire de lune sulac ar aris leqsis mTavari Sinaarsis matarebeli.<br />
rogorc viciT, teqstSi, iqneba es poeturi Tu prozauli<br />
nawarmoebi, sakvanZo frazis Zieba sakmaod rTuli procesia da<br />
lingvistikaSi jer kidev ar SeumuSavebiaT meTodi, romelic<br />
daexmareboda mkiTxvelsa Tu mkvlevars mis moZiebaSi. Cveni azriT,<br />
teqstSi bgeraTsimboluri komponentebis kvleva erT-erT mTavar<br />
rols TamaSobs sakvanZo frazis moZiebaSi. ra Tqma unda, Zieba ar<br />
unda mimdinareobdes teqstis semantikuri mniSvnelobis<br />
gauTvaliswineblad. bgeriTi efeqtebi msmenelis an mkiTxvelis<br />
cnobierebaSi warmoiqmneba bgerebis an <strong>bgeraTa</strong> jgufebis gameorebis<br />
Sedegad ;<br />
bgeraTSeerTebaTa gameorebebi zogjer gvexmareba teqstis<br />
dafaruli semantikis da sakvanZo frazis gamovl<strong>enaSi</strong>. Tu am<br />
hipoTeziT vixelmZRvanelebT, maSin strofi, romelSic yvelaze<br />
xSirad meordeba bgeraTSeerTeba [br], unda iyos leqsis mTeli<br />
Sinaarsis matarebeli. kidev erTxel davakvirdeT am strofs da<br />
vnaxoT, daemTxveva Tu ara misi bgeraTsimboluri aRqma semantikur<br />
Sinaarss :<br />
La fenêtre enfin libre est ouverte à la brise<br />
fanjara, romelic jer kideev Riaa, es aris im qalis simbolo,<br />
romelic zRvis piras dgas da raRacas elis.
128<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmis gamoyenebis gamsakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi<br />
gvxvdeba folklorul teqstebSi : SelocvebSi, ritualebSi. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT gamvixiloT mwyemsebis Selocva mglis winaaRmdeg,<br />
romelic jer kidev SenarCunebulia safrangeTis zogierT regionSi:<br />
Viens, bête à laine ; c’est l’agneau de l’humilité ; je te garde.<br />
C’est l’agneau du Redempteur, qui a jeune quarante jours, sans avoir pris aucun<br />
repas de l’ennemi, et fût tente en verité. Va droit, bête grise, à gris aggripence, va<br />
chercher la proie, loups et louveteaux ; tu n’as point a venir a cette vianded, qui est ici.<br />
yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom teqstis yvela konsonanturi<br />
jgufi Seicavs Tanxmovans _ r : gr – gvxvdeba samjer (grise, gris,<br />
aggripence) , pr – orjer ( proie, pris) , dr da rd TiTojer (droit, garde). Tu<br />
bgeraTSeerTebaTa simbolur mniSvnelobebs gadavxedavT da<br />
yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom bgeraTSeerTebebi :<br />
[gr], - romelsac Seesatyviseba arasasiamovno, Cxubi, caxcaxi,<br />
pirquSi ;<br />
[pr] _ caxcaxi<br />
[dr] _ grZlivoba, moqmedeba ; saocari sizustiT gamoxataven<br />
Selocvis Sinaarss. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs bgeraTSeerTebaTa<br />
simbolizmis e. w. magiuri funqciis gamovlenasTan.<br />
bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebis ukeT<br />
gacnobisaTvis davakvirdeT Semdeg leqss:<br />
Ô voyageur ! partage ma tristesse :<br />
Mele tes cris a mes cris surerflus.<br />
Il est tombé le roi de la vitesse !<br />
L’air des combats ne le reveille plus.<br />
Il est tombé dans l’eclat da sa course :<br />
Le trait fatale a tremblé sur son flanc ;<br />
Et les flots noirs de son généreux sang<br />
Ont altere le cristale de la source.<br />
(Charles-Hubert Millevoye.
129<br />
L’arabe au tombeau de son coursier)<br />
(frangi poetebi 2000 : 169)<br />
mocemul leqsSi konsonanturi jgufi [tr] _ gvxvdeba samjer, [rs]<br />
_ samjer, [rt], [rd], [rfl], [fl], [kl], [fl], [pl], [st] _ TiTojer. am CamonaTvalSi<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia agreTve bgeraTSeerTebebi sxvadasxva<br />
sityvebidan (magaliTad L’air des... da sur son...), radgan <strong>frangul</strong> <strong>enaSi</strong><br />
metyvelebis nakadi daiyo fonetikur sityvebad. rogorc SeniSneT,<br />
bgeraTsimboluri jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgenilia TanxmovniT [r].<br />
Tu <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebis mniSvnelobebs gadavxedavT, Tvalwin<br />
Semdegnairi suraTi gadagveSleba : mimdinare, morbenali, tkivili,<br />
kankali, Cqari moZraoba, winaaRmdegoba, naRveli, dardi, Cqari<br />
vibracia, xisti, mkacri, arasasiamovno, gadamwyveti, ngreva, sivrce,<br />
moqmedeba, nazi, axali, msubuqi, frena, pirdapiri, mdgomi, daxuruli,<br />
stabiluri. yovelive es SeiZleba aixsnas ase : udabnos sivrce,<br />
gasrolili isris xma, arabis dardi, romelic sakuTari cxenis<br />
saflavTan tiris, cxenis siswrafis gaxseneba, sikvdilis piras<br />
myofi cxenis caxcaxi, tkivili, sisastike.<br />
davakvirdeT Semdeg leqss :<br />
Le siel est, par - dessus le toit,<br />
Si bleu, si calme.<br />
Un arbre, par - dessus le toit,<br />
Berse sa palme.<br />
La cloche, dans le ciel qu’on voit,<br />
Doucement tinte.<br />
Un oiseau sur l’arbre qu’on voit<br />
Chante sa plainte.<br />
Mon dieu, mon dieu, la vie est là,<br />
Simple et tranquille.<br />
Cette paisible rumeur – la<br />
Vient de la ville.<br />
_ Qu’as – tu fait, ô toi que voilà
Pleurant sans cesse,<br />
Dis, qu’as – tu fait, toi que voilà,<br />
de ta jeunesse ?<br />
130<br />
(Paul Elouard. *** )<br />
(frangi poetebi 2000 : 64)<br />
rogorc vxedavT, leqsi Sedgeba Teqvsmeti strofisagan da<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod melanqoliuria, bgeraTSeerTeba [br]<br />
masSi mxolod erTxelaa gamoyenebuli da isic sityvaSi arbre<br />
romelic qarTulad niSnavs - xes. amiT poeti leqss met simsubuqes,<br />
eqspresiulobasa da sinazes sZens. verleni iyenebs Cvens mier<br />
Catarebul eqsperimentSi universalurad miCneul suprafonemas [-l],<br />
romelic Zalian advilad gamoicnoba cdaSi monawile pirTa mier<br />
da aRiqmeba, rogorc sasiamovno, nazi, msubuqi.<br />
italiuri ena, romelic saocrad mdidaria xmabaZviTi sityvebiT,<br />
Zalian xSirad poetebis STagonebis wyarod iqceva xolme. am mxriv<br />
saintereso iqneba Semdegi leqsi :<br />
Clof, clop, cloch,<br />
cloffette,<br />
clochette,<br />
chchch...<br />
E giu nel<br />
cortile<br />
la povera<br />
fontana<br />
malata,<br />
Che spasimo<br />
sentirla<br />
tossire !<br />
Tossisce,<br />
tossisce
un poco si tace,<br />
di nuovo<br />
tossisce<br />
un poco<br />
si tace, di nuovo<br />
tossisce.<br />
Mia povera<br />
fontana,<br />
il male che hai<br />
il cuore<br />
mi preme...<br />
131<br />
(Aldo Palazzeschi, La fontana malata)<br />
(magera... 2000: 28)<br />
poetma sasurveli efeqtis misaRwevad ramdenime xerxi<br />
gamoiyena : imaTTvis, vinc leqss ubralod kiTxulobs, man weris<br />
uCveulo maneriT scada yuradRebis gamaxvileba sityvebze, xolo<br />
msmenelTaTvis isedac yvelaferi naTelia, TiTqos gvesmis<br />
avadmyofi Sadrevnis gulis gamawvrilebeli xma. efeqti<br />
suprafonemebis meSveobiT miiRweva.<br />
es yvelaferi imaze migviniSnebs, rom poetebi Zalian xSirad<br />
mimarTaven <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms erTdroulad ramodenime efeqtis<br />
misaRwevad :<br />
1. es aris avtoris mier fonetikuri saSualebebis<br />
gamoyenebiT metyvelebisTvis eqspresiulobis momateba.<br />
2. emociuri da esTetiuri zemoqmedebis gamowveva bgeriTi<br />
masalis meSveobiT (Sesabamisi sityvebis SerCeva da maTi<br />
ganlageba, <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebis gameorebebi da a. S. ).<br />
poetebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi davobdnen Semdeg sakiTxze,<br />
romeli ufro mniSvnelovania poeziaSi _ nawarmoebis Sinaarsi Tu<br />
forma. sxvadasxva literaturuli mimdinareobebi xan erTs<br />
aniWebdnen upiratesobas, xan meores. sabolood mividnen im
132<br />
mosazrebamde, rom WeSmariti mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda iyos<br />
formisa da Sinaarsis araZaladobrivi Serwyma, Tumca riTmaze<br />
muSaoba, Cveni azriT, poetisaTvis mTavari amocana unda iyos<br />
(gavixsenoT galaktioni, romelic wlobiT muSaobda riTmebis<br />
moZiebaze da romlis leqsebic savsea simboluri mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone bgeraTSeerTebebiT). <strong>frangul</strong> literaturaSi Sinaarsisa da<br />
formis Tanxvedris warmatebuli Tanxvedris nimuSad SegviZlia<br />
gavixsenoT pol verlenis brwyinvale leqsi “Semodgomis simRera.”<br />
Les sanglots longs<br />
Des violons<br />
De l’automne<br />
Bersent mon coeur<br />
D’une langueur<br />
Monotone.<br />
Tout suffocant<br />
Et blême, quand<br />
Sonne l’heure<br />
Je me souviens<br />
Des jours anciens<br />
Et je pleure.<br />
Et je m’en vais<br />
Au vent mauvais<br />
Qui m’emporte<br />
Déça, delà, pareil a la<br />
Feuille morte.<br />
(Paul verlaine. Chanson d’automne)<br />
(frangi poetebi 2000: 84)<br />
mocemul leqsSi verlens Zalian bevri stilisturi xerxi aqvs<br />
gamoyenebuli, raTa sasurvel JReradobasa da efeqts miaRwios.
133<br />
Sedegi STambeWdavia, TiTqos yurSi marTlac Cagvesmis Semodgomis<br />
monotonuri wvimis xma.<br />
igive monotonurobiT xasiaTdeba Semdegi italiuri leqsi,<br />
romelic cnobil italiel poets, jakomo leopardis ekuTvnis :<br />
Lunghi dal proprio ramo<br />
povera foglia frale,<br />
dove vai tu ? Dal faggio<br />
la dov’io nacqui, mi divise il vento.<br />
Esso, tornando a volo<br />
dal bosco alla campagna,<br />
dalla valle mi porta alla montagna.<br />
Seco perpetuamente<br />
vi pellegrina, e tutto l’altro ignoro.<br />
Vo dove ogni altra cosa,<br />
dove naturalmente<br />
va la foglia di rosa,<br />
e la foglia d’alloro.<br />
(Giacomo Leopardi, Una foglia)<br />
(Premio Magera 2000 : 63)<br />
rodesac <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmze vsaubrobT, SeuZlebelia gverdi<br />
avuaroT gogla leoniZis leqss « yivCaRis paemani ». albaT<br />
iSviaTad moiZebneba qarTul literaturaSi bgeriTi eqspresiis<br />
aseTi nimuSi :<br />
ყურღანებიდან გნოლი გაფრინდა,<br />
ყაბარდოს ველი გადაიარა,<br />
ისევ აღვსდექი!<br />
მუხრანის ბოლოს<br />
ჩასაფრებული ვსინჯავ იარაღს.<br />
ქსანზედ, არაგვზედ ისევ ჰყვავიან<br />
ხოდაბუნები თავთუხებისა,
134<br />
შენი ტუჩებიც ისე ტკბილია,<br />
როგორც ბადაგი დადუღებისას.<br />
ხოხბობას გნახე,<br />
მიწურვილ იყო<br />
როცა ზაფხული რუსთაველისა,<br />
ნეტამც ბადაგი არ დამელია<br />
და იმ დღეს ხმალი არ ამელესა!<br />
ტრამალ და ტრამალ გამოგედევნე,<br />
შემოვამტვერე გზები ტრიალი,<br />
მცხეთას ვუმტვრიე საკეტურები,<br />
ვლეწე ტაძრები კელაპტრიანი!<br />
მაგრამ თვითონაც დაილეწება,<br />
დაბადებულა ვინც კი ყივჩაღად,<br />
მუზარადიან შენს ქმარს შემოვხვდი,<br />
თავი შუაზე გადამიჩეხა!<br />
მოდი, მომხვიე ხელი ჭრილობას,<br />
ვეღარა გხედავ, სისხლით ვიცლები...<br />
როგორც საძროხე ქვაბს ოხშივარი,<br />
ქართლის ხეობებს ასდის ნისლები...<br />
მოდი!<br />
გეძახი ათას წლის მერე,<br />
დამნაცროს ელვამ შენი ტანისა;<br />
ვარდის ფურცლობის ნიშანი არი<br />
და დრო ახალი პაემანისა!..<br />
avtori aseT gasaocar efeqts aRwevs suprafonemebis [-r] da [r-]<br />
gamoyenebiT. davakvirdeT, leqsis pirvel strofs da meoTxes, sadac<br />
eqspresia kulminacias aRwevvs. es ra Tqma unda ar aris SemTxveviTi<br />
da Tu leqsi xmamaRla ikiTxeba Sedegi saxezea. suprafoneba [tr] am<br />
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze didi datvirTvis matarebelia da maxvilic am<br />
fonemaTa kavSirze modis. meoTxe strofi leqsSi gamoxatavs<br />
TiTqmis yvelafers : sasowarkveTas, uzomod did siyvaruls, vnebas,<br />
Sinagan rRvevas...<br />
maSasadame, bgeriTi efeqtebi, romlebic did gavlenas axdenen<br />
adamianis cnobierebaze, poeziaSi, iseve rogorc folklorul
135<br />
teqstebSi, bgerebis, ufro xSirad ki simbolur bgeraTSeerTebaTa<br />
gameorebis Sedegad miiRweva.<br />
saintereso iqneba, rogori saxiT gamovlindeba <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmi TargmanebSi. rogorc viciT, Targmani TiTqmis Tavidan<br />
dawerili nawarmoebia, urTulesi Sesasrulebelia. Tumca aris<br />
SemTxvevebi, roca mTargmneli axerxebs Cawvdes poetis Rrma<br />
Canafiqrs da miuxedavad uamravi sirTulisa, sxva, monaTesave Tu<br />
aramonaTesave enaze gadmoitanos ara mxolod semantikuri Sinaarsi,<br />
aramed is magiuri JReradoba, romelsac adgili aqvs originalSi.<br />
amaze momdevno TavSi vilaparakebT<br />
§ 3. TargmanebSi gamovlenili <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi<br />
rogorc wina paragrafSi avRniSneT, poeturi nawarmoebis<br />
mTargmnelis winaSe urTulesi amocana dgas, is valdebulia ucxo<br />
enaze gadmoitanos avtoris gancdebi da leqsis Sinaarsi ise, rom<br />
ar daarRvios misi forma. es TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maSin, roca es Targmani xorcieldeba aramonaTesave enaze<br />
(magaliTad qarTulidan <strong>frangul</strong>ad). amocanis sirTule ormagad da<br />
sammagad izrdeba, Tu teqsti Sesrulebulia maRalmxatvrul doneze<br />
da mdidaria bgeraTsimboluri sityvebiT, sadac ulamazesi Sinaarsi<br />
erwymis kidev ufro lamaz formas. TvalsaCino magaliTisaTvis<br />
gamogvadgeba S. rusTavelis ‘‘vefxistyaosani’’.<br />
arsebobs ‘‘vefxistyaosnis’’ ori <strong>frangul</strong>i Targmani. pirveli<br />
ekuTvnis sergi wulaZes, meore _ gaston buaCiZes. amocanis<br />
sirTule orives kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli. winasityvaobaSi<br />
mTargmnelebi aRniSnaven, rom Targmani, originalis sidiadiT ver<br />
daikvexnis, Tumca maTTave sasargeblod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes<br />
Cven saxeze gvaqvs urTulesi poemis ori kargi <strong>frangul</strong>i Targmani.<br />
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rogor SeZles <strong>bgeraTa</strong> gamomxatvelobis<br />
gadmotana qarTulidan <strong>frangul</strong>sa da italiurSi qari hqris
136<br />
mTargmnelebma, axla ki vnaxoT, rogor gamovlinda <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
sombolizmi ‘‘vefxistyaosnis’’ <strong>frangul</strong> TargmanebSi.<br />
davakvirdeT originalis teqsts :<br />
he RmerTo erTo, Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa.<br />
Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa!<br />
momec mijnurTa survili sikvdimde gasatanisa,<br />
codvaTa Semsubuqeba, mun Tana wasatanisa!<br />
SedarebisaTvis vnaxoT wulaZis Targmani :<br />
O Dieu unique, Créateur qui donna la forme à tout corps,<br />
Protège – moi, accorde – moi la force d’écraser Satan,<br />
Accorde – moi un coeur d’amant, d’amour épris jusqu’à la mort,<br />
Allège le poids de peches qu’en l’au – delà j’irai portant.<br />
rogorc SeniSneT, originalis konsonanturi jgufebi<br />
Targmanisas ver SenarCunda. rasac ver vityviT buaCiZis Targmanze :<br />
À ton image, unique Dieu, en toutes choses l’on s’attend,<br />
Accorde Ta protection afin de bafouer Satan,<br />
Initie-moi au fol de mortels énlança tant,<br />
Soulage-moi de mes pèches que l’au delà n’efface à temps.<br />
qarTuli [st], romelic originalSi gameorda yoveli frazis<br />
bolos, aseve gameorda TargmanSic, mxolod bgerebis saxiT ; s’attend<br />
- [st], Satan - [st], enlança tant -[st], n’efface a temps - [st].<br />
rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad enebs Soris uzarmazari sxvaobisa,<br />
SeiZleba Targmani Sesrulebul iqnas maRalmxatvrul doneze,<br />
Sinaarsisa da formis ugulebelyofis gareSe.<br />
ganvixiloT Semdegi nawyveti :
137<br />
Tqva, ‘‘mzeo vardsa siSore Seni damaCndes es adre,<br />
broli da lali gasrulvar qarvisa uyviTlesad _ re.<br />
maSin raRa vqmna, ver _ Wvreta ra momxvdes kvla ugrZesad<br />
xams moyvrisaTvis sikvdili, ese me damic wesad _ re’’.<br />
_ re!<br />
konsonanturi jgufi [s-d-r] yoveli strofis bolos meordeba,<br />
SedarebisaTvis vnaxoT buaCiZis Targmani :<br />
Il se dit : « Soleil, de l’exile ma rose se ressentira,<br />
Naguère cristale et rubis, plus que l’ambre elle jaunira.<br />
Que faire si dérobe aux yeux ton image mon sort ingrat ?<br />
Pour son aimeé il faut mourir, c’est la loi que servent mes bras. »<br />
iseve rogorc originalSi, TanxmovaTa yvela kompleqsi,<br />
romlic moTavsebulia striqonis bolos, mTavrdeba bgeriT _ [-r] ,<br />
sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom aq es bgera mxolod riTmis gamo ar<br />
aris gamoyenebuli. rogorc Cvens mier Catarebuli eqsperimentis<br />
Sedegad gavarkvieT, suprafonema [-r], yvelaze xSirad aris<br />
arasasiamovno asociaciis gamomwvevi adamianis cnobierebaSi.<br />
poetebma ki, romlebic sityvis alqimikosebad gvevlinebian, bgerebis<br />
magiuri funqciisa da adamianis cnobierebaze bgeraTSeerTebebis<br />
gavlenis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, fsiqologebze meti ician. swored<br />
amiTaa gamowveuli poemebisa da leqsebis gasaocari unari Cawvdnen<br />
adamianis sulis siRrmeebs.<br />
gavaanalizoT Semdeegi strofi :<br />
sawols dawva, tirs, mtiralsa cremli Znelad exocebis,<br />
viTa verxvi qarisagan, irxevis da ikecebis ;<br />
ra mihlulnis, siaxleve sayvarlisa eocebis,<br />
SekrTis, didi daizaxis, miT patiJi eocebis.
138<br />
davakvirdeT wulaZis mier Sesrulebul <strong>frangul</strong> Targmans :<br />
Sur sa couche il s’étend en pleurs, ses larmes sèchent à grand peine,<br />
Comme un tremble agite du vent, de tous cotes il se demène,<br />
Des qu’il somnole, il voit en songe, auprès de lui, sa bien – aimée,<br />
Il tressaille en possant un cri et sa douleur vingt fois s’avive.<br />
SedarebisaTvis moviyvanoT Gg. buaCiZis <strong>frangul</strong>i Targmani :<br />
Il pleure affale, sur son lit, les larmes ne sechent point, tremble<br />
Son corps agite, tourmente, comme plie sous le vent le tremble.<br />
L’amante, a peine il clot les yeux, lui rend visite, ce lui semble.<br />
Le preux sursaute et pousse un cri, en proie a vingt douleurs ensemble.<br />
sainteresoa is faqti, rom, bgeraTSeerTeba [tr] _ originalSi<br />
gvxvdeba orjer, [kr] _ erTxel, suprafonema [-l] _ samjer. axla<br />
davTvaloT TargmanebSi warmodgenili bgeraTSeerTebebi :<br />
s. wulaZesTan _ [tr] _ orjer, [cr] _ erTxel, [_l] _ samjer.<br />
g. buaCiZesTan _ [tr] _ samjer, [cr] _ erTxel, [_l] ki eqvsjer.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs Zalze saintereso movlenasTan.<br />
yuradRebamisaqcevia is faqti, rom Targmanisas bevri sityva<br />
SeiZleba Secvlil iqnas sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone sxva<br />
sityviT, romlebic Seicaven sxva bgeraTSeerTebebs, Tumca<br />
mTargmnelebi upiratesobas iseT sityvebs aniWeben, romlebic<br />
JReradobiTac waagavs originalSi gamoyenebul sityvas.<br />
mkvlevaris winaSe usaTuod dgas problema :<br />
dakavSirebulia Tu ara es gamomsaxveloba <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
simbolizmTan. am problemis gadaWrisas Cven kvlavac (rogorc
139<br />
problemis eqsperimentuli kvlevisas) vixelmZRvanelebT Semdegi<br />
mosazrebiT : calke aRebul, izolirebul bgeras aranairi<br />
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia, magram teqstSi, <strong>bgeraTa</strong> SeerTebebma da<br />
maTma gameorebebma SeiZleba semantikuri mniSvnelobis, saerTo<br />
azris, saxeebis gadmocemis funcia SeiZinos, swored amitom<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi aRiqmeba, rogorc garkveuli Sinaarsisa da<br />
simboluri datvirTvis matarebelebi.<br />
ganvixiloT kidev erTi nawyveti poemidan, Tavisi Sesabamisi<br />
TargmanebiT :<br />
« uambos Cemi sikvdili, TviT Cemgan davedrebuli,<br />
maT Seqmnan glova _ tirili, qmnan saqme gamwarebuli,<br />
merme mivide cocxali me, sxvagan sadme rebuli! »<br />
amas igonebs tiriliT goneba _ Seiwrebuli.<br />
mocemul teqstSi bgeraTSeerTeba [gl] _ gvxvdeba erTxel, [t-r]<br />
_ orjer.<br />
axla SevadaroT es monacemebi TargmanebSi gamoyenebul<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebs :<br />
« Se conformant à ma prière, il ira conter mon trépas,<br />
Chacun prendra le deuil, pleurant ainsi qu’on fait dans le malheur,<br />
Revenant d’un pays lointain, alors j’apparaitrai vivant. »<br />
Il songe en ces tristes pensées, tout en larmes, l’ésprit dement.<br />
s. wulaZis TargmanSi mwuxarebisa da glovis gamomxatveli<br />
bgeraTSeerTeba [tr] _ iseve, rogorc originalSi, gamoyenebulia<br />
orjer, Tumca mTargmnels ara aqvs gamoyenebuli bgeraTSeerTeba<br />
[gl].
140<br />
absoluturi sizustiTa aqvs daculi bgeraTSeerTebaTa<br />
raodenoba originalTan mimarTebaSi ([tr] _ 2-jer, [gl] _ 1-jer) g.<br />
buaCiZes :<br />
« Selon mon souait Chermadin relatera au roi ma mort,<br />
Il y aura sanglots et pleurs, chagrin indicible, remords.<br />
Soudain j’apparaitrai vivant, mon cheval mordillant le mors! »<br />
Ainsi il medite en pleurant, et se point ne demord.<br />
an kidev :<br />
me patronisa Cemisa asuli Semyvarebia ;<br />
TviT mefed maTad mas xedven monebi mklav _ magrebia.<br />
Tuca ar micnob, ginaxav, Tu viTa giazrebia,<br />
gaxsovsca, odes dahxoce monebi ar _ sapyrebia ?<br />
originalSi konsonanturi jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgenilia<br />
suprafonemiT [-r]. SevadaroT Targmanebs.<br />
igive nawyveti g. buaCiZis TargmaniT :<br />
« J’aime d’un amour éperdu la fille de mon suzérain,<br />
Les sujets admirent leur reine et la servent avec entrain.<br />
Un jour tu me vis. Ton image en moi fût gravée au burin.<br />
Tu massacras alors nos serfs et versas leur sang purpurin. »<br />
igive nawyveti s. wulaZis TargmaniT :<br />
« Je suis éspris d’amour et j’aime la fille de mon suzerain,<br />
Tous les vessaux les plus puissants pour leur reine la reconaissent,<br />
Tu ne me connais pas, pourtant tu m’apercus, s’il t’en suivent,<br />
Rappelle-toi, tu massacras de vaillants écuyers, naguère. »
141<br />
rogorc vxedavT, g. buaCiZiseul TargmanSi ufro ukeT aris<br />
gadmocemuli bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebi. roca<br />
SoTa rusTaveli iyenebs Semdegi saxis riTmas, sadac yvela<br />
sityvaSi Sedis suprafonema [l] g. buaCiZe ar arRvevs poemis qarTul<br />
JReradobas da cdilobs gamoiyenos Sesabamisi bgeraTSeerTebebi<br />
(ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia. zogjer mTargmneli adgils ucvlis<br />
sityvebs, raTa Sesabamisi riTma moZebnos, magram es iSviaTad xdeba,<br />
amitom magaliTebSi araa mocemuli sityvebis Targmani, aramed<br />
warmodgenilia sqema, Tu rogoraa SenarCunebuli TargmanSi bgerebi,<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi da riTmi) :<br />
originali Targmani<br />
alTa brûlait<br />
mavalTa allait<br />
mravalTa palait<br />
valTa fallait<br />
bnelisa crepuscule<br />
cxelisa brûle<br />
xelisa émule<br />
saeWvelisa dissimule<br />
‘‘vefxistyaosanSi’’ da mis TargmanebSi (gansakuTrebiT g,<br />
buaCiZis mier Sesrulebul TargmanSi) aseTi magaliTebi mravlad<br />
moiZebneba :<br />
xrmali gavstyorce, gadviWer, vefxi Sevipyar xeliTa ;<br />
mis gamo kocna mominda, vin mwvavs cecxliTa cxeliTa ;<br />
miRrinvida da mawyenda brWkaliTa sisxlTa mRvreliTa,
142<br />
veRar gavuZel, igica movkal guliTa xeliTa.<br />
« Et puis, attirée dans mes bras, la panthère se rebiffa,<br />
Je voulus l’embrasser au nom de mon amour qui m’échauffa,<br />
Mais elle rugît, se dressa, me balafra et me griffa.<br />
À bout de patience, alors de sa vie ma main triompha. ».<br />
qarTuli <strong>frangul</strong>i<br />
[ty] _ 1 [tr] _ 1<br />
[fx] _ 1<br />
[br] _ 1<br />
[Ta] _ 4<br />
[fr] _ 1<br />
[br] _ 2<br />
[fa] _ 4<br />
« Je bondis à terre, rejetant l’épee, emploiant la tigresse,<br />
J’avais le desir de l’etreindre pour Celle dont les feux me pressent,<br />
Elle rougit, me labourant de ses griffes, me mit en sang,<br />
Je ne pus maitriser mon coeur, je la tuai, fou de colère.<br />
qarTuli <strong>frangul</strong>i<br />
[ty] _ 1 [tr] _ 3<br />
sxva Tanxvedra am TargmanSi ar dasturdeba.<br />
(g. buaCiZis Targmani)<br />
(s. wulaZis Targmani)
143<br />
g. buaCiZis mier Sesrulebuli Targmanidan kidev SeiZleba<br />
bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis zusti Targmanebis moZieba. aqve<br />
moviyvanT ramodenimes :<br />
fatman ra naxa, SeSinda, Zrwis da mieca Zrwolasa.<br />
man gakvirvebiT uWvrita maTsa laRoba _ wolasa ;<br />
uTxra : ar giSli, diaco, ferTa mida mo krTolasa,<br />
gamiTendebis ganeneb maga moymisa yolasa!<br />
Fatman trembla à sa vue, en proi a une obsession,<br />
L’homme eut pour le couple enlace un mouvement d’aversion,<br />
Puis dit : « Prelasse – toi, catin, sans pause ou interruption,<br />
À l’aube tu regretteras ta joie et ta possession!<br />
suprafonemiT [-r] Sedgenili bgeraTSeerTebebi originalSi aris<br />
oTxi : Zrwis, Zrwolasa, uWvrita, krTolasa ; xolo TargmanSi _<br />
xuTi : trembla, proi, Prelasse, regretteras.<br />
rogorc wina TavSi iqna aRniSnuli, calkeuli bgerebi da<br />
bgeraTSeerTebebi, poeziaSi gansakuTrebul Sinaarsobriv da<br />
simbolur datvirTvas atareben, magram rogori saxiT vlindeba es<br />
yvelaferi TargmanSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca es Targmani<br />
xorcieldeba aramonaTesave enaze, romlis fonetikuri struqturac<br />
absoluturad gansxvavdeba originalis enis fonetikuri<br />
struqturisagan. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT galaktionis cnobili<br />
leqsi ‘‘qari hqris.’’<br />
davakvirdeT leqsSi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebis ganlagebasa da maT<br />
raodenobas :<br />
qari hqris, qari hqris, qari hqris,<br />
foTlebi mihqrian qardaqar...<br />
xeTa rigs, xeTa jars rkalad xris,<br />
sada xar, sada xar, sada xar?<br />
rogor wvims, rogor Tovs, rogor Tovs,
144<br />
ver gpoveb verasdros... verasdros!<br />
Seni me saxeba damdevs Tan<br />
yovel dros, yovelTvis, yovelgan...<br />
Sori ca nislian fiqrebs scris...<br />
qari hqris, qari hqris, qari hqris...<br />
SedarebisaTvis vnaxoT leqsis <strong>frangul</strong>i Targmani :<br />
Bruit du vent, crie du vent gemissement,<br />
Et les feuilles emportees par le vent...<br />
Et les arbres ployes et unis,<br />
Ou es – tu, ou es – tu, ou es – tu ?<br />
Neige et pluie, Neige et pluie, Neige et pluie<br />
Je ne puis te trouver, je ne puis...<br />
Seul tes yeux sont toujours avec moi,<br />
Nuits et jours, sur les chemins avec moi.<br />
Bruit du vent, crie du vent gemissement...<br />
(galaktioni. qari hqris)<br />
saintereso swored is aris, rom mTargmnelma SeZlo zustad,<br />
saocari gamomxatvelobiT da eqspresiiT eTargmna leqsis mTavari<br />
fraza qari hqris. vfiqrobT, zedmeti ar iqneba imis aRniSvna, Tu<br />
ramdenad gansxvavebulia <strong>frangul</strong>i enis fonetika qarTulisagan da<br />
raoden didi sirTulis winaSe dganan aramonaTesave enaze leqsis<br />
mTargmnelebi, maT unda gadmoscen Sinaarsic da bgeraTsimboluri<br />
JReradobac.<br />
sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom <strong>frangul</strong>ad winadadeba qari qris,<br />
JRers ase : le vent souffle, maS ratom airCia mTargmnelma sityvebi<br />
‘‘xmauri’’, ‘‘yvirili’’ ? pasuxi naTelia _ isini Seicaven <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsebs [br] – bruit da [cr] – crie, romlebic JReradobiT ufro<br />
axlos arian qarTul [qr] _ sTan, vidre bgeraTkompleqsi [fl].<br />
saintereso iqneba am leqsis italiuri Targmanis naxvac :
Il vento, senti, spira, grida e grida...<br />
Di vento in vento volteggiano le foglie.<br />
Lunghe file d’alberi, eserciti ricurvi...<br />
Ma tu dove sei, dove sei, dove sei ?<br />
Come piove, com’e bianca questa neve,<br />
145<br />
Mentr’io ti cerco in ogni dove, e invano.<br />
L’immagine tua mi segue, mi persegiuta<br />
Ogni istante, ogni ora, ogni giorno.<br />
Il Cielo filtra nebbia di pensieri<br />
E il vento spira, volteggia, grida, gira...<br />
Traduzione Luigi Mogarotto<br />
rogorc SeniSneT, igive ganmeorda italiur TargmanSic.<br />
italiurad qari hqris, JRers ase tira vento, magram TanxmovanTa<br />
kompleqsi [gr] mTargmnels dasWirda originalTan miaxloebuli<br />
bgeriTi efeqtis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi<br />
TargmanebSic dasturdeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu Targmani<br />
maRalmxatvrul donezea Sesrulebuli da am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs<br />
mniSvneloba im faqts, enebi monaTesavea Tu ara, maTi fonetikuri<br />
struqtura msgavsia Tu gansxvavebuli. Cven gavecaniT urTulesi<br />
qarTuli teqstis <strong>frangul</strong> Targmans, mokled mimovixileT zogadi<br />
kanonzomierebi da mivediT im daskvnamde, rom aramonaTesave enebSic<br />
arsebobs garkveuli saxis korelacia (Tumca poeziaSi es efeqti<br />
miiRweva, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, poeturi TviTnebobis<br />
wyalobiT).<br />
poeturi harmoniis, TviT poeziis saidumloeba, rogorc Cans,<br />
Zevs bgerisa da mniSvnelobis idumal kavSirSi, rogorc es<br />
mtkicdeba im faqtiT, rom homerosis, Seqspiris an dantes
146<br />
Semoqmedebis didi nawili TargmanebSi ikargeba, Tuki mTargmneli<br />
TviT ar aris poeturi sulis patroni, romelic qmnis axal poetur<br />
harmonias Zvelis safuZvelze.<br />
daskvna<br />
warmodgenil sakvalifikacio naSromSi <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi da<br />
bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebi (<strong>frangul</strong>i, italiuri<br />
da qarTuli enebis mixedviT) Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
daskvnebi SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibdes :<br />
1. kavSiri sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobas Soris,<br />
TviT adamianSia. maT Soris kavSirs _ saxeldebas adamiani<br />
axorcielebs. amitom gaumarTlebelia problemis gadawyvetis<br />
mcdeloba imis gauTvaliswineblad, Tu rogori saxiT aris es<br />
kavSiri warmodgenili TviT adamianSi, rogor axdens adamiani<br />
saxelisa da mniSvnelobis dakavSirebas _ saxeldebas.<br />
problemis gadawyvetisas fsiqologiis uaryofa, Cveni azriT,<br />
gaumarTlebelia.<br />
2. mocemuli mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnad nebismieri <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsi ar gamodgeba jer erTi imitom, rom sityvis bgeriTi<br />
garsis konstruireba xdeba ara nebismieri bgerebidan, aramed
147<br />
garkveuli enis bgerebisagan, romlebic mis fonologiur<br />
sistemas qmnis da amitom imyofeba garkveul<br />
urTierTmimarTebaSi rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve enis sxva<br />
struqturul elementebTan.<br />
3. sityvis bgeriTi garsi CvenTvis ar warmoadgens<br />
monoliTur da homogenur warmonaqmns. Cven maTSi gamovyofT<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsebs, romlebsac Cven ganvsazRvravT, rogorc<br />
sityvis calkeul komponentebs (fesvi, fuZe, daboloeba da<br />
sxva) da romlebsac, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tavis nawilSi<br />
(prefiqsi, sufiqsi, fleqsia) mkacrad gansazRvruli bgeriTi<br />
saxe aqvT. es ki axali mxridan apirobebs sityvis bgeriT<br />
mxaresa da mis leqsikur mniSvnelobas Soris<br />
damokidebulebas, radganac am mniSvnelobis xasiaTisda<br />
mixedviT (e. i. garkveuli mniSvnelobis sityvebis mikuTvneba<br />
saxelebis anda zmnebis ricxvisadmi) sityvas SeiZleba<br />
daematos fleqsiis, prefiqsis anda sufiqsis saxiT (fleqsiur<br />
anda aglutinaciur enebSi) mkacrad gansazRvruli <strong>bgeraTa</strong><br />
kompleqsebi.<br />
4. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsi warmoadgens ara masSi Semavali<br />
bgerebis meqanikur jams, aramed mTlianobas, romelSiac<br />
zogierTi bgera marTalia erTgvarad wamyvan rols asrulebs,<br />
magram mainc misi specifiuroba sabolood gansazRvrulia<br />
<strong>bgeraTa</strong> kompleqsiT, rogorc mTeliT da im SinaarsiT,<br />
romlis saxeladac is gvevlineba.<br />
5. ramdenadac bgeris fiziologiuri aRqma (Sesabamisad misi<br />
gaSifvrac) aris misi fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis asaxva,<br />
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli bgerebi, romlebic<br />
bgeraTsimbolur sityvebSi gverdigverd dgas, warmoSoben<br />
talRebs, romlebic interferenciisas (erTmaneTze<br />
gadajaWvulebi), Tu isini koherentulebi arian, qmnis talRas<br />
rxevis didi amplitudiT da romelic adamianis yuris mier<br />
aRiqmeba, rogorc raRac, rac ar aris ubralo bgera an
148<br />
bgeraTSesityveba, raRac, rac aris azris matarebeli. erTi<br />
sityviT, bgerebi, romlebic erTmaneTs “uTanxmdeba”, qmnian<br />
efeqts, romelsac Cven vuwodebT <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizms.<br />
6. Cvens mier warmodgenili hipoTezis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
(iseTi fizikuri movlenis gavlena, bgeraTsimboluri<br />
sityvebis aRqmaze, rogoricaa talRebis interferencia) Cven<br />
gamovyaviT axali erTeuli _ suprafonema, romelic aris<br />
Sesabamis sityvebSi bgeraTsimboluri komponentis matarebeli<br />
da romelic Cven ganvsazRvreT, rogorc myari bgeriTi<br />
Sesityveba, struqturulad Semdgari, rogorc wesi ramodenime<br />
fonemisagan, sityvis fonetikuri JReradobisa da sagnebis<br />
Tvisebebis obieqturi asociaciebis gamomwvevi.<br />
7. suprafonema, romelic TavisTavad ar aris dasrulebuli<br />
sityva, mainc aris leqsikuri mniSvnelobis nawilis<br />
matarebeli (“kargi” _ “cudi”, “mrgvali”, “fafuki”), romelsac<br />
ZiriTadad miaweren mTlian sityvas. ra Tqma unda,<br />
morfologiuri suprafonema ar aris bgera, is ar aris<br />
“gawyobili” fleqsiebiT, daboloebebiT, da sityvis fuZec<br />
xandaxan ar emTxveva suprafonemas: ZiriTadad is warmoadgens<br />
fuZis mxolod nawils, Tumca is bgeraTsimboluri komponenti,<br />
romelic masSia mocemuli da moqmedebs adamianis cnobierebasa<br />
da qvecnobierebaze gverdiT mdgomi bgerebis interferenciis<br />
meSveobiT, gansazRvravs misTvis specifiur leqsikur<br />
mniSvnelobas, romelsac Cven SemdgomSi vuwodebT<br />
bgeraTsimbolurs. rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, eqsperimentSi,<br />
romelic agebul iqna Cveni hipoTezis safuZvelze, Cven<br />
gamoviyeneT aseTi suprafonemebi da ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi,<br />
cdaSi monawile pirebma “amoicnes” es komponenti.<br />
8. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi ar aris universaluri movlena,<br />
Tumca Cvens mier gamoyofili segmenti _ suprafonema,
149<br />
sxvadasxva enis matarebel adamianebis cnobierebaze SeiZleba<br />
erTnairad moqmedebdes da iwvevdes msgavs asociaciebs.<br />
9. Cvens xelT arsebuli faqtebi ar iZleva safuZvels<br />
universaluri fonetikuri simbolizmis arsebobis<br />
mtkicebisaTvis.<br />
10. bgeraTsimboluri sityvebis SedarebiT mcire raodenoba<br />
(procentuli mimarTebiT) msoflios <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> enebSi<br />
SeiZleba aixsnas suprafonemebis SezRuduli raodenobiT am<br />
enebSi. Tumca mainc, bgeraTsimboluri fuZeebis maRali<br />
efeqturoba, maTi emociuri Seferiloba, xSirad esTetiuri<br />
Rirebulebac, rac maTi, rogorc stilisturi xerxis<br />
gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva poeziasa da prozaSi sasurveli<br />
efeqtis misaRwevad, miuTiTebs bgeraTsimboluri komponentis<br />
Semcveli sityvebis saerTo lingvistur da kulturul<br />
mniSvnelobaze. dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom aseTi<br />
sityvebi yovelTvis iarsebebs yvela bunebriv <strong>enaSi</strong> da arc Tu<br />
ise meorexarisxovan rols iTamaSebs rogorc yoveldRiur<br />
urTierTobaSi, aseve literaturisa da xelovnebis sferoSi.<br />
11. suprafonemebis nakrebi specifiuria yoveli enisTvis,<br />
Tumca monaTesave enebSi arsebobs msgavsi suprafonemebi,<br />
romlebic aRniSnaven sagnis an movlenis erTsa da imave<br />
Tvisebebs.<br />
12. eqsperimentis Sedegebi damokidebulia ara mxolod<br />
Sesaswavli bgerebis materialur bunebaze, aramed sxva<br />
faqtorebzec. meore, aseTi saxis faqtorebidan (enobrivi Cvevis<br />
garda) SeiZleba iyos mTeli fonologiuri sistemis gavlena<br />
mocemul enaze.<br />
13. fonemaTa rangebis damTxveva sxvadasxva enebSi<br />
SeuZlebelia am enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansxvavebuli<br />
fonologiuri sistemebis-da gamo.
150<br />
14. bgeraTsimboluri komponentis Semcveli sityvebi farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba biznesSi. mkvlevarebi da menejerebi miiCneven, rom<br />
produqciis pirvelad warmatebas swored misi saxelwodeba<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
15. bgeraTSeerTebaTa simboluri mniSvnelobebi udides<br />
gavlenas axdens adamianis cnobierebaze da xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
gansazRvravs sagnebis aRqmas, Tumca zogjer es aRqma SeiZleba<br />
Zlier subieqturic iyos. bgerebis subieqturi aRqma ZiriTadad<br />
vlindeba poeziaSi.<br />
16. miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeul bgerebs feri da msgavsi<br />
Tvisebebi ar gaaCniaT, bgeraTSeerTebebi garkveuli<br />
gamomxatvelobiT mainc xasiaTdeba da gaaCnia e. w. poeturi<br />
funqcia. pirvel yovlisa esaa esTetiuri zemoqmedebis<br />
funqcia, anu Setyobinebis mimRebSi garkveuli mdgomareobis<br />
gamowveva. yvelaze ukeT es gamoixateba poeziaSi. leqsSi<br />
konsonanturi jgufebis ganlageba SeiZleba dagvexmaros im<br />
sityvebis moZiebaSi, romlebic yvelaze mniSvnelovania da<br />
romlebic ukeT gamoxataven avtoris ganwyobas.<br />
17. bgeraTSeerTebaTa gameorebebi zogjer gvexmareba teqstis<br />
dafaruli semantikis da sakvanZo frazis gamovl<strong>enaSi</strong>.<br />
18. <strong>bgeraTa</strong> simbolizmi TargmanebSic dasturdeba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu Targmani maRalmxatvrul donezea<br />
Sesrulebuli da am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba im<br />
faqts, enebi monaTesavea Tu ara, maTi fonetikuri struqtura<br />
msgavsia Tu gansxvavebuli.
151<br />
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gamoyenebuli mxatvruli literatura da audio masala:<br />
1. rusTaveli 1974: vefxistyaosani. ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 1974w.<br />
2. rusTaveli 1989: Roustaveli Ch. Le chevalier à la peau de panthère.<br />
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5. Dix siècles de litterature française. I. Bordas,1984.<br />
6. Dix siècles de litterature française. II. Bordas,1984.<br />
7. Chanson francaise. Disques ; Livret pédagogique. Cavilam, 2003<br />
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11. Premio Magera. Poesie, CMC, 2000.<br />
gamoyenebuli internet resursi :<br />
1. www.ashtonadams.com/name_types.html<br />
2. www.brandmasters.com<br />
3. www.harpia.ru<br />
4. www.inta.org<br />
5. www.interbrand.com<br />
6. www.krugosvet.ru<br />
7. www.lib.ge<br />
8. www.metaphorname.com<br />
9. mrtranslate.ru/translators/imtranslator.html<br />
10. www.namebase.com<br />
11. www.namedesign.com<br />
12. www.nameit.com<br />
13. www.nametrade.com<br />
14. www.namingworkshop.com<br />
15. www.vaal.ru<br />
16. www.wikipedia.fr
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