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DateTime and, 213 DateTimeOffset and, 214 TimeZone, 214 TimeZone.CurrentTimeZone method, 214 TimeZoneInfo, 215–218 timers, 869–872 multithreaded timers, 870 single-threaded timers, 871 timers and memory leaks, 493 TimeSpan, 206 TimeZone, 214 TimeZoneInfo, 214 ToArray query operator, 404 ToCharArray method, 195 ToDictionary query operator, 404 ToList query operator, 404 ToLookup query opperator, 404 ToLower method, 193, 197 ToShortDateString and ToLongDateString methods, 212 ToString method, 88 ToUpper and ToLower methods, 193 ToUpper method, 193, 197 TPL (Task Parallel Library), 800 Trace class, 502–506 Fail and Assert methods, 503 Listeners property, 504 flushing and closing Listeners, 505 TraceListener, 504 TrimStart and TrimEnd, 197 true operator, overloading, 156 try statement, 134–143 catch clause, 136 finally block, 137 throwing exceptions, 139 TryEnter method, 810 TryGetValue method, 293 TryParse method, 220 tuples, 244 comparing, 244 type conversions Convert class (see Convert class) dynamic type conversion, 165 XmlConvert class (see XmlConvert class) type converters, 234 1030 | Index type discovery, 955 type marshaling, 958–961 type parameters and type arguments, 102 TypeConverter class, 234 typeof operator, 87, 105, 682 types, 12–20 anonymous types, 160 classes (see classes) constructors and instantiation, 14 custom types, 14 data members and function members, 14 delegates, 115–123 enums, 97–100 generic types, 102 instance versus static members, 15 interfaces, 92–97 nested types, 100 object type, 85–88 predefined types, 13, 20 structs, 89 type conversions, 16 type names, 683 value types versus reference types, 16– 20, 19 U UAC (User Access Control), 773 UDP, 582, 604 UI threads, 823 uint or ulong types suffixes, 22 unary operators overloading of, 153 unbound generic types, 105 unboxing, 85 nullable values, boxing and unboxing, 149 uncallable functions, 168 unchecked operator, 25 Unicode, 203 Union query operator, 400 UnionWith method, 291 unsafe keyword, 171 (see also native interoperability) upcasting, 78 URIs, 582–584 Uri class, 582
ushort integral type, 25 using directive, 57 contrasted with using statement, 56 nested using directives, 59 using statement, 56, 138 UTC, 208 UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32, 203 utility classes, 258–261 Console class, 258 Environment class, 260 Process class, 260 V value equality, 246 value types, 17 in arrays, 33 nullable types and, 149 predefined, 20 var keyword, 44, 160 variables, 12, 36–44 captured variables, 132 default values, 38 definite assignment, 37 heap, 36 implicitly typed local variables, 44 stack, 36 verbatim string literals, 31 versioning (assemblies), 655, 656 versioning (assembly informational), 657 Versioning (with GAC), 663 vertical bar (|) regex alternator, 978 with enums, 98 with nullable types, 151 virtual function members, 79 virtual keyword, 79 virtualization, 775 Visitor pattern, 738–741 void keyword, 8 volatile keyword, 828 W Wait and Pulse, 840–849 producer/consumer queue, 844–847 simulating Wait handles, 848 Wait timeout, 847 WaitAny, WaitAll, and SignalAndWait, 839 Warnings, compiler pragma warning, 175 weak references, 494 WeakReference class, 494–498 WebClient, 584 WebExceptionStatus enum, 591 WebProxy, 587 WebRequest and WebResponse classes, 585–587 WebRequestMethods.FTP, 600 Where query operator, 314, 372 while loops, 53 Windows authentication (networking), 587 Windows Data Protection, 776, 777 Windows event logs, 528–530 monitoring, 530 reading, 529 writing to, 528 Windows Forms, 187, 189 Windows Forms libraries thread affinity, 822 Windows Presentation Foundation, 187 Windows Workflow, 190 WithDegreeOfParallelism method, 884 WMI, 561 word boundary assertions (regex), 984 worker threads, 823 working set, 481 WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation), 188 thread affinity, 822 Write and WriteLine methods, 259 WriteAllText method, 204 X X-DOM, 414–417, 414 (see also LINQ to XML) annotations, 440 documents and declarations, 431–434 XDocument, 431 XML declarations, 433 instantiating, 418–420 automatic deep cloning, 420 content, specifying, 419 functional construction, 418 Index | 1031
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www.free-ebooks-library.com
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C# 4.0 www.free-ebooks-library.com
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C# 4.0 in a Nutshell, Fourth Editio
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Structs 89 Access Modifiers 90 Inte
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Annotations 440 Projecting into an
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Emitting Generic Methods and Types
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Groups 985 Replacing and Splitting
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If you’re already familiar with C
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This icon signifies a tip, suggesti
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I have the highest praise for Jon S
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Properties, methods, and events In
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Figure 1-1. This depicts the topics
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object o1 = "foo.doc"; object o2 =
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The first statement computes the ex
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The name of the C# compiler is csc.
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With contextual keywords, ambiguity
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Custom Type Examples Just as we can
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} } The public keyword The public k
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Figure 2-2. Assignment copies a val
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Technically, the CLR positions fiel
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Numeric literal type inference By d
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+ Addition − Subtraction * Multip
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In this case, x and y are implicitl
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which breaks equality and compariso
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Strings and Characters C#’s char
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Arrays An array represents a fixed
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int[,] matrix = new int[,] { {0,1,2
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Variables and Parameters A variable
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The following code outputs 0, becau
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static void Foo (ref int p) { p = p
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for (int i = 0; i < ints.Length; i+
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var—Implicitly Typed Local Variab
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Operator Precedence and Associativi
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Category Operator symbol Operator n
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Expression statements x = 1 + 2; //
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The switch statement switch stateme
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For example, the following prints t
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The return statement The return sta
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Rules Within a Namespace Name scopi
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namespace N2 { class Class3 : Class
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The :: token is used for namespace
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Fields allow the following modifier
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Overloading constructors A class or
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Object Initializers Versus Optional
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Properties allow the following modi
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Here’s how we could use this inde
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If a static constructor throws an u
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In addition, each participant can i
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Casting and Reference Conversions A
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public class Asset { public string
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Overrider over = new Overrider(); B
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Constructor and field initializatio
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Boxing and Unboxing Boxing is the a
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The ToString Method The ToString me
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Changing struct to class makes this
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Interfaces An interface is similar
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type that implements ISerializable
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public class RichTextBox : TextBox
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Center } A translation between the
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Unfortunately, Enum.IsDefined does
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Generic Types C# generics and C++ t
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static void Swap (ref T a, ref T b)
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Generic Constraints By default, a t
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Self-Referencing Generic Declaratio
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Classes Covariance and contravarian
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The IEnumerator and IEnumerable int
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The reason is that Max needs to be
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Technically, we are specifying a me
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Multicast delegate example Suppose
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The Func and Action Delegates With
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The following, however, is permitte
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Events When using delegates, two em
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public class PriceChangedEventArgs
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if (price == value) return; OnPrice
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Here is an example that illustrates
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Capturing Outer Variables A lambda
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Anonymous Methods Anonymous methods
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OUTPUT: x cannot be zero program co
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• The try block finishes normally
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The other common scenario is to ret
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indeterminate state that is the res
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class Enumerable // Typically imple
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Iterator Semantics An iterator is a
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yield return prevFib; int newFib =
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object o = "string"; int? x = o as
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Console.WriteLine (n | f); // (null
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== != > < >=
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Note n = (Note)554.37; // explicit
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Extension Method Chaining Extension
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static void Main() { string[] strin
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Now let’s change the static type
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Dynamic binding also incurs a perfo
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The static type of a variable decla
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The call to Foo(o,d) is dynamically
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parameters. The following attribute
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Value types declared inline within
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} } Pointers to Unmanaged Code Poin
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Compiler warnings can be extremely
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... Indicates a multiline code sam
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M:NS.MyClass.Z(System.Char[ ],Syste
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Table 5-1. C#, CLR, and .NET Framew
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Text Processing The System.Text nam
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this metadata at runtime, and do su
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infrastructure. Web Forms has been
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Provider layer The provider model d
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Remoting and Web Services Remoting
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ecause in Turkey, char.ToUpper ('i'
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string empty = ""; Console.WriteLin
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The static Join method does the rev
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order—but even then not exactly a
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The following performs a case-insen
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UTF-32 is the least space-efficient
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Two-word characters are called surr
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An excellent article on the rationa
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You can also construct a DateTime w
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The Add method adds a TimeSpan to a
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You can construct a DateTime that d
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source and destination TimeZoneInfo
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Western Australia is actually uniqu
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ToString and Parse The simplest for
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The next example formats a DateTime
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The following custom format provide
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Letter Meaning Sample input Result
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Figure 6-1. Composite NumberStyles
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The format strings "r", "R", and "u
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Other Conversion Mechanisms In the
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XmlConvert If you’re dealing with
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The .NET Framework helps you with t
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The Round method lets you specify t
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If you don’t want reproducibility
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static object GetBoxedIntegralValue
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Tuples Framework 4.0 provides a new
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Value Versus Referential Equality T
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Why the Complexity? You might wonde
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The IEquatable interface A conseque
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How to override equality semantics
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Implementing IEquatable For complet
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The .NET Framework also provides pl
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if (Equals (other)) return 0; // Fa
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Environment The static System.Envir
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7 Collections The .NET Framework pr
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By defining a single method retunin
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You can also subclass an existing c
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{ get { if (currentIndex == −1) t
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The ICollection and IList Interface
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IList and IList IList is the standa
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Because Array is a class, arrays ar
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void WriteFirstValue (Array a) { Co
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public static int FindIndex (T[] ar
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The Comparison delegate follows the
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List and ArrayList The generic List
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Such casts cannot be verified by th
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Here’s a demonstration on the use
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public sealed class BitArray : ICol
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public virtual SortedSet GetViewBet
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IDictionary IDictionary defines the
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Its underlying hashtable works by c
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var sorted = new SortedList (); for
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public class Animal { public string
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A keyed collection has some resembl
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clumsy hook methods like Collection
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Recall the requirements of a hashta
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IComparer and Comparer Comparers ar
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{ public abstract int Compare (stri
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8 LINQ Queries LINQ, or Language In
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We could further shorten our code b
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We already introduced the Where ope
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output sequence. In the case of the
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Natural Ordering The original order
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Figure 8-2. Query syntax The compil
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With LINQ, data logically flows fro
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Reevaluation Subqueries provide ano
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How Deferred Execution Works Query
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Adding ToList onto the end of this
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The term subquery, in the general s
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Figure 8-8. UML subquery compositio
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select n.Replace ("a", "").Replace
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(The compiler does not emit the fin
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where vowelless.Length > 2 orderby
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IQueryable query = from c in custom
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To work, LINQ to SQL needs some clu
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Figure 8-10. Combining local and in
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LINQ to SQL Versus Entity Framework
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Unlike with L2S, however, a class s
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The Single operator is ideal for re
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You can disable this behavior in L2
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With EF: [EdmRelationshipNavigation
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• It lets you request that certai
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context.SubmitChanges(); // Updates
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Purpose LINQ to SQL Entity Framewor
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void Test() { var dataContext = new
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Figure 8-12. Expression tree We can
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9 LINQ Operators This chapter descr
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Overview In this section, we provid
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Picks a single element from a seque
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In query syntax: IEnumerable query
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TakeWhile enumerates the input sequ
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IEnumerable query = names .Select (
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This is slightly untidy, however, i
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element is the trigger for the intr
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Thinking in query syntax As we just
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from c in dataContext.Customers fro
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Joining If you’re used to writing
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To see the benefit of Join over Sel
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GroupJoin GroupJoin does the same w
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You can create and query lookups ma
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OrderBy, OrderByDescending, ThenBy,
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var query = names.OrderBy (s => s.L
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from file in files group file.ToUpp
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In the next example, we filter the
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public static IEnumerable Cast (IE
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Method Description SQL equivalents
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Count simply enumerates over a sequ
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The first argument to Aggregate is
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Quantifiers IEnumerable→bool Meth
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10 LINQ to XML The .NET Framework p
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Figure 10-1. Core X-DOM types Figur
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XElement client = config.Element ("
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); new XElement ("lastname", c.Last
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Child Node Navigation Return type M
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The first call to Elements binds to
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Return type Members Defined in IEnu
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The ReplaceXXX methods are equivale
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Setting Values There are two ways t
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var e1 = new XElement ("test", "Hel
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Console.WriteLine (doc.Root.Parent
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XML file into another. Second, name
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Specifying Namespaces in the X-DOM
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foreach (XElement e in data.Descend
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A public type such as string doesn
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know about IQueryable, so it forces
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ObjectGraph.cs Program.cs Propertie
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11 Other XML Technologies The Syste
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Reading Nodes The units of an XML s
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Element----------> quote CDATA-----
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eader.ReadStartElement ("customerLi
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The XmlReader must be positioned on
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XmlWriter XmlWriter is a forward-on
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Patterns for Using XmlReader/XmlWri
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if (isEmpty) return; // element! w
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using (XmlWriter w = XmlWriter.Crea
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Setting the InnerText property repl
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XPath queries are expressed in term
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The [] operator filters a selection
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OUTPUT: Jim Thomas XSD and Schema V
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settings.ValidationEventHandler +=
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12 Disposal and Garbage Collection
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These rules are also helpful when w
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The idea is that a consumer of this
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public void Test() { byte[] myArray
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Figure 12-1. Roots deleted right aw
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objects with finalizers (because su
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public class TempFileRef { public r
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Figure 12-2. Heap generations The l
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dynamically tweaks the thresholds f
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Timers Forgotten timers can also ca
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var sb = new StringBuilder ("this i
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public TDelegate Target { get { var
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13 Diagnostics and Code Contracts W
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MyCompany.Widgets.Gadget; #endif Yo
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Both the Debug and Trace classes pr
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EventLog.CreateEventSource ("DemoAp
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if (list.Contains(item)) return fal
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The binary rewriter After compiling
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Preconditions should access only me
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• It’s time-consuming. • Call
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The binary rewriter moves postcondi
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For the reason just stated, postcon
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A special mechanism lets specify a
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Handling this event is particularly
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3. In the debug configuration of th
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Attaching and Breaking The static D
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If you instantiate a StackTrace obj
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2. Decide on a source name and crea
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The following sections illustrate h
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{ if (!PerformanceCounterCategory.E
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If you later want to define more co
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Figure 14-1. Stream architecture St
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In the following example, we use a
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Seeking A stream is seekable if Can
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OpenWrite and Create differ in beha
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[Flags] public enum FileAccess { Re
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Pipes are stream-based, so one proc
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Console.WriteLine (Encoding.UTF8.Ge
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Console.WriteLine (fs.Position); //
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is passed in (optionally through an
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using (TextWriter w = File.CreateTe
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public void SaveData (Stream s) { v
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The File Class File is a static cla
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using System.Runtime.InteropService
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FileInfo offers most of the File’
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Special Folders You must delete the
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watcher.Created += FileCreatedChang
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Memory-Mapped Files and Shared Memo
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using (TextWriter w = new StreamWri
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Isolation Types Isolated storage ca
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IsolatedStorageFile is poorly named
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s.WriteByte (100); f.DeleteFile (@"
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Figure 15-1. Network architecture I
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IPAddress a3 = IPAddress.Parse ("[3
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Uri u = new Uri ("page.html", UriKi
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2. Assign the Proxy property. 3. As
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If you don’t have a proxy, you mu
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Windows protocol that boils down to
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2. Examine the response object’s
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System.IO.File.WriteAllBytes ("Sear
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you greater privileges in browsing
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In this example, we sleep for 500 m
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without needing more threads—by f
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Using DNS In all these examples, yo
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Using TCP TCP and UDP constitute th
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Hello Hello right back! In this exa
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In this example, we write each mail
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Serialization Engines There are fou
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an arbitrary XML structure. For ins
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It requires, however, that you expl
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Specifying a name and namespace dec
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The solution is to specify all perm
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we would see the same address detai
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Null and Empty Values There are two
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Subclassed Collection Elements The
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[DataMember (Name="Addresses")] Ser
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The following example illustrates a
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The two formatters are otherwise ex
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[OnSerializing] and [OnSerialized]
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Binary Serialization with ISerializ
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Subclassing Serializable Classes In
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XmlSerializer xs = new XmlSerialize
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and you write a reusable method to
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If, on the other hand, you want the
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instead add [XmlElement] to the col
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public void WriteXml (XmlWriter wri
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Assemblies are structured similarly
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To embed an application manifest fi
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Table 17-1. Assembly members Functi
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Delay Signing In an organization wi
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If the assembly has no AssemblyVers
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Figure 17-3. Unsigned file warning
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Signing with signtool.exe You can A
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• Updating assemblies in the GAC
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.mresource public banner.jpg { // O
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GetManifestResourceNames returns th
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(The first argument must be namespa
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We then retrieved the greeting at r
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where to look. You (or Visual Studi
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Loading from a filename You can see
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if (!File.Exists (path)) return nul
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for the presence of a library in it
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18 Reflection and Metadata As we sa
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Obtaining array types As we just sa
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Base Types and Interfaces Type expo
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Console.WriteLine (staticD.DynamicI
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When calling GetMembers, you can pa
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C# construct Method to use Name to
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Console.WriteLine (unbound.Property
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from m in typeof (Enumerable).GetMe
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The following example retrieves all
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There’s no nongeneric type we can
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Modules Calling GetTypes on a multi
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The AttributeUsage Attribute Attrib
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Retrieving Attributes at Runtime Th
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AppDomain.CurrentDomain.ReflectionO
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gen.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4, 123); //
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gen.Emit (OpCodes.Mul); // Multiply
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Type[] strT = { typeof (string) };
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The DefineType method also accepts
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We could just as easily call a dyna
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mb.DefineParameter (1, ParameterAtt
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ILGenerator setGen = setter.GetILGe
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myFieldBuilder.SetCustomAttribute (
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Awkward Emission Targets All the ex
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and object references. In creating
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Here is a sample of the output our
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The next step is to call FormatOper
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The point where we call ResolveMemb
Page 756 and 757:
trees (the same expression trees in
Page 758 and 759:
yte b = 3; Console.WriteLine ((b +
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DynamicVisit on each person in the
Page 762 and 763:
Anonymously Calling Members of a Ge
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Notice that we used dynamic member
Page 766 and 767:
The following does a similar thing
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In the following example, we use Ir
Page 771 and 772:
In this chapter, we discuss the two
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Framework 4.0 deprecates support fo
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When you call AddPermission, the pe
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if you access the chosen file by ca
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Elevation of Privilege Let’s supp
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The Transparency Model in CLR 4.0 T
Page 783 and 784:
Figure 20-1. Transparency model; on
Page 785 and 786:
GC.AddMemoryPressure (1000000); //
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stack, the WindowFromPoint method w
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string dir = Path.Combine (System.R
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The first step in doing this is to
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A feature called User Access Contro
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If you replace requireAdministrator
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Table 20-8. Encryption and hashing
Page 799 and 800:
The GetBytes method on an Encoding
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As well as a key, we made up an IV,
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w.WriteLine ("Small and secure!");
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pairs. A key pair contains a public
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using (var rsaPublicPrivate = new R
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C# allows you to execute code in pa
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Getting Started A client program (C
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Thread.Sleep(0) relinquishes the th
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string text = "t1"; Thread t1 = new
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If this program is called with no a
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The try/catch statement in this exa
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There are a few things to be wary o
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static void Main() { ThreadPool.Que
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we’re using it to pass the method
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Fortunately, the pool manager has a
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class ThreadUnsafe { static int _va
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As with the Enter method, it’s ov
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Instruction atomicity is a differen
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BeginInvoke instead of Invoke. Alte
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static void Main() { for (int i = 1
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class ThreadSafe { static List _li
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In the absence of documentation, it
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The code is similar for Windows For
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It’s also possible to safely assi
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The following implicitly generate f
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As it happens, Intel’s X86 and X6
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Exchange and CompareExchange method
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former two are based on the common
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Two-way signaling Let’s say we wa
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Signaling Constructs and Performanc
Page 859 and 860:
Signaling worker... Started - Some
Page 861 and 862:
and the lock statement, you can ach
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This means that despite appearances
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using System; using System.Threadin
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We don’t pulse after dequeuing, a
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Use of PulseAll would forgo fairnes
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The Event-Based Asynchronous Patter
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class Program { static BackgroundWo
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Reached 20% Reached 40% Reached 60%
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For a discussion as to why aborting
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Cancellation Tokens Framework 4.0 p
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if (_expensive == null) _expensive
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you want to keep data isolated, ens
Page 885 and 886:
from under their feet, as long as t
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Here’s the result: Thread B added
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var rw = new ReaderWriterLockSlim()
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class SystemTimer { static void Mai
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22 Parallel Programming In this cha
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Data parallelism is also conducive
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the code that must execute sequenti
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Why Isn’t AsParallel the Default?
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Most query operators change the ind
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.Select (i => wordList [localRandom
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class Camera { public readonly int
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foreach (int n in parallelQuery) Do
Page 909 and 910:
Figure 22-4. Chunk versus range par
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string text = "Let's suppose this i
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public static void Invoke (Parallel
Page 915 and 916:
var random = new Random(); string[]
Page 917 and 918:
public static ParallelLoopResult Fo
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• Wait on a set of tasks—withou
Page 921 and 922:
The task queuing problem arises bec
Page 923 and 924:
TaskCreationOptions atp = TaskCreat
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As soon as task1 (the antecedent) f
Page 927 and 928:
Conditional continuations By defaul
Page 929 and 930:
This writes “Done” after writin
Page 931 and 932:
var factory = new TaskFactory ( Tas
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Flatten and Handle Both PLINQ and t
Page 935 and 936:
• The concurrent stack, queue, an
Page 937 and 938:
Concurrent bags are ideal when the
Page 939 and 940:
public class PCQueue : IDisposable
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If you leave a spinlock contended f
Page 943 and 944:
How to use SpinWait There are two w
Page 945:
spinWait.SpinOnce(); } } Here’s h
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If you don’t need such concurrenc
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• The underlying implementation
Page 952 and 953:
public class Server { public void S
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void Read() { _stream.BeginRead (_d
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_stream = c.GetStream(); var task =
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exception is encountered, it’s no
Page 960 and 961:
When writing asynchronous methods,
Page 963 and 964:
24 Application Domains An applicati
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Creating and Destroying Application
Page 967 and 968:
When additional application domains
Page 969 and 970:
static void Main() { AppDomain newD
Page 971 and 972:
class Client { // Here's a static f
Page 973 and 974:
it appears as though it was a direc
Page 975 and 976:
namespace Plugin.Extensions { publi
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25 Native and COM Interoperability
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class Test { [DllImport("kernel32.d
Page 981 and 982:
StringBuilder class require copying
Page 983 and 984:
Shared Memory Memory-mapped files,
Page 985 and 986:
The second application subscribes t
Page 987 and 988:
If you’re targeting Framework 4.0
Page 989 and 990:
With the first use of the fixed key
Page 991 and 992:
The root interface in COM is IUnkno
Page 993 and 994:
workBook.SaveAs (@"c:\test.xlsx", P
Page 995 and 996:
Embedding Interop Types We said pre
Page 997 and 998:
26 Regular Expressions The regular
Page 999 and 1000: Regex r = new Regex (@"sausages?");
Page 1001 and 1002: Character Sets Character sets act a
Page 1003 and 1004: The problem is that our * quantifie
Page 1005 and 1006: The positive lookahead ensures that
Page 1007 and 1008: The following example matches a sim
Page 1009 and 1010: Extracting "name = value" pairs (on
Page 1011 and 1012: Console.WriteLine (m.Groups ["tag"]
Page 1013 and 1014: Expression Meaning Inverse (“not
Page 1015: Table 26-11. Miscellaneous construc
Page 1018 and 1019: catch A keyword for the clause in a
Page 1020 and 1021: goto A jump statement that jumps to
Page 1022 and 1023: ef A parameter and argument modifie
Page 1024 and 1025: volatile A field modifier instructi
Page 1026 and 1027: A with enums, 98 with nullable type
Page 1028 and 1029: inary numbers (converting), 233 bin
Page 1030 and 1031: COM type system, 970 IUnknown and I
Page 1032 and 1033: time zones, 213-218 TimeSpan, 206 D
Page 1034 and 1035: Array class, 277 enumerators, 143 I
Page 1036 and 1037: formatting, 219-225 composite forma
Page 1038 and 1039: IndexOf method, 196, 279 IndexOfAny
Page 1040 and 1041: Count and LongCount, 407 Min and Ma
Page 1042 and 1043: memory barriers and volatility, 825
Page 1044 and 1045: PipeStream class, 547 anonymous pip
Page 1046 and 1047: Remoting, 952 remove keyword, 124 R
Page 1048 and 1049: two-word characters and, 206 String
Page 1052 and 1053: loading and parsing, 416 names and
Page 1055: About the Authors Joe Albahari is t
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