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Figure 14-1. Stream architecture Streams fall into two categories: Backing store streams These are hard-wired to a particular type of backing store, such as FileStream or NetworkStream Decorator streams These feed off another stream, transforming the data in some way, such as DeflateStream or CryptoStream Decorator streams have the following architectural benefits: • They liberate backing store streams from needing to implement such features as compression and encryption themselves. • Streams don’t suffer a change of interface when decorated. • You connect decorators at runtime. • You can chain decorators together (e.g., a compressor followed by an encryptor). Both backing store and decorator streams deal exclusively in bytes. Although this is flexible and efficient, applications often work at higher levels such as text or XML. Adapters bridge this gap by wrapping a stream in a class with specialized methods typed to a particular format. For example, a text reader exposes a ReadLine method; an XML writer exposes a WriteAttributes method. 538 | Chapter 14: Streams and I/O
An adapter wraps a stream, just like a decorator. Unlike a decorator, however, an adapter is not itself a stream; it typically hides the byte-oriented methods completely. To summarize, backing store streams provide the raw data; decorator streams provide transparent binary transformations such as encryption; adapters offer typed methods for dealing in higher-level types such as strings and XML. Figure 14-1 illustrates their associations. To compose a chain, you simply pass one object into another’s constructor. Using Streams The abstract Stream class is the base for all streams. It defines methods and properties for three fundamental operations, reading, writing, and seeking, as well as for administrative tasks such as closing, flushing, and configuring timeouts (see Table 14-1). Table 14-1. Stream class members Category Members Reading public abstract bool CanRead { get; } public abstract int Read (byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) public virtual int ReadByte(); Writing public abstract bool CanWrite { get; } public abstract void Write (byte[] buffer, int offset, int count); public virtual void WriteByte (byte value); Seeking public abstract bool CanSeek { get; } public abstract long Position { get; set; } public abstract void SetLength (long value); public abstract long Length { get; } public abstract long Seek (long offset, SeekOrigin origin); Closing/flushing public virtual void Close(); public void Dispose(); public abstract void Flush(); Timeouts public virtual bool CanTimeout { get; } public virtual int ReadTimeout { get; set; } public virtual int WriteTimeout { get; set; } Other public static readonly Stream Null; // "Null" stream public static Stream Synchronized (Stream stream); Using Streams | 539 Streams and I/O
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C# 4.0 www.free-ebooks-library.com
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C# 4.0 in a Nutshell, Fourth Editio
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Structs 89 Access Modifiers 90 Inte
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Annotations 440 Projecting into an
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Emitting Generic Methods and Types
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Groups 985 Replacing and Splitting
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If you’re already familiar with C
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This icon signifies a tip, suggesti
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I have the highest praise for Jon S
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Properties, methods, and events In
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Figure 1-1. This depicts the topics
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object o1 = "foo.doc"; object o2 =
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The first statement computes the ex
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The name of the C# compiler is csc.
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With contextual keywords, ambiguity
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Custom Type Examples Just as we can
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} } The public keyword The public k
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Figure 2-2. Assignment copies a val
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Technically, the CLR positions fiel
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Numeric literal type inference By d
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+ Addition − Subtraction * Multip
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In this case, x and y are implicitl
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which breaks equality and compariso
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Strings and Characters C#’s char
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Arrays An array represents a fixed
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int[,] matrix = new int[,] { {0,1,2
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Variables and Parameters A variable
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The following code outputs 0, becau
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static void Foo (ref int p) { p = p
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for (int i = 0; i < ints.Length; i+
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var—Implicitly Typed Local Variab
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Operator Precedence and Associativi
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Category Operator symbol Operator n
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Expression statements x = 1 + 2; //
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The switch statement switch stateme
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For example, the following prints t
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The return statement The return sta
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Rules Within a Namespace Name scopi
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namespace N2 { class Class3 : Class
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The :: token is used for namespace
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Fields allow the following modifier
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Overloading constructors A class or
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Object Initializers Versus Optional
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Properties allow the following modi
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Here’s how we could use this inde
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If a static constructor throws an u
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In addition, each participant can i
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Casting and Reference Conversions A
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public class Asset { public string
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Overrider over = new Overrider(); B
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Constructor and field initializatio
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Boxing and Unboxing Boxing is the a
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The ToString Method The ToString me
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Changing struct to class makes this
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Interfaces An interface is similar
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type that implements ISerializable
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public class RichTextBox : TextBox
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Center } A translation between the
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Unfortunately, Enum.IsDefined does
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Generic Types C# generics and C++ t
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static void Swap (ref T a, ref T b)
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Generic Constraints By default, a t
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Self-Referencing Generic Declaratio
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Classes Covariance and contravarian
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The IEnumerator and IEnumerable int
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The reason is that Max needs to be
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Technically, we are specifying a me
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Multicast delegate example Suppose
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The Func and Action Delegates With
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The following, however, is permitte
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Events When using delegates, two em
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public class PriceChangedEventArgs
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if (price == value) return; OnPrice
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Here is an example that illustrates
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Capturing Outer Variables A lambda
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Anonymous Methods Anonymous methods
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OUTPUT: x cannot be zero program co
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• The try block finishes normally
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The other common scenario is to ret
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indeterminate state that is the res
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class Enumerable // Typically imple
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Iterator Semantics An iterator is a
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yield return prevFib; int newFib =
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object o = "string"; int? x = o as
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Console.WriteLine (n | f); // (null
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== != > < >=
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Note n = (Note)554.37; // explicit
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Extension Method Chaining Extension
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static void Main() { string[] strin
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Now let’s change the static type
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Dynamic binding also incurs a perfo
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The static type of a variable decla
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The call to Foo(o,d) is dynamically
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parameters. The following attribute
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Value types declared inline within
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} } Pointers to Unmanaged Code Poin
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Compiler warnings can be extremely
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... Indicates a multiline code sam
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M:NS.MyClass.Z(System.Char[ ],Syste
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Table 5-1. C#, CLR, and .NET Framew
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Text Processing The System.Text nam
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this metadata at runtime, and do su
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infrastructure. Web Forms has been
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Provider layer The provider model d
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Remoting and Web Services Remoting
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ecause in Turkey, char.ToUpper ('i'
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string empty = ""; Console.WriteLin
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The static Join method does the rev
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order—but even then not exactly a
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The following performs a case-insen
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UTF-32 is the least space-efficient
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Two-word characters are called surr
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An excellent article on the rationa
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You can also construct a DateTime w
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The Add method adds a TimeSpan to a
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You can construct a DateTime that d
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source and destination TimeZoneInfo
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Western Australia is actually uniqu
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ToString and Parse The simplest for
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The next example formats a DateTime
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The following custom format provide
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Letter Meaning Sample input Result
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Figure 6-1. Composite NumberStyles
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The format strings "r", "R", and "u
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Other Conversion Mechanisms In the
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XmlConvert If you’re dealing with
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The .NET Framework helps you with t
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The Round method lets you specify t
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If you don’t want reproducibility
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static object GetBoxedIntegralValue
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Tuples Framework 4.0 provides a new
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Value Versus Referential Equality T
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Why the Complexity? You might wonde
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The IEquatable interface A conseque
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How to override equality semantics
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Implementing IEquatable For complet
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The .NET Framework also provides pl
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if (Equals (other)) return 0; // Fa
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Environment The static System.Envir
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7 Collections The .NET Framework pr
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By defining a single method retunin
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You can also subclass an existing c
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{ get { if (currentIndex == −1) t
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The ICollection and IList Interface
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IList and IList IList is the standa
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Because Array is a class, arrays ar
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void WriteFirstValue (Array a) { Co
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public static int FindIndex (T[] ar
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The Comparison delegate follows the
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List and ArrayList The generic List
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Such casts cannot be verified by th
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Here’s a demonstration on the use
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public sealed class BitArray : ICol
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public virtual SortedSet GetViewBet
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IDictionary IDictionary defines the
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Its underlying hashtable works by c
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var sorted = new SortedList (); for
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public class Animal { public string
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A keyed collection has some resembl
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clumsy hook methods like Collection
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Recall the requirements of a hashta
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IComparer and Comparer Comparers ar
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{ public abstract int Compare (stri
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8 LINQ Queries LINQ, or Language In
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We could further shorten our code b
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We already introduced the Where ope
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output sequence. In the case of the
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Natural Ordering The original order
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Figure 8-2. Query syntax The compil
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With LINQ, data logically flows fro
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Reevaluation Subqueries provide ano
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How Deferred Execution Works Query
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Adding ToList onto the end of this
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The term subquery, in the general s
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Figure 8-8. UML subquery compositio
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select n.Replace ("a", "").Replace
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(The compiler does not emit the fin
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where vowelless.Length > 2 orderby
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IQueryable query = from c in custom
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To work, LINQ to SQL needs some clu
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Figure 8-10. Combining local and in
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LINQ to SQL Versus Entity Framework
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Unlike with L2S, however, a class s
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The Single operator is ideal for re
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You can disable this behavior in L2
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With EF: [EdmRelationshipNavigation
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• It lets you request that certai
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context.SubmitChanges(); // Updates
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Purpose LINQ to SQL Entity Framewor
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void Test() { var dataContext = new
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Figure 8-12. Expression tree We can
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9 LINQ Operators This chapter descr
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Overview In this section, we provid
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Picks a single element from a seque
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In query syntax: IEnumerable query
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TakeWhile enumerates the input sequ
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IEnumerable query = names .Select (
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This is slightly untidy, however, i
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element is the trigger for the intr
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Thinking in query syntax As we just
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from c in dataContext.Customers fro
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Joining If you’re used to writing
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To see the benefit of Join over Sel
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GroupJoin GroupJoin does the same w
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You can create and query lookups ma
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OrderBy, OrderByDescending, ThenBy,
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var query = names.OrderBy (s => s.L
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from file in files group file.ToUpp
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In the next example, we filter the
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public static IEnumerable Cast (IE
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Method Description SQL equivalents
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Count simply enumerates over a sequ
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The first argument to Aggregate is
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Quantifiers IEnumerable→bool Meth
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10 LINQ to XML The .NET Framework p
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Figure 10-1. Core X-DOM types Figur
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XElement client = config.Element ("
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); new XElement ("lastname", c.Last
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Child Node Navigation Return type M
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The first call to Elements binds to
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Return type Members Defined in IEnu
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The ReplaceXXX methods are equivale
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Setting Values There are two ways t
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var e1 = new XElement ("test", "Hel
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Console.WriteLine (doc.Root.Parent
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XML file into another. Second, name
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Specifying Namespaces in the X-DOM
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foreach (XElement e in data.Descend
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A public type such as string doesn
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know about IQueryable, so it forces
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ObjectGraph.cs Program.cs Propertie
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11 Other XML Technologies The Syste
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Reading Nodes The units of an XML s
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Element----------> quote CDATA-----
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eader.ReadStartElement ("customerLi
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The XmlReader must be positioned on
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XmlWriter XmlWriter is a forward-on
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Patterns for Using XmlReader/XmlWri
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if (isEmpty) return; // element! w
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using (XmlWriter w = XmlWriter.Crea
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Setting the InnerText property repl
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XPath queries are expressed in term
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The [] operator filters a selection
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OUTPUT: Jim Thomas XSD and Schema V
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settings.ValidationEventHandler +=
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12 Disposal and Garbage Collection
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These rules are also helpful when w
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The idea is that a consumer of this
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public void Test() { byte[] myArray
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Figure 12-1. Roots deleted right aw
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objects with finalizers (because su
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Page 509 and 510: Figure 12-2. Heap generations The l
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Page 519 and 520: 13 Diagnostics and Code Contracts W
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Page 553 and 554: { if (!PerformanceCounterCategory.E
Page 555: If you later want to define more co
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Page 564 and 565: OpenWrite and Create differ in beha
Page 566 and 567: [Flags] public enum FileAccess { Re
Page 568 and 569: Pipes are stream-based, so one proc
Page 570 and 571: Console.WriteLine (Encoding.UTF8.Ge
Page 572 and 573: Console.WriteLine (fs.Position); //
Page 574 and 575: is passed in (optionally through an
Page 576 and 577: using (TextWriter w = File.CreateTe
Page 578 and 579: public void SaveData (Stream s) { v
Page 580 and 581: The File Class File is a static cla
Page 582 and 583: using System.Runtime.InteropService
Page 584 and 585: FileInfo offers most of the File’
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Page 588 and 589: watcher.Created += FileCreatedChang
Page 590 and 591: Memory-Mapped Files and Shared Memo
Page 592 and 593: using (TextWriter w = new StreamWri
Page 594 and 595: Isolation Types Isolated storage ca
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Page 598 and 599: s.WriteByte (100); f.DeleteFile (@"
Page 600 and 601: Figure 15-1. Network architecture I
Page 602 and 603: IPAddress a3 = IPAddress.Parse ("[3
Page 604 and 605: Uri u = new Uri ("page.html", UriKi
Page 606 and 607: 2. Assign the Proxy property. 3. As
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If you don’t have a proxy, you mu
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Windows protocol that boils down to
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2. Examine the response object’s
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System.IO.File.WriteAllBytes ("Sear
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you greater privileges in browsing
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In this example, we sleep for 500 m
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without needing more threads—by f
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Using DNS In all these examples, yo
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Using TCP TCP and UDP constitute th
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Hello Hello right back! In this exa
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In this example, we write each mail
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Serialization Engines There are fou
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an arbitrary XML structure. For ins
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It requires, however, that you expl
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Specifying a name and namespace dec
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The solution is to specify all perm
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we would see the same address detai
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Null and Empty Values There are two
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Subclassed Collection Elements The
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[DataMember (Name="Addresses")] Ser
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The following example illustrates a
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The two formatters are otherwise ex
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[OnSerializing] and [OnSerialized]
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Binary Serialization with ISerializ
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Subclassing Serializable Classes In
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XmlSerializer xs = new XmlSerialize
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and you write a reusable method to
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If, on the other hand, you want the
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instead add [XmlElement] to the col
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public void WriteXml (XmlWriter wri
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Assemblies are structured similarly
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To embed an application manifest fi
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Table 17-1. Assembly members Functi
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Delay Signing In an organization wi
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If the assembly has no AssemblyVers
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Figure 17-3. Unsigned file warning
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Signing with signtool.exe You can A
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• Updating assemblies in the GAC
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.mresource public banner.jpg { // O
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GetManifestResourceNames returns th
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(The first argument must be namespa
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We then retrieved the greeting at r
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where to look. You (or Visual Studi
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Loading from a filename You can see
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if (!File.Exists (path)) return nul
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for the presence of a library in it
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18 Reflection and Metadata As we sa
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Obtaining array types As we just sa
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Base Types and Interfaces Type expo
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Console.WriteLine (staticD.DynamicI
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When calling GetMembers, you can pa
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C# construct Method to use Name to
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Console.WriteLine (unbound.Property
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from m in typeof (Enumerable).GetMe
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The following example retrieves all
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There’s no nongeneric type we can
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Modules Calling GetTypes on a multi
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The AttributeUsage Attribute Attrib
Page 725 and 726:
Retrieving Attributes at Runtime Th
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AppDomain.CurrentDomain.ReflectionO
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gen.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4, 123); //
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gen.Emit (OpCodes.Mul); // Multiply
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Type[] strT = { typeof (string) };
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The DefineType method also accepts
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We could just as easily call a dyna
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mb.DefineParameter (1, ParameterAtt
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ILGenerator setGen = setter.GetILGe
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myFieldBuilder.SetCustomAttribute (
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Awkward Emission Targets All the ex
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and object references. In creating
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Here is a sample of the output our
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The next step is to call FormatOper
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The point where we call ResolveMemb
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trees (the same expression trees in
Page 758 and 759:
yte b = 3; Console.WriteLine ((b +
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DynamicVisit on each person in the
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Anonymously Calling Members of a Ge
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Notice that we used dynamic member
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The following does a similar thing
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In the following example, we use Ir
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In this chapter, we discuss the two
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Framework 4.0 deprecates support fo
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When you call AddPermission, the pe
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if you access the chosen file by ca
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Elevation of Privilege Let’s supp
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The Transparency Model in CLR 4.0 T
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Figure 20-1. Transparency model; on
Page 785 and 786:
GC.AddMemoryPressure (1000000); //
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stack, the WindowFromPoint method w
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string dir = Path.Combine (System.R
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The first step in doing this is to
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A feature called User Access Contro
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If you replace requireAdministrator
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Table 20-8. Encryption and hashing
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The GetBytes method on an Encoding
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As well as a key, we made up an IV,
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w.WriteLine ("Small and secure!");
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pairs. A key pair contains a public
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using (var rsaPublicPrivate = new R
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C# allows you to execute code in pa
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Getting Started A client program (C
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Thread.Sleep(0) relinquishes the th
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string text = "t1"; Thread t1 = new
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If this program is called with no a
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The try/catch statement in this exa
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There are a few things to be wary o
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static void Main() { ThreadPool.Que
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we’re using it to pass the method
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Fortunately, the pool manager has a
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class ThreadUnsafe { static int _va
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As with the Enter method, it’s ov
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Instruction atomicity is a differen
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BeginInvoke instead of Invoke. Alte
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static void Main() { for (int i = 1
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class ThreadSafe { static List _li
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In the absence of documentation, it
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The code is similar for Windows For
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It’s also possible to safely assi
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The following implicitly generate f
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As it happens, Intel’s X86 and X6
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Exchange and CompareExchange method
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former two are based on the common
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Two-way signaling Let’s say we wa
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Signaling Constructs and Performanc
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Signaling worker... Started - Some
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and the lock statement, you can ach
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This means that despite appearances
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using System; using System.Threadin
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We don’t pulse after dequeuing, a
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Use of PulseAll would forgo fairnes
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The Event-Based Asynchronous Patter
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class Program { static BackgroundWo
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Reached 20% Reached 40% Reached 60%
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For a discussion as to why aborting
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Cancellation Tokens Framework 4.0 p
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if (_expensive == null) _expensive
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you want to keep data isolated, ens
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from under their feet, as long as t
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Here’s the result: Thread B added
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var rw = new ReaderWriterLockSlim()
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class SystemTimer { static void Mai
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22 Parallel Programming In this cha
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Data parallelism is also conducive
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the code that must execute sequenti
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Why Isn’t AsParallel the Default?
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Most query operators change the ind
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.Select (i => wordList [localRandom
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class Camera { public readonly int
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foreach (int n in parallelQuery) Do
Page 909 and 910:
Figure 22-4. Chunk versus range par
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string text = "Let's suppose this i
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public static void Invoke (Parallel
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var random = new Random(); string[]
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public static ParallelLoopResult Fo
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• Wait on a set of tasks—withou
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The task queuing problem arises bec
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TaskCreationOptions atp = TaskCreat
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As soon as task1 (the antecedent) f
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Conditional continuations By defaul
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This writes “Done” after writin
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var factory = new TaskFactory ( Tas
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Flatten and Handle Both PLINQ and t
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• The concurrent stack, queue, an
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Concurrent bags are ideal when the
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public class PCQueue : IDisposable
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If you leave a spinlock contended f
Page 943 and 944:
How to use SpinWait There are two w
Page 945:
spinWait.SpinOnce(); } } Here’s h
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If you don’t need such concurrenc
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• The underlying implementation
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public class Server { public void S
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void Read() { _stream.BeginRead (_d
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_stream = c.GetStream(); var task =
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exception is encountered, it’s no
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When writing asynchronous methods,
Page 963 and 964:
24 Application Domains An applicati
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Creating and Destroying Application
Page 967 and 968:
When additional application domains
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static void Main() { AppDomain newD
Page 971 and 972:
class Client { // Here's a static f
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it appears as though it was a direc
Page 975 and 976:
namespace Plugin.Extensions { publi
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25 Native and COM Interoperability
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class Test { [DllImport("kernel32.d
Page 981 and 982:
StringBuilder class require copying
Page 983 and 984:
Shared Memory Memory-mapped files,
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The second application subscribes t
Page 987 and 988:
If you’re targeting Framework 4.0
Page 989 and 990:
With the first use of the fixed key
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The root interface in COM is IUnkno
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workBook.SaveAs (@"c:\test.xlsx", P
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Embedding Interop Types We said pre
Page 997 and 998:
26 Regular Expressions The regular
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Regex r = new Regex (@"sausages?");
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Character Sets Character sets act a
Page 1003 and 1004:
The problem is that our * quantifie
Page 1005 and 1006:
The positive lookahead ensures that
Page 1007 and 1008:
The following example matches a sim
Page 1009 and 1010:
Extracting "name = value" pairs (on
Page 1011 and 1012:
Console.WriteLine (m.Groups ["tag"]
Page 1013 and 1014:
Expression Meaning Inverse (“not
Page 1015:
Table 26-11. Miscellaneous construc
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catch A keyword for the clause in a
Page 1020 and 1021:
goto A jump statement that jumps to
Page 1022 and 1023:
ef A parameter and argument modifie
Page 1024 and 1025:
volatile A field modifier instructi
Page 1026 and 1027:
A with enums, 98 with nullable type
Page 1028 and 1029:
inary numbers (converting), 233 bin
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COM type system, 970 IUnknown and I
Page 1032 and 1033:
time zones, 213-218 TimeSpan, 206 D
Page 1034 and 1035:
Array class, 277 enumerators, 143 I
Page 1036 and 1037:
formatting, 219-225 composite forma
Page 1038 and 1039:
IndexOf method, 196, 279 IndexOfAny
Page 1040 and 1041:
Count and LongCount, 407 Min and Ma
Page 1042 and 1043:
memory barriers and volatility, 825
Page 1044 and 1045:
PipeStream class, 547 anonymous pip
Page 1046 and 1047:
Remoting, 952 remove keyword, 124 R
Page 1048 and 1049:
two-word characters and, 206 String
Page 1050 and 1051:
DateTime and, 213 DateTimeOffset an
Page 1052 and 1053:
loading and parsing, 416 names and
Page 1055:
About the Authors Joe Albahari is t
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