ratom avtonomia?
ratom avtonomia?
ratom avtonomia?
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Tbilisis<br />
universiteti<br />
<strong>ratom</strong> <strong>avtonomia</strong>?<br />
aqtualuri<br />
pirveli gverdidan<br />
avtonomiis<br />
upiratesoba<br />
mTavari upiratesoba is aris,<br />
rom saxelmwifo xelisufleba<br />
geografiulad uaxlovdeba<br />
xalxs da politikuri xelisuflebis<br />
anonimurobis problemas<br />
amcirebs. avtonomiis logikuri<br />
nawilia politikuri policentrizmic,<br />
romlis Camoyalibebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi Cndeba administraciul-teritoriuli<br />
er-<br />
Teulisgan gansxvavebuli politikuri<br />
centrebi.<br />
avtonomiis uamravi saxe arsebobs,<br />
Tumca afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi<br />
saubaria politikur <strong>avtonomia</strong>ze<br />
da igi gamoricxavs<br />
sxva eTnikuri jgufebis savaraudo<br />
pretenziebs, romlebic<br />
saqarTveloSi inerciiT arsebul<br />
avtonomiebs ar warmoadgenen.<br />
winaswar unda moxdes imasTan<br />
Segueba, rom qarTul-afxazuri<br />
konfliqti mxolod qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli<br />
movlena ar aris. bevr saxelmwifoSi,<br />
sadac pragmatuli mosazrebebis<br />
gamo, am tipis teritoriuli<br />
erTeulebis arseboba<br />
qveynisTvis arasasurvelia, inerciiT<br />
arsebul avtonomiebs ar<br />
exebian.<br />
politikuri policentrizmi<br />
qveynisTvis, zogadad, mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxia. gonivruli<br />
politikis warmarTvis gareSe,<br />
policentrizmi, SesaZloa, seriozuli<br />
riskis safuZveli da konfliqtebis<br />
wyaro gaxdes. giorgi<br />
xubuas azriT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv<br />
realobaSi misi<br />
piriqiT ganxorcieleba SeiZleba<br />
imisaTvis, rom politikuri<br />
vnebebis akumulireba mxolod<br />
erT centrSi ar moxdes. rodesac<br />
politikuri vnebebisaTvis<br />
sasicocxlo areali viwrovdeba,<br />
iq gacilebiT matulobs, zogadad,<br />
destruqciis SesaZleblobac.<br />
`roca politika mxolod<br />
dedaqalaqSi warmoebs, maSin gacilebiT<br />
didia politikuri krizisebisa<br />
da sxva arasasurveli<br />
movlenebis riski, vidre im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, roca politikuri<br />
procesi qveynis masStabiT Tanabradaa<br />
gadanawilebuli da<br />
politikosebis sasicocxlo arealic<br />
farToa. es sakiTxi mniSvnelovania<br />
politikuri kadrebis<br />
momzadebis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
amerikis bolo 13 prezidentidan<br />
aTi Statis gubernatori iyo. es<br />
saukeTeso magaliTia imis warmosaCenad,<br />
rom arCevnebis mini<br />
modelSi momzadeba eleqtorats<br />
uadvilebs _ momavali lideris<br />
SesaZleblobebi Seamowmos.<br />
politikuri kulturis amaRlebis<br />
kuTxiT es avtonomiis mniSvnelovani<br />
elementia da misasalmebelia,<br />
rom qarTulma mxarem<br />
dialogisTvis mzadyofna<br />
swored amgvari formiT daadastura.<br />
TavisTavad metad momgebiania,<br />
roca qarTuli mxare afxazebs<br />
avtonomiis konkretul<br />
models sTavazobs da igi saer-<br />
TaSoriso sazogadoebaSic dadebiTad<br />
Sefasda. kulturis<br />
umTavresi elementi dialogia da<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi afxazuri mxaris<br />
pasuxi `ar minda~ arguments<br />
ar warmoadgens~, _ miaCnia reqtors.<br />
<strong>avtonomia</strong> unikalur saSualebas<br />
aZlevs yofil umciresobas,<br />
gaxdes umravlesoba, Tumca<br />
afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi es modeli<br />
namdvilad ar imuSavebs,<br />
radgan, avtonomiis subieqti<br />
iqneba teritoriuli erTeuli<br />
da ara mxolod eTnikurad afxazi<br />
eri. avtonomiis subieqti<br />
unda iyos teritoria, romelsac<br />
afxazeTi hqvia. iq mkvidri afxazi<br />
umravlesoba verasdros<br />
gaxdeba.<br />
avtonomiis mniSvnelovani<br />
aspeqtia is, rom jgufi, romelic<br />
konkretul teritoriaze umciresobaSi<br />
iyo, gacilebiT maRal<br />
politikur wonas SeiZens da umravlesoba<br />
gaxdeba.<br />
reqtoris azriT, am aspeqtis<br />
realizeba, ra Tqma unda, afxazeT-<br />
Si moxerxdeba, magram aucilebelia<br />
fiqri iseT formebze, romelic,<br />
garkveulwilad, afxazi eTnosis<br />
SiSs gaanelebs. savaraudod,<br />
SeiZleba afxazeTis SigniT SemuSavdes<br />
modeli (da es qarTuli<br />
mxaris iniciativebSic gaJRerda),<br />
rom afxazur mxares afxazeTTan<br />
dakavSirebul sakiTxebze vetos<br />
dadebis ufleba mieces.<br />
subsidiarobis principis realizebisTvis,<br />
romelic mmar-<br />
TvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebisa da ganxorcielebis optimaluri<br />
donis SerCevas iTvaliswinebs,<br />
<strong>avtonomia</strong> aucilebeli<br />
forma ar aris. klasikuri midgoma<br />
_ rac SeiZleba gadawydes dabal<br />
doneze, ar unda wydebodes<br />
ufro maRal doneze, mniSvnelovania<br />
im kuTxiT, rom <strong>avtonomia</strong><br />
yovelTvis ayalibebs konfliqtebis<br />
mowesrigebis damatebiT<br />
doneebs da saxelmwifos legitimaciis<br />
damatebiT safuZvlebs<br />
qmnis.<br />
avtonomiis<br />
negatiuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
<strong>avtonomia</strong>s, ra Tqma unda,<br />
negatiuri aspeqtebic gaaCnia _<br />
aRrmavebs regionalur disparitetebs<br />
(rac yovelTvis arasasurvelia<br />
nebismier saxelmwifo-<br />
Si), arTulebs politikuri gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis process,<br />
Seicavs politikuri daqucmacebis<br />
safrTxes, amwvavebs regionuli<br />
politikuri elitis kontrolis<br />
problemas, didi fuli Rirs,<br />
administraciuli sazRvrebi xels<br />
uSlis koordinirebul marTvas,<br />
abrkolebs kooperaciul Tanam-<br />
Sromlobas.<br />
avtonomiis formis SemoRebiT<br />
disparitetebis arsebobas<br />
araTu `mwvane Suqi~ eZleva,<br />
aramed xdeba misi konservaciac,<br />
rac pirdapir kavSirSia politikuri<br />
gadawyvetilebebis procesis<br />
garTulebasTan. Cveulebriv,<br />
es procesi agebulia<br />
konsesusze, magram iwvevs orive<br />
mxaris Tanabrad ukmayofilebas.<br />
ar arsebobs konsesusi, sadac<br />
mxolod erTi mxarea kmayofili<br />
da meore ki, ukmayofilo. rogorc<br />
leqciis msvlelobisas<br />
iTqva, Cveni dRevandeli politikuri<br />
kulturis Tu ukulturobis<br />
elementi imaSic Cans, rom<br />
qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis<br />
procesSi sakiTxi mudmivad ase<br />
dgas: an yvelaferi _ an araferi.<br />
an sul kmayofili unda viyoT, an<br />
sul ukmayofilo.<br />
konsesusis pirobebSi orive<br />
mxare unda Seeguos, rom igive<br />
soxumTan mimarTebaSi, Cvenc<br />
viqnebiT ukmayofilo da arc<br />
afxazebi iqnebian sul kmayofilni.<br />
amasTan, aSkaraa, rom<br />
konsesusze orientirebuli gadawyvetileba<br />
yovelTvis racionaluri<br />
ar aris. is SeiZleba<br />
konkretul viTarebaSi angariSs<br />
uwevdes sxvadasxva faqtorebs,<br />
magram konsesusis Sedegi centris<br />
politikuri gadawyvetilebaa<br />
da mas yvelam angariSi unda<br />
gauwios.<br />
angariSgasawevia politikuri<br />
pasuxismgeblobis daqucmacebis<br />
realuri safrTxec, sadac mniSvnelovania<br />
adgilobrivi, regionaluri<br />
politikuri elitis<br />
kontrolis problema. rogorc<br />
wesi, regionaluri politelitis<br />
sakiTxi centralurTan SedarebiT,<br />
yovelTvis gacilebiT ufro<br />
mwvaved dgas, radgan adgilebze<br />
aseT elitas yovelTvis meti<br />
SesaZlebloba aqvs _ gaakontrolos<br />
adgilobrivi media da<br />
sxvadasxva formebi moiZios,<br />
raTa Tavad kontrols gaeqces.<br />
`Tumca, rac dRes afxazeTSi<br />
gvaqvs, aris ara regionaluri<br />
elita, aramed klasikuri eTnokratia,<br />
romelic jansaR politikur<br />
procesebs imTaviTve<br />
gamoricxavs. avtonomiis SemTxvevaSi<br />
saubaric ar SeiZleba im<br />
adgilobrivi elitis maxinj<br />
formebze, rac afxazeTsa da sxva<br />
separatistul regionebSi amJamad<br />
arsebobs,~ _ ganmarta giorgi<br />
xubuam.<br />
<strong>avtonomia</strong> didi fuli Rirs,<br />
magram aqac muSaobs logika: Tu<br />
saqarTvelos unda, gaaneitralos<br />
gacilebiT mwvave problema,<br />
urCevnia, gadaixados ufro meti<br />
fuli da amiT moawesrigos is.<br />
avtonomiis administraciuli<br />
sazRvrebi abrkolebs kooperaciul<br />
TanamSromlobas, amitom<br />
iseTi modeli unda iqnas<br />
mofiqrebuli, romelic eTnikur<br />
jgufs TviTizolaciisaken ar<br />
ubiZgebs. sistema unda iyos ise-<br />
Ti, romelic waaxalisebs Tavisufali<br />
muSaxelis gadaadgilebas<br />
da ar aiZulebs afxazebs, izolirebuli<br />
iyvnen qveynis sxva<br />
nawilebisgan.<br />
angariSgasawevia is garemoebac,<br />
rom <strong>avtonomia</strong>, rogorc umciresobis<br />
dacvis meqanizmi, amarTlebs<br />
mxolod maSin, rodesac<br />
romelime eTnikuri jgufi demografiulad<br />
mkafiod SemosazRvrul<br />
teritoriaze cxovrobs.<br />
<strong>ratom</strong><br />
<strong>avtonomia</strong>?<br />
<strong>avtonomia</strong> `danawilebulis<br />
gamTlianebis~ da ara `erTianis<br />
danawilebis~ saSualebaa da afxazeTTan<br />
mimarTebaSi amgvari Teoria<br />
iuridiulad unda aisaxos.<br />
aRniSnuli integraciuli<br />
muxti aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
da, bunebrivia, arc<br />
erT SemTxvevaSi aq saubari araviTar<br />
secesiaze ar aris, Tundac<br />
im logikiT, rom qorwinebis<br />
dros ganqorwinebaze ar saubroben.<br />
`secesias, araTu unitaruli<br />
decentralizebuli qveynis,<br />
federaciuli saxelmwifos konstituciac<br />
gamoricxavs. aSS-s,<br />
msoflioSi pirvel federaciul<br />
saxelmwifos, naxevar milionamde<br />
adamianis sicocxled daujda<br />
Tavisi teritoriuli erTianoba.<br />
veravin ityvis, rom saqarTvelos<br />
afxazeTis problema avtonomiuri<br />
statusis gamo daudga, ufro<br />
piriqiT... ar vici, ramdenad gulwrfelebi<br />
arian dRes afxazebi,<br />
magram samecniero saqmianobisas,<br />
roca 90-ian wlebSi soxumSi cxovrebam<br />
momiwia, TviTmxilveli<br />
var iseTi afxazebisa, romlebic<br />
saqarTvelos federalurad<br />
mowyobis models mxars uWerdnen.<br />
am pozicias Riad afiqsirebdnen<br />
da maTi argumenti iyo _<br />
qarTvelebi da afxazebi varT<br />
kulturuli erebi da ise ver amovJletT<br />
erTmaneTs, rogorc<br />
mTian yarabaRSi. samwuxarod,<br />
Cveni politikuri sibecis gamo,<br />
am ganwyobis realizeba maSin ver<br />
moxerxda, rac dRes viTarebas<br />
Zalian arTulebs,~ _ ganacxada<br />
Tsu-is reqtorma.<br />
im principidan gamomdinare,<br />
rom saxelmwifo TavisTavad ierarqias<br />
gulisxmobs, soxumi centrisa<br />
da periferiis modelad ar<br />
unda ganvixiloT (ar SeiZleba<br />
TbilisisTvis soxumi warmoadgendes<br />
Cxorowyus an lagodexs).<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom erTi<br />
<strong>avtonomia</strong> ar unda iyos aRqmuli<br />
ase _ me miviReb raRac uflebebs<br />
mas Semdeg, rac daviwyeb<br />
brZolas am uflebebis mosapoveblad.<br />
Tuki xelisufleba saxelmwifoSi,<br />
zogadad, aseT ganwyobas<br />
Seqmnis, es niSnavs, rom nebismier<br />
teritoriul erTeuls permanentulad<br />
gauCndeba miswrafeba,<br />
ibrZolos am uflebebisTvis.<br />
ukeTesia, centrma regions<br />
misces garkveuli uflebebi, magram<br />
ara im ganwyobiT, rom amas<br />
Rebulobs imitom, rom ibrZvis.<br />
amasTan, Tu saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi<br />
sxva eTnikuri umciresoba<br />
ityvis, rom masac surs <strong>avtonomia</strong>,<br />
arsebobs seriozuli argumenti<br />
saimisod, rom afxazi aris<br />
ara erovnuli, aramed eTnikuri<br />
jgufi, romelic aramarto umciresobaa<br />
erT saxelmwifoSi,<br />
aramed is sxva eTnikuri jgufebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, arsad ar qmnis<br />
umravlesobas (gansxvavebiT<br />
somxebisa da azerbaijanelebisgan,<br />
romlebic, marTalia,<br />
saqarTveloSi umciresobaSi arian,<br />
magram sxvagan umravlesoba-<br />
Si arian). swored amitom, rodesac<br />
Tbilisi soxums <strong>avtonomia</strong>s<br />
sTavazobs, sxva eTnikur umciresobas<br />
avtonomiis moTxovnis<br />
survili ar unda gauCndes.<br />
avtonomiis pirobebSi e.w.<br />
pozitiuri diskriminaciis sistema,<br />
romelic eTnikuri afxazebisadmi<br />
gansakuTrebuli xelSewyobis<br />
politikis gatarebas<br />
gulisxmobs, winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
cnebaa da misasalmebeli ar aris.<br />
mTavaria, igi konkretul situaciaSi<br />
moqmedi iseTi modeli iyos,<br />
romlis sikeTezec mxareebi SeTanxmdebian.<br />
am formas zogadad<br />
`mzian Rames~ uwodeben da mis<br />
avkargianobas veravin asabuTebs.<br />
avtonomiis subieqti SeiZleba<br />
iyos mxolod geografiuli<br />
sidide da ara eTnikuri, an sxva<br />
xalxis jgufi. roca subieqti<br />
eTnikuri jgufia, maSin misi <strong>avtonomia</strong><br />
enobriv, personalur<br />
da a.S. farglebs ar scildeba.<br />
afxazeTisTvis saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />
SeTavazeba politikuri<br />
avtonomiis statusia,<br />
romlis subieqti SeiZleba iyos<br />
teritoria da masze mcxovrebi<br />
yvela eTnikuri jgufi.<br />
paradoqsia, rom <strong>avtonomia</strong>ze<br />
saubrisas gaCenili pirveli asociacia<br />
decentralizacias ukav-<br />
Sirdeba. realurad ki gulisxmobs,<br />
rom uflebamosilebaTa<br />
gadanawileba Tbilissa da soxums<br />
Soris unda wavides ara decentralizaciis,<br />
aramed centralizaciis<br />
mimarTulebiT, radgan<br />
bevri is uflebamosileba, rac<br />
dReisTvis soxums aqvs miTvisebuli,<br />
martivad rom vTqvaT,<br />
Tbilisis gamgeblobaSi unda gadavides<br />
da es logikuria. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, afxazi dasvams<br />
kiTxvas, Tu ras miiRebs is<br />
am uflebebis CamorTmevis sanacvlod.<br />
mosalodnel SekiTxvas<br />
prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma<br />
centralur xelisuflebaSi vice-prezidentis<br />
postis SeTavazebis<br />
saxiT pasuxi ukve gasca _<br />
rasac eTnokratia Tu regionaluri<br />
elita dakargavs Sinaarsobrivad,<br />
mas afxazi sivrcobrivad<br />
moigebs. afxazur mxares<br />
CamosarTmevi uflebebis sakompensaciod,<br />
faqtobrivad, sasicocxlo<br />
masStabebis gafarToebis<br />
saSualeba eZleva da giorgi<br />
xubuas varaudiT, es maTTvis<br />
uintereso namdvilad ar unda<br />
iyos. misi TqmiT, marTalia, afxazebi<br />
pozioroben, magram yvela<br />
pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT, rac<br />
dRes soxums SeuZlia miiRos, arsebuli<br />
uflebamosilebebis farglebSi<br />
igives verasodes miiRebs.<br />
amJamad, ZalTa balansi, samwuxarod,<br />
gadaxrilia, rac centralur<br />
xelisuflebas daTmobas<br />
aiZulebs, magram es balansi<br />
momavalSi, yvela SemTxveva-<br />
Si, soxumis sazianod Seicvleba.<br />
`ara mgonia, afxazeTis de faqto<br />
xelisuflebas ar esmodes,<br />
rom Tu maT warmomadgenlebs<br />
SeuZliaT, dRes raRac waarTvan<br />
Tbiliss, SesaZloa, xval-zeg es<br />
SeuZlebeli gaxdes. Tu soxums<br />
namdvilad surs, daikanonos, samarTlebrivi<br />
uflebebi garantirebulad<br />
miiRos, raTa mudmivi<br />
SiSis qveS ar ganagrZos cxovreba,<br />
jobia, ifiqros axla, radgan<br />
<strong>avtonomia</strong> adamianis uflebebisa<br />
da demokratiis msgavsi universaluri<br />
kategoria ar aris. aq yvelaferi<br />
koniunqturazea damokidebuli<br />
da asaxavs balanss centridanul<br />
da centriskenul<br />
Zalebs Soris,~ _ aRiniSna leqciaze.<br />
bolo mniSvnelovani momenti<br />
saxelmwifo saqmeebis marTvaSi<br />
avtonomiis monawileobaa. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, wminda fsiqologiuri<br />
midgomiT, afxazi sakuTar<br />
Tavze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas,<br />
`Tavisi budis~ ara soxumSi mosawyobad,<br />
aramed qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />
marTvaze da es faqtori<br />
simboluri sulac ar aris.<br />
eTnikurad afxazi vice-prezidenti<br />
saqarTvelos orpalatiani<br />
parlamentis pirobebSi, SesaZlebelia,<br />
zogierTi sxva qveynis msgavsad,<br />
senatis Tavmjdomared<br />
dainiSnos. xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi<br />
simboluri monawileobac<br />
ki gulisxmobs, rom is fizikurad<br />
TbilisSia da saxelmwifos<br />
marTvasTan erTad monawileobs<br />
qveynis saerTo finansebis<br />
gadanawilebaSi, sagareo urTierTobebSi,<br />
ekonomikur procesebSi<br />
da a.S.<br />
sauniversiteto sivrceSi sajaro<br />
leqciis Tematika saintereso<br />
diskusiis safuZveli<br />
ukve gaxda. reqtoris mier SeTavazebuli<br />
formatis farglebSi<br />
afxazeTis sakiTxis garSemo<br />
mravali mosazreba da winadadeba<br />
gamoTqves nodar naTaZem, mariam<br />
lorTqifaniZem, levan aleqsiZem,<br />
zurab papaskirma, paata koRuaSvilma...<br />
am Temis irgvliv diskusia<br />
momavalSic gagrZeldeba.<br />
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