nino WrikiSvili stabiluroba da variaciuloba espanuri enis ...
nino WrikiSvili stabiluroba da variaciuloba espanuri enis ...
nino WrikiSvili stabiluroba da variaciuloba espanuri enis ...
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avtoris stili <strong>da</strong>culia<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiF<br />
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />
romanuli filologia<br />
<strong>nino</strong> <strong>WrikiSvili</strong><br />
<strong>stabiluroba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>variaciuloba</strong> <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />
fonotaqtikur sistemaSi<br />
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D) akademiuri xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad warmodgenili<br />
d i s e r t a c i a<br />
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori ciuri axvlediani<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2012
sarCevi<br />
Sesavali................................................................................................................................................................. 3<br />
I Tavi - <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> TanxmovanTjgufebis Seswavlis istorii<strong>da</strong>n................... 8<br />
II Tavi - <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> ganviTarebis etapebi. kastiliuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
evoluciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enobrivi wyaroebi ................................11<br />
III Tavi - laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> konsonanturi sistema (Tavkiduri, Sua <strong>da</strong><br />
bolokiduri konsonanturi kompleqsebi).................................................................................32<br />
IV Tavi - etimonSi arsebuli konsonanturi kompleqsebi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba istoriuli evoluciis manZilze.....................................................................46<br />
$1. orelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi........................................................47<br />
$2. samelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi .....................................................110<br />
$3. oTxelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi ...................................................120<br />
$4. xuTelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi ...................................................124<br />
V Tavi - Kkonsonanturi Kkompleqsebis Kklasifikacia stabilurobisa D<strong>da</strong><br />
variaciulobis MmixedviT...................................................................................................................125<br />
$1. orelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis klasifikacia......................125<br />
$2. samelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis klasifikacia .....................138<br />
$3. oTxelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis klasifikacia ...................142<br />
$4. xuTelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis klasifikacia ...................143<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna................................................................................................................................................................ 144<br />
literatura ...................................................................................................................................................151<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi.............................................................................................................................................................. 156<br />
2
Sesavali<br />
yvela enas aqvs sityvaTa formirebisa <strong>da</strong> fonemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>bmis<br />
sakuTari wesebi, rac ganapirobebs im faqts, rom ar SeiZleba nebismieri<br />
saxis kombinaciam mogvces semantikuri mniSvnelobis matarebeli erTeuli.<br />
swored fonemaTa SeerTebebis ganmsazRvrel wesebs adgens fonotaqtika, 1<br />
romelic enaTmecnierebis, kerZod ki – fonetikis erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>rgia.<br />
winamdebare naSromSi ganxilulia <strong>stabiluroba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>variaciuloba</strong><br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonotaqtikur sistemaSi im mizniT, raTa <strong>da</strong>dgindes, Tu<br />
romeli konsonanturi kompleqsebi aris <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong>aTvis stabiluri <strong>da</strong><br />
romeli TanxmovanTjgufebi eqvemdebarebian varirebas <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />
evoluciis procesSi.<br />
uamravi gansxvavebuli Tanamimdevrobis konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
arsebobs, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela enas erTi <strong>da</strong> igive<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi un<strong>da</strong> axasiaTebdes. magaliTad, inglisuri <strong>enis</strong>aTvis<br />
savsebiT misaRebi sp-, st-, sk- kompleqsebi akrZalul kombinaciebs<br />
warmoadgenen espanur <strong>enis</strong>aTvis Tavkidur poziciaSi.<br />
fonotaqtika ar jerdeba sakiTxis mxolod sinqroniul planSi<br />
kvlevas <strong>da</strong> fonemaTa misaRebi an miuRebeli kombinaciebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas. igi,<br />
imavdroulad, ikvlevs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva poziciis mqone konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebis evolucias ama Tu im <strong>enis</strong> istoriis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze.<br />
swored konsonanturi kompleqsebis diaqroniuli kvleva adgens<br />
yvelaze stabilur <strong>da</strong> varirebad TanxmovanTjgufebs <strong>da</strong> cdilobs axsna<br />
mouZebnos TiToeuli maTganis <strong>stabiluroba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>variaciuloba</strong>s; Aaseve,<br />
adgens, romeli fonetikuri cvlilebebiT aris ganpirobebuli maTi<br />
varireba. Bbunebrivia, fonotaqtika ar zRu<strong>da</strong>vs konsonantur kombinaciebs<br />
vokabulaSi maTi mdebareobis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> maT Seiswavlis rogorc<br />
Tavkidur <strong>da</strong> bolokidur poziciaSi, aseve sityvis SuaSi.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> konsonantur kompleqsebze araerTi naSromi<br />
<strong>da</strong>werila. Tumca, mkvlevarebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen<br />
1<br />
fonotaqtika berZnul kompozits ( phono ‛bgera’ + tact ‛kontaqti‛) wamoadgens <strong>da</strong><br />
iTargmneba rogorc bgeraTa kontaqti (esp. sonidos en contacto).<br />
3
yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi kombinaciebis Taviseburebebze <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
klasifikacias axdendnen konsonantebis mxolod ramdenime<br />
TanamimdevrobiT. antonio kilis moralesi Tavkidur kombinaciebSi<br />
mxolod fl, kl <strong>da</strong> pl kompleqsebs ganixilavs, xolo sityvis Sua poziciiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebulia Semdegi kombinaciebiT: konsonanti + r, konsonanti + l, r +<br />
konsonanti, l + konsonanti <strong>da</strong> nazali + konsonanti. 1 bevrad ufro mcirea<br />
misi informacia samelementian kompleqsebsa <strong>da</strong> derivatis doneze<br />
warmoqmnil kombinaciebze. TanxmovanTjgufebs ikvlev<strong>da</strong> menendes<br />
pi<strong>da</strong>lic <strong>da</strong> isic, TiTqmis analogiur kombinaciebze amaxvileb<strong>da</strong><br />
yuradRebas. 2<br />
ramdenime romanuli <strong>enis</strong> (franguli, italiuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>espanuri</strong> ) Sua<br />
konsonantur kompleqsebze fun<strong>da</strong>menturi kvleva aqvs Catarebuli ciuri<br />
axvledians. naSromSi saxelwodebiT "<strong>stabiluroba</strong> <strong>da</strong> varireba romanul<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebSi" 3 Tavmoyrilia umdidresi faqtobrivi masala <strong>da</strong><br />
warmodgenilia etimologiur monacemTa mecnieruli analizi. naSromi,<br />
romelSic warmodgenilia romanuli enebis fonotaqtikis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT-<br />
SepirispirebiTi analizi, exeba Sua konsonantur kompleqsebs.<br />
naSromis aqtualuroba: iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom lingvistebi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Sua konsonanturi kompleqsebis garkveul jgufebs<br />
ganixilaven, saWirod miviCnieT kvleva Cagvetarebina rogorc binarul,<br />
aseve polikonsonantur kompleqsebze poziciis<strong>da</strong> ganurCevlad <strong>da</strong><br />
gamogvekvlia ara marto Tavkiduri, bolokiduri <strong>da</strong> sityvaSi Sua<br />
poziciis mqone kombinaciebi, aramed iseTi jgufebic, romlebic<br />
garkveuli cvlilebebis xarjze derivatis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze, <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kvlevis mizani: ganxorcielebuli kvlevis mizania, rom <strong>da</strong>dgindes:<br />
a) <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong>aTvis misaRebi <strong>da</strong> miuRebeli binaruli <strong>da</strong><br />
polikonsonanturi kompleqsebi; b) yvelaze mdgradi <strong>da</strong> cvalebadi<br />
rogorc binaruli, aseve polikonsonanturi kompleqsebis<br />
1 Antonio Quilis Morales: "Fonética histórica y fonología diacrónica", Madrid, 2005<br />
2 Ramón Menéndez Pi<strong>da</strong>l: "Manual de gramática histórica española", Madrid, 1977<br />
3 ciuri gvencaZe-axvlediani: "<strong>stabiluroba</strong> <strong>da</strong> varireba romanul TanxmovanTjgufebSi",<br />
Tbilisi, 2009<br />
4
CamonaTvali <strong>da</strong> aixsnas maTi <strong>stabiluroba</strong>-variaciulobis gamomwvevi<br />
mizezebi; g) derivatis doneze warmoqmnili TanxmovanTjgufebis<br />
CamonaTvali <strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros, romel fonetikur <strong>da</strong> morfologiur<br />
movlenebs ukavSirdeba etimonSi ararsebuli kombinaciebis <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />
doneze miReba; aseve, <strong>da</strong>dgindes xdebo<strong>da</strong> Tu ara konsonantur<br />
kompleqsebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli cvlilebebi an saerTo<strong>da</strong>c, maTi warmoqmna<br />
im <strong>enis</strong> doneze, romlis gavliTac mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong> esa Tu is sityva<br />
kastiliur enaSi; d) ra sixSiriT gvxvdeba erTi <strong>da</strong> igive konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva poziciaSi <strong>da</strong> aqvs Tu ara kavSiri kompleqsis<br />
pozicias sityvaSi mis <strong>stabiluroba</strong>-varirebasTan.<br />
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle: kombinaciebis Semadgeneli<br />
konsonantebis <strong>da</strong> sityvaSi maTi poziciuri mravalferovnebis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
sadisertacio naSromis mecnieruli siaxles warmoadgens varirebis erTerTi<br />
axali saxeoba, romelic akustikuri ekvivalentobis saxels atarebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelic, rogorc Catarebulma kvlevam gvaCvena, sakmaod<br />
gavrcelebuli movlenaa <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonotaqtikaSi.<br />
kvlevis meTodologia: mocemuli naSromi warmoadgens<br />
istoriul-Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> statistikur meTodebze orientirebul<br />
diaqroniul kvlevas, romelic CavatareT etimologiuri 1 <strong>da</strong><br />
laTinur-<strong>espanuri</strong> leqsikonebis 2 monacemebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. Kaseve<br />
gamoviyeneT, espaneTis samefo akademiis – RAE-s onlain leqsikoni, 3<br />
romelic imis gar<strong>da</strong>, rom aris <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,<br />
gvawvdis mniSvnelovan etimologiur cnobebs. kvlevis Catarebamde ki<br />
gavecaniT aRniSnuli Temis garSemo ganxorcielebul kvlevaTa Sedegebs.<br />
naSromSi gamoyenebuli gvaqvs rogorc pirveladi, aseve meoradi<br />
wyaroebi.<br />
naSromis Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli Rirebuleba: winamdebare<br />
naSromis Teoriuli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kvlevis<br />
Sedegad gamovavlineT kastiliuri (<strong>espanuri</strong>) <strong>enis</strong>aTvis misaRebi <strong>da</strong><br />
miuRebeli konsonanturi kompleqsebi, aseve yvelaze stabiluri <strong>da</strong><br />
1 Joan Coromines: "Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española", Gredos, Madrid, 2008<br />
2 Santiago Segura Munguía:" Nuevo diccionario etimológico Latín-Español y de las voces deriva<strong>da</strong>s", Bilbao, 2010<br />
3 http://rae.es/rae.html<br />
5
varirebadi TanxmovanTjgufebi <strong>da</strong> ganvsazRvreT romel fonetikur<br />
movlenas ukavSirdeba ama Tu im kombinaciis cvalebadoba. praqtikuli<br />
Rirebuleba ki ganisazRvreba imiT, rom: a) Cveni kvleva xels Seuwyobs<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> istoriuli fonetikisa <strong>da</strong> diaqroniuli fonotaqtikis<br />
ufro Rrma Seswavlas Cvens qveyanaSi; b) Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> Teoriuli kursebis swavlebis<br />
procesSi.<br />
naSromis moculoba <strong>da</strong> struqtura: sadisertacio naSromis<br />
moculoba ganisazRvra 150 nabeWdi gverdiT <strong>da</strong> warmodgenilia SesavliT,<br />
xuTi TaviT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvniTi nawilisagan. naSroms Tan erTvis bibliografia,<br />
romelic 101 erTeuls moicavs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narTi, romelic Catarebuli kvlevis<br />
Sedegebs cxrilis saxiT warmogvidgens.<br />
SesavalSi gansazRvrulia kvlevis ZiriTadi miznebi <strong>da</strong> naSromis<br />
Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli Rirebuleba. Aaseve, aRniSnulia Temis<br />
aqtualuroba <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli siaxle.<br />
I TavSi aRvniSneT Tu romeli lingvistebi ikvlevdnen <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />
fonotaqtikur sistemas <strong>da</strong> romel kombinaciebze amaxvilebdnen isini<br />
yuradRebas.<br />
II TavSi mokled mimovixileT <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> evoluciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
etapebi <strong>da</strong> vnaxeT, Tu romelma enebma moaxdina espanur enaze gavlena<br />
rogorc fonetikuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, aseve leqsikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT. Aimavdroulad, SevexeT istoriul faqtebsac, radgan<br />
CavTvaleT, rom es ufro TvalsaCinos gaxdi<strong>da</strong> ama Tu im gareSe <strong>enis</strong><br />
pireneis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebis gamomwvev mizezebs.<br />
III TavSi <strong>da</strong>vaxasiaTeT laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> konsonanturi sistema <strong>da</strong><br />
vnaxeT, Tu romeli konsonanturi kompleqsebi iyo misaRebi am uZvelesi<br />
<strong>enis</strong>aTvis misi istoriis adreul periodSi. aseve vnaxeT, Tu romeli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara varirebas arqauli laTinuris doneze<br />
<strong>da</strong> romeli kompleqsebi gamoirCio<strong>da</strong> stabilurobis maRali xarisxiT.<br />
IV Tavi mTlianad konsonanturi kompleqsebis diaqroniul kvlevas<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuTmeT. Uuaxlesi etimologiuri leqsikonebis monacemebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, ganvixileT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TanxmovanTjgufebi rogorc Tavkidur<br />
6
<strong>da</strong> bolokidur, aseve sityvis Sua poziciaSi. yuradReba gavamaxvileT<br />
iseT kombinaciebzec, romlebic ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> etimonis, magram miviReT<br />
derivati <strong>enis</strong> - <strong>espanuri</strong>s doneze.<br />
V TavSi movaxdineT meoTxe TavSi ganxiluli konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebis klasifikacia. TanxmovanTkombinaciebi, <strong>stabiluroba</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
varirebis mixedviT, oTx jgufad ga<strong>da</strong>vanawileT. varirebadi kombinaciebi<br />
ki <strong>da</strong>vyaviT qvejgufebad, rasac safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo maTi klasifikacia<br />
fonetikuri cvlilebebis mixedviT.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebis diaqroniuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
Sedegebi CamovayalibeT naSromis bolos <strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT.<br />
7
I Tavi<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonotaqtikis<br />
Seswavlis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonotaqtikuri sistemis kvleva araerTi<br />
enamecnierisaTvis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> aqtualur Temas. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia<br />
cnobili espaneli lingvistebis – ramon menendes pi<strong>da</strong>lis, antonio kilis<br />
moralesis <strong>da</strong> garsia de diegos naSromebi.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebis kvlevas, CamoTvlili enaTmecnierebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
yvelaze didi yuradReba <strong>da</strong>uTmo ramon menendes pi<strong>da</strong>lma, romelmac<br />
aRwera rogorc Tavkiduri poziciis matarebeli kompleqsebi, aseve<br />
sityvis SuaSi mdebare kombinaciebi. menendes pi<strong>da</strong>lis "<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />
istoriuli gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloSi" 1 aRweril Tavkidur binarul<br />
konsonantur kompleqsebSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d vxvdebiT okluzivs + r<br />
Tanamimdevrobebs. rac Seexeba orelementian Sua konsonantur<br />
kompleqsebs, menendes pi<strong>da</strong>lma yuradReba gaamaxvila Semdeg<br />
kombinaciebze: r + konsonanti, l + konsonanti, m an n + konsonanti. man<br />
aRwera ormagi Tanxmovanebis evoluciac sityvis SuaSi <strong>da</strong> gamoyo<br />
bilabialurebis (-pp-, -bb-), dentalurebis (-tt-, -dd-) <strong>da</strong> velarulebis (-kk-)<br />
geminatebi.<br />
menendes pi<strong>da</strong>lma ganixila samelementiani Sua konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebic. yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebul polikonsonantur<br />
kombinaciebad man miiCnia: konsonanti + fl, konsonanti + kl <strong>da</strong> konsonanti +<br />
pl Tanamimdevrobebi.<br />
TanxmovanTa istoriul fonetikas ikvlev<strong>da</strong> antonio kilis<br />
moralesi "istoriul fonetikasa <strong>da</strong> diaqroniul fonologiaSi" 2 .<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva poziciaSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong> calke mdgomi Tanxmovnebis aRweris<br />
Semdeg, igi Seexo konsonantur kompleqsebsac <strong>da</strong> maTi klasifikacia<br />
moaxdina Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: fl-, kl-, pl- (Tavkiduri poziciiT),<br />
konsonanti + r, konsonanti + l, r + konsonanti, l + konsonanti (sityvis<br />
SuaSi).<br />
1 Ramón Menéndez Pi<strong>da</strong>l: "Manual de gramática histórica española", Madrid, 1977.<br />
2 Antonio Quilis Morales: "Fonética histórica y fonología diacrónica", Madrid, 2005<br />
8
Sua konsonantur kompleqsebs ikvlev<strong>da</strong> visente garsia de diegoc<br />
<strong>da</strong> isic analogiur kombinaciebs aRwer<strong>da</strong>. E"<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> istoriul<br />
gramatikaSi" 1 igi Semdeg ZiriTad tipebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas:<br />
konsonanti + r, konsonanti + l.<br />
Aaraespaneli lingvistebi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonotaqtikuri sistemiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesdnen pol loidi <strong>da</strong> ralf peni. Ppol loidma naSromSi<br />
"laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n espanuramde" 2 aRwera frikativebis <strong>da</strong> okluzivebis<br />
Semcveli kombinaciebi <strong>da</strong> warmogvidgina maT mier ganvlili evoluciis<br />
gza. Tavkidur poziciaSi ki <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong> s + p, t, k kombinaciebiT.<br />
rac Seexeba ralf pens <strong>da</strong> mis naSroms saxelad "<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />
istoria" 3 , man yuradReba gaamaxvila im fonetikur cvlilebebze, rac<br />
espanur enas misi evoluciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aRwera<br />
derivati anu <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze warmoqmnili binaruli Sua<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi, romelTac ‛secon<strong>da</strong>ry consonant groups’ (espanur<br />
TargmanSi - ‛grupos consonánticos secun<strong>da</strong>rios’) uwo<strong>da</strong>. ralf p<strong>enis</strong> mier<br />
Seswavlili yvela binaruli TanxmovanTjgufi warmoqmnilia e <strong>da</strong> i<br />
xmovnebis sinkopis Sedegad.<br />
qarTveli enaTmecnierebi<strong>da</strong>n, romanuli enebis fonotaqtikas<br />
ikvlev<strong>da</strong> ciuri axvlediani. Mmisi fun<strong>da</strong>menturi kvleva "<strong>stabiluroba</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> varireba romanul TanxmovanTjgufebSi" 4 moicavs umdidres faqtobriv<br />
masalas <strong>da</strong> gvawvdis mniSvnelovan cnobebs <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> etimologiis<br />
Sesaxeb. ciuri axvledianis mier Catarebuli romanuli enebis<br />
fonotaqtikuri sistemis diaqroniuli kvleva warmogvidgens sityvis Sua<br />
poziciaSi myof rogorc binarul, aseve polikonsonantur<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebs. naSromSi warmodgenilia Sua konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebis klasifikacia laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> donezec.<br />
1 Vicente García de Diego: "Gramática histórica española, Madrid, 1970<br />
2 Paul Lloyd: "From Latin to Spanish", vol. I "Historical Phonology and Morphology of the Spanish Language ",<br />
1987.<br />
3 Palph Penny-is "A history of the Spanih language" (1991,2002 Cambridge University Press) inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
espanurad Targmnilia xose ignasio peres paskualis <strong>da</strong> maria euxenia peres paskualis<br />
mier. naSromis <strong>espanuri</strong> versia atarebs Semdeg saxels: "Gramática histórica del Español" <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesrulebulia 2006 wels.<br />
4 ciuri gvencaZe-axvlediani: "<strong>stabiluroba</strong> <strong>da</strong> varireba romanul TanxmovanTjgufebSi",<br />
Tbilisi, 2009<br />
9
enaTmecnierebi ikvlevdnen <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fuZe-<strong>enis</strong>, anu laTinuris<br />
konsonantur fonotaqtikasac. swored maT Soris aris xose Mmolina<br />
ievenesi, romelmac "laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> fonotikis, fonologiis <strong>da</strong><br />
morfologiis SesavalSi" 1 aRwera Tavad laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli fonetikuri cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> moaxdina laTinuri <strong>enis</strong>aTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli konsonanturi kompleqsebis klasifikacia rogorc<br />
Tavkidur <strong>da</strong> bolokidur poziciaSi, aseve sityvis SuaSi.<br />
1 José Molina Yévenes:" Iniciación a la fonética, fonología y morfología latinas", Barcelona, 1993<br />
10
II Tavi<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> ganviTarebis etapebi.<br />
kastiliuri <strong>enis</strong> evoluciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enobrivi wyaroebi<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> ena erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli enaa dRevandel<br />
msoflioSi. Eigi oficialuri enaa espaneTis, laTinuri amerikis qveynebis<br />
(argentina, bolivia, venesuela, gvatemala, hondurasi, dominikis<br />
respublika, kolumbia, kosta-rika, kuba, meqsika, nikaragua, panama,<br />
paragvai, peru, puerto-riko, el salvadori, urugvai, Cile, ekvadori),<br />
ekvatoruli gvineis <strong>da</strong> andoris (frangulTan <strong>da</strong> katalanurTan erTad).<br />
espanur enaze laparakoben filipinebis, saberZneTis <strong>da</strong> afrikis<br />
teritoriebis ebraelebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul zog regionSic.<br />
espanurs xSirad kastiliuri <strong>enis</strong> saxeliT moixsenieben, rac<br />
ukavSirdeba istoriul faqtorebs. Ppireneis naxevarkunZulis centralur<br />
nawilSi mdebare kastiliis samefos politikurma siZlierem (mogvianebiT<br />
ki, espaneTis samefoebis mis garSemo gaerTianebam) ganapiroba, rom<br />
kastiliaSi gavrcelebulma enam upiratesoba moipova mezobel enebze <strong>da</strong><br />
miiRo <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> saxeli.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> igive kastiliuri ena, iseve rogorc <strong>da</strong>narCeni romanuli<br />
enebi, xalxuri laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. Ppireneis naxevarkunZulze<br />
gabatonebulma laTinurma, romelic romis imperiis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
regionebi<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli vaWrebis, Cinovnikebisa <strong>da</strong> legionerebis mier<br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> espaneTSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi ganica<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva (maT<br />
Soris preromanuli <strong>da</strong> arabuli) enebis gavlena <strong>da</strong> imdenad <strong>da</strong>Sor<strong>da</strong><br />
laTinurs, rom axal enas Cauyara safuZveli.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, mravalferovania <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> wyaroebis<br />
CamonaTvali. imis gar<strong>da</strong>, rom aRniSnul TavSi mimovixilavT Tu ra<br />
gavlena moaxdina sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enebma <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonetikur,<br />
morfologiur, sintaqsur <strong>da</strong> leqsikur struqturaze, yuradRebas<br />
gavamaxvilebT istoriul movlenebzec, radganc vTvliT, rom am gziT<br />
ufro naTeli gaxdeba, Tu romeli istoriuli faqtorebiT iyo<br />
11
ganpirobebuli am enebis gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> Semdeg, maTi gavlena pireneis<br />
naxevarkunZulze gabatonebul laTinurze.<br />
espaneTSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxebis <strong>da</strong> maTi enebis<br />
lingvistur gavlenas espanur enaze ganvsazRvravT qronologiurad.<br />
pireneis naxevarkunZuli uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
tomebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul teritorias. jer kidev, Zv. welTaRr. I<br />
aTaswleulamde, saxlob<strong>da</strong> naxevarkunZulze tartesTa tomi, romelTa<br />
warmomavlobac DdRemde ar aris <strong>da</strong>zustebuli. Tumca, XX saukunis<br />
cnobilma germanelma filologma <strong>da</strong> istorikosma Aadolf Sultenma<br />
maTi warmoSobis saintereso Teorias Cauyara safuZveli. Sult<strong>enis</strong><br />
mixedviT, tartesebi arian kunZul kreta<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli tomebis<br />
STamomavlebi, romlebic dRevandeli an<strong>da</strong>lusiis teritoriaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxldnen <strong>da</strong> Seqmnes evropis erT-erTi pirveli civilizacia, romelic<br />
iyo im epoqis mowinave kulturis matarebeli. 1<br />
pirveli istoriuli wyaro tartesebis Sesaxeb ekuTvnis herodotes.<br />
igi cnobebs gvawvdis tartesTa ukanasknel mefe argantoniosa <strong>da</strong><br />
tartesTa qveyanaSi sanaosno miznebiT misul fokeelebze, 2 romelTac<br />
argantoniom garkveuli Tanxa ga<strong>da</strong>uxa<strong>da</strong> misi qalaqis garSemo<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi nagebobis asaSeneblad, rac tartesTa mefes mcire azieli<br />
sparselebisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>sacavad sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. Hherodote aseve wers, rom<br />
argantonio icocxla 120 weli <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n 80 weli imefa (630-550). 3<br />
herodotes ar eTanxmeba romaeli istorikosi <strong>da</strong> filosofosi<br />
plinius ufrosi, romelic Tvlis, rom argantoniom imefa 150 weli.<br />
arsebobs kidev erTi versia, romlis mixedviTac argantonio qveyanas<br />
samasi weli marTav<strong>da</strong>, rac aSkarad gazviadebulia erTi mefis mefobis<br />
xanasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. Tumca, SesaZloa, argantonio sulac ar yofiliyo<br />
1 Adolf Schulten: "Tartessos", Renacimiento, Sevilla, 2006. aRniSnuli gamocema warmoadgens 1924<br />
wels, espaneTSi gamoqveynebuli naSromis asls (Targmani espanur enaze Sesrulebulia<br />
manuel garsia morentis mier).<br />
2<br />
fokeelebi iyvenen pirveli berZnebi, romelTa saxelsac ukavSirdeba pirveli<br />
xangrZlivi zRvaosnoba <strong>da</strong> adriatikis zRvis aRmoCena.<br />
3 cnobebi herodotesa <strong>da</strong> argantonios Sesaxeb aviReT Álvaro Riaño Sanchez de la Poza-s<br />
naSromi<strong>da</strong>n saxelwodebiT: "Heródote y Argantonio – Un testimonio sobre la forma de poder de Tartessos",<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c avtors naTargmni <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuli aqvs ramdenime citireba "Herodoti Historiae"-is I<br />
tomi<strong>da</strong>n, oqsfordi, 1927w.<br />
12
erTi konkretuli mefis saxeli <strong>da</strong> rom am wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> igive saxelis matarebel ramdenime mefes emefa. SesaZloa, argantonio<br />
yofiliyo samefo dinastiis <strong>da</strong>saxelebac.<br />
tartesebis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT bibliaSic. masSi aRwerilia, Tu<br />
rogor amyarebdnen savaWro urTierTobebs israelis mefe solomoni <strong>da</strong><br />
erT-erTi uZvelesi finikiuri savaWro qalaqis - tvirosis mefe hiram I<br />
tarsis (i give tartesebis) saxeliT cnobil xalxTan, romelTa samefoc<br />
simdidriT gamorCeuli iyo [Corral, 2008:67].<br />
tartesebis saxeli figurirebs miTologiaSic. swored tartesebis<br />
miTologiur mefes warmoadgens gerioni, romlis xarebis moparvac<br />
heraklesaTvis micemuli Tormeti<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>valeba iyo [Corral,<br />
2008:67].<br />
tartesebis ZiriTad saqmianobas mesaqonleoba <strong>da</strong> miwis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. Aaseve, isini iyvnen brinjaos <strong>da</strong> vercxlis pirveli<br />
mompoveblebi xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebSi. tartesebs mWidro<br />
savaWro urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong>T naxevarkunZulze savaWro miznebiT misul<br />
berZnebTan <strong>da</strong> finikielebTan. Ooqro-vercxlis sanacvlod, tartesebi<br />
maTgan Rebulobdnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samkaulebs, iaraRs, keramikul<br />
nakeTobebs <strong>da</strong> qsovilebs. Aamis paralelurad, xdebo<strong>da</strong> religiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli aspeqtebis gacvla-gamocvlac. swored maT saxels<br />
ukavSirdeba naxevarkunZulze pirveli anbanis <strong>da</strong> pirveli monetis Setana.<br />
pireneis naxevarkunZulze misuli berZnebi <strong>da</strong> finikielebi male aRar<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofildnen mxolod savaWro eqspediciebiT <strong>da</strong> wiaRiseulis Tavad<br />
mopovebis mizniT, <strong>da</strong>iwyes koloniebis <strong>da</strong>arseba, romelTaganac yvelaze<br />
cnobilia: gadiri (kadisi), malaka (malaga) <strong>da</strong> emporioni (ampuriasi).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom tartesebis Sesaxeb jer kidev bevri ram aris<br />
bundovani, xose luis korali <strong>da</strong>zustebiT ambobs, rom X-VI ss-Si<br />
pireneis naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilSi marTlac arsebob<strong>da</strong> samefo,<br />
romlis Zalauflebac vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> uelva<strong>da</strong>n karTagenamde, romlis<br />
macxovreblebic moipovebdnen didi raodenobiT oqro-vercxls <strong>da</strong><br />
romlebsac berZnebTan <strong>da</strong> finikielebTan savaWro urTierTobebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T. 1<br />
1 José Luis Corral: "Una historia de España", Edhasa, Barcelona, 2008<br />
13
Zv. w-is VI saukuneSi iwyeba tartesTa samefos deka<strong>da</strong>nsi, rac<br />
karTagenelebis saxels ukavSirdeba, romlebic swored am periodSi<br />
iwyebdnen didi savaWro imperiis Senebas xmelTaSua zRvis <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
napirebTan.<br />
tartesebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari ena. maTi <strong>enis</strong> Sesaxeb arcTu ise bevri<br />
ram aris cnobili. Tumca, viciT, rom tartesebi semisilabur<br />
<strong>da</strong>mwerlobas iyenebdnen (anu calkeuli niSnebiT gamoxatavdnen ara<br />
mxolod bgerebs, aramed marcvlebsac), romelsac safuZvlad finikiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> berZnuli <strong>da</strong>mwerloba edo. tartesTa <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis aRniSnuli Tviseba<br />
kargad Cans mariano tores ortesis mier gamoyenebul, oRond iurgen<br />
untermanis mier Sedgenil cxrilSi. 1 Aamave cxrili<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom<br />
tartesebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T 5 xmovani: a, e, i, o, u, rac berZnulis gavlenas<br />
tartesTa anbanze kidev ufro aSkaras xdis, radgan, rogorc viciT,<br />
finikielebs ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T xmovnebi.<br />
eqstremadurasa <strong>da</strong> an<strong>da</strong>lusiaSi aRmoCenil (Zv. w. VIIs-iT<br />
<strong>da</strong>TariRebul) saflavis qvebsa <strong>da</strong> keramikul nakeTobebze Sesrulebul<br />
warwerebs 2 kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli aqvT <strong>da</strong> es aris xmovanTa<br />
reduplikacia (mag: keenii). Tumca, jer ar aris <strong>da</strong>dgenili ormag xmovnebs<br />
maTi sworad warmoTqmi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare werdnen, Tu am faqts sxva axsna<br />
aqvs.<br />
tartesebis gar<strong>da</strong>, pireneis naxevarkunZulze cxovrobdnen sxva<br />
xalxebic, romelTac berZnebi iberebs uwodebdnen. xose luis koralis<br />
mixedviT, isini Zv.w-is VII saukuneSi ukve cxovrobdnen pireneis<br />
naxevarkunZulze <strong>da</strong> ikavebdnen mis centralur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT nawils.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom iberebi ar wamoadgendnen erT eTnoss <strong>da</strong> rom berZnebi<br />
am saxeliT moixseniebdnen pireneis naxevarkunZulis centralur <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavleT nawilSi mcxovreb tomebs. Aai, ase gamoiyureba berZeni<br />
geografis ptolemaiosi mier Sedgenili, pireneis naxevarkunulze<br />
1<br />
Mariano Torres Ortiz: "Tartessos", Madrid, 2002, gv. 327<br />
2<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom tartesebi mier (marjvni<strong>da</strong>n marcxniv) Serulebul warwerebSi<br />
sityvebi ga<strong>da</strong>bmulad, erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>uSoreblad aris Cawerili.<br />
14
<strong>da</strong>saxlebul, iberTa saxeliT cnobil tomTa sia (iqve a miTiTebuli maT<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>kavebuli qalaqebic): 1<br />
<br />
<br />
ilergetebi – leri<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ueskaSi;<br />
ausetanebi – xeronaSi;<br />
laietanebi – barselonaSi;<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
edetanebi –saguntoSi (mdebareobs valensiis regionSi);<br />
kontestanebi – alikantesa <strong>da</strong> mursiaSi;<br />
bastetanebi – albasetesa <strong>da</strong> grana<strong>da</strong>Si;<br />
turdulebi – kordobasa <strong>da</strong> kadisSi;<br />
turdetanebi – seviliasa <strong>da</strong> karmonaSi. 2<br />
<br />
karpetanebi – naxevarkunZulis centralur nawilSi (alkalasa <strong>da</strong><br />
toledoSi).<br />
am CamonaTvals xose luis korali umatebs kidev erT toms -<br />
sedetanebs, romlebic saxlobdnen saldubas saxeliT cnobil qalaqSi<br />
(dRevandeli saragosa).<br />
geografiuli mdebareobis ganurCevlad, iberebi <strong>da</strong>kavebulni iyvnen<br />
mesaqonleobiT <strong>da</strong> soflis meurneobiT. Tumca, bunebrivia, rom zemoT<br />
CamoTlili xalxebi<strong>da</strong>n xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebTan <strong>da</strong>saxlebulebs<br />
ganviTarebis ufro maRali done eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T. Ggar<strong>da</strong> amisa, CrdiloeT<br />
espaneTis tomebi cxovrebis arqaul stils inarCunebdnen.<br />
iberebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari enac <strong>da</strong> igi gavrcelebuli iyo<br />
naxevarkunZulis TiTqmis mTel xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze. swored<br />
iberebis enazea Sesrulebuli qalaq ampuriaSi aRmoCenili ramdenime<br />
savaWro dokumenti, rac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs am <strong>enis</strong> savaWro mniSvnelobas.<br />
alikanteSi, teruelsa <strong>da</strong> barselonaSi aRmoCenili warwerebi<br />
Sesrulebulia rogorc saflavis qvebze, aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis<br />
nakeTobebze. iberebis enaze Sesrulebuli warwerebi TariRdeba qr. S-mde<br />
V-IV saukuneebiT.<br />
1 siis sruli versia ix. José Luis Corral: "Una historia de España", Barcelona, 2008, gv. 76-77.<br />
2 swored turdetanebs moixsenieben xSirad tartesebis STamomavlebad.<br />
15
tartesebis msgavsad, iberebic semisilabur <strong>da</strong>mwerlobas iyenebdnen,<br />
romelsac safuZvlad berZnuli <strong>da</strong> finikiuri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobebi edo. iberTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mwerlobis semisilaburoba aseve kargad Cans iurgen untermanis mier<br />
Sedgenil, Cvens mier zemoT xsenebul cxrilSi. swored amave cxrili<strong>da</strong>n<br />
vigebT, rom iberebic xuT stan<strong>da</strong>rtul xmovans iyenebdnen.<br />
iberizacia ar Seexo naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawils, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
baskuri kultura gavrcel<strong>da</strong>. saidumloebiT aris moculi baskebis<br />
warmoSoba. <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT arc maTi <strong>enis</strong> warmomavloba aris cnobili.<br />
Tumca, gvaqvs ramdenime versia. maT Soris sakmaod gavrcelebulia<br />
hipoTeza baskebis iberiuli <strong>da</strong> kavkasiuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.<br />
pirveli mniSvnelovani kvleva am uZvelesi <strong>enis</strong> Sesaxeb ekuTvnis<br />
cnobil germanel enaTmecnier vilhelm humboldts. swored mis saxelTan<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, rom baskuri ena aRar moixsenieba indoevropul<br />
enaTa ojaxSi. 1<br />
indoevropul enebs arc kavkasiuri enebi enaTesaveba, rac badebs eWvs,<br />
rom maT saerTo Ziri un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT. Aastrainis mixedviT, baskursa <strong>da</strong><br />
kavkasiur enebs Soris msgavseba upirvelesad am enebis struqturaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
veZioT. amis naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturia aTvlis ocobiTi sistema, rogorc<br />
qarTulSi. aseve, sityvaTa wyoba <strong>da</strong> Semasmenlis pirSi Tanxvedra ara<br />
marto qvemdebaresTan, aseve <strong>da</strong>matebasTanac. iqve aRniSnulia, rom maT<br />
Soris leqsikuri msgavseba umniSvneloa [Astrain, 2003:148]. Tumca, mainc<br />
moiZebneba samasamde leqsikuri paraleli: gora, burusi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
struqturuli msgavsebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, baskuri <strong>da</strong> kavkasiuri enebis<br />
naTesaoba isev <strong>da</strong> isev varaudis donezea. maT, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
sruliad gansxvavebul garemoSi mouwiaT ganviTareba, ramac urTules<br />
Temad aqcia baskuri <strong>da</strong> kavkasiuri enebis SesaZlo naTesaobis kvleva.<br />
hipoTezas warmoadgens baskebisa <strong>da</strong> pireneis iberebis naTesaobac.<br />
mecnierebi dRemde ver amtkiceben baskurisa <strong>da</strong> iberiulis saerTo<br />
warmomavlobas, an erTis momdinareobas meorisagan <strong>da</strong> varaudoben, rom<br />
maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi, leqsikuri iqneba Tu gramatikuli, un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos gamowveuli am ori xalxis erT drosa <strong>da</strong> erT sivrceSi arsebobiT.<br />
1 http://burusi.wordpress.com/2009/06/05/euskara/<br />
16
aRsaniSnavia, rom iberiulsa <strong>da</strong> baskurs aqvT fonetikuri msgavsebac, rac<br />
mdgomareobs yru frikativis (f) simcireSi.<br />
sainteresoa ra versiebi arsebobs baskebisa <strong>da</strong> iberebis enebisN<br />
Sesaxeb. xuTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli versiaa:<br />
baskuri momdinareobs iberiulisagan;<br />
baskursa <strong>da</strong> iberiuls aqvT axlo naTesauri kavSiri, anu iseTi<br />
rogoric aqvT mag: espanursa <strong>da</strong> italiurs;<br />
baskursa <strong>da</strong> iberiuls aqvT Soreuli naTesauri kavSiri, anu iseTi<br />
rogoric aqvT mag: espanurs <strong>da</strong> ruminuls;<br />
baskuri <strong>da</strong> iberiuli aris ori sruliad gansxvavebuli ena,<br />
romelTa xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong> lingvisturi<br />
<strong>da</strong> leqsikuri maxasiaTeblebis gacvla-gamocvla;<br />
baskurs <strong>da</strong> iberiuls ar aqvT aranairi kavSiri.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mraval mecniers gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs<br />
baskebis warmoSobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, umravlesoba emxroba<br />
CamoTvlilTagan meore, mesame an meoTxe versias.<br />
baskebis Ziri SesaZloa akvitaniur enaSic un<strong>da</strong> veZioT, radgan Zvel<br />
baskurs xSirad akvitaniuris saxeliT moixsenieben. swored akvitaniurs<br />
uwodebs luis nunios astraini baskuri <strong>enis</strong> mier ganvlili etapebis<br />
arqaul periods. 1 Aam eWvs aRrmavebs is faqtic, rom baskurad<br />
Sesrulebuli pirveli warwera (epitafia ), romlebic TariRdeba II<br />
saukuniT, akvitaniaSia aRmoCenili. Aaqve un<strong>da</strong> gavixsenoT strabonis<br />
cnobili frazac: “akvitanielebi <strong>da</strong>narCeni galebisagan gansxvavdebian ara<br />
marto aRnagobiT, aramed lingvisturi TvalsazrisiTac. Aisini iberebs<br />
ufro hgvanan, vidre galebs” [Astrain, 2003:56]. savaraudod, straboni<br />
iberebSi gulisxmobs zoga<strong>da</strong>d pireneis naxevarkunZulis xalxebs (maT<br />
Soris baskebsac) <strong>da</strong> ara konkretulad iberebs.<br />
jer kidev uamravi SekiTxva arsebobs baskebisa <strong>da</strong> baskuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
Sesaxeb. Aam etapze <strong>da</strong>zustebiT mxolod imas amboben, rom baskuri<br />
erTaderTi preromanuli enaa, romelic laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> Zalmomreobas<br />
1 baskuri <strong>enis</strong> periodizacia ix. Luis Núñez Astrain: "El euskera arcaico – extensión y parentescos" , 2003,<br />
gv. 18-35.<br />
17
ga<strong>da</strong>urCa <strong>da</strong> Cvenamde moaRwia. Mmagram ra Zala hqon<strong>da</strong> aseTi am enas, rom<br />
ar gauCinarebula sxva preromanul enebTan erTad Aam movlenas<br />
enaTmenierebi xsnian im faqtoriT, rom pireneis naxevarkunZulze misuli<br />
ucxo tomebis gavlena yovelTvis mcire iyo naxevarkunZulis<br />
CrdiloeTiT. espaneTis CrdiloeTs arc romanizacia Sexebia iseTi ZaliT,<br />
rogorc es samxreTSi mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Zv. welTaRr. VI saukuneSi pireneis naxevarkunZulze iwyeba<br />
indoevropuli migracia. Aai, ase gamoiyureba ptolemaiosis mier<br />
Sedgenili, espaneTSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli keltebis sia: 1<br />
betonebi - salamankaSi;<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
artabrosebi – la koruniaSi;<br />
beronebi – la rioxaSi;<br />
turmogesebi – burgosSi;<br />
pelendonesebi – burgossa <strong>da</strong> soriaSi;<br />
luzitanebi – portugaliaSi.<br />
keltebis migraciam gamoiwvia gauTavebeli brZolebi iberebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
keltebs Soris, rac sabolood maTi gaerTianebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
axali termini – kelt-iberebi. maT naxevarkunZulis centraluri <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT nawili <strong>da</strong>ikaves.<br />
Crdilo <strong>da</strong> centralur evropaSi mcxovrebi tomebis - keltebis<br />
naxevarkunZulze migraciam Sedegad mogvca dRevandeli espaneTis<br />
teritoriaze kelturi <strong>enis</strong> ganmtkiceba, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
iberiuls Seerwya <strong>da</strong> gaCn<strong>da</strong> termini kelt-iberiuli ena. Kkeltiberiulze<br />
Sesrulebuli warwerebi miekuTvneba Zv.w-s II-I saukuneebs, rac<br />
niSnavs imas, rom maT wera <strong>da</strong>iwyes romaelebis pireneis naxevarkunZulze<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis periodSi. Tumca, kelt-iberebs ar gamouyenebiaT laTinuri<br />
anbani. maT mier Sesrulebuli warwerebi naxevarkunZulze romaelebis<br />
misvlamde gavrcelebul anbans miekuTvneba.<br />
romaelTa gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> meore punikuri omi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
romaelebi <strong>da</strong> karTagenelebi erTmaneTs xmelTaSua zRvaze<br />
gabatonebisaTvis ecilebodnen. maT <strong>da</strong>ikaves pireneis naxevarkunZuli <strong>da</strong><br />
1<br />
siis sruli versia ix. José Luis Corral: "Una historia de España", 2008, gv. 85-86.<br />
18
espaneTi romis erT-erT provinciad aqcies. naxevarkunZulis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas<br />
romaelebis mier, maleve mohyva laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> gavrceleba espaneTSi, rac<br />
iyo romis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis ara marto teritoriuli, aramed<br />
kulturuli unifikaciis gamoxatulebac. espaneTSi gavrcelebulma<br />
laTinurma enam imdenad Zlierad moiki<strong>da</strong> fexi, rom TiTqmis srulad<br />
gaaqro naxevarkunZulis preromanuli enebi (baskuris gar<strong>da</strong>). Tumc a, maT<br />
gauCinarebas win uZRvo<strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi bilingvuri periodi, rac<br />
TvalnaTliv aisaxa <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> ara marto fonetikaze, morfologiasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sintaqsze, aramed <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> leqsikazec. amrigad, laTinuri gax<strong>da</strong><br />
naxevarkunZulis mTavari ena;Eena, romelmac evoluciis Semdgom etapebze<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong> vestgoTuri <strong>da</strong> arabuli enebis gavlena <strong>da</strong> safuZveli <strong>da</strong>udo<br />
dRevandel espanur (igive kastiliur) enas.<br />
iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom laTinuri ena <strong>espanuri</strong>saTvis fuZe enas<br />
warmoadgens, marTebulad miviCnieT calke Tavi <strong>da</strong>gveTmo am uZvelesi<br />
<strong>enis</strong> konsonanturi struqturis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisaTvis. laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
TanxmovanTsistemis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas naSromis mesame TavSi warmogidgenT,<br />
manamde ki ganvsazRvravT, Tu ramdenad didi iyo preromanuli,<br />
vestgoTuri, arabuli <strong>da</strong> franguli (aseve berZnuli) lin gvisturi<br />
gavlena espanur enaze. bunebrivia, ver SevCerdebiT <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />
istoriaSi momx<strong>da</strong>r yvela fonetikur <strong>da</strong> gramatikul cvlilebaze; amitom<br />
yuradRebas gavamaxvileb mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebebze.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonetikaSi, preromanul enebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia oTxi<br />
ZiriTadi movlena:<br />
<br />
<br />
fonologizacia;<br />
defonologizacia;<br />
yru Tanxmovnebis gamJRereba;<br />
<br />
TanxmovanTa ramdenime jgufis palatalizacia.<br />
fonologizacia aris lingvisturi procesi, roca erTi fonemisagan<br />
or variants vRebulobT. swored am movlenas vxvdebiT laTinur<br />
Tavkidur f-sTan, misi kastiliurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis procesSi.<br />
sityvis TavSi igi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, h-Si ga<strong>da</strong>dis, mag: laT. ficu - esp. higo,<br />
laT. filiu - esp. hijo, laT. facere - esp. hacer. Tumca, gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
19
Tavkiduri laTinuri f SenarCunebulia: laT. frigidu - esp. frío, laT. festa - esp.<br />
fiesta, laT. forte - esp. fuerte an jer h-Si ga<strong>da</strong>dis, Semdeg ki - ikargeba: laT.<br />
fagea - haya - esp. aya. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom fonologizaciis aRniSnuli<br />
movlena ar fiqsirdeba sityvis SuaSi: laT. scofina - esp. escofina, laT. infernu -<br />
esp. infierno.<br />
didi <strong>da</strong>va gamoiwvia f-s evoluciis sakiTxma enaTmecnierTa Soris.<br />
menendes pi<strong>da</strong>li Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom es iyo aSkarad preromanuli (baskuri)<br />
substratis gavlena, radgan baskurSi TiTqmis ar gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong><br />
labiodentaluri f. Tumca, gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> ph, romelmac Caanacvla<br />
laTinuri Tavkiduri f, xolo Semdeg gamartiv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mogvca h: furnus →<br />
phorno → horno. ramon menendes pi<strong>da</strong>ls hyav<strong>da</strong> mowinaaRmdegeebic. maT Soris<br />
iyo kurt baldingeri, romelmac <strong>da</strong>adgina, rom f-s amgvar transformacias<br />
vxvdebiT baskebisagan moSorebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul xalxTa enebSic. igive<br />
mosazreba gamoTqva jon ormac, romelmac kiTxvis niSnis qveS <strong>da</strong>ayena<br />
aRniSnuli fenom<strong>enis</strong> preromanul substratTan kavSiri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>akonkreta<br />
is adgilebi (maT Sorisaa Cr diloeT <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT safrangeTi; aseve,<br />
italiis CrdiloeTi nawili), sa<strong>da</strong>c xalxuri laTinuris dialeqtebs<br />
igive movlena axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>. menendes pi<strong>da</strong>li maleve gamoexmaura am<br />
hipoTezis avtorebs. man aRniSna, rom erTi <strong>da</strong> igive fonetikuri movlena<br />
SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>fiqsirdes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionSi <strong>da</strong> rom varirebis erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
imave SemTxvevas sulac ar aris aucilebeli hqondes identuri axsna. iqve<br />
miuTiTa, rom espanur romanseSi laTinuri Tavkiduri f-s arqona<br />
baskebisaTvis am Tanxmovnis sityvis TavSi warmoTqmis sirTuliT aixsneba<br />
<strong>da</strong> rom frangulTan sul sxva movlenas aqvs adgili.<br />
gaCn<strong>da</strong> kidev erTi SekiTxva. Tu ratom ar mox<strong>da</strong> f-s transformacia<br />
am TanxmovniT <strong>da</strong>wyebul yvela sityvaSi <strong>da</strong> ra iyo imis gamomwvevi mizezi,<br />
rom laTinuri sityvebisagan festa <strong>da</strong> forte miviReT fiesta <strong>da</strong> fuerte, maSin<br />
roca igive laTinurma farina-m mogvca harina. preromanuli substratis<br />
momxreebma am kiTxvasac gasces pasuxi. maTi azriT, f-s h-Si<br />
transformacia baskurs ukavSirdeba, misi konstanturoba ki gamowveulia<br />
naxevarkunZulze macxovrebeli <strong>da</strong> baskebisagan moSorebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />
sxva xalxebis gavleniT, romelTac hqon<strong>da</strong>T f. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, f-s<br />
20
varireba <strong>da</strong> mdgradoba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia pireneis naxevarkunZulze<br />
gavrcelebul enebTan. Tumca, faqtia, rom Tavkiduri f varirebis gareSe<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi ie <strong>da</strong> ue difTongebis win. Aaseve maSin, roca igi<br />
Tavkiduri binaruli kompleqsis pirveli elementi iyo <strong>da</strong> kompleqss<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong> vibrantTan (fr).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom salaparako espanurSi f maSinve<br />
transformir<strong>da</strong>, saliteraturo kastiliurSi igi ucvleli formiT<br />
gamoisaxebo<strong>da</strong> XV saukunemde; Tumca, ar ikiTxebo<strong>da</strong>. Mmag: dRevandeli<br />
hablar, romelic laT. fabulare-<strong>da</strong>n modis, XV saukunemde iwerebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
fablar. mxolod XVI saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>iwyes mis magivrad hablar-is wera.<br />
saliteraturo cvlilebebi f-s ar Seexo mxolod r konsonantTan <strong>da</strong> ie<br />
<strong>da</strong> ue difTognebTan. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom f-s h-Ti Canacvleba<br />
saliteraturo espanurSi ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra maSinve. garkveuli periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi erTi <strong>da</strong> imave sityvis ori gansxvavebuli forma<br />
enacvlebo<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs. amis naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturia “selestina” 1 , 1 romlis<br />
1499 wliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebul burgosis gamocemaSi Warbobs f, xolo 1501 wlis<br />
seviliis gamocemaSi igive sityvebi <strong>da</strong>beWdili h-Ti.<br />
defonologizacia aris lingvisturi procesi, roca ori fonemis<br />
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi ikargeba. swored am movlenas uwodeben pireneis<br />
naxevarkunZulze v-sa <strong>da</strong> b-s warmoTqmis identurobas. menendes pi<strong>da</strong>li<br />
defonologizaciis movlenasac preromanuli enebs (kerZod, baskurs)<br />
ukavSirebs, radgan baskuri ena ar flob<strong>da</strong> v-s.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, baskuris gavlena ar aisaxa laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Semosuli v Tanxmovniani sityvebis orTografiaSi. isini grafikulad<br />
dRemde aRniSnuli konsonantiT gamoisaxeba. Tumca, baskuris gavlena maT<br />
warmoTqmaSi igrZnoba, sa<strong>da</strong>c v gaigivebulia b-sTan, sityvaSi mis<br />
poziciis<strong>da</strong> ganurCevlad: v<strong>enis</strong>-vienes [bienes], lavat-lava [laba].<br />
1<br />
"selestina" – XV-XVI saukunis espanurenovani nawarmoebi, romlis avtori aris<br />
Ffernando de roxasi.<br />
21
menendes pi<strong>da</strong>lis gar<strong>da</strong>, defonologizaciis movlenaSi baskur kvals<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>ven rafael lapesa <strong>da</strong> andre martine. 1<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, baskur enaSi v-s arqonam espanur romanseze didi<br />
gavlena moaxdina. SesaZloa imave v-s uqonloba axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />
preromanul enebsac, magram am enebze Sesrulebuli warwerebis gaSifvra<br />
udides sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom f-s h-Ti Canacvleba, iseve rogorc b-sa <strong>da</strong><br />
v-s warmoTqmis gaigiveba, SemTxveviTi ar yofila. F-s mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc h-Ti<br />
Canacvleba (<strong>da</strong> ara sxva bgeriT) ganpirobebuli iyo am ori konsonantis<br />
lingvisturi msgavsebiT. Oorive yru Tanxmovans <strong>da</strong> Tan frikativs<br />
warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod artikulaciis adgilia.<br />
lingvisturi msgavsebaa b <strong>da</strong> v-s SemTxvevaSic. orive mJReri frikativia<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTisagan mxolod artikulaciis adgiliT ganirCevian ( b –<br />
bilabialuri, v - labiodentaluri).<br />
romauli <strong>da</strong>pyrobebisa <strong>da</strong> pireneis naxevarkunZulze laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
gabatonebis Semdeg, rogorc grafikulad, aseve warmoTqmiT, mTlianad<br />
Seicvala ramdenime TanxmovanTjgufi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom pl-, kl- <strong>da</strong> flkonsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebi espanur enaSi palatalizebuli saxiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dian: laT. planu - esp. llano, laT. clamare - esp. llamar, laT. flamma - esp. llama,<br />
gvaqvs maTi konstanturobis ramdenime SemTxvevac: laT. flocu - esp. fleco.<br />
savaraudod, palatalizaciis movlena <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> <strong>espanuri</strong> romanses<br />
Camoyalibebis adreul etapze, radgan kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul<br />
gviandeli periodis sityvebSi aRniSnul Tavkidur konsonantur<br />
kompleqsebs mudmivobis maRali maCvenebli aqvT an zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
varireben, oRond sxva saxis fonetikuri cvlilebis xarjze (mag:<br />
binaruli jgufi xdeba monofonemuri an orelementiani Tavkiduri<br />
kompleqsi erT-erTi elementis transformacias ganicdis). swored<br />
gviandeli periodiT aqvs <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli korominass espanurSi iseTi<br />
sityvebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba, rogorebicaa: esp. club ( ← ing. club), esp. flan (← fr.<br />
flan), esp. plafón (← fr. plafond). SesaZloa, sityvebis garkveuli raodenoba<br />
kastiliurSi laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n ara pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT, aramed katalanuris<br />
1 Antonio Quilis Morales: "Fonética histórica y fonología diacrónica", Madrid, 2005, gv. 150.<br />
22
gavliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuliyo, radgan rogorc viciT, dRevandeli kataluniis<br />
teritoriaze gavrcelebul xalxur laTinurSi ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra Tavkiduri<br />
kompleqsebis palatalizacia. laT. platea - katal. plaça - esp. plaza. aqve un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRiniSnos, rom pl-, kl-, fl- kompleqsebis mdgradoba zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
aixsneba maTi matarebeli sityvebis espaneTSi ara xalxuri, aramed<br />
saliteraturo laTinuris gziT gavrcelebiT: laT. clavicula - esp. clavija,<br />
laT. pluma - esp. pluma, laT. flore - esp. flor.<br />
laTinurisagan espanurma arc p,t,k Tanxmovnebi miiRo. Ppreromanulis<br />
gavleniT mox<strong>da</strong> maTi gamJRereba: laT. lupu - esp. lobo, laT. totu - esp. todo,<br />
laT. ficu - esp. higo. rogorc antonio tovari ambobs, saqme amjerad<br />
keltur enasTan gvaqvs. Aam <strong>da</strong>skvnas igi akeTebs pireneis naxevarkunZulze<br />
keltebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul regionebSi aRmoCenil ramdenime sityvaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c laTinuri sityvebi intervokalur poziciaSi<br />
gamJRerebuli yru TanxmovnebiT gamoirCevian. sonorizaciis igive axsna<br />
aqvT sxva lingvistebsac. isinic fiqroben, rom aRniSnuli fonetikuri<br />
movlena keltebs ukavSirdeba <strong>da</strong> rom gamJRerebis uZvelesi magaliTebi<br />
aRmoCenilia ara marto espaneTis, aramed zoga<strong>da</strong>d imperiis im regionebSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c keltebi saxlobdnen [Morales, 2005:131].<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom yru Tanxmovnebis gamJRereba xdeba ara<br />
marto monofonemur poziciaSi, aramed igi SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>fiqsirdes maSinac,<br />
roca yru konsonanti warmoadgens binaruli kompleqsis erT-erT<br />
elements. mag: laT. crupta - esp. gruta, laT. prunum - esp. bruno <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom espanur enaze preromanuli gavlena Yyvelaze<br />
naTlad fonetikur aspeqtSi Cans, preromanuli lingvisturi substrati<br />
SeimCneva <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> morfologiasa <strong>da</strong> sintaqszec. Tumca, arcTu ise<br />
didia misi kvali.<br />
P preromanuli enebis kvali igrZnoba sufiqsebTan: -arro, -orro, -urro: buharro<br />
(yvavi), machorro (cxvari, romelsac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dResaswaulebze klavdnen),<br />
baturro (gauTleli) <strong>da</strong> a.S iberiuli warmoSobisaa kidev erTi bolosarTi<br />
- etar, romelic savaraudod eTnikurobisa <strong>da</strong> warmomavlobis<br />
23
aRmniSvnelia. Mmag: arrestar - niSnavs aresSi macxovrebels an iqi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
wamosul kacs. 1<br />
mTel rig laTinur sityvebSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ki bolokidur poziciaSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikarga konsonanti m. MlaTinuri akuzatiuri (braldebiTi) brunvis<br />
niSnis – m-s <strong>da</strong>kargvam sagrZnoblad aria kastiliuri <strong>enis</strong> sintaqsi,<br />
romelic sabolood <strong>da</strong>lag<strong>da</strong> Aantonio de nebrixas, 1492 wels<br />
gamoqveynebuli <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> gramatikiT. swored am wigniT ganisazRvra<br />
espanur wina<strong>da</strong>debaSi sityvaTa mkacri wyoba, radgan <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebiTi<br />
urTierTobis morfologiuri maCvenebeli sityvi<strong>da</strong>n windebul a-Si<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
preromanuli enebis kvali SeimCneva espanur leqsikazec, rac savsebiT<br />
logikuria laTinurisa <strong>da</strong> am enebis xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis gamo.<br />
preromanuli warmoSobis sityvebi gvxvdeba sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
terminologiaSi, mcenareTa <strong>da</strong> cxovelTa <strong>da</strong>saxelebebSi, toponimikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis leqsikaSi. Kkelturi warmoSobis sityvebSi ralf peni<br />
aerTianebs Semdeg vokabulebs: álamo ‛verxvi’, bota ‛yeliani fexsacmeli’,<br />
brezo ‛erika’ (bot.), gancho ‛kauWi’, losa ‛qvis fila’ <strong>da</strong> a.S., xolo baskuri Ziris<br />
mqone sityvebSi moixseniebs: narria ‛marxili’, urraca ‛kaWkaWi’, cachorro ‛lekvi,’<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> leqsikaze aisaxa pireneis naxevarkunZulze savaWro<br />
miznebiT misuli berZnebis <strong>enis</strong> gavlenac.Eelinizmebs ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
filosofiasTan, musikasTan, poeziasTan <strong>da</strong> literaturasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli terminebi warmoadgens: filosofía ‛filosofia ’, música ‛musika’,<br />
poeta ‛poeti’ tragedia ‛tragedia’, comedia ‛komedia’ <strong>da</strong> sxv. berZnul enas<br />
ukavSirdeba espanurSi gavrcelebuli sayofacxovrebo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
sityvebis etimologiac: cuchara ‛kovzi’, lámpara ‛lampa’, saco ‛tomara’ <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
V saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis uCveulo yinvebiT gamowveulma mosavlis<br />
simcirem <strong>da</strong> hunebis zewolam, md. rainis napirebze mcxovreb barbarosebs<br />
evropis samxreTiT ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebisken ubiZga. eseni iyvnen van<strong>da</strong>lebi, svevebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> alanebi, romlebic CrdiloeT espaneTSi 407 wli<strong>da</strong>n saxlobdnen.<br />
germanikuli tomebis samxreTiT migraciam romis imperias, romlis<br />
1 Ares – erT-erTi soflis saxeli.<br />
24
Zalauflebac naxevarkunZulze dRiTidRe sustdebo<strong>da</strong>, sxva germanikul<br />
tomebTan, kerZod vestgoTebTan, aliansis Seqmna ga<strong>da</strong>awyvetina, raTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>ecvaT romis interesebi espaneTSi Casaxlebul germanikul tomTa<br />
winaSe. 427 wels Teodorix I-is (418 -451ww.) meTaurobiT vestgoTTa jari<br />
Sedis naxevarkunZulze <strong>da</strong> amarcxebs barbarosebs. van<strong>da</strong>lebi, alanebTan<br />
erTad, toveben pireneis naxevarkunZuls. svevebi ki espaneTis CrdiloeTs<br />
afareben Tavs, sa<strong>da</strong>c aarseben samefos, romelic mxolod erTi saukune<br />
axerxebs arsebobas. aRniSnuli gamarjvebiT vestgoTebi adgilobrivebis<br />
keTilganwyobas imsaxureben, rac safuZvels udebs espaneTSi vestgToTa<br />
migraciis zr<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
pireneis naxevarkunZulze vestgoTebma Seitanes sakuTari enac,<br />
magram imdenad swrafad mox<strong>da</strong> maTi asimilacia adgilobriv xalxebTan,<br />
rom maT <strong>da</strong>iviwyes sakuTari ena <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyes laTinuris gamoyeneba. r.<br />
menendes pi<strong>da</strong>li vestgoTTa swraf asimilacias imiT xsnis, rom espaneTSi<br />
Semosvlamde maT hqoniaT sakmaod axlo, xan mokavSiruli <strong>da</strong> xanac<br />
mtruli, urTierTobebi romaelebTan [Menéndez Pi<strong>da</strong>l, 1977:19].<br />
Mmiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom laTinur-vestgoTuri bilingvuri periodi<br />
espaneTSi TiTqmis ar yofila, vestgoTTa enam garkveuli kvali mainc<br />
<strong>da</strong>tova espanur enaze rogorc fonetikuri, aseve morfologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
leqsikuri TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, vestgoTuri gavlena preromanul<br />
substratTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirea.<br />
goTuri warmoSobis aris sufiqsi ing, romelic mogvianebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis engo-Si. aRniSnuli sufiqsis matarebel sityvebSi lapesa<br />
moixseniebs abadengo ‛abatis kuTvnili teritoria an qoneba’, realengo<br />
‛saxelmwifos kuTvnili miwa’ <strong>da</strong> abolengo ‛sagvareulo’-s. amave CamonaTvals<br />
iziarebs ralf peni, romelic imavdroulad yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
espaneTSi farTod gavrcelebul patronimul -ez <strong>da</strong> -oz bolosarTebze.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom es sufiqsebi mxolod iseT gvarebSi gvxvdeba, romelTa<br />
Zirsac warmoadgens germanuli sakuTari saxeli (mag: rodrigo, fernando<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv). gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom aRniSnuli sufiqsebi "hijo de"-s (anu<br />
viRacis Svils) niSnavs, gvarebi Fernández, Martínez, Pérez, Ramírez un<strong>da</strong><br />
25
iTargmnos rogorc, fernandos, martinis, pedros, ramiros Svilebi an<br />
STamomavlebi. M<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom lingvistTa Soris ufro misaRebia ez <strong>da</strong> oz<br />
sufiqsis germanikuli warmomavloba, rafael lapesa varaudobs mis<br />
SesaZlo preromanul Zirsac, radgan igive patronimuli bolosarTebi ar<br />
gvxvdeba sxva enebSi [Lapesa, 1981:45].<br />
yvelaze didi gavlena vestgoTebis <strong>enis</strong> espanur leqsikaSi SeimCneva.<br />
vestgoTuri warmoSobis sityvebi gvxvdeba <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> rogorc savaWro,<br />
sameurneo, saomar <strong>da</strong> sayofacxovrebo, aseve iuridiul terminologiaSi:<br />
yelmo ‛muzaradi’, tregua ‛zavi’, <strong>da</strong>rdo ‛Subi’, banco ‛skami’, guante ‛xelTaTmani’, ropa<br />
‛tansacmeli’, tapa ‛Tavsaxuri’, guar<strong>da</strong>r ‛Senaxva’, robar ‛moparva’, guarnir ‛morTva’,<br />
sala ‛sastumro oTaxi’ <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
germanikuli sityvebis erTi nawili espanurSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> varirebis<br />
gareSe, xolo meore nawilma ganica<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis fonetikuri<br />
cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> miiRo espanur warmoTqmasTan ufro axlos mdgomi <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivebisaTvis ufro martivad warmosaTqmeli formebi.<br />
germanikuli warmoSobis sityvebma, espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros,<br />
ganicades ramdenime cvlileba. maT Sorisaa: etimonis doneze arsebul<br />
bolokidur TanxmovanTkompleqsze xmovnis <strong>da</strong>mateba ( gans - ganso) <strong>da</strong><br />
misTvis poziciis Secvla sityvaSi; polikonsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
gamartiveba (anu binarulad qceva) xmovnis Camatebis Sedegad ( burgs -<br />
burgos); vxvdebiT sk-ze <strong>da</strong>wyebuli sityvis TavSi xmovnis Camatebas ( skiran -<br />
esquilar). marTalia, mb konsonanturi kompleqsi laTinuri etimonis<br />
doneze gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> espanur korelatSi mdgradobis maRali maCvenebliT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis, oriode sityvaSi mox<strong>da</strong> misi gamartiveba.<br />
laT. palumbes vestgoTTa <strong>enis</strong> gavleniT martivdeba <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs paloma-s.<br />
aRniSnuli fonetikuri varireba is erT-erTi iSviaTi movlenaa, roca<br />
vestgoTebis ena gavlenas axdens sityvis laTinur variantze, <strong>da</strong> piriqiT,<br />
ar eqvemdebareba laTinur warmoTqmas. espanurma romansem ucvleli<br />
formiT miiRo intervokalur poziciaSi myofi yru konsonantis<br />
matarebeli ramdenime sityvac. rogorc viciT, Yyru Tanxmovnebi aRniSnul<br />
poziciaSi uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n iyvnen gamJRerebisaken midrekilni, Tumca,<br />
26
germanikuli etimonis mqone sityvebSi isini mdgradobas inarCuneben: rapar<br />
‛SeWra, gaparsva’, brotar ‛ylortebis gamoReba’, espeto ‛Samfuri’. rogorc<br />
rafael lapesa aRniSnavs, goTuri bgerebi intervokalur poziciaSi<br />
ufro Tavsebadi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>espanuri</strong> romansesaTvis, vidre laTinuri.<br />
711 wels pireneis naxevarkunZuli <strong>da</strong>ikaves arabebma. maT sul<br />
ramdenime weliwadSi <strong>da</strong>ipyres TiTqmis mTeli espaneTi <strong>da</strong> yvela<br />
mniSvnelovani qalaqi ramdenime saukunis manZilze arabuli kulturisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>enis</strong> gavl<strong>enis</strong> qveS moaqcies. <strong>espanuri</strong> romansesa <strong>da</strong> arabuli <strong>enis</strong><br />
rvasaukunovan Tanacxovrebas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. swored arabuli<br />
elementi iyo, laTinuris Semdeg, yvelaze mniSvnelovani <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong>aTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki misi leqsikisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c 4 000<br />
sityvaa arabuli warmoSobis.<br />
arabuli etimologiis sityvebSi vxvdebiT rogorc omis, soflis<br />
meurneobis <strong>da</strong> vaWrobis Tematikas, aseve iuridiul, maTematikur,<br />
samedicino <strong>da</strong> astronomiul termonologias: aceifa ‛samxedro eqspedicia’,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>rga ‛fari’, azud ‛sarwyavi sistema’, almacén ‛maRazia’, alcalde ‛meri’, cifra<br />
‛cifri’, jarabe ‛sirofi’, acimut ‛azimuti’ <strong>da</strong> a.S. 1 Aarabuli<strong>da</strong>n espanurSi<br />
Semovi<strong>da</strong> ramdenime windebuli <strong>da</strong> Sorisdebulic.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom arabuli gavlena yvelaze TvalsaCinoa <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> leqsikur doneze, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, Tu ra kvali <strong>da</strong>tova am enam<br />
kastiliuri <strong>enis</strong> fonetikur <strong>da</strong> morfologiur sistemebzec.<br />
B arabul enas menedes pi<strong>da</strong>li ukavSirebs Semdeg fonetikur movlenebs:<br />
ramdenime laTinuri <strong>da</strong> berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaSi,<br />
romelTac s <strong>da</strong> p konsonanti aqvT sityvis TavSi, mox<strong>da</strong> maTi Canacvleba<br />
arabuli j <strong>da</strong> b-Ti. swored arabuls ukavSirdeba <strong>espanuri</strong> jibia-s<br />
aRniSnuli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba kastiliurSi. berZ. sepia jer laT. sepia-s<br />
gvaZlevs, Semdeg ki viRebT jibia-s. ramdenime sityvaSi Tavkiduri<br />
konsonantis varirebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mox<strong>da</strong> xmovnis <strong>da</strong>matebac: laT. satureia -<br />
esp. ajedrea. rac Seexeba laTinur p-s, igi arabulis gavleniT ramdenime<br />
sityvaSi gamJRer<strong>da</strong>, radgan arabebs ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T Tanxmovani p:<br />
1 Aarabizmebis vrceli CamonaTvali ix. c. axvlediani, m. kobeSaviZe: "<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />
istoria" , 2009, gv. 46-47.<br />
27
laT. praecoquum - esp. albaricoque, laT. persicum - esp. albérchigo [Menéndez Pi<strong>da</strong>l,<br />
1977: 23-24]. aRsaniSnavia, rom yru Tanxmovnis gamJRerebis gar<strong>da</strong>, laTinuri<br />
sityvis espanur variantSi gvaqvs arabuli artiklis sityvis ganuyofel<br />
nawilad qcevac. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> istoriaSi erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli fonetikuri movlena - yru p-s gamJRereba<br />
ukavSirdeba ara marto preromanul substrats, aramed arabul<br />
gavlenasac.<br />
Tumca, gvaqvs gansxvavebac: Tu preromanulis gavleniT aixsneba<br />
mxolod intervokalur poziciaSi myofi konsonantis an binaruli<br />
kompleqsis erT-erTi, yru elementis gamJRereba, arabuliT aixsneba,<br />
Tavkidur poziciaSi myofi <strong>da</strong> isic mxolod erTi – p konsonantis<br />
gamJRereba. arabulis gavleniT aixsneba kidev erTi fonetikuri varireba:<br />
laTinuri st konsonanturi kompleqsi espanurSi gvaZlevs z-s:<br />
laT. pastinaca - esp. biznaga.<br />
arabuli gavlena gvaqvs espanur morfologiaSic. Aarabuli<br />
artikli al, romelic espanur enaSi Sesabamis arsebiT saxelTan erTad<br />
mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong>, droTa ganmavlobaSi kargavs artiklis funqcias <strong>da</strong> xdeba<br />
sityvis nawili, ramac kastiliur enaSi axali artiklis gamoyeneba<br />
moiTxova: al aqrab - alacrán, xolo Tu mas espanur artiklsac <strong>da</strong>vumatebT,<br />
miviRebT un alacrán-s. sakmaod gavrcelebulia espanurSi arabuli sufiqsi<br />
i. mas vxvdebiT rogorc zedsarTav saxelebTan, aseve nacionalurobis<br />
aRmniSvnel sityvebTan: baladí ‛umniSvnelo’, iraní ‛iraneli’ <strong>da</strong> sxv. arabuli<br />
bolosarTi i <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia Sua sakuneebSi gavrcelebul Semdeg<br />
terminSic: "La era alfonsí", rac aSkara kavSirSiaAalfonso X-is<br />
mefobasTan. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, arabebisaTvis ucxo arc sakuTari<br />
saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n zedsarTavi saxelis warmoeba iyo.<br />
arabuli kvali Sua saukneebis <strong>espanuri</strong>s sintaqszec SeimCneva.<br />
toledos mTargmnelTa skolaSi Sesrulebuli araerTi arabuli<br />
nawarmoebis espanur TargmanSi SeimCneva windebulis maxvilian piris<br />
nacvalsaxelTan ( a + él) <strong>da</strong> kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis magivrad de +<br />
piris nacvalsaxelis gamoyeneba. aseve vxvdebiT pleonastikur (ormag)<br />
kuTvnilebas (su vi<strong>da</strong> del hermanitanno) <strong>da</strong> kavSiri que-s xSir gamoyenebas, rac<br />
28
miuTiTebs imaze, rom mTargmnelebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen rTul<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul wina<strong>da</strong>debebs <strong>da</strong> CarTul frazebs. CamoTvlilTagan<br />
bolo movlena aqtualuria dRevandel espanurSic.<br />
espaneTis habsburgTa dinastiis bolo warmomadgenlis, karlos II-is<br />
memkvidris gareSe gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg (1701w.), espaneTis samefo taxti<br />
frangma burbonebma <strong>da</strong>ikaves. espaneTis mefe gax<strong>da</strong>, karlos II-is yvelaze<br />
axlo naTesavi <strong>da</strong>Llui XIV-is SviliSvili filipe, romelic istoriaSi<br />
filipe V-is saxeliT Sevi<strong>da</strong>. Ffrangi monarqis gamefebas bunebrivia<br />
mohyva espanelTa aRSfoTeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo brZola karlos II-is<br />
memkvidreobisaTvis. brZola espaneTis farglebsac gasc<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> masSi<br />
aqtiurad Caeba inglisi <strong>da</strong> evropis sxva mniSvnelovani qveynebi,<br />
romelTac ar awyob<strong>da</strong>T frangul-<strong>espanuri</strong> aliansis Camoyalibeba. brZola<br />
espaneTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> utrextis xelSekrulebis gaformebiT, romlis<br />
mixedviTac, espaneTis mefed erTxmad aRiares frangi filipe V. erTaderT<br />
gamonakliss warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> avstria. Tumca, isic maleve (<strong>da</strong>axl. 1725 wels)<br />
SeuerTa xelSekrulebas.<br />
franguli dinastiis gamefebas pireneis naxevarkunulze, bunebrivia,<br />
mohyva franguli <strong>enis</strong> gavrcelebac. Ffrangulis kvali ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> leqsikaze aisaxa, rac bunebrivia ori <strong>enis</strong> Tanacxovrebis<br />
dros. Tumca, ar gvaqvs misi (frangulis) gavlena espanur fonetikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
morfologiaze, radgan am periodis espanurs ukve hqon<strong>da</strong> kargad<br />
Camoyalibebuli fonetikuri <strong>da</strong> gramatikuli struqtura <strong>da</strong> ukve rTuli<br />
iyo, rom romelime gareSe enas kastiliurze am saxis gavlena moexdina.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom espanurSi galicizmebis Sesvlas manamdec<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili. adreuli galicizmebis saxeliT cnobili, franguli<br />
etimologiis mqone sityvebi (paje ‛paJi’, jardín ‛ezo’, cofre ‛skivri’, jaula<br />
‛galia’ <strong>da</strong> sxv.), romlebic antonio nebrixas leqsikonSia (1492w.)<br />
moxseniebuli, kastiliurSi franguli literaturis gziT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ufro gviandeli periodis galicizmebad ki moixsenieben: coqueta ‛kekluci’,<br />
bufete ‛ujrebiani saweri magi<strong>da</strong>’ <strong>da</strong> sxva sityvebs [Menéndez Pi<strong>da</strong>l, 1977:24-25].<br />
galicizmebs Soris aris iseTi sityvebic, romelTa etimologiis<br />
29
kvlevasac mivyavarT laTinur an berZnul ZirTan. Tumca, isini espanurSi<br />
ara pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT, aramed frangulis gavliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdnen.GH<br />
kastiliur enaze leqsikuri gavlena moaxdina italiurma enamac, rac<br />
ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli <strong>da</strong> kulturuli garemoebebiT. <strong>espanuri</strong>taliur<br />
omebsa <strong>da</strong> ramdenime italiur samefoSi espanelTa gabatonebas<br />
Tan axlavs renesansis periodi, romlis drosac italiuri kultura<br />
mwvervalebs ipyrobs. italiur Zirs ukavSirdeba literaturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
xelovnebis sferosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sityvebi: soneto ‛sonata’, humanista<br />
‛humanisti’, comediante ‛komedianti’, caricatura ‛karikatura’, diseño ‛dizaini’,<br />
grotesco ‛groteskuli’, balcón ‛aivani’, barítono ‛baritoni’, soprano ‛soprano’, tenor<br />
‛tenori’, piano ‛fortepiano’, aria ‛aria’, cantata ‛kantata’, opera ‛opera’,<br />
charlatán ‛Sarlatani’ <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
E espanur enaSi gvaqvs araerTi anglicizmic, rac gamoiwvia XX<br />
saukunis msoflioSi am <strong>enis</strong> udidesma <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovanma gavlenam.<br />
anglicizmebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gvxvdeba sportul terminologiaSi: beisbol, bingo,<br />
boxeo, corner, derby, futbol, gol, golf, póquer, surf; musikaluri mimdinareobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebebSi: jazz, hip-hop, rap, rock, soul; satransporto saSualebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebebSi: autobús, autocar, tranvía, yate <strong>da</strong> profesiebTan: baby-sitter, bróker,<br />
mánager, detective. Aaseve, teqnikur terminologiaSi: monitor, vídeo.<br />
kastiliurSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebuli, xalxuri<br />
laTinuris evoluciis Sedegad miRebuli, katalanuri, galisiuri<br />
sityvebic, rac ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli <strong>da</strong> geografiuli<br />
faqtorebiT. samefoebis geografiulma mezoblobam <strong>da</strong> espaneTis istoriis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze maTi erTmaneTis mmarTvelobis qveS moqcevam<br />
ganapiroba, rom garkveuli sityvebis CamonaTvali espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebuli sxva, oRond isev xalxuri laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinare enebi<strong>da</strong>n. G galisiuri<strong>da</strong>n, 1 romelic Sua saukuneebSi poeziis<br />
enad miiCneo<strong>da</strong>, kastiliurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> Semdegi sityvebi: chubasco<br />
‛Tavsxma wvima’, vigía ‛maRali saTvalTvalo koSki’ <strong>da</strong> sxv. katalanuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
1<br />
galisiuri <strong>da</strong> portugaliuri Sua saukuneebSi erT enas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. SemdgomSi<br />
ganviTarebuli politikuri movlenebis gamo, es ena <strong>da</strong>iyo or ganStoebad <strong>da</strong> dRes ukve<br />
ori erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ena gvaqvs.<br />
30
ki miviReT kulinariuli <strong>da</strong> sazRvaosno terminologia: paella ‛erT-erTi<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> saWmlis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba’, buque ‛xomaldi’, timonel ‛gemis mesaWe’ <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
31
III Tavi<br />
laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> fonotaqtikuri sistema<br />
(Tavkiduri, Sua <strong>da</strong> bolokiduri konsonanturi kompleqsebi)<br />
yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom laTinuri <strong>espanuri</strong>saTvis fuZe-enas<br />
warmoadgens. swored pireneis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebuli<br />
laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n miviReT dRevandeli <strong>espanuri</strong> ena, romelic erT-erT<br />
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs romanuli enebis CamonaTvalSi. gamomdinare<br />
iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom laTinuri <strong>espanuri</strong>saTvis fuZe-enaa, marTeblad miviCnieT<br />
calke Tavi <strong>da</strong>gveTmo am uZvelesi <strong>enis</strong> fonetikis, kerZod ki - misi<br />
konsonanturi sistemis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> gangvesazRvra, romeli<br />
TanxmovanTkompleqsebi iyo laTinurisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli misi<br />
istoriis adreul etapze. amasTanave, vTvliT, rom arqauli<br />
laTinurisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli TanxmovanTjgufebis konstanturobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> variaciulobis gansazRvra ufro srulyofils gaxdis <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
fonotaqtikuri sistemis kvlevas. Aam Tavis mizania <strong>da</strong>vadginoT romelma<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebma ganica<strong>da</strong> transformacia laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
(espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebamde) <strong>da</strong> romeli kompleqsebi gamoirCeva<br />
stabilurobis maRali xarisxiT. maT <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas movaxdenT sityvaSi<br />
maTi poziciis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> Tanamimdevrulad ganvixilavT Tavkidur, Sua<br />
konsonantur <strong>da</strong> bolokidur kompleqsebs.<br />
laTinuri konsonanturi sistema araerTi enaTmecnierisaTvis iyo<br />
aqtualuri sakiTxi. maT Soris iyo ralf peni, romelmac laTinuri<br />
TanxmovanTsistema Semdegnairad warmogvidgina: 1<br />
1 Ralph Penny: " Gramática histórica del español", Ariel, Barcelona, 2008<br />
32
labialuri dentoalveolaruli velaruli<br />
yru okluzivebi<br />
/p/<br />
/t/<br />
/k/<br />
mJReri okluzivebi<br />
/b/<br />
/d/<br />
/g/<br />
yru frikativebi<br />
/f/<br />
/s/<br />
/h/<br />
nazalebi<br />
/m/<br />
/n/<br />
lateralebi<br />
/l/<br />
vibrantebi<br />
/r/<br />
A iqve miTiTebulia, rom zogi lingvisti CamoTvlil camet fonemas<br />
umatebs kidev ori labiovelars - /k w / <strong>da</strong> /g w /; maT Soris erT-erTia xose<br />
xavier rodriges toro, romelmac laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> Tanxmovnebi<br />
Semdegnairad ga<strong>da</strong>anawila: 1<br />
artikulaciis xerxis mixedviT: a) yru okluzivebi: /p/,/t/,/k/,/q w /; b)<br />
mJReri okluzivebi: /b/,/d/,/g/,/g w /; g) frikativebi: /f/,/s/,/h/; d) narnarebi:<br />
/l/,/r/; e) nazalebi: /m/,/n/;<br />
artikulaciis wertilis mixedviT: a) labialurebi: /p/,/b/,/f/,/m/;<br />
b) dentalurebi: /t/,/d/,/s/,/l/,/r/,/n/; g) velarulebi: /k/,/g/<br />
d) alveovelarulebi: /q w /,/g w /.<br />
ralf peni ar iziarebs rodriges toros <strong>da</strong> misi Tanamoazre<br />
enaTmecnierebis midgomas <strong>da</strong> /k w / <strong>da</strong> /g w /-s miiCnevs /k/ <strong>da</strong> /g/<br />
fonemebisa <strong>da</strong> naxevarTanxmovanis kombinaciad, radgan aRniSnuli bgerebi<br />
laTinurSi gamoisaxebo<strong>da</strong> qu <strong>da</strong>Ggu formebiT [Penny,2008:79].<br />
laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> konsonanturi sistema aqtualuri iyo ramon<br />
menendes pi<strong>da</strong>lis <strong>da</strong> antonio kilis moralesisTvisac. maTi araerTi<br />
naSromi exeba laTinuri konsonanturi sistemis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanxmovnebis kvlevas laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisas rogorc<br />
Tavkidur <strong>da</strong> bolokidur poziciaSi, aseve sityvis SuaSi.<br />
1 José Javier Rodríguez Toro : "Principales cambios ocurridos en el latín vulgar: El consonantismo", Madrid, 2005<br />
33
swored am arcTu ise mravalricxovani konsonantebisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong><br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi laTinur enaSi. maTi umravlesoba binaruli jgufebis<br />
saxiT iyo warmodgenili. Tumca, gvaqvs ramdenime polikonsonanturi (sam<br />
<strong>da</strong> oTxelementiani) kompleqsic.<br />
laTinuri fonotaqtikuri sistemis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas <strong>da</strong>viwyebT Tavkidur<br />
poziciaSi myofi binaruli TanxmovanTjgufebiT, xolo Semdeg<br />
ganvixilavT polikonsonantur kompleqsebs.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Tavkiduri TanxmovanTkompleqsebi ukve<br />
laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> donezeve iyo varirebisaken, ufro konkretulad ki<br />
gamartivebisaken midrekili, gvaqvs ramdenime iseTi konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsic, romelTac mdgradobis maRali xarisxi aqvT. swored aseT<br />
TanxmovnTkompleqsebs warmoadgenen okluzivs + r, okluzivs + l, frikativ<br />
f-s + r an l <strong>da</strong> frikativ s-s + yru okluzivi kombinaciebi. stabiluri<br />
Tavkiduri konsonanturi kompleqsebis CamonaTvali gamoiyureba<br />
Semdegnairad:<br />
Bl-: arq. laT. blandus → laT. blandus (esp. blando);<br />
Br-: arq. laT. breuis→ laT. breuis (esp. - - - -);<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Fl-: arq. laT. fluidus → laT. fluidus (esp. fluido);<br />
Fr-: arq. laT. fricare → laT. fricare (esp. fregar);<br />
Gl-: arq. laT. glans → laT. glans (esp. glande);<br />
Gr-: arq. laT. grus → laT. grus (esp. grúa);<br />
Kl-: arq. laT. cloaca → laT. cloaca (esp. cloaca);<br />
Kr-: arq. laT. cruentus → laT. cruentus (esp. cruento);<br />
Pl-: arq. laT. planus → laT. planus (esp. plano);<br />
Pr-: arq. laT. primus → laT. primus (esp. primo);<br />
Sp-: arq. laT. sperare → laT. sperare (esp. esperar);<br />
St-: arq. laT. stare → laT. stare (esp. estar);<br />
Tr-: arq. laT. trabs → laT. trabs (esp. traba).<br />
34
CamoTvlil konsonantur kompleqsebs laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> arcerT<br />
etapze ar ganucdiaT cvlilebebi. ramdenime gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong>, 1 isini<br />
varirebas arc espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarnen.<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT imave raodenobis TanxmovanTjfugebs moicavs varirebadi<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebis CamonaTvali. isini or jgufad ga<strong>da</strong>vanawileT.<br />
pirvel jgufSi ganvixileT gamartivebuli anu binaruli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
monofonemurad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnili kompleqsebi, xolo meoreSi – iseTi<br />
kombinaciebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c erT-erTi elementis varireba fiqsirdeba.<br />
gamartivebul konsonantur kompleqsebSi mniSvnelovan adgils<br />
ikavebs iseTi kombinaciebi, romelTa pirvel elementsac warmoadgens yru<br />
okluzivi: kt-, pt-, tl-. Aam kompleqsebi<strong>da</strong>n ikargeba Tavkiduri konsonanti <strong>da</strong><br />
viRebT calke mdgom Tanxmovans. samive kompleqsi arqauli laTinuris<br />
doneze gamartiv<strong>da</strong>, risi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT Tqmis sababsac gvaZlevs santiago<br />
segura mungias laTinur-<strong>espanuri</strong> leqsikoni, 2 sa<strong>da</strong>c arcerTi sityva ar<br />
Segvxvedria kt-, pt-, tl- jgufiT Tavkidur poziciaSi. erTaderT gamonakliss<br />
warmoadgens Ctesifonte, romelsac toponimikaSi vxvdebiT. 3<br />
sainteresoa iseTi kompleqsebic, romelTa pirvel elementsac yru<br />
frikativi - s warmoadgens. Oigi binarul jgufs arqaul laTinurSi<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong> lateralTan an nazalebTan. Sl-, sm-, sn- kombinaciebi, laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
momdevno etapebze, mxolod gamartivebuli saxiT gvxvdeba, rac yru<br />
frikativis amovardniT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
1<br />
Fl-, kl- <strong>da</strong> pl- kompleqsebi preromanuli enebis gavleniT, espanurSi ganicdian<br />
palatalizacias: clamare - llamar, fllama - llama, plover - llover (Pl kompleqsi erT sityvaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis ʧç(ch)-Si (pluteus - choza) <strong>da</strong> igi uSualo kavSirSia galisiur enasTan, romelSic<br />
aRniSnuli kompleqsi yvela SemTxvevaSi transformir<strong>da</strong> ʧ(ch)-d). espanur enaSi fl-, kl- <strong>da</strong><br />
pl- kompleqsebi ucvleli formiT mxolod saliteraturo laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n an franguli <strong>da</strong><br />
inglisuri enebi<strong>da</strong>n Semosul sityvebSi SenarCun<strong>da</strong>; oriode sityvaSi gamartiv<strong>da</strong> bl <strong>da</strong> gl<br />
kompleqsebi. kastiliur enaSi maT mogvces monofonemuri transformacia pirveli<br />
elementis <strong>da</strong>kargvis xarjze: blastemare - lastimar, glirone - lirón; yru elementis gamJRerebas ki<br />
kr jgufian ramdenime vokabulaSi vxvdebiT: crupta - gruta, creta - greta. rac Seexeba sp- <strong>da</strong> stkompleqsebs,<br />
maTTan mxolod poziciis cvlilebas vxvdebiT. proTetikuli xmovnis<br />
xarjze isini Tavkiduri<strong>da</strong>n Sua konsonantur kompleqsebad transformirdnen. oriode<br />
sityvaSi gamJRer<strong>da</strong> pr kompleqsis pirveli elementic: prunum - bruno.<br />
2 Santiago Segura Munguía: "Nuevo diccionario etimológico latín-español y de las voces deriva<strong>da</strong>s", Bilbao, 2010.<br />
3 qtesifoni – Zveli mesopotamiis erT-erTi qalaqi, romlis nangrevebic dRevandeli<br />
erayis teritoriazea.<br />
35
arqaul laTinurSi, iSviaTad, magram mainc iyenebdnen kombinacias<br />
mJRer okluzivs + nazaluri. Gn- <strong>da</strong> dn- TanxmovanTkompleqsebis<br />
gamartivebac pirvel elementis gauCinarebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
Giqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom laTinuris adreuli etapisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli CamoTvlili konsonanturi kompleqsebi amave <strong>enis</strong><br />
donezeve gamartivdnen, <strong>espanuri</strong> enaSi isini saxecvlili formiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen, ris gamoc laTinuri warmoSobis arcerT vokabulaSi ar<br />
vxvdebiT maT Tavkidur poziciaSi. imaves ver vityviT aralaTinuri<br />
etimonis mqone sityvebze. masalis kvlevis dros, gn- kompleqss <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze mxolod gviani periodis aralaTinuri (berZnuli <strong>da</strong><br />
germanuli) warmoSobis sityvebSi SevxvdiT: berZ. gnomikos - esp. gnómico,<br />
germ. gneis - esp. gneis. berZnuli warmoSobis mqone sityvebSi SenarCun<strong>da</strong> smkombinaciac:<br />
berZ. smaragdos - esp. esmeral<strong>da</strong>. aralaTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi vxvdebiT sl- <strong>da</strong> sn- kompleqsebsac, romlebic kastiliur enaSi<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. inglisuri warmoSobis slogan (an<br />
eslogan) <strong>da</strong> am etapze bundovani etimologiis mqone snob espanurSi<br />
varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
laTinuri Tavkiduri konsonanturi kompleqsebis meore jgufSi<br />
gavaerTianeT iseTi kombinaciebi, romelTa pirveli elementic<br />
transformir<strong>da</strong>. maT Sorisaa: sr- <strong>da</strong> mr- kombinaciebi.<br />
Eevoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo sr- kompleqsma. S, r-s win, jer ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
p-Si, xolo Semdeg mogvca f: sr- → pr- → fr-. cvlileba gamoiwvia<br />
cxvirismieri Tanxmovnis narnarasTan SeerTebamac. Mr- kompleqsma mogvca<br />
br- kombinacia [axvlediani c., 2008:71].<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, orive SemTxvevaSi kompleqsis meore elementi aris<br />
vibranti r, romelic ver Seewyo verc nazals <strong>da</strong> verc yru frikativs (<strong>da</strong><br />
yru okluzivs). Aai, ase gamoiyureba laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze varirebadi<br />
kompleqsebi.<br />
pirveli jgufi:<br />
<br />
<br />
Dn- → n-: arq. laT. dnuk → laT. nux (esp. nuez);<br />
Gn - → n-: arq. laT. gnatus → laT. natus (esp. nato);<br />
36
meore jgufi:<br />
Kt- → t-: arq. laT. ctunica → laT. tunica (esp. túnica);<br />
Pt- → t-: arq. laT. ptisana → laT. tisana (esp. tisana);<br />
Sl- → l-: arq. laT. slubricus → laT. lubricus (esp. lúbrico);<br />
Sm- → m-: arq. laT. smica → laT. mica (esp. miga);<br />
Sn- → n -: arq. laT. snusos → laT. nurus (esp. nuera);<br />
Tl- → l-: arq. laT. tlatos → laT. latus (esp. lato).<br />
Sr- → pr- → fr-: arq. laT. srigos → prigos → laT. frigus (esp.<br />
frío);<br />
Mr- → br-: arq. laT. mreghuis → laT. brevis (esp. breve).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom arqaul laTinurSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d binaruli<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi gvxvdeba, gvaqvs ramdenime samelementiani<br />
jgufic. Skr-, spl-, str-, stl- kompleqsebi<strong>da</strong>n skr-, spl- <strong>da</strong> str- aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
stabiluri, romlebic konstanturobis xarisxs espanurSic inarCuneben<br />
(Tu ar CavTvliT proTetikuli xmovnis <strong>da</strong>matebiT sityvaSi maTi poziciis<br />
Secvlas). YmaT Soris yvelaze iSviaTia spl kompleqsi, romelic mxolod<br />
ramdenime <strong>da</strong> isic erTi Ziri<strong>da</strong>n momdinare sityvebSi gvxvdeba ( splendere,<br />
splendidus, splendor). igi arcerT vokabulaSi ar varirebs.<br />
yvelaze varirebadi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> stl- kompleqsi. 1 igi ramdenime sityvaSi<br />
jer orelementian kompleqsad, xolo Semdeg monofonemurad iqca.<br />
ramdenime vokabulaSi ki pir<strong>da</strong>pir monofonemurad transformir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, laTinur Tavkidur samelementian konsonantur<br />
kompleqsebs axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> Semdegi Tanmimdevroba: S + yru okluzivi (p,t,k) +<br />
vibranti an laterali ( r an l). yvelaze aramdgradi ki maT Soris<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Semdegi Tanamimdevroba: S + t + l. Str, skr <strong>da</strong> spl kompleqsebma<br />
varireba evoluciis arcerT etapze ar ganica<strong>da</strong>. laTinuri<br />
samelementiani Tavkiduri jgufebis CamonaTvali gamoiyureba<br />
Semdegnairad:<br />
Skr-: arq. laT. scrotum → laT. scrotum (esp. escroto);<br />
1 Stl kompleqsi mxolod erT sityvaSi SenarCun<strong>da</strong> laTinuris doneze. Tumca, espanur<br />
enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas mainc <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara varirebas. vgulisxmobT laT. stloppus, romelmac<br />
espanurSi escopeta mogvca.<br />
37
Spl-: arq. laT. splendor → laT. splendor (esp. esplendor);<br />
Str-: arq. laT. struma → laT. struma (esp. estruma);<br />
Stl- → sl- → l-: arq. laT. stlis→ slis→ laT. lis (esp. lid)<br />
an: stl- → l-: arq. laT. stlocus→ laT. locus (esp. luego).<br />
gacilebiT mravalferovania Sua konsonanturi kompleqsebis istoria<br />
laTinur enaSi. imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad rom maTi umravlesoba varirebas<br />
eqvemdebareba, gvaqvs ramdenime stabiluri kompleqsic. cvalebadi<br />
kombinaciebi <strong>da</strong>vyaviT oTx jgufad, raTa ufro TvalsaCino gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />
Tu romelma fonetikurma cvlilebebam ganapiroba ama Tu im kompleqsis<br />
varireba.<br />
laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> yvelaze myar konsonantur kompleqsebSi gavaerTianeT<br />
-kr-, -lt-, -rb-, -rd-, -rg-, -rm-, -sp-, -tr- Tanamimdevrobebi. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
stabiluri kompleqsebis umravlesobaSi pirvel an meore elements<br />
vibranti warmoadgens. CamoTvlili kombinaciebi varirebas arc espanur<br />
enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros ganicdian. Tumca, gvaqvs oriode gamonaklisi. 1<br />
ai, ase gamoiyureba aRniSnuli TanxmovanTkompleqsebis CamonaTvali<br />
(magaliTebiTurT) laTinur enaSi:<br />
-kr-: arq. laT. procreator → laT. procreator (esp. procreador);<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-lt-: arq. laT. altus → laT. altus (esp. alto);<br />
-rb-: arq. laT. barba → laT. barba (esp. barba);<br />
-rd-: arq. laT. ardere → laT. ardere (esp.arder);<br />
-rg-: arq. laT. largus → laT. largus (esp. largo);<br />
-rm-: arq. laT. armarium → laT. armarium (esp. armario);<br />
-sp-: arq. laT. aspectus → laT. aspectus (esp. aspecto);<br />
roca saartikulacio organoebi diskomforts ganicdian erTi<br />
Tanxmovni<strong>da</strong>n meore Tanxmovanze ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas, xdeba ori erTmaneTis<br />
miyolebiT mdgomi fonemis mimsgavseba, raTa maTi warmoTqma gaadvildes.<br />
1 Lt kompleqsma mxolod erT sityvaSi ganica<strong>da</strong> meore elementis varireba. laT. altus-is<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi formi<strong>da</strong>n - altius aris warmoebuli zmnis sawyisi forma altiare, romelmac espanur<br />
korelatSi mogvca alzar; oriode sityvSi ki <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> vokalizaciis movlena: saltu - sauto<br />
- soto; Rg kombinacia ramdenime sityvaSi kompleqsis meore elements kargavs (argenteus -<br />
arienzo), xolo ramdenimeSi – meore elementi varirebas ganicdis (argilla - arcilla); oriode<br />
vokabulaSi gamJRer<strong>da</strong> tr kompleqsis pirveli elementi: laT.citrus - esp. cidro an <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong><br />
kompleqsis monofonemurad qceva: berZ. petroselinon - laT. petroselinum - esp. perejil.<br />
38
swored am faqts ukavSirdeba erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
fonetikuri movlena – asimilacia, romelic, konsonantebis mimsgavsebis<br />
xarisxis mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos sruli an nawilobrivi. Aasimilacia<br />
SeiZleba iyos progresuli <strong>da</strong> regresulic, rac <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
winmswrebi Tanxmovani <strong>da</strong>imsgavsebs momdevnos Tu piriqiT.<br />
sruliAasimilaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli SemTxvevebs warmoadgens<br />
Semdeg konsonanturi kompleqsebi: -bf-, -bg-, -df-, -dg-, -ds-, -dl-, -dr, -kf-, -ls-, -ml-,<br />
-nr-, -pf-, -rl-, -rs-, -ts-. asimilacia aRniSnul kompleqsebTan laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
istoriis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>. maT Soris yvelaze Zvel periods<br />
miekuTvneba -ls- <strong>da</strong> -rs- kompleqsebi, romlebic laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> adreul<br />
etapzeve transformirdnen <strong>da</strong> espanurSi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen<br />
(arq. laT. velsi → velle - esp. vello, arq. laT. fersi → ferre - esp. férreo). 1<br />
laTinuris adreul etapze adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> nawilobrivi asimilaciis<br />
movlenasac. swored nawilobrivi asimilaciis xarjze miviReT -gtkompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
-kt- kombinacia. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, nawilobrivi asimilacia<br />
gamoiwvia mJReri <strong>da</strong> yru Tanxmovnebis mezoblobam, sa<strong>da</strong>c yru<br />
konsonantma mJReri <strong>da</strong>ayrua.<br />
M meore qvejgufSi SeviyvaneT iseTi ori konsonanturi kompleqsi,<br />
romelTac orive elementi <strong>da</strong>karges adreul etapze <strong>da</strong> jer sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli konsonantis geminatad ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen, xolo Semdeg<br />
monofonemurad transformirdnen: -tt- → -ss- → -s- <strong>da</strong> -dt- (SesaZloa, igi<br />
jer tt-Si ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo) → -ss- → -s-. orive SemTxvevas enaTmecnierebi<br />
saerTo indoevropul movlenas uwodeben.<br />
arqauli laTinuris doneze <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> yru konsonantis isev yru<br />
TanxmovniT Canacvleba. swored es SemTxveva gvaqvs -tl- kompleqsis<br />
evoluciisas, romelic transformir<strong>da</strong> -kl-d. rac Seexeba kl kompleqss,<br />
espanur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas, igi xan SenarCun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xanac varirebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara.<br />
1 aRsaniSnavia, rom ls kompleqsi ramdenime sityvaSi ar <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara varirebas <strong>da</strong><br />
espanur enaSi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>: laT. falsu - esp. falso.<br />
39
arqauli laTinuris doneze <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> nazalebis monacvleobac.<br />
mJReri okluzivis win mdgomi nazali m ga<strong>da</strong>dis n-Si: -md- → -nd-, -mg- →<br />
-ng-.<br />
amrigad, laTinuris <strong>enis</strong> yvelaze varirebadi Sua konsonanturi<br />
binaruli kompleqsebis cxrili gamoiyureba Semdegnairad:<br />
pirveli qvejgufi:<br />
-bf- → -ff-: laT. obfero → laT. offero, offerre (esp. ofrecer);<br />
-bg- → -gg-: laT. obgero → laT. oggero (esp. - - - -);<br />
-df- → -ff-: laT. adfinis → laT. affinis (esp. afín);<br />
-dg-→ -gg-: laT. adgero → laT. aggero, aggere (esp. - - - -);<br />
-ds- → -ss-: laT. diuidsi → laT. diuissi (esp. - - - -);<br />
-dl- → -ll-: laT. adloquor → laT. alloquor (esp. - - - -);<br />
<br />
-dr- → -rr-: laT. adrogo → laT. arrogo, arrogare (esp. arrogar);<br />
-kf- → -ff-: laT. ecfero → laT . effero, efferre (esp. - - - -);<br />
-ls- → -ll-: arq. laT. velse → laT. velle (esp. vello);<br />
-ml- → -ll-: laT. comloquor → laT. colloquor (esp. - - - -);<br />
<br />
<br />
-nr- → -rr-: laT. inrogo → laT. irrigo, irrigare (esp. irrigar);<br />
-pf- → -ff-: laT. op(i)ficina → laT. officina (esp. oficina);<br />
-rl- → -ll-: laT. perlacio → laT. pellicio (esp. - - - -);<br />
<br />
<br />
-rs- → -rr-: arq. laT. ferse → laT. ferre (esp. férreo);<br />
-ts- → -ss-: laT. concuitsi → laT. concussio (esp. concusión);<br />
-gt- → -kt-: arq. laT. agtos → laT. actus (esp. acto).<br />
meore qvejgufi:<br />
-tt- → -ss- → -s-: arq. laT. iuttos → laT. iussus → laT. iusus (esp. - -<br />
-);<br />
-dt- → (tt) → -ss- →-s-: arq. laT. sedtos → (settos) → laT. sessus →<br />
laT. sesus (esp. - - - -).<br />
mesame qvejgufi:<br />
-tl- → -kl-: arq. laT. vetla → laT. vecla (esp. - - - -).<br />
meoTxe qvejgufi:<br />
-md- → -nd-: arq. laT. eumdem → laT. eundem (esp. - - - -);<br />
40
-mg- → -ng-: arq. laT. comgero → laT. conger (esp. congrio).<br />
arqaul laTinurSi vxvdebiT polikonsonantur kompleqsebsac,<br />
romlebic gamartivebisaken aris midrekili. Aarqaul laTinurSi sami<br />
Tanxmovani yvelaze xSirad Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT aris warmodgenili:<br />
1. mJReri okluzivi + s + yru okluzivi; 2. laterali + yru okluzivi +<br />
yru okluzivi; 3. yru okluzivi + s + nazali.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, samive SemTxveva gamartivebisaken aris<br />
midrekili. gansxvaveba maT Soris mxolod is aris, rom gansxvavebuli<br />
poziciis Tanxmovnebi ikargeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi s + yru Tanxmovnis<br />
kombinaciis win mdgomi konsonanti ikargeba: adspicio - aspicio; meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi laterals <strong>da</strong> mesame Tanxmovans Soris mdgomi yru okluzivi<br />
ikargeba: ulctos - ultus, xolo mesameSi – isev pirveli anu s + nazali<br />
kombinaciis win mdgomi yru Tanxmovani: loucsna - lousna. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>ikarga d, xolo meoresa <strong>da</strong> mesameSi - k, romelsac<br />
erT sityvaSi - meore, xolo meore sityvaSi - pirveli pozicia ukavia.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom arqauli laTinuris<br />
samelementian kompleqsebSi yvelaze susti iyo pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore<br />
poziciis matarebeli konsonantebi. Aarqaul laTinurSi gvaqvs erTi<br />
oTxelementiani kompleqsic, romelic martivdeba ara erTi Tanxmovnis<br />
amovardniT, aramed ori Tanxmovnis <strong>da</strong>kargviT: -dksk- → -sk- (didcsco → disco) 1 .<br />
amrigad, miviReT Semdegi suraTi:<br />
-dsp- → - sp-: arq. laT. adspirare → laT. aspirare (esp. aspirar);<br />
-ksn- → -sn-: arq. laT. loucsna → laT. lousna (esp. - - - -);<br />
-lkt- → -lt-: arq. laT. ulctos → laT. ultus (esp. - - - -);<br />
-dksk- → -sk-: arq. laT. didssco → laT. disco (esp. - - - -).<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad, magram mainc gvxvdebo<strong>da</strong> bolokiduri<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi arqaul laTinurSi. uZveles mdgrad<br />
orelementian kompleqsebs warmoadgens: -bs, -lt, -ms, -nk, -ns, -nt, ps, -rs, -st.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, konsonanturi kompleqsi <strong>stabiluroba</strong>s laTinurSi<br />
1 uiSviaTes movlenas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> oTxelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsi arqaul<br />
laTinur enaSi. misi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT xSiri gamoyeneba iwyeba laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> istoriis<br />
momdevno etapebze, roca samelementiani kombinaciiT <strong>da</strong>wyebul sityvebze iwyeben<br />
TanxmovniT <strong>da</strong>boloebuli TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>matebas.<br />
41
inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> Tu iyo Tanxmovnebis Semdegi Tanamimdevroba: 1.Ookluzivs,<br />
nazals an vibrants + s (swored es Tanamimdevroba gvaqvs CamoTvlilTgan<br />
pirvel, mesame, mexuTe, meSvide <strong>da</strong> merve kombinaciebSi); 2. konsonants +<br />
t (meore, meeqvse <strong>da</strong> mecxre TanxmovanTjgufebi); 3. nazals + k (meoTxe<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi).<br />
laTinurSi mdgrad kombinaciebs <strong>stabiluroba</strong> ar SeunarCunebiaT<br />
espanurSi. erT-erTi Tanxmovnis <strong>da</strong>kargvis an transformaciis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
espanurSi mox<strong>da</strong> sityvis bolos xmovnis <strong>da</strong>mateba, ramac poziciuri<br />
varireba gamoiwvia.<br />
bolokiduri kompleqsebis <strong>stabiluroba</strong> kargad Cans Semdeg<br />
cxrilSi:<br />
<br />
-bs → -bs: arq. laT. plebs → laT. plebs (esp. plebe);<br />
-lt → -lt: arq. laT. uult → laT. uult (esp. - - - -);<br />
-ms → -ms: arq. laT. hiems → laT. hiems (esp. - - - -);<br />
-nk → -nk: arq. laT. hunc → laT. hunc (esp. - - - -);<br />
-ns → -ns: arq. laT. gens → laT. gens (esp. gente);<br />
-nt→ -nt: arq. laT. sunt → laT. sunt (esp. - - - -);<br />
-ps→-ps: arq. laT. primceps → laT. princeps (esp. príncipe);<br />
-rs→ -rs: arq. laT. fors → laT. fors (esp. - - - -);<br />
-st→-st: arq. laT. est → laT. est (esp. - - - -).<br />
rac Seexeba yvelaze varirebad jgufebs, aq gavaerTianeT -kt, -rd, -ds, -ts<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi. bolodikuri TanxmovanTjgufebi<br />
CamoTvlilTagan yvela SemTxvevaSi gamartivdnen <strong>da</strong> laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
momdevno etapze monofonemuri saxiT ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi<br />
gamartiveba xan pirveli <strong>da</strong> xanac meore elementis amovardnis xarjze<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong>. bolokiduri kompleqsis pirveli elementis amovardnas win<br />
uZRvis regresuli asimilacia, rac ganapirobebs arqauli variantis meore<br />
elementis SenarCunebas.<br />
Aamrigad, miviReT Semdegi suraTi:<br />
-kt → -k: arq. laT. lact → laT. lac (esp. - - - -);<br />
-rd → -d: arq. laT. cord → laT. cor (esp. - - - -);<br />
42
-ds→ -ss→ -s: arq. laT. lapids → lapiss → laT. lapis (esp. - -);<br />
-ts→ -ss→ -s: arq. laT. millets → miless → laT.miles (esp.- -).<br />
arqaul laTinurSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> ramdenime samelementiani bolokiduri<br />
kompleqsic. Aam SemTxvevaSic gvaqvs konstanturobisa <strong>da</strong> variaciulobis<br />
magaliTebi. Yyvelze gavrcelebuli stabiluri bolokiduri kombinaciaa:<br />
nazali an vibranti + okluzivi ( p an b) + s, xolo yvelaze varirebad<br />
kompleqsebSi gvaqvs k + ts kombinacia. miviReT Semdegi suraTi:<br />
-mps → -mps: arq. laT. stremps → laT. stremps (esp. - - - -);<br />
-rbs → -rbs: arq. laT. urbs → laT. urbs (esp. urbe);<br />
-kts → -kss→ -ks: arq.laT. nocts →laT. nocss→-nocs (esp .- -);<br />
amrigad, konsonanturi kompleqsebis varireba mxolod derivatis<br />
doneze ar <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula. maTi garkveuli nawili ukve arqauli<br />
laTinuris donezeve transformir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom laTinuris Tavkiduri kompleqsebis<br />
transformireba arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar fiqsirdeba kompleqsis meore<br />
elementis xarjze, SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom Tavkidur poziciaSi myofi<br />
kompleqsis pirveli elementi, iqneba igi okluzivi Tu frikativi, bevrad<br />
ufro susti iyo, vidre meore. Tumca, ver vityviT, rom pirveli elementi<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi varirebas eqvemdebareba. am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba un<strong>da</strong><br />
gavamaxviloT, Tu romel konsonantTan qmnis igi kombinacias. mag:<br />
konsonantebi p,k,g Tu maT mosdevT narnara Tanxmovnebi ( r an l)<br />
narCundebian, xolo Tu p <strong>da</strong> k-s mosdevs t, an g-s mohyveba n - isini<br />
martivdebian. Aamrigad, kompleqsebis konstanturoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>variaciuloba</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia kompleqsSi Semavali elementebis fonetikur<br />
maxasiaTebelze, radgan gverdigverd mdgomma Tanxmovnebma aucileblad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnan harmoniuli kombinacia. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, swored aseTi<br />
harmoniuli kombinacia Seqmnes laTinurSi p,k,g okluzivebma <strong>da</strong> narnara<br />
konsonantebma.<br />
pirveli elementis sisuste Warbobs Sua konsonantur kompleqsebSic.<br />
arqauli laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze momx<strong>da</strong>ri fonetikuri cvlilebebi exeba<br />
kompleqsis pirvel elements, rac kargad Cans Sua konsonanturi<br />
varirebadi kompleqsebis qvejgufebSi.Ppirveli elementis midrekileba<br />
43
cvlilebebisaken SeimCneva laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> evoluciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapebze.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, Tu arqauli laTinurisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo<br />
progresuli asimilacia ( ls-ll, rs-rr), laTinuris momdevno etapze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> regresuli asimilaciis SemTxvevebi.<br />
gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs bolokidur konsonantur<br />
kompleqsebTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c varirebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba kompleqsis xan<br />
pirveli <strong>da</strong> xanac meore elementi. aRsaniSnavia, rom meore elementis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva poziciuri sisustiT iyo ganpirobebuli, xolo pirveli<br />
elementis amovardna regresuli asimilaciis xarjze miRebuli geminatis<br />
gamartivebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
bunebrivia, bolokiduri konsonantis <strong>stabiluroba</strong>-varirebaze<br />
gavlenas moaxden<strong>da</strong> mis win mdgomi Tanxmovanic, radgan erTi <strong>da</strong> igive<br />
Tanxmovani laTinuris doneze xan ikargeba <strong>da</strong> xanac ucvlelia. mag:<br />
bolokiduri t, k-s Semdeg ikargeba, xolo n, l <strong>da</strong> s TanxmovnebTan -<br />
stabiluria.<br />
amrigad, rogorc ganxilulma masalam gvaCvena, binaruli<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi rogorc sityvis TavSi, aseve bolokidur<br />
poziciaSi, varirebis SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, kargaven an icvlian<br />
kompleqsis kidurovan poziciaSi myof elements.<br />
pirveli an meore (oriode SemTxvevaSi orive) elementis<br />
varirebisaken aris midrekili polikonsonanturi kompleqsebi. sam <strong>da</strong><br />
oTxelementian kompleqsebTan arsad ar <strong>da</strong>kargula bolo elementebi.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom masalis kvlevis dros, TiTqmis ar<br />
ganmeorebula erTi <strong>da</strong> igive konsonanturi kompleqsebi sityvis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva poziciaSi; Mmxolod ramdenime kombinacia Segvxv<strong>da</strong><br />
gamonaklisis saxiT: kr <strong>da</strong> tr kombinaciebi gvxvdeba Tavkidur poziciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
sityvis SuaSi <strong>da</strong> arcerT poziciaSi ar eqvemdebareba varirebas; Kt<br />
kompleqsi ki, romelic gvxvdeba Tavkidur <strong>da</strong> bolokidur poziciaSi,<br />
kargavs kidurovan elements (sityvis TavSi: kt-t; sityvis boloSi: kt-k).<br />
arcerTi kombinacia ar gvxvdeba samive poziciaSi.<br />
yuradReba gavamaxvileT imazec, Tu romeli Tanxmovnebi qmnidnen<br />
laTinurSi (poziciis a <strong>da</strong> Tanxmovnebis Tanamimdevrobis ganurCevlad)<br />
44
yvela harmoniul <strong>da</strong> stabilur kombinaciebs. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> rom mJReri<br />
okluzivis <strong>da</strong> vibrantis kombinaciam mogvca yvelaze stabiluri<br />
TanxmovanTkompleqsebi: br - rb, gr - rg.<br />
45
IV Tavi<br />
etimonSi arsebuli konsonanturi kompleqsebi <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba<br />
istoriuli evoluciis manZilze<br />
pireneis naxevarkunZulis romanizaciis Semdeg, laTinuri<br />
espanelebisaTvis mSobliur enad iqca. Mman imdenad Zlierad moiki<strong>da</strong> fexi<br />
espaneTSi, rom naxevarkunZulis primitiuli enebi TiTqmis srulad<br />
gaaqro (baskuris gar<strong>da</strong>); Semdeg evoluciasTan erTad ki, SeiZina<br />
germanuli <strong>da</strong> arabuli elementi, riTac <strong>da</strong>Sor<strong>da</strong> mis pirvandel formas<br />
<strong>da</strong> safuZveli Cauyara espanur romanses.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom espanur enas, ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze,<br />
axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> mWidro kontaqti iberiul, vestgoTur <strong>da</strong> arabul enebTan,<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> leqsikuri maragis didi nawili laTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebiTaa warmodgenili, rac imis wina pirobaa, rom etimonis doneze<br />
arsebuli binaruli <strong>da</strong> polikonsonanturi kompleqsebis umravlesoba<br />
ukavSirdeba laTinur Zirebs; Tumca, gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi gvxdeba preromanuli, berZnuli, arabuli <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S. warmoSobis sityvebSi.<br />
naSromSi ganvixileT binaruli (maT Soris, geminatebiT<br />
wamodgenili jgufebi) <strong>da</strong> polikonsonanturi TanxmovanTkompleqsebi<br />
(rogorc Tavkidur <strong>da</strong> bolokidur poziciaSi, aseve sityvis SuaSi). kvleva<br />
CavatareT korominasis <strong>da</strong> garsia de diegos etimologiuri leqsikonebis<br />
monacemebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. aseve, vixelmZRvaneleT santiago segura mungias<br />
uaxlesi laTinur-<strong>espanuri</strong> etimologiuri leqsikoniT <strong>da</strong> espaneTis<br />
samefo akademiis – RAE-s monacemebiT.<br />
ganxilulma masalam gviCvena, rom kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
dros, etimonis doneze arsebuli kompleqsebis garkveuli nawili<br />
SenarCunebulia; <strong>da</strong>narCenebi ki eqvemdebarebian varirebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
SemTxvevebs. araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs etimonis doneze ararsebuli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufis <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze warmoqmnisa, rac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ukavSirdeba xmovnis sinkopas. Tumca, SevxvdiT varirebis ormag <strong>da</strong><br />
sammagG movlenasac.<br />
46
qvemoT, <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ganvixilavT jer binarul <strong>da</strong> Semdeg,<br />
polikonsonantur kompleqsebs <strong>da</strong> yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT im faqtebze,<br />
Tu ram gamoiwvia TiToeuli maTganis konstanturoba an varireba.<br />
$ 1. orelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: B<br />
(bb, bd, bl, br, bs, bt)<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi bb, romelic warmoadgens mJReri<br />
okluzivis geminats, espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros, ganicdis<br />
cvlilebas <strong>da</strong> martivdeba.<br />
arameuli (RAE-s mixedviT siriuli) warmoSobis sityva abba<br />
laTinurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> (berZnulis gavliT) abbas-is formiT <strong>da</strong> espanurSi<br />
mogvca abad, rac niSnavs ‛mamas’ an saeklesio pirs - ‛abats’. ormagi<br />
okluzivis gamartivebis movlena fiqsirdeba laTinuri warmoSobis<br />
Semdeg espanur sityvebSic: abadía (laT. iabbatia), abadesa (laT. abbatissa), abatir<br />
(laT. abbattuo,-ere) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi bd laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> ucvleli formiT mkvidrdeba kastiliur enaSi. M<br />
esp. abdomen modis laTinuri abdomen-<strong>da</strong>n, abdicar ki espanur enaSi<br />
Cndeba 1420 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> momdinareobs laTinuri abdicare-<strong>da</strong>n. TiTqmis amave<br />
periodSi Cndeba abducción, romelic Seesabameba laTinuri abductio-s. bolo<br />
ori magaliTis etimologiis ufro Rrma kvlevam gviCvena, rom orive<br />
laTinuri sityva ( abdicare <strong>da</strong> abducere) modis dicare <strong>da</strong> ducere-<strong>da</strong>n, ab ki aris<br />
laTinuri prefiqsi, romelsac aqvs sawinaaRmdegos mniSvneloba. rogorc<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aRniSnulma Zirma laTinuri TavsarTi ab etimonis donezeve<br />
<strong>da</strong>imata <strong>da</strong> espanurSi ukve saxecvlili formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
TavkiduriKkonsonanturi kompleqsi bl gvxvdeba laTinuri <strong>da</strong><br />
berZnuli warmoSobis sityvebSi <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ucvleli formiT<br />
mkvidrdeba espanur enaSi: laT. blitu - esp. bledo, laT. blandu - esp. blando.<br />
Bl kompleqsiani vokabulebis garkveuli nawili espanur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n, laTinuris gavliT. berZ. blasphemos-s jer laTinurSi<br />
47
gvaZlevs blasphemus-s, xolo Semdeg kastiliurSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis blasfemo-s<br />
formiT. igive gza ganvlo Semdegma sityvamac: esp. bledo (← laT. blitum ←<br />
berZ. bliton).<br />
mxolod ramdenime sityvaSi mox<strong>da</strong> binaruli kompleqsis gamartiveba<br />
<strong>da</strong> monofonemuri korelatis warmoqmna: berZ. blastemeo - laT. blastemare - esp.<br />
lastimar.<br />
rac Seexeba bl TanxmovanTjgufs sityvis SuaSi, aq vxvdebiT<br />
bilabialuri b-s <strong>da</strong> labiodentaluri v-s arevas, romelsac win uZRvis<br />
metaTeza: laT. oblitare-esp.olvi<strong>da</strong>r.<br />
Bl kompleqsi etimonis doneze fiqsirdeba esp. roble-Si. igi<br />
momdinareobs laT. robore-<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac o-s sinkopis Sedegad jer<br />
mogvca robre, xolo Semdeg, disimilaciis xarjze, miviReT roble.<br />
Tavkiduri TanxmovanTkompleqsma br gvxvdeba rogorc laTinuri,<br />
aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi. Tavkidur poziciaSi, vokabula<br />
iqneba laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n Tu sxva enobrivi wyaro<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli, konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi ga<strong>da</strong>dis ucvleli formiT: laT. bracchium - esp. brazo, laT. brutusesp.<br />
bruto, laT. brattea - esp. bráctea, berZ. brionia - laT. bryonia - esp. brionia, berZ.<br />
bronkhion - laT. bronchium - esp. bronquio, goT. brikan - esp. bregar, goT. brut - esp.<br />
brote, kelt. brigos - esp. brío.<br />
Br kompleqsiani sityvebis garkveuli nawili Semodis<br />
franguli<strong>da</strong>nac. swored maT Soris aris esp. brocha (← fr. brouche), broche (←<br />
fr. broche) <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
gvaqvs ramdenime SemTxveva, sa<strong>da</strong>c konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili. maT Soris aris mosarab. perca, romelic<br />
espanur breca-s gvaZlevs <strong>da</strong> laT. bocal, romlisganac miviReT<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> brocal. Ppirvel magaliTSi Cans, rom yru Tanxmovnis gamJRerebas,<br />
rac preromanuli enebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, mohyva metaTeza, xolo<br />
meore magaliTSi br kompleqsis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs r-s epenTeza.<br />
derivatis doneze warmoiqmna br Tavkiduri kompleqsi erT-erTi<br />
germanuli frazis espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisas. Ggermanuli fraza ich bring<br />
48
dir’s, rac espanurad te lo ofrezco-s an te lo traigo-s niSnavs, espanurSi gvaZlevs<br />
brindis-s.<br />
ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> br konsonanturi kompleqsi sityvis<br />
SuaSi Semdeg sityvebSi: laT. abrogatio - esp. abrogación, laT. abrotonum - esp.<br />
abrotano, laT. allobroges - esp. alóbroges (galiis teritoriaze mcxovrebi<br />
kelturi warmoSobis tomebi), laT. labrusca - esp. labrusca, laT. lubricare - esp.<br />
lubricar, laT. rubrica - esp. rúbrica <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
Oor jgufad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT Sua konsonanturi br kompleqsis mier<br />
gancdili fonetikuri cvlilebebi:<br />
1). jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qreba kompleqsis meore elementi: laT. labrum - esp.<br />
labio (br-b);<br />
2). jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c binaruli kompleqsi iSleba Tanxmovnebs Soris<br />
xmovnis Camatebis Sedegad: laT. ebriacus - esp. borracho.<br />
arcTu ise bevri magaliTi gvaqvs br konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
derivatis doneze warmoqmnisa: laT. cooperire - esp. cubrir, laT. aperire - esp.<br />
abrir. Oorive vokabulaSi jer mox<strong>da</strong> intervokaluri yru konsonantis<br />
gamJRereba, Semdeg ki - e-s sinkopa. rac Seexeba esp. palabra-s, igi miviReT<br />
laT. parabola-<strong>da</strong>n, metaTezis Sedegad.<br />
B konsonantisagan Sedgenil kompleqsebSi Yyvelaze meti<br />
stabilurobiT gamoirCeva bs <strong>da</strong> bt jgufebi. maT ar ganicades aranairi<br />
fonetikuri cvlileba <strong>da</strong> gamonaklisebis gareSe, ucvleli formiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrdnen kastiliur enaSi: laT. absolutio - esp. absolución, laT. absorbeo -<br />
esp. absorber, laT. observator - esp. observador, laT. observare - esp. observar, laT.<br />
subsidium - esp. subsidio, laT. obturare - esp. obturar, laT. obtusus - esp. obtuso <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
rac Seexeba Tavkidur bs <strong>da</strong> bt kompleqsebs, amis arcerTi magaliTi ar<br />
gvaqvs. rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli kompleqsebi Tavkidur poziciaSi ar iyo<br />
laTinuri <strong>enis</strong>aTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiTebeli, iseve rogorc ar axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> im<br />
enebs, romelTac fonetikuri saxis gavlena moaxdines espanur enaze.<br />
49
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: D<br />
(dr)<br />
kompleqsi dr Tavkidur poziciaSi mxolod aralaTinuri (berZnuli,<br />
kelturi, germanuli) warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba. TanxmovanTjgufi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis kastiliur enaSi. espanurSi<br />
berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n, laTinuris gavliT, <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> sityvebi:<br />
dragón (berZ. drákon - laT. draco), drama (berZ. drama - laT. drama),<br />
dríade (berZ. dryas - laT. dryás), drupa (berZ. dryppa -laT. druppa). germanuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Semovi<strong>da</strong> sityva drusa ( germ. druse), italiuri<strong>da</strong>n - driza (it. drizza), xolo<br />
inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n - dril (drill). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi dr varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur korelatSi. Tumca, gvaqvs<br />
erTi gamonaklisi <strong>da</strong> es aris esp. trapo. igi momdinareobs kelturi (an<br />
prekelturi) drappus-i<strong>da</strong>n. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli vokabulas<br />
Tavkiduri d ramdenime romanul enaSi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
(savaraudod im enebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c laTinurisaTvis gverdis avliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>), kastiliurisa <strong>da</strong> portugaliurisagan gansxvavebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
aRniSnuli vokabula laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n Sevi<strong>da</strong> d-s t-Ti Canacvlebuli formiT.<br />
cvlilebebs dr konsonanturi kompleqsi arc sityvis SuaSi<br />
eqvemdebareba. laTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebi espanur korelatSi<br />
varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis: laT. quadriga - esp. cuadriga, laT. quadrus - esp.<br />
cuadro.<br />
gvaqvs ramdenime SemTxveva, sa<strong>da</strong>c dr jgufi derivatis donezea<br />
warmoqmnili. Mmag: esp. cidro, romelic laT. citrus-i<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs,<br />
miviReT kompleqsis pirveli elementis anu yru konsonantis gamJRerebiT.<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili dr jgufi iseT sityvebSi,<br />
rogoricaa: adral, bodrio, cocodrilo <strong>da</strong> sxv. Adral miviReT laT. lateralis-gan, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
jer <strong>da</strong>ikarga Tavkiduri l, Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong> e-s sinkopa, bolos<br />
ki tr kompleqsSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> yru Tanxmovnis gamJRereba. Cocodrilo modis<br />
laTinuri sityvi<strong>da</strong>n crocodilus. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aq sityvis TavSi<br />
arsebuli kompleqsis meore elementi, metaTezis xarjze, ga<strong>da</strong>dis sityvis<br />
50
SuaSi <strong>da</strong> qmnis axal konsonantur jgufs. igive fonetikuri movlena<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> bodrio-Si, romelic laT. brodium-<strong>da</strong>n modis.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: F<br />
(fl, fr)<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi fl gvxvdeba rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi. Sua poziciisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
stabilurobis arcTu ise maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva fl konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi sityvis TavSi. Tumca, gvaqvs Tavkidur poziciaSi misi<br />
ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>svlis ramdenime magaliTic: laT. flaccus - esp.<br />
flaco, laT. flavus - esp. flavo, laT. flagellum - esp. flagelo, laT. floccus - esp. fleco,<br />
laT. flexibilis - esp. flexible, laT. flexura - esp. flexura, laT. flor - esp. flor, laT. fluxus<br />
- esp. flojo, laT. fluere - esp. fluir, fr. flanc - esp. flanco.<br />
sam jgufad SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vyoT fl kompleqsis mier ganvlili<br />
fonetikuri cvlilebebi:<br />
1. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c adgili aqvs palatalizacias: laT. flamma espanurSi<br />
gvaZlevs llama-s. A<br />
2. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c fl kompleqsis pirveli elementi ikargeba, meore ki,<br />
yovelgvari fonetikuri cvlilebis gareSe, ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanurSi. Mmag:<br />
laT. flaccidus- esp. lacio.<br />
3. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c fl kompleqsis pirveli elementi ucvleli formiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis, meore ki - transformirdeba: goT. flasko - esp. frasco.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi fl TiTqmis ar ganicdis cvlilebebs <strong>da</strong><br />
espanur korelatSi varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis: laT. diflagrare - esp.<br />
deflagrar, laT. profligare - esp. profligar. Mmxolod erT sityvaSi fiqsirdeba fl-s<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla pl-Si: laT. suflare - esp. soplar. E<br />
etimonis donezea warmoqmnili fl TanxmovanTjgufi sityvaSi chiflar,<br />
romelic miviReT laTinuri sifilare-<strong>da</strong>n, i-s sinkopis Sedegad.<br />
Fr konsonanturi kompleqsi, misi vokabulaSi poziciis<strong>da</strong><br />
ganurCevlad, SeiZleba CaiTvalos erT-erT yvelaze stabilur jgufad.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aRniSnul TanxmovanTkompleqss ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
51
laTinur etimonSi vxvdebiT, gvaqvs ramdenime magaliTi sxva enobrivi<br />
wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli sityvebis saxiTac: laT. fractura - esp. fractura, laT.<br />
fragil - esp. frágil, laT. fragor - esp. fragor, laT. framea - esp. framea, laT. frenare -<br />
esp. frenar, laT. frivolus - esp. frívolo, laT. fructus - esp. fruta, laT. frustrare - esp.<br />
frustrar, frang. frange - esp. franja, it. fregata - esp. fragata, goT. flasko - esp. frasco.<br />
oqsitanuri fraire-s gavliT Semodis espanurSi laT. frater <strong>da</strong><br />
gvaZlevs fraile-s. rac Seexeba esp. franco-s, igi momdinareobs germ. frank-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
koromisasis varaudiT aRniSnuli vokabula kastiliur enaSi Zveli<br />
franguli<strong>da</strong>n Semovi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Fr kompleqsis mxolod derivatis doneze warmoqmnis arcerTi<br />
SemTxveva ar fiqsirdeba.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi fr gvxvdeba mxolod laTinuri<br />
warmoSobis sityvebSi <strong>da</strong> yvela SemTxvevaSi konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
mdgradobis maRali maCvenebliT ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur korelatSi.<br />
laT. frons, frontis warmoadgens gviani derivatis afrontare-s safuZvels<br />
<strong>da</strong> espanurSi Seesabameba afrontar-s, rac Seexeba esp. bifronte-s, igi<br />
momdinarebs laT. bifrons,-ontis-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
sainteresoa esp. refrán-is etimologiac. igi XVII saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
aRwevs espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong> momdinareobs laTinuri prefiqsaluri<br />
kompoziti re+frangere-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: G<br />
(gd, gl, gm, gn, gr)<br />
erT-erT uiSviaTes TanxmovanTkompleqss warmoadgens gd jgufi. igi<br />
arcerT sityvaSi ar figurirebs Tavkidur poziciaSi <strong>da</strong> mxolod oriode<br />
sityvaSi gvxvdeba Sua poziciiT. laTinurma amyg<strong>da</strong>la-m espanurSi<br />
mogvca almendra, rac niSnavs imas, rom gd jer ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> nd-Si, xolo<br />
Semdeg <strong>da</strong>imata epenTezirebuli r <strong>da</strong> binaruli konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
espanur korelatSi iqca polikonsonanturad [axvlediani c., 2009:46].<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, gd kompleqsi, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom aris erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
iSviaTi kompleqsi, warmoadgens varirebisken midrekil jgufsac.<br />
52
uamrav sityvaSi vxvdebiT gl TanxmovanTkompleqss Tavkidur<br />
poziciaSi <strong>da</strong> maTi umravlesoba aris laTinuri etimonis matarebeli;<br />
Tumca, vxvdebiT berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n Semosul sityvebsac.<br />
laTinuri sityva glacialis-i<strong>da</strong>n miviReT espanurSi glacial, romelmac<br />
mogvianebiT safuZveli <strong>da</strong>udo glaciación <strong>da</strong> glaciar-is warmoqmnas. laTinuri<br />
etimoni aqvs sityva gladíolo-sac. igi miviReT gladiolus-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic<br />
aris gladius-is k<strong>nino</strong>biTi forma.<br />
Gl kompleqsis ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis sxva magaliTebia:<br />
laT. glandula - esp. glándula, laT. glastum - esp. glasto, laT. gleba - esp. gleba,<br />
laT. globus - esp. globo, laT. gloria - esp. gloria, laT. glossa - esp. glosa.<br />
berZnuli Ziri aqvT sityvebs: glíptica (berZ. glyptikos),<br />
glicerina (berZ. glykeros), glúteo (berZ. glutós) <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
gvaqvs mxolod erTi gamonaklisi <strong>da</strong> es aris esp. lirón, romelic<br />
momdinareobs laTinuri glis, gliris-<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, kompleqsis<br />
pirveli elementi <strong>da</strong>ikarga derivatis doneze.<br />
mxolod ramdenime magaliTi gvaqvs sityvis SuaSi gl kompleqsis<br />
stabilurobisa. maT Sorisaa: laT. degluttio,-onis, romelmac espanurSi<br />
mogvca deglución. Mmisi variaciulobis magaliTi ki aris esplego, romelic<br />
modis laT. espeglo-<strong>da</strong>n. Aaq, rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, mox<strong>da</strong> gl konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsis <strong>da</strong>Sla l-s ga<strong>da</strong>smis Sedegad <strong>da</strong> espanurSi miviReT<br />
monofonemuri korelati.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsis derivatis doneze warmoqmna<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia esp. regla-Si, romelic miviReT laTinuri regula-<strong>da</strong>n, u-s<br />
sinkopis Sedegad.<br />
arc gm konsonanturi kompleqsi (gd msgavsad) gvxvdeba sityvis TavSi,<br />
rasac ver vityviT masze sityvis SuaSi. Gm kompleqsi ucvleli formiT<br />
mkvidrdeba kastiliurSi segmento-s (laT. segmentum) tipis sityvebSi, xolo<br />
pirveli elementis <strong>da</strong>kargviT martivdeba Semdeg sityvebSi: aumento (←<br />
laT. augmentum) <strong>da</strong> pimiento (←laT. pigmentum).<br />
arcTu ise xSirad gvxvdeba gn kompleqsi Tavkidur pozicaSi. igi<br />
ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis kastiliur enaSi mxolod aralaTinuri<br />
53
warmoSobis sityvebSi, rasac ganapirobebs is faqti, rom aRniSnuli<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> donezeve gamartiv<strong>da</strong> kompleqsis<br />
pirveli elementis <strong>da</strong>kargvis Sedegad: berZ. gnomikos - esp. gnómico,<br />
germ. gneis - esp. gneis.<br />
uamravi magaliTi gvaqvs gn konsonanturi kompleqsis sityvis SuaSi.<br />
igi espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis rogorc varirebis gareSe, aseve<br />
saxecvlili formiT.<br />
ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidra gn jgufi Semdeg sityvebSi: agnación<br />
(laT. agnatio,-onis), magnate ( laT. magnates), magnífico ( laT. magnificus), magno<br />
(laT. magnus), pignoraticio (laT. pigneraticius) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
rac Seexeba mis mier gancdil fonetikur cvlilebebs, isini<br />
SeiZleba ori jgufad <strong>da</strong>vyoT:<br />
1. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ikargeba pirveli konsonanti, rac iwvevs binaruli<br />
kompleqsis monofonemur korelatad ga<strong>da</strong>qcevas: laT. cognoscere -<br />
esp. conocer;<br />
2. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c binaruli konsonanturi kompleqsi gvaZlevs ɲ (ñ)-s:<br />
laT. agninus - esp. añono, laT. ligna - esp. leña, laT. tanmagnu - esp. tamaño, laT.<br />
stagnu - esp. estaño, laT. signa - esp. seña.<br />
sainteresoa pren<strong>da</strong>-s etimologia. igi modis laTinuri pignora-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
man ganviTarebis sakmaod didi <strong>da</strong> rTuli gza ganvlo. Asityva pignora-s<br />
mier ganvlili evoluciis etapebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:<br />
1. xmovani i ga<strong>da</strong>dis e-Si, gn kompleqsi xdeba monofonemuri ɲ (ñ),<br />
fiqsirdeba o-s sinkopa: pignora - peñra;<br />
2. Ñ (ɲ) <strong>da</strong> r-s Soris Cndeba epenTezirebuli d: peñra - peñdra;<br />
3. R-s metaTeziT viRebT konsonantur kompleqss sityvis TavSi, ris<br />
Sedega<strong>da</strong>c laT. pignora-s derivats espanurSi warmoadgens: pren<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tavkiduri konsonanturi kompleqsi gr vxvdeba rogorc laTinuri,<br />
aseve berZnuli, franguli <strong>da</strong> katalanuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi.<br />
Tavkiduri poziciiT, aRniSnuli kompleqsi ucvleli formiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> Semdeg sityvebSi: laT. gracilis - esp. grácil, laT. gradus -<br />
esp. grado, laT. gramina (gramen-is mravlobiTi ricxvi) - esp. grama, laT.<br />
54
grandis - esp. grande, laT. granum - esp. grano, laT. gragulus (an graculus) - esp.<br />
grajo, laT. gravis - esp. grave, laT. grillus - esp. grillo, laT. grumus -<br />
esp. grumo, berZ. graphicus - esp. gráfico, berZ. grammatikós -<br />
esp. gramático (Tumc, kastiliurSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> laTinuri grammaticus-i<strong>da</strong>n),<br />
frang. grange - esp. granja, frang. grès - esp. gres, frang. grippe -<br />
esp. gripe (savaraudod, frangulSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> germanuli grüpi-<strong>da</strong>n),<br />
katal. grapa - esp. grapa.<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili sityvebi: gra<strong>da</strong>, romelic modis<br />
laTinuri cratis-<strong>da</strong>n; Gre<strong>da</strong>, romelic miviReT laT. creta-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> grupo,<br />
romlis Ziric un<strong>da</strong> veZioT goTur sityvaSi krupps. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
TanxmovanTkompleqsma kr-m ramdenime sityvaSi ganica<strong>da</strong> pirveli elementis<br />
gamJRereba <strong>da</strong> mogcva grkompleqsi.<br />
sainteresoa <strong>espanuri</strong> gragea-s etimologia. igi kastiliurSi<br />
franguli dragee-<strong>da</strong>n Semovi<strong>da</strong>, xolo, Tu rogor <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> frangulSi -<br />
ucnobia. Eetimonis doneze arsebuli dr kompleqsis pirveli elementis<br />
amgvar transformacias, korominasi xsnis aRniSnuli vokabulas<br />
naTesauri kavSiriT grano-sTan. Tumca, SesaZloa fr. dragee-s amgvari<br />
evolucia ganpirobebuli iyos ori mJReri okluzivis akustikuri<br />
ekvivalentobiT.<br />
rogorc konstanturobis, aseve varirebis SemTxvevebi<br />
gvaqvs gr kompleqsTan sityvis SuaSi. Mmisi mudmivobis magaliTebia:<br />
laT. agrarius - esp. agrario, laT. agrícola - esp. agrícola, laT. egregius -<br />
esp. egregio, laT. integrare - esp. integrar <strong>da</strong> sxv. B<br />
binaruli kompleqsi iqca monofonemur korelatad sityvaSi pigritia,<br />
romelmac kastiliurSi mogvca pereza. Mmisi amgvari transformireba<br />
SeiZleba avxsnaT Semdegnairad: jer ti ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> xmovnis win θ (z)-Si<br />
(rogorc yovelTvis xdeba xmovnis win: capitia - cabeza, rationem -razón), Semdeg<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsis pirveli elementi <strong>da</strong>ikarga, bolos ki -<br />
i ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> e-Si.<br />
55
etimonis donezea warmoqmnili gr jgufi sityvebSi: agro ( laT.<br />
acrus) <strong>da</strong> sagrado ( laT. sacratus). Oorive SemTxvevaSi gr kompleqsis warmoqmna<br />
ganpirobebulia yru konsonantis gamJRerebiT.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: k<br />
(kl, kr, kt)<br />
Bs <strong>da</strong> bt jgufebisagan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, sityvis TavSi<br />
vxvdebiT kl jgufs. Ggvaqvs misi rogorc cvlilebis amsaxveli, aseve<br />
ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis magaliTebi.<br />
laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n Semosul iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaa clásico (classicus),<br />
clavo (clavus), claro (claru), clero (clerus ) ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra konsonantur kompleqsTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli aranari fonetikuri cvlileba, iseve rogorc<br />
franguli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul sityvebSi: cliché - clise, club -<br />
club. berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n SemosulebSi ki - sityvis grafikuli gamosaxuleba<br />
Seicvala: berZ. klima- esp. clima, berZ. klinikos - esp. clínica.<br />
araerT sityvaSia <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli kl jgufis transformireba mis mier<br />
ganvlil evoluciis gzaze <strong>da</strong> igi aixsneba preromanuli enebis gavleniT.<br />
romauli <strong>da</strong>pyrobebis <strong>da</strong> pireneis naxevarkunZulze laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
gabatonebis Semdeg, rogorc grafikulad, aseve warmoTqmiT, srulad<br />
Seicvala ramdenime TanxmovanTjgufi <strong>da</strong> maT Sorisaa kl kompleqsi,<br />
romelmac ganica<strong>da</strong> palatalizacia: clamare - llamar, clave - llave <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi sixSiriT vxvdebiT kl kompleqss sityvis SuaSi.<br />
berZ. ekleipsis jer <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> laTinurSi eclipsis formiT, mogvianebiT ki -<br />
espanurSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> eclipse-s saxiT. igive gza ganvlo berZ. ecloga-m. Tumca,<br />
kastiliur enaSi mogvca égloga. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am SemTxvevaSi mox<strong>da</strong><br />
konsonanturi kompleqsis pirveli elementis gamJRereba.<br />
ramdenime sityvaSi k(u)l kompleqsma mogvca sruliad sxva<br />
fonema: genuc(u)los - hinojo, oculus - ojo, spec(u)lu - espejo, vermic(u)lu - bermejo <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
sainteresoa bicicleta-s etimologia. igi miviReT laT. bi-ze<br />
berZ. kyklos-s <strong>da</strong>matebiT (kyklos espanurad iTargmneba rogorc rue<strong>da</strong>,<br />
qarTulad ki - borbals niSnavs). mogvianebiT, am sityvam, franguli <strong>enis</strong><br />
56
gavleniT <strong>da</strong>imata sufiqsi ette <strong>da</strong> kastiliurSi miviReT bicicleta.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am sityvam evoluciis didi gza<br />
ganvlo, kl TanxmovanTkompleqsis warmoTqma ar Secvlila (Tumc,<br />
grafikulad Seicvala). rac Seexeba sityva motocicleta-s, igi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
axalia. igi pirvelad naxsenebia 1898 wels, parizSi mcxovrebi emigranti<br />
Zmebis migel <strong>da</strong> euxenio vernerebis mier, romelTa saxelsac ukavSirdeba<br />
motocikletis gamogoneba.<br />
Tavkiduri kr jgufi iSviaTad ganicdis cvlilebas laTinuri<br />
etimoni<strong>da</strong>n momdinare sityvebSi: laT. crápula - esp. crápula, laT. crescere - esp.<br />
crecer, laT. crepusculum - esp. crepúsculo, laT. crimen - esp. crimen, laT. crux - esp.<br />
cruz. grafikul cvlilebas vxvdebiT berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n Semosul sityvebSi: berZ.<br />
kranion - esp. cráneo, berZ. krypte - esp. crupta.ramdenime vokabulaSi ki xdeba<br />
kompleqsis pirveli elementis gamJRereba: laT. cratis - esp. gra<strong>da</strong>, laT. creta -<br />
esp. gre<strong>da</strong>, laT. crepta - esp. grieta, laT. crupta - esp. gruta.<br />
iSviaTad vxvdebiT kr kompleqss sityvis SuaSi. Tumca, mainc gvaqvs<br />
oriode magaliTi. maT Sorisaa: procreación, romelic modis laTinuri<br />
procreation,-onis-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> procreador, romelic miviReT laTinuri procreator-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
TiTqmis arsad ar gamoiyeneba kt kompleqsi sityvis TavSi. Mmisi<br />
Tavkidur poziciaSi gamoyenebis mxolod erTi magaliTi gvaqvs <strong>da</strong> isic<br />
toponimikaSi: ctesiphon - ctesifonte. 1<br />
ver vityviT imaves kt kompleqsze sityvis SuaSi. Uuamravi magaliTi<br />
gvaqvs misi amgvari poziciiT vokabulaSi, iqneba igi laTinuri Tu<br />
berZnuli warmoSobisa. Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom berZnuli warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi TanxmovanTkompleqsi grafikulad icvlis formas:<br />
laT. defectivus - esp. defectuoso, laT. dictatorius - esp. dictator, laT. dictare - esp.<br />
dictar, laT. doctor - esp. doctor, berZ. di<strong>da</strong>ktikos - esp. didáctica, berZ. dialektos - esp.<br />
dialecto.<br />
araerT fonetikur cvlilebas vxvdebiT kt kompleqsTan sityvis<br />
SuaSi. maT Soris yvelaze met yuradRebas iqcevs kt-s ga<strong>da</strong>qceva yru<br />
1 qtesifoni - Ees iyo Zveli mesopotamiis erT-erTi qalaqi, romelic nangrevebic dRes<br />
erayis teritoriazea.<br />
57
afrikatad. mag: esp. noche modis laT. noctem-<strong>da</strong>n, es ukanaskneli ki saerTo<br />
indoevropuli Ziri<strong>da</strong>n - nekt, romelsac vpoulobT yvela indoevropul<br />
enaSi (germanulSi – nacht, berZnulSi – niktos <strong>da</strong> a.S.). rogorc ralf peni<br />
aRniSnavs, nocte-Si velarulma Tanxmovanma ganica<strong>da</strong> frikativizacia,<br />
Semdeg transformir<strong>da</strong> yod-ad <strong>da</strong> dRes gvaqvs noche: nocte → noxte → noite →<br />
noche. evoluciis msgavsi gza ganvlo sityvebma: laT. dictus - esp. dicho, laT.<br />
factum - esp. hecho, laT. pectum -esp. pecho, laT. octo - esp. ocho, laT. tectum - esp.<br />
techo.<br />
ramdenime sityvaSi kt kompleqsma warmoqmna geminati: laT. diction,-onis –<br />
esp. dicción, laT. conductio,-onis - esp. conducción, laT. defectio,onis - esp. defección.<br />
rac Seexeba esp. respeto-s, igi momdinareobs laT. respectus-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
espanur variants gvaZlevs TanxmovanTkompleqsis pirveli elementis<br />
amovardnis Semdeg.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: L<br />
(lb, ld, lf, lg, lk, lm, ln, lp, ls, lt, lv)<br />
TanxmovanTkompleqsi lb, romelic mxolod sityvis SuaSi gvxvdeba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi. laTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebis kastiliurSi ucvleli<br />
formiT ga<strong>da</strong>svlis magaliTebia: laT. albus espanurSi Seesabameba albas,<br />
albor – albor-s, albumen – albumen-s, balbutire ki – balbucir-s.<br />
aralaTinuri warmoSobis aris esp. tulipa. sparsuli sityva galbulo,<br />
Turquli tülbend/tülbent-is gziT aRwevs espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong> viRebT tulipa-s.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>v, tulipa-s amgvari evolucia gamoiwvia axalma i xmovanma.<br />
aseve, <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> ori fonemis (b/p) akustikuri ekvivalentoba.<br />
Sua konsonanturi lb kompleqsi kastiliur enaSi gamartivebulic<br />
gvxvdeba. swored pirveli elementis amovardnam gamoiwvia is, rom<br />
laT. balbus-<strong>da</strong>n modis esp. bobo.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi ld gvxvdeba laTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi. igi yvela espanur korelatSi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis. ver<br />
58
vityviT imaves Tavkidur ld kompleqsze, romelic arcerTi enobrivi<br />
wyaro<strong>da</strong>n Semosul sityvaSi ar <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula.<br />
laTinuri zedsarTavi saxeli calidus, romelic xalxur<br />
laTinurSi caldus-is saxiT gvxvdeba, niSnavs ‛cxel <strong>da</strong>salevs’. aq<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d nagulisxmebi iyo ‛Rvino’, radgan romaelebs Cveulebad<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T sadilze cxeli Rvinis <strong>da</strong>leva (gansakuTrebiT civ<br />
zamTarSi). Cal(i)dus kastiliur enaSi, xalxuri laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>axl. XV<br />
saukuneSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> caldo-s formiT. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, i-s sinkopa etimonis<br />
donezeve mox<strong>da</strong>. Mmsgavsi etimologia aqvs caldera <strong>da</strong> caldear-s. isini<br />
momdinareoben laTinuri cal(i)<strong>da</strong>rius <strong>da</strong> cal(i)<strong>da</strong>re-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
romis imperiaSi sol(i)dus (solidus - saliteraturi laTinuri,<br />
xolo soldus - xalxuri laTinuri) niSnav<strong>da</strong> ‛oqros monetas’, romelsac<br />
imperatori uxdi<strong>da</strong> jariskacebs gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis. gvian Sua<br />
saukuneebamde sol(i)dus niSnav<strong>da</strong> ’jariskacis gasamrjelos’ (paga de<br />
sol<strong>da</strong>do), mogvianebiT ki - misi mniSvneloba gax<strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d ‛gasamrjelo’<br />
(jariskacis iqnebo<strong>da</strong> is Tu sxva moxelis). laTinurma sol(i)dus-ma<br />
espanurSi mogvca sueldo. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, igi miviReT xalxuri<br />
laTinuris versii<strong>da</strong>n o-s difTongizaciis Sedegad.A<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili soldán. igi momdinareobs klasikuri<br />
arabuli sityvi<strong>da</strong>n sultan, rac niSnavs umaRles saxelisuflebo pirs.<br />
derivatis doneze igive kompleqsi fiqsirdeba sinkopa + yru Tanxmovnis<br />
gamJRerebis Sedega<strong>da</strong>c: laT. malitas - esp. mal<strong>da</strong>d.<br />
wina konsonanturi kompleqsebis msgavsad, arc lf TanxmovanTjgufs<br />
vxvdebiT Tavkidur poziciaSi. Tumca, gvaqvs ramdenime magaliTi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
aRniSnuli kompleqsi, iqneba igi laTinur kompozitsa Tu arabuli<br />
warmoSobis vokabulaSi, <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia sityvis SuaSi. espanur<br />
korelatSi lf kompleqsi yvela SemTxvevaSi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> solfa <strong>da</strong> solfear miRebulia laTinuri solfa-<strong>da</strong>n, rac Tavis mxriv<br />
momdinareobs notebis sol <strong>da</strong> fa-s Serwymis Sedegad [axvlediani c., 2009:61].<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, lf kompleqsi warmoiqmna etimonis donezeve, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi.<br />
59
sainteresoa Wadrakis erT-erTi figuris - "oficris" anu "kus"<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxelebis, alfil-is etimologia. rogorc viciT, Wadraki<br />
indoeTSi gamoigones <strong>da</strong> mas "Caturanga" uwodes. Semdeg is sparseTSi<br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> "Catrangis" saxelwodebiT. Mmale sparseTi arabebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTTvis ucxo TamaSs "Satranji" uwodes. ramdenjerme Seicvales<br />
Wadrakis figurebma saxelebebi <strong>da</strong> TamaSis dros maT mier<br />
gansaxorcielebeli svlebi. Zvel aRmosavleTSi, Wadrakis msgavs<br />
TamaSebSi figura "ku"-s <strong>da</strong>saxeleba iyo pil, rac spilos niSnavs <strong>da</strong><br />
romelmac arabulSi mogvca al-fil ( arabuli artiklis <strong>da</strong>matebis Sedegad),<br />
espanurSi ki ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia, rom Wadrakis es<br />
figura ramdenime enaSi ( qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT) dRemde spilos<br />
saxels atarebs (mag: rusulSi – Слон).<br />
sparsuli panid-<strong>da</strong>n, arabuli al-fenid-is gziT Semovi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi<br />
sityva alfañique. Kkorominasi Tvlis, rom alfañique-Si konsonanti q<br />
gaCn<strong>da</strong> arabuli al-fenid-is arab. feniq-Tan arevis gamo. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
sparsuli etimonis mqone sityvebi arabul enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros<br />
ganicdian vokabulis pirveli Tanxmovanis transformacias <strong>da</strong> imateben<br />
arabul artikls, rac qmnis lf TanxmovanTkompleqss, romelic ucvleli<br />
formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis kastiliurSi.<br />
derivatis doneze warmoqmnil lf konsonantur jgufs, aseve<br />
vxvdebiT arabuli eni<strong>da</strong>n Semosul, f-ze <strong>da</strong>wyebul sityvebSi, romelTac<br />
kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros, arabuli artikli al miierTes: arab.<br />
faqih - esp. alfaquí, arab. afahar - esp. alfar, arab. far<strong>da</strong> - esp. alfar<strong>da</strong>, arab. fars –<br />
esp. alfarje.<br />
arabuli warmomavlobis ramdenime sityvaSi, sanam maTi artiklTan<br />
Serwyma moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, Tavkiduri h ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> f-Si: arab. hilel - esp. alfiler,<br />
arab. humra - esp. alfombra, arab. hury - esp. alforja, arab. huzza - esp. alforza,<br />
arab. hauz - esp. alfoz.<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili lf kompleqsi sityva alfabeto-Sic. igi<br />
momdinareobs laTinuri alphabetum-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens berZnuli anbanis<br />
pirveli ori asos <strong>da</strong>saxelebis (alpha <strong>da</strong> beta) kompozits.<br />
60
Sua konsonanatur kompleqs lg-s vxvdebiT rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
berZnuli warmoSobis sityvebSi <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis ucvleli formiT<br />
mkvidrdeba espanurSi: laT: fulgeo - esp. fulgente, laT. fulgor - esp. fulgor,<br />
laT. alga - esp. alga. berZ. analgesia - esp. analgesia. Aar gvaqvs arcerTi<br />
magaliTi aRniSnuli kompleqsiT Tavkidur poziciaSi.<br />
etimonis donezea warmoqmnili lg konsonanturi jgufi Semdeg<br />
sityvebSi: algo (laT. aliqoud), delgado (laT. delicatus), hamelgo (laT.<br />
famelicu), salguero (laT. salicarius), mielga (laT. melica). rogorc Cans,<br />
kastiliur enaSi, laTinuri sityvebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis procesSi, sakmaod<br />
xSiri iyo xmovnis sinkopa <strong>da</strong> intervokalur poziciaSi myofi yru<br />
Tanxmovnis gamJRereba.<br />
mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi vxvdebiT Sua<br />
konsonantur lk jgufs, romelic arcerT sityvaSi ar fiqsirdeba<br />
Tavkidur poziciaSi. AaraerTi magaliTi gvaqvs misi konstanturobisa<br />
espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis procesSi.<br />
ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanur enaSi lk kompleqsi Semdeg<br />
sityvebSi: laT. calcaneum - esp. calcaño, laT. calcare - esp. calcar, laT. calculus -esp.<br />
cálculo <strong>da</strong> sxv. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aRniSnul kompleqss yvela SemTxvevaSi<br />
mosdevs a an u xmovani.<br />
Lm TanxmovanTjgufs vxvdebiT rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi. Gganxilulma masalam gviCvena, rom es<br />
konsonanturi jgufi erT-erTi yvelaze stabiluria <strong>da</strong> rom etimonis<br />
ganurCevlad, varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis kastiliurSi. AarcerTi enobrivi<br />
wyaro<strong>da</strong>n Semosul sityvaSi ar fiqsirdeba lm kompleqsi Tavkidur<br />
poziciaSi.<br />
laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n etimonis mqone, Sua konsonanturi lm kompleqsis<br />
matarebeli sityvebia: colmo (laT. culmu), <strong>da</strong>lmática (laT. <strong>da</strong>lmaticus), olmo<br />
(laT. ulmus), palma (laT. palma), olmedo (laT. ulmetum) <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
jer kidev <strong>da</strong>udgenilia colmena-s etimologia. Tumca, arsebobs<br />
ramdenime varianti. Kkorominasis etimologiur leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT,<br />
rom igi SesaZloa iyos preromanuli, kerZod, kelturi warmomavlobis<br />
61
(kolmena).Aam movlenas korominasi xsnis imiT, rom keltebis<br />
enaze kolmos niSnavs ‛Calas’, skebi ki adreul xanaSi CaliT iyo agebuli.<br />
am mosazrebas iziarebs espaneTis samefo akademiis leqsikonic<br />
(RAE). Tumca, arsebobs kidev erTi versia colmena-s etimologiis Sesaxeb.<br />
misi avtoria sebastian kovarubiasi. 1 Mmisi varaudiT, es sityva modis<br />
laTinuri culmine–<strong>da</strong>n (niSnavs ‛Senobis wveros’), radgan Zvel droSi,<br />
skebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo wawvetebuli formis ga<strong>da</strong>xurva.<br />
Lm kompleqsi derivatis donezea warmoqmnili, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d arabul,<br />
konsonant m-Ti <strong>da</strong>wyebul sityvebSi, romlebic espanurSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />
dros arabul al artikls ierTeben <strong>da</strong> qmnian binarul konsonantur<br />
jgufs: arab. madiya - esp. almadía, arab. magra - esp. almagre, arab. manah - esp.<br />
almanaque, arab. mihraz - esp. almara<strong>da</strong>, arab. masara - esp. almazara, arab. miba -<br />
esp.almíbar, arab. misk - esp. almizcle, arab. muqarbas - esp. almocárabe,<br />
arab. muhad<strong>da</strong> -esp. almoha<strong>da</strong>, arab. mune<strong>da</strong> - esp. almone<strong>da</strong>, arab. mudd - esp.<br />
almud.<br />
Lm kompleqsi gvxvdeba bolokidur poziciaSic. Ggermanikuli Ziris<br />
sityvaSi helm, aRniSnuli konsonanturi kompleqsi imatebs xmovans <strong>da</strong><br />
Secvlili poziciis mkvidrdeba espanur enaSi - yelmo.<br />
espanur enaSi Sua konsonanturi ln kompleqsis varirebis <strong>da</strong><br />
konstanturobis araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs. Mmas vxvdebiT mxolod<br />
laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi <strong>da</strong> mxolod Sua poziciaSi.<br />
sainteresoa sityva baño-s etimologia. Kkorominasis etimologiur<br />
leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT, rom baño modis laTinuri balneum-i<strong>da</strong>n. amave<br />
versias eTanxmeba santiago segura mungia. Tavad laT. balneum-is<br />
etimologiis kvlevas ki berZnul ZirTan mivyavarT. am sityvis berZnuli<br />
warmomavlobis versiis avtorebi arian valpi <strong>da</strong> londresi. maTi<br />
avtorobiT gamocemul, 1828 wliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebul etimologiur leqsikonSi<br />
“Etymological dicrionary of the latin language” weria, rom baño modis berZnuli<br />
1 http://etimologias.dechile.net/colmena<br />
62
kompiziti<strong>da</strong>n valanion, sa<strong>da</strong>c valo niSnavs ‛gandevnas’, xolo ania<br />
‛<strong>da</strong>Rlilobas’. 1<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>espanuri</strong> baño-s etimologiis siRrmiseul<br />
kvlevas lingvisTa garkveuli nawili berZnul ZirTan miyavs, arsebobs<br />
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac, romlis mixedviTac laT. balneum jer ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
laT. bannium-Si, Semdeg kargavs erT-erT n-s <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCenili erTi<br />
Tanxmovani xdeba sxva xarisxis anu viRebT ɲ (ñ)-s. amave Ziri<strong>da</strong>n modis<br />
sityvebi: bañador (← laT. balneator), bañar (← laT. balneare), bañuelo (←<br />
laT. balneolum).<br />
Ln kompleqsi ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> ramdenime sityvaSi. maT<br />
Sorisaa balneario, romelic modis laTinuri balnearius-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> alno, romelic<br />
miviReT laTinuri alnus-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
TanxmovanTa jfugi lp gvxvdeba laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi.<br />
gvaqvs araerTi magaliTi misi rogorc varirebis, aseve konstanturobisa.<br />
kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros aranairi cvlileba ar<br />
ganucdia lp kompleqss Semdeg sityvebSi: laT. palpitare - esp. palpitar, laT.<br />
pulpitum - esp. pulpito, laT. vulpecula - esp. vulpeja.<br />
ramdenime sityvaSi mox<strong>da</strong> kompleqsis pirveli elementis<br />
vokalizacia. rogorc Aantonio kilis moralesi aRniSnavs, lp kompleqsma<br />
jer mogvca up jgufi, xolo Semdeg difTongma au-m ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
monofTongizacia. swored am fonetikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad miviReT<br />
sityvebi popar (laT. palpare → paupar) <strong>da</strong> topo (laT. talpus → taupo). Gganxilulma<br />
masalam gviCvena, rom vokalizaciis msgavsi SemTxvevebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
fiqsirdeba maSin, roca konsonanti l TanxmovanTa jgufs qmnis yru (p,<br />
t) TanxmovnebTan, romelTac win uZRviT xmovani a.<br />
sainteresoa sityva párpado-s etimologia. igi modis xalx. laT.<br />
palpetrum-<strong>da</strong>n (klasikur laTinurSi mas vxvdebiT palpebra-s formiT).<br />
korominasi aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs am sityvis sxva variantebic <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
Sorisaa palpetra <strong>da</strong> palpebrum. Aaqve varaudobs, rom sityvam palpetrum jer<br />
1 http://etimologias.dechile.net/ban.o<br />
63
mogvca parpadro, xolo mogvianebiT, disimilaciis Sedegad, miviReT<br />
amJamindeli forma párpado.<br />
gvaqvs lp kompleqsis derivatis doneze warmoqmnis magaliTebic.<br />
maT Sorisaa: esp. golpe. igi momdinareobs berZ. kolaphos-<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac<br />
laTinurSi jer colaphus mogvca, Semdeg ki colpus-is formiT gavrcel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
swored am sinkopirebuli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> igi kastiliur enaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mogvca golpe [axvlediani c., 2009:69].<br />
Ls TanxmovanTjgufs vxvdebiT laTinuri <strong>da</strong> berZnuli warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi. espanur korelatSi igi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis. Aarc am<br />
konsonantur kompleqss vxvdebiT Tavkidur poziciaSi.<br />
laTinuri etimonis mqone ls kompleqsiani <strong>espanuri</strong> sityvebis<br />
konstanturobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia Semdegi magaliTebi: laT. pulsare - esp.<br />
pulsar, laT. pulsus - esp. pulso, laT. falsu - esp. falso.<br />
berZnuli eni<strong>da</strong>n modis bálsamo, romelic espanurSi laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
gavliT Semovi<strong>da</strong>. Aamrigad, berZnuli balsamon jer xalxur laTinurSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis balsamum-is formiT, Semdeg ki kastiliurSi mkvidrdeba, rogorc<br />
bálsamo. Aaqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom berZnul balsamon-s safuZvlad udevs<br />
semituri baal shemen, sa<strong>da</strong>c bal niSnavs ‛batons’, xolo shemen - ‛surnelovan<br />
nivTierebas’. am sityvis aRmosavluri warmomalobis versias aZlierebs is<br />
faqtic, rom Zveli berZeni filosofosi Teofrasti (qr.S-mde 372-288)<br />
naSromSi ¨”Historia de las plantas“, mcenares, romlisaganac balzami miiReba,<br />
moixseniebs rogorc ‛siriis xeobis produqts’, rac imas niSnavs, rom es<br />
mcenare mxolod siriis teritoriaze xarobs. 1<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi lt gvxvdeba laTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi <strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi mkvidrdeba rogorc ucvleli, aseve<br />
saxecvlili formiT. arcerTi enobrivi wyaro<strong>da</strong>n Semosul sityvaSi ar<br />
fiqsirdeba aRniSnuli TanxmovanTjgufi Tavkidur poziciaSi.<br />
Lt kompleqsTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli fonetikuri cvlilebebis gareSe<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanur enaSi Semdeg sityvebi: altar (laT. altare),<br />
1 http://etimologias.dechile.net/ba.lsamo<br />
64
alternar (laT. alternare), alto (laT. altus), laT. saltare - esp. saltar, laT. vultus -esp.<br />
bulto <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
laT. altus-is Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi formi<strong>da</strong>n – altius-<strong>da</strong>n aris warmoebuli<br />
zmnis sawyisi forma altiare, romelmac espanur korelatSi mogvca alzar.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am sityvaSi lt kompleqsis mxolod pirveli elementi<br />
iqna SenarCunebuli, meorem ki - transformacia ganica<strong>da</strong> [axvlediani c.,<br />
2009:73).<br />
vokalizacia fiqsirdeba ramdenime sityvaSi. maT Sorisaa: soto,<br />
romelic modis laT. saltu → sauto-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili lt kompleqsi sityvaSi falta. igi<br />
modis xalxuri laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n – fallita. aRniSnul sityvaSi konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi Seiqmna i-s sinkopis Sedegad. igive fonetikuri cvlileba<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> esp. lealtad-is etimologiis kvlevis dros. igi momdinareobs<br />
laT. legalitate-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
Lv konsonanturi jfugi gvxvdeba laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi.<br />
igi varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanurSi. Aar gvaqvs arcerTi SemTxveva<br />
aRniSnuli kompleqsisa Tavkiduri poziciiT.<br />
esp. salvo modis laT. salvus-<strong>da</strong>n. Tumca, rogor korominasi wers,<br />
zedsarTavi saxelis salvus-is Ziri salud-Tan erTad un<strong>da</strong> veZioT salus-Si.<br />
laT. silvaticus-<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs salvaje, romelic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad aRniSnav<strong>da</strong><br />
sarevela balaxs, xolo mogvianebiT <strong>da</strong>imata kidev erTi mniSvneloba.<br />
dReisaTvis salvaje-s ori mniSvneloba aqvs: 1) sarevela balaxi; 2) gareuli<br />
cxoveli (veluri). Aamave etimoni<strong>da</strong>n modis selva <strong>da</strong> silvestre-c.<br />
derivatis donezea lv kompleqsi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli esp. malvado-Si. igi<br />
momdinareobs xalx. laT. malifatius-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic warmoadgens malus+fatum<br />
kompozits. rogorc Cans, <strong>espanuri</strong> korelati miviReT i-s sinkopis <strong>da</strong> ori<br />
fonemis arevis Sedegad.<br />
65
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: M<br />
(mb, mm, mn, mp)<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi mb erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufia espanur enaSi. igi gvxvdeba rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
aralaTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aRniSnuli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur enaSi,<br />
gvaqvs misi gamartivebisa <strong>da</strong> monofonemurad qcevis an<br />
polikonsonanturad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis ramdenime magaliTic. Aaqve un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRiniSnos, rom TiTqmis arcerT sityvaSi ar vxvdebiT Tavkidur<br />
poziciaSi m-Ti <strong>da</strong>wyebul konsonantur kompleqsebs. Ggamonaklis<br />
warmoadgenss mxolod mr kompleqsi, romelic gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> ant.<br />
laTinurSi <strong>da</strong> romelic laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> donezeve transformir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> br-Si: mreghuis → brevis → breve. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, cvlileba<br />
gamoiwvia cxvirismieri Tanxmovanis SeerTebam narnarasTan [axvlediani c.,<br />
2008:71].<br />
Mb kompleqsis mdgradobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli uamravi laTinuri<br />
warmoSobis sityva gvaqvs kastiliur enaSi. maT Sorisaa: laT. ambiens -<br />
esp. ambiente, laT. ambo - esp. ambos, laT. ambitio,- onis - esp. ambición,<br />
laT. ambitus - esp. ámbito, laT. ambulare - esp. ambular, laT. camba - esp. gamba.<br />
fonetikuri cvlilebebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi<br />
ramdenime berZnuli <strong>da</strong> kelturi warmoSobis sityvac. berZnuli<br />
warmoSobis, oRond kastiliur enaSi laTinuris gavliT aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli embolo ( ← berZ. embolos), símbolo ( ← berZ. symbolon), tumba (←<br />
berZ. tymbos) <strong>da</strong> sxva sityvebi, xolo keltur Zirs ukavrSirdeba esp.<br />
embarazar-is timologia.<br />
sainteresoa <strong>espanuri</strong> cambiar-is etimologia. RAE-s mixedviT, igi<br />
modis laTinuri cambiare-<strong>da</strong>n. korominasis etimologiur leqsikonSi ki<br />
vkiTxulobT, rom laT. cambiare-s Ziri un<strong>da</strong> veZioT keltur enaSi. imaves<br />
vkiTxulobT santiago segura mungias leqsikonSic. misi<br />
azriT, cambiar aris preromanuli, savaraudod kelturi etimologiis<br />
matarebeli.<br />
66
aRsaniSnavia yambo-s etimologiac. espanur yambo-s aqvs ori<br />
mniSvneloba: 1. antikur poeziaSi gavrcelebuli ormarcvliani riTma,<br />
romelSic pirveli marcvali moklea, meore ki grZeli; 2. aRmosavleT<br />
indoeTSi gavrcelebuli mcenaris saxeoba. am SemTxvevaSi sityvis<br />
etimologia <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mis semantikur mniSvnelobaze. Tu sityvas<br />
pirveli semantikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, igi aris berZnuli iambos-i<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Semosuli, xolo Tu meore, maSin misi warmoSoba sanskrits ukavSirdeba<br />
(jambu).<br />
K konsonanturi kompleqsis gamartivebas <strong>da</strong> mis monofonemurad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas aqvs adgili esp. paloma-Si, romelic momdinareobs<br />
laT. palumbes-<strong>da</strong>n (xalx. laT. palumba). igive fonetikuri cvlileba<br />
fiqsirdeba Semdeg sityvebSi: lomo (laT. lumbus) <strong>da</strong> plomo (laT. plumbum).<br />
gvaqvs binaruli kompleqsis polikonsonanturad transformirebis<br />
SemTxvevac: laT. umbilicus > esp. ombligo. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT samelementiani<br />
konsonanturi jgufi – mbl, miviReT b-sa <strong>da</strong> l-s Soris arsebuli i-s<br />
sinkopis Sedegad.<br />
araerT magaliTs vxvdebiT mb kompleqsis derivatis doneze<br />
warmoqmnisa. arabuli anbar espanurSi Seesabameba ámbar-s, xolo<br />
arabuli tunbak espanurSi gvaZlevs tumbaga-s. CamoTvlili vokabulebis<br />
amgvari evolucia <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia fonetikurad axlos mdgomi, ori<br />
mJReri nazaluri Tanxmovnis arevis movlenasTan.<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi vxvdebiT mm geminats.<br />
igi arcerT espanur korelatSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dis ucvleli<br />
formiT. Mm geminatTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli fonetikuri cvlilebebi SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>vyoT or jgufad:<br />
1. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c TanxmovanTkompleqsi martivdeba <strong>da</strong> laTinuri<br />
geminati espanurSi monofonemur korelats gvaZlevs: laT. commentatio,-onis<br />
- esp. comen<strong>da</strong>ción, laT. commentarium - esp. comentario, laT. commentator -esp.<br />
comentador, laT. commisura - esp. comisura, laT. commodus - esp. cómodo,<br />
laT. communia - esp. comuña, laT. communicare - esp. comunicar, laT. communitas<br />
-esp. comuni<strong>da</strong>d, laT. flamma - esp. llama, laT. gemma - esp. yema, laT.<br />
67
summariom -esp. sumario. amave jgufSi Sedis berZnuli warmoSobis mqone<br />
sityvebi gama (berZ. gamma) <strong>da</strong> lema (berZ. lemma).<br />
2. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c konsonanturi kompleqsis pirveli elementi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis n-Si: laT. commemorare - esp. conmemorar, laT. commotio,-onis -<br />
esp. conmoción, laT. conmmutabilis - esp. conmutable, laT. commutare -<br />
esp. conmutar, laT. immaturus - esp. inmaduro, laT. immigrare - esp. inmigrar,<br />
laT. immodestus -esp. inmodesto.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kopleqsi mn laTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi<br />
gvxvdeba. ganxilulma masalam gvaCvena, rom gvaqvs araerTi magaliTi<br />
misi rogorc varirebis, aseve mdgradobis.<br />
espanur enaSi mn kompleqsis varirebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
magaliTebia: laT. lemniscus - esp. lemnisco, laT. omnímodo - esp. omnímodo,<br />
laT. omnipotens - esp. omnipotente, laT. omnis - esp. ómnibus, laT. omnivorus -<br />
esp. omnívoro.<br />
jer kidev laTinurSi SeimCneo<strong>da</strong> mn kompleqsis midrekileba<br />
asimilaciisaken. laT. <strong>da</strong>mnum jer etimonis doneze ganicdis cvlilebas,<br />
Semdeg ki asimilirebuli <strong>da</strong>nnu gvaZlevs <strong>da</strong>ño-s. evoluciis igive gza<br />
ganvlo Semdegma sityvebma: dueño (laT. domnu), escaño (laT. scamnu), sueño<br />
(laT. somnu), otoño ( laT. autumnu). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, laTinuris doneze<br />
warmoqmnili nn geminati espanurSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> palatalizebuli n ( anu ɲ)-s<br />
saxiT.<br />
sainteresoa azumbre-s etimologia. igi modis arabuli tumn-<strong>da</strong>n (rac<br />
niSnavs ‛raRacis merved nawils’). rogorc korominasis etimologiur<br />
leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT, arabuli t-s JReradoba iyo Tanamedrove<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> z (anu θ)-s JReradobis identuri, ramac gamoiwvia sityvaSi axali<br />
konsonantis warmoqmna. rac Seexeba etimonis doneze arsebul bolokidur<br />
binarul konsonantur kompleqss, man ganica<strong>da</strong> evolucia <strong>da</strong> r-s epenTezis<br />
xarjze iqca polikonsonanturad. Aaseve Seicvala pozicia vokabulaSi.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze stabiluri konsonanturi kompleqsia mp <strong>da</strong> igi<br />
gvxvdeba rogorc laTinuri, aseve berZnuli warmoSobis sityvebSi. mas<br />
TiTqmis arcerT sityvaSi ar ganucdia cvlileba. mxolod oriode<br />
68
magaliTi moiZebneba mp kompleqsis saxecvlili formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisa,<br />
rac ukavSirdeba binaruli TanxmovanTjgufis polikonsonanturad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas.<br />
laT. ampulla-<strong>da</strong>n modis esp. ampolla. laTinuri etimonis matarebelia<br />
Semdegi sityvebic: amputar (laT. amputare), campo (laT. campus), compensar (laT.<br />
compensare) romper (laT. rumpere), temperatura (laT. temperatura), tiempo (laT.<br />
tempus). swored, laTinuri campus-<strong>da</strong>n Semosulma campo-m (bolokiduri us-is<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla o-Si erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli movlenaa espanur enaSi<br />
laTinuri sityvis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisas) <strong>da</strong>udo safuZveli iseTi sityvebis<br />
warmoebas, rogorebicaa: campaña, campesino, compostela ( SesaZloa, champeónsac).<br />
aRsaniSnavia campeador-is etimologiac. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, campus-is<br />
mniSvneloba iyo gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> niSnav<strong>da</strong> ‛<strong>da</strong>umuSavebel miwas’. amis<br />
naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturia is, rom romis Semogarens Campo <strong>da</strong> Marte-s eZaxdnen,<br />
radgan es teritoria warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> jariskacTa gawvrTnisaTvis<br />
gamoyofil <strong>da</strong>umuSavebel adgils. swored campo-s am antikuri<br />
semantikuri mniSvnelobi<strong>da</strong>n modis sityva campeador, romelic ukavSirdeba<br />
espaneTis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saxelovani mebrZolis, sidis<br />
saxels (El Cid).<br />
laTinuri Ziri aqvs esp. empujar-sac. Kkorominasi miiCnevs,<br />
rom empujar modis laT. impulsare-<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c im aris mimarTulebis<br />
maCvenebli prefiqsi, xolo pellere - mTavari zmna. avtori Aaqve <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom<br />
ar SeiZleba aRniSnuli vokabulas areva esp. pujar-Tan, romelsac sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli warmomavloba aqvs.<br />
berZnuli empiricus, romelic laTinuris gavliT Sedis romanul<br />
enebSi, kastiliurSi mkvidrdeba empírico-s formiT. Eevoluciis igive gza<br />
ganvlo tempano-m.<br />
berZnuli Ziri aqvs emporio-sac, romelic espanurSi<br />
laTinuri emporium-<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> (niSnav<strong>da</strong> ‛bazars’). swored am sityvis<br />
semantikuri mniSvnelobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare <strong>da</strong>arqves berZnebma pireneis<br />
69
naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi <strong>da</strong>arsebuli kolonias<br />
(qr.S-mde 575w.) - Emporio.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mp jgufi erT-erT yvelaze<br />
stabiluria. Tumca, ramdenime sityvaSi mainc vxvdebiT mas saxecvlili<br />
formiT: esp. siempre modis laT. semper-<strong>da</strong>n. enaTmecnierebi sempre-s amgvar<br />
transformacias metaTezis klasikur SemTxvevas uwodeben, romelsac win<br />
uZRvis e-s difTongizacia: semper → siempre → siempre.<br />
derivatis donezea kompleqsi mp warmoqmnili pimpinela-Si (mcenaris<br />
saxeoba). rogorc korominasi aRniSnavs, ucnobia am sityvis warmomavloba.<br />
Tumca, SesaZloa igi modiodes berZ. pepon-<strong>da</strong>n (nesvis saxeoba), romelmac<br />
jer xalxur laTinurSi mogvca pepo, mogvianebiT ki (XVI saukuneSi)<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> kastiliurSi pimpinela-s formiT. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, espanur<br />
korelatSi konsonanturi kompleqsi warmoqmnilia m-s epenTezis Sedegad.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: N<br />
(nb, nd, nf, ng, nh, nk, nn, ns, nt, nv)<br />
espanur enaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli konsonanturi jgufebia iseTi<br />
kompleqsebi, romelTa pirveli elementic aris Tanxmovani n. es<br />
TvalnaTliv gamoCndeba qvemoT moyvanili uricxv magaliTSi. ganvixiloT<br />
yvela SesaZlo TanxmovanTjgufi saTiTaod.<br />
mxolod aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
gvxvdeba nb konsonanturi kompleqsi <strong>da</strong> yvela espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
saxecvlili formiT.<br />
ormagi varirebis movlena fiqsirdeba esp. alambique-s etimologiis<br />
kvlevis dros. igi momdinareobs arabuli al-anbiq-<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c al aris<br />
arabuli artikli. Tavad arabulSi, aRniSnuli sityva Sevi<strong>da</strong><br />
berZnuli ambix-<strong>da</strong>n (an ambikos-<strong>da</strong>n), rac niSnavs <strong>da</strong>nadgars, romelsac<br />
iyenebdnen berZnebi <strong>da</strong> romaelebi sunamoebis, alkoholuri sasmelebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> wamlebis <strong>da</strong>samzadeblad. X saukuneSi am aparatis gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />
arabebma. Tumca, manamde igi <strong>da</strong>xvewes <strong>da</strong> misces saboloo saxe. bunebrivia,<br />
arabebi kvals <strong>da</strong>tovebdnen aRniSnuli <strong>da</strong>nadgaris saxelwodebazec, rac<br />
70
kargad Cans berZnuli sityvis arabul versiaSi. Aamrigad,<br />
berZnuli ambix (laTinura<strong>da</strong>c ambix), jer ga<strong>da</strong>dis arabulSi<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsis pirveli elementis varirebiT <strong>da</strong> arabuli<br />
artiklis <strong>da</strong>matebiT, Semdeg ki, roca misgan <strong>espanuri</strong> korelatis<br />
warmoeba xdeba saWiro, ubrundeba Zvel formas, magram inarCunebs<br />
arabul artikls, romelsac espanurSi artiklis funqcia aRar aqvs, igi<br />
ukve sityvis nawilia.<br />
erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebuli konsonanturi kompleqsia nd,<br />
romelsac vxvdebiT rogor laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi.<br />
ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis nd kompleqsi espanur korelatTa<br />
umravlesobaSi: laT. candela - esp. candela, laT. candi<strong>da</strong>tus - esp. candi<strong>da</strong>to, laT.<br />
candor - esp. candor, laT. defendere - esp. defender, laT. fun<strong>da</strong> - esp. hon<strong>da</strong>, laT.<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>re - esp. fun<strong>da</strong>r, laT. individuus - esp. individuo, laT. quando - esp. cuando,<br />
laT. profundus - esp. profundo, laT. undosus - esp. undoso, laT. vendere - esp.<br />
vender <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur enaSi iseTi laTinuri sityvebic,<br />
romelTac erTi konkretuli zedsarTavi saxelis antonimis<br />
sawarmoeblad <strong>da</strong>matebuli aqvT uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis matarebeli<br />
prefiqsi in: laT. indignus (dignus) - esp. indigno (digno), laT. indubitabilis<br />
(dubitabilis) -esp. indu<strong>da</strong>ble (du<strong>da</strong>ble).<br />
berZnuli san<strong>da</strong>lion-<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> laTinurSi san<strong>da</strong>lium, romelmac<br />
mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisas miiRo san<strong>da</strong>lia-s forma. swored am saxiT<br />
vxvdebiT mas espanur enaSi. laTinizirebuli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanur<br />
enaSi sandáraca-c, romelic berZnuli etimoni<strong>da</strong>n modis.<br />
arabul enas ukavSirdeba sandia-s etimologia. rogor korominasi<br />
aRniSnavs, sandia modis kl. arabuli sityva sindiya-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
Nd konsonanturi kompleqsis konstanturobis gar<strong>da</strong>, gvaqvs<br />
ramdenime magaliTi am jgufis rogorc gamartivebisa <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenili erTi elementis ga<strong>da</strong>sxvaferebisa, aseve polikonsonanturad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisac.<br />
71
sainteresoa gruñir-is etimologia. igi laTinurSi miviReT<br />
onomatopeis gziT <strong>da</strong> niSnavs ‛Roris Rrutuns’. lingvistTa mosazreba am<br />
sityvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT iyofa orad. erTi nawili (maT Soris santiago<br />
segura mungia) Tvlis, rom gruñir modis laT. grundire-<strong>da</strong>n. meore nawili ki<br />
(maT Soris korominasi) miiCnevs, rom am sityvis Ziri un<strong>da</strong> veZioT<br />
laT. grunnire-Si. amave mosazrebas iziarebs RAE-s leqsikonic. Ppirveli<br />
versiis sisworis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs nd kompleqsis jer<br />
monofomenurad ga<strong>da</strong>qcevas, xolo Semdeg <strong>da</strong>rCenili erTi elementis<br />
xarisxis Secvlas, anu palatalizacias. meore versiis sisworis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki, pir<strong>da</strong>pir geminatis palatalizacia xdeba. rogorc<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, romeli versiac ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos swori, etimonis doneze arsebuli<br />
kompleqsi ganicdis cvlilebas.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufis polikonsonanturad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis magaliTia<br />
esp. liendre, romelic miviReT laT. lendis-<strong>da</strong>n. samelementiani kompleqsis<br />
warmoqmna am sityvaSi ganapiroba r-s epenTezam. Aamave konsonantis<br />
epenTeziT aris gamowveuli laTinuri glando-s espanurSi landre-s formiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla.<br />
uamrav sityvaSia nd kompleqsi warmoqmnili derivatis doneze.<br />
ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi:<br />
esp. conde modis laT. comes/comitis-is akuzatiuri formi<strong>da</strong>n comite(m).<br />
man evoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo. Ppirvel etapze ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
intervokaluri t-s gamJRereba, Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong> i-s sinkopa, bolos ki<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> m-s n-Si ga<strong>da</strong>svla. analogiuri cvlilebebi ganica<strong>da</strong> con<strong>da</strong>do-m<br />
(laT. comitatus).<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsis meore elementis gamJRerebiT miviReT<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> bufan<strong>da</strong>-c, romelic modis Zv. franguli bouffante-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
esp. cóndor modis indielebis keCua eni<strong>da</strong>n cúntur. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
aRniSnuli sityvis espanur korelatSi mox<strong>da</strong> binaruli kompleqsis meore<br />
elementis gamJRereba.<br />
sainteresoa duende-s etimologia. RAE am sityvas ganmartavs rogorc<br />
‛saxlSi mobinadre suls’ <strong>da</strong> mis warmoSobas ukavSirebs gamoTqmas - duen<br />
de casa (anu dueño de casa –‛saxlis mepatrone’). Aamave versias eTanxmeba<br />
72
korominasic, romelic wers, rom duende aris zemoT xsenebuli gamoTqmis<br />
Sekvecili forma. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, TanxmovanTkompleqsi espanur<br />
derivatSi warmoiSva sityvis <strong>da</strong> windebulis gaerTianebis xarjze.<br />
laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi vxvdebiT nf kompleqss. umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi igi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur korelatSi. gvaqvs<br />
misi varirebis mxolod ramdenime magaliTi.<br />
esp. confección modis laT. confectio,-onis-<strong>da</strong>n. esp. conferir ki aris<br />
laT. conferre-s korelati kastiliur enaSi. swored am sityvas<br />
ukavSirdeba conferencia-s etimologia. igi modis laT. conferentia-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelic warmoadgens zmna conferre-s <strong>da</strong> sufiqs encia-s kompozits.<br />
Nd kompleqsis msgavsad, ramdenime sityvaSi nf kompleqsic<br />
uaryofiTi TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>matebiT aris warmoqmnili. sityvebis amgvar<br />
warmoebas etimonis donezeve aqvs adgili: laT. infidelis (≠ fidelis) - esp. infiel<br />
(≠ fiel).<br />
Nf TanxmovanTjgufis mier gancdili cvlilebebi SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vyoT<br />
or jfugad:<br />
1) konsonanturi kompleqsis meore elementi ganicdis<br />
varirebas: nf-nh. Aam jgufSi Sedis esp. conhortar,romelic momdinareobs<br />
laT. confortare-<strong>da</strong>n;<br />
2) konsonanturi kompleqsis pirveli elementi ikargeba, <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />
ki transformirdeba imave gziT, ra gziTac pirvel jgufSi Semaval<br />
sityvebSi: nf-h. am jgufSi Sedis - cohechar <strong>da</strong> cohonder, romlebic miviReT<br />
laT. confectare <strong>da</strong> laT. confundere-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli <strong>da</strong> yvelaze cvalebadi<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsia ng, romelic miekuTvneba rogorc laTinuri,<br />
aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis etimons. ganxilulma masalam gviCvena,<br />
rom ng TanxmovanTjgufi is erT-erTi kompleqsTagania, romelTac espanur<br />
korelatebSi ufro xSirad vxvdebiT saxecvlili formiT, vidre<br />
varirebis gareSe.<br />
aRniSnuli jgufis konstanturobis SemTxvevebi fiqsirdeba Semdegi<br />
laTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi: angina (←angina), angosto (←angustus), anguila<br />
(←anguilla), congelar (←congelare), hongo (←fungus) <strong>da</strong> sxv. Uucvleli formiT<br />
73
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> berZnuli warmoSobis, magram espanurSi laTinizirebuli<br />
formiT ga<strong>da</strong>sul ramdenime sityvaSic. maT Sorisaa: ángel ( ← laT. ángelus<br />
← berZ. angelos).<br />
sul ramdenime aTeuli wlis win <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanur enaSi<br />
sityva canguro. rogorc korominasi aRniSnavs, igi espanurSi inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong>, inglisurSi ki ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> avstraliaSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi<br />
tomis eni<strong>da</strong>n. sainteresoa canguro-sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli legen<strong>da</strong>c, romelic<br />
mogviTxrobs Tu ra saerTo aqvs cnobil inglisel mogzaurs jeims kuks<br />
am sityvis etimologiasTan: XVIII saukunis bolos, avstraliaSi Casul<br />
mkvlevars, adgilobrivi tomebisaTvis ukiTxavs, Tu ra erqva im gigantur<br />
cxovels, romelic aseT did naxtomebs akeTeb<strong>da</strong>. gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom<br />
aborigenebma inglisuri ar icodnen, cnobili mogzaurisaTvis mxolod<br />
erTi fraziT upasuxiaT: kan ghu ru. mogvianebiT, es fraza gaiSifra,<br />
rogorc “ar mesmis” (no lo entiendo).<br />
burusiT aris moculi lingote-s warmomavloba. savaraudod, igi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos franguli lingot-i<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli. am ukanasknelSi ki un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli inglisuri ingot an anglosaqsuri goten-i<strong>da</strong>n [korominasi,<br />
2008:339].<br />
oTxi saxis fonetikuri cvlileba ganica<strong>da</strong> ng konsonanturma<br />
kompleqsma evoluciis procesSi:<br />
1. laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze arsebuli ng kompleqsi kargavs meore<br />
elements <strong>da</strong> espanurSi qmnis monofonemur korelats: laT. quingenti -esp.<br />
quinientos, laT. pungente - esp. puniente.<br />
2. etimonis doneze arsebuli binaruli kompleqsi espanurSi<br />
gvaZlevs monofonemur korelats oRond saxecvlili formiT, rac<br />
gamoixateba <strong>da</strong>rCenili elementis xarisxis SecvliT anu<br />
palatalizaciiT: laT. cingere-esp. ceñir, laT. longe - esp. lueñe, laT. plangere<br />
- esp. plañir, laT. jungere - esp. uñir, laT. ringere - esp. reñir <strong>da</strong> sxv. Aaqve un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRiniSnos, rom ng kompleqsis am saxis transformacia mox<strong>da</strong> mxolod im<br />
sityvebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c am konsonanturi jgufs moyveba xmovani e. <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />
xmovnebTan msgavsi saxis cvlileba ar fiqsirdeba: laT. longu - esp. luengo,<br />
laT. fungus - esp. hongo, laT. angustus -esp. angosto.<br />
74
3. etimonis doneze <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli binaruli kompleqsi<br />
kastiliurSi gvaZlevs polikonsonantur jgufs. aRniSnuli fonetikuri<br />
movlena gamowveulia r-s metaTeziT: esp. congrio miviReT laT. conger-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
enaTmecnierTa umravlesoba (maT Soris korominasic) eTanxmeba am sityvis<br />
laTinuri etimologiis versias. Tumca, arsebobs kidev erTi mosazreba.<br />
xalxuri gadmocemiT, esp. congrio modis islandiuri konger-<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> ‛mefes’). 1<br />
4. laTinuri orelementiani kompleqsi espanur korelatSi ganicdis<br />
meore elementis transformacias. Aaq SeiZleba gamovyoT ori qvejgufi:<br />
a) sityvebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c kompleqsis meore elementi ga<strong>da</strong>dis θ-Si:<br />
laT. gingiva - esp. encia, laT. singellus - esp. sencillo;<br />
b) sityvebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi xdeba yru afrikati: laT. cingulum -esp. cincho.<br />
mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi vxvdebiT nh konsonantur<br />
kompleqss. Eespanur korelatSi igi varirebis gareSe mkvidrdeba:<br />
laT. anhelo - esp. anhelo. ramdenime sityvaSi nh kompleqsi warmoqmnilia<br />
sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobis mqone in TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>matebiT: laT. inhabilis (≠<br />
habilis) - esp. inhábil (≠ hábil), laT. inhumanus (≠ humanus) - esp. inhumano (≠<br />
inhumano).<br />
sainteresoa <strong>espanuri</strong> habitar-is etimologia. santiago segura<br />
mungias mosazrebiT, habitar modis laT. inhabitare-<strong>da</strong>n. istoriuli<br />
evoluciis manZilze, esp. inhabitar-em forma Seicvala <strong>da</strong> TavsarT in-is<br />
funqcia ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> windebul en-Si, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c laT. inhabitare-s<br />
dRevandel espanurSi Seesabameba ‛habitar en’.<br />
iSviaT movlenas warmoadgens etimonis doneze arsebuli nk<br />
kompleqsi. Mmas aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi vxvdebiT, romlebic<br />
laTinizirebuli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dian espanur enaSi. maT Sorisaa esp. ancón,<br />
romelic modis berZ. ankon-<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, kastiliurSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros, nk kompleqsi icvleba mxolod grafikulad. misi<br />
warmoTqma identuria rogorc derivatis, aseve etimonis doneze.<br />
1 http://etimologias.dechile.net/congrio<br />
75
arcerT espanur korelatSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dis laTinuri<br />
geminati nn ucvleli formiT. igi ori saxis cvlilebas ganicdis:<br />
1. xdeba geminatis gamartiveba <strong>da</strong> espanurSi misi mxolod erTi<br />
elementiT ga<strong>da</strong>svla: laT. annecto - esp. anejo, laT. anniversarius -<br />
esp. aniversario, laT. annotare - esp. anotar, laT. annualis - esp. anual, laT.<br />
annuntiare - esp. anunciar, laT. cannula - esp. cánula, laT. innocens - esp.<br />
inocente <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
2. xdeba geminatis gamartiveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCenili erTi elementis<br />
palatalizebuli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba espanur enaSi: laT. annosus -<br />
esp. añoso, laT. cannabum - esp. cáñamo, laT. capanna - esp. cabaña, laT. pannus -<br />
esp. paño <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi vxvdebiT ns konsonantur<br />
kompleqss. Tavkiduri poziciisagan gansxvavebiT, laTinur etimonSi igi<br />
fiqsirdeba sityvis SuaSi an boloSi. TanxmovanTjgufi ganicdis<br />
varirebas sityvaSi poziciis<strong>da</strong> ganurCevlad. Tumca, sityvis SuaSi gvaqvs<br />
misi konstanturobis magaliTebic.<br />
laT. censere-<strong>da</strong>n jer miviReT census <strong>da</strong> censor, xolo Semdeg<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> censo <strong>da</strong> censor. Ns kompleqsis mdgradobis SemTxvevaa Semdeg<br />
sityvebSic: laT. censura - esp. censura, laT. conservare (con + servare) -<br />
esp. conservar, laT. consistere (con + sistere) - esp. consistir, laT. consumere (con +<br />
sumere) - esp. consumir. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo sam magaliTSi ns<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi warmoiqmna etimonis donezeve, zmnis<br />
fuZeze con prefiqsis <strong>da</strong>matebiT. Aamave gziT aris warmoqmnili<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> consecuencia. Tumca, am sityvaSi con prefiqsis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
vxvdebiT encia sufiqssac, romelic aris laT. entia-s ekvivalenturi forma.<br />
amrigad, laT. consequentia-Si, romelic espanurSi Seesabameba consecuencias,<br />
sequi aris sityvis Ziri, con – TavsarTi, xolo entia – bolosarTi.<br />
Ns konsonanturi kompleqsis warmoqmnas ukavSirdeba kidev erTi<br />
prefiqsi. ramdenime laTinur zedsarTav saxelze sawinaaRmdego<br />
mniSvnelobis mawarmoebeli in TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>mateba warmoqmnis<br />
TanxmovanTkompleqss jer etimonis doneze, Semdeg ki varirebis gareSe<br />
76
ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur korelatSi: laT. insanus ( ≠ sanus) - esp. insano (≠ sano), laT.<br />
insepultus ( ≠ sepultus) - esp. insepulto ( ≠ sepulto) <strong>da</strong> sxv. masalis kvlevis dros,<br />
SevxvdiT ramdenime iseT sityvasac, sa<strong>da</strong>c in-s ara aqvs TavsarTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba (igi aris fuZiseuli). Mmag: laT. insectum - esp. insecto, laT.<br />
insomnium - esp. insomnio. es movlena ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d SeimCneva arsebiT<br />
saxelebSi.<br />
araerTi <strong>espanuri</strong> sityva miviReT laTinur etimonSi arsebuli<br />
binaruli konsonanturi kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n erTelementiani refleqsis<br />
warmoqmnis Sedegad. maT Sorisaa: esp. asa, romelis modis laT. ansa-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aseve, esp. seso, romelic modis laT. sensus-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> esp. coser, romelic<br />
miviReT laT. consuere-<strong>da</strong>n. monofonemuri korelati miviReT<br />
laTinuri mensis-ganac <strong>da</strong> es sityvaa - mes.<br />
ramdenime laTinur etimonSi ns konsonantur jgufs vxvdebiT<br />
sityvis boloSi. Kkompleqsis transformacia <strong>da</strong> misTvis poziciis Secvla<br />
sityvaSi fiqsirdeba Semdeg espanur sityvebSi: amante (laT. amans), cliente<br />
(laT. cliens) <strong>da</strong> glande (laT. glans). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, ns jgufis meore<br />
elementi jer t-Si ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg ki <strong>da</strong>imata xmovani e.<br />
sainteresoa esp. isla-s etimologia. Isla-s etimons warmoadgens<br />
laT. insula, romelmac jer ns kompleqsis pirveli elementi <strong>da</strong>karga,<br />
Semdeg ki, u-s sinkopis xarjze, warmoiqmna sruliad axali<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi sl.<br />
TanxmovanTa jgufis gamartivebis, oRond polikonsonanturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
binarulad qcevis SemTxvevaa laT. campsare-Si. laT mps-m ns kompleqsi<br />
mxolod derivatis doneze mogvca <strong>da</strong> isic m-s transformaciis <strong>da</strong> p-s<br />
amovardnis Sedegad. swored am fonetikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad miviReT<br />
espanurSi zmna cansar. Aamave Zirisagan momdinareobs<br />
esp. cansado <strong>da</strong> cansancio.<br />
rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
vxvdebiT nt konsonanturi kompleqss. igi espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
rogorc saxecvlili formiT, aseve varirebis gareSe.<br />
77
ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> nt TanxmovanTjgufi Semdegi<br />
laTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi: amento (laT. amentum), anticipar<br />
(laT. anticipare), cantor (laT. cantor), cantar (laT. cantare), contacto (laT.<br />
contactus), intentar (laT. intentare), intenso (laT. intensus), antento (laT. attentus,<br />
romelic aris attendere-s mimReoba), lento (laT. lentus), manto (laT. mantum) <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos antena-c, romelic korominasis mixedviT,<br />
momdinareobs antemna-<strong>da</strong>n, xolo RAE-Si vkiTxulobT, rom igi<br />
miviReT antenna-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
rac Seexeba pantorrilla-s warmomavlobas, savaraudod, igi modis<br />
laT. pantex-<strong>da</strong>n, rac ‛mucels’ niSnavs. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, konsonantur<br />
kompleqs nt-s ar ganucdia aranairi cvlileba, rasac ver vityviT sityvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>boloebaze. rTulia imis axsna, Tu rogor mox<strong>da</strong> espanur korelatSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>boloebis aseTi mkveTri cvlileba. SesaZloa momx<strong>da</strong>riyo ori<br />
laTinuri sityvis - pantex <strong>da</strong> pandorium-is ga<strong>da</strong>kveTa. Ees ukanaskneli,<br />
espanurSi Seesabameba bandurria-s <strong>da</strong> niSnavs ‛musikalur sakravs’, romelsac<br />
aqvs didi muceli.<br />
berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n, oRond laTinuris gavliT, <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanur enaSi<br />
sityvebi amianto ( berZ. amiantos - laT. amiantus), centauro (berZ. kentauros -laT.<br />
centaurus) <strong>da</strong> amarento (berZ. amarantos - laT. amarantus). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, nt<br />
kompleqsi ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> berZnuli warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSic.<br />
ucnobia centolla-s etimologia. savaraudod, igi modis kelturi<br />
kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n cintus + ollos, sa<strong>da</strong>c cintus niSnavs ‛mTavars’ (principal, superior),<br />
xolo ollos - ‛dids’ (grande). amave kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs sakuTari<br />
saxeli Cintu(o)llos, romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zvel galiaSi<br />
(dRevandeli <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebSi).<br />
franguli etimoni aqvs espanur pantalón-s. igi modis italiuri<br />
komediis erT-erTi personaJis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n. personaJi, saxelad Pantaleone,<br />
iyo moxuci venecieli, romelic gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> sxva venecielebisagan<br />
grZeli sacvlebis tarebiT. Tumca, italielebs ar mouxdeniaT<br />
tansacmlis am saxeobis popularizacia. safrangeTis revoluciis dros,<br />
78
Sarvali moirges frangebma <strong>da</strong> swored maTgan gavrcel<strong>da</strong> igi mTels<br />
msoflioSi. amiT aixsneba is, rom espanurSi pantalón ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
franguli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ara uSualod italiuri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ganxiluli magaliTebis<br />
umravlesobaSi nt konsonanturi kompleqsi stabiluria, gvaqvs misi<br />
varirebis ramdenime SemTxvevac. maT Sorisaa: binaruli TanxmovanTjfugis<br />
polikonsonanturad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva <strong>da</strong> kompleqsis meore elementis ori saxis<br />
transformacia.<br />
laT. interaneus-is mravlobiTi ricxvis formi<strong>da</strong>n - interanea-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miviReT esp. entraña. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>espanuri</strong> korelatis aRniSnuli<br />
formiT miRebas win uZRo<strong>da</strong> nt jgufsa <strong>da</strong> Tanxmovan r-s Soris e-s sinkopa<br />
<strong>da</strong> laT. n-s palatalizacia.<br />
samelementiani TanxmovanTjgufi miviReT kidev erTi laTinuri<br />
sityvi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic warmoadens enter+ambos kompozits. kompozitis pirvel<br />
nawilSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri e-s sinkopis Sedegad miviReT <strong>espanuri</strong> entrambos.<br />
Nt konsonanturi kompleqsis meore elementis varirebis ori<br />
varianti fiqsirdeba: t-s ga<strong>da</strong>svla θ-Si <strong>da</strong> amave t-s ga<strong>da</strong>svla d-Si (anu<br />
misi gamJRereba).<br />
pirveli saxis varireba ukavSirdeba laTinur sufiqsebs tia <strong>da</strong> tio-s,<br />
romlebic espanur derivatSi gvaZleven cia <strong>da</strong> ción-s. mag: laT. amentia - esp.<br />
amencia, laT. clementia - esp. clemencia, laT. cohaerentia - esp. coherencia, laT.<br />
observantia - esp. observancia, laT. cantio - esp. canción <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
igive fonetikuri movlena fiqsirdeba maSinac, roca nt kompleqsi<br />
sufiqsis Semadgeneli nawili ki araa, aramed fuZiseulia: laT. gentiana -<br />
esp. genciana, laT. annuntiare - esp. anunciar.<br />
aRsaniSnavia panza-s etimologia. igi modis laTinuri pantex-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, nt kompleqsisagan amjerad miviReT nz jgufi <strong>da</strong> ara nc,<br />
rogorc ganxiluli magaliTebis umravlesobaSi. XVII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n, Cndeba<br />
am sityvis meore variantic <strong>da</strong> es aris pancho, romelsac mosarabul<br />
dialeqts ukavSireben. igive nz jgufi fiqsirdeba laTinuri linteum-is<br />
espanur korelatSi - lienzo. Nc kompleqsis magivrad nz-s gaCena<br />
79
savaraudod aixsneba sityvis sworad warmoTqmis aucileblobiT, radgan<br />
rogorc viciT, nc kompleqsis SemTxvevaSi, gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom<br />
kompleqsis meore elements mosdevs xmovnebi a <strong>da</strong> o, misi gamoTqma<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> k-s <strong>da</strong> ara θ-s identuri.<br />
Nt kompleqsis meore elementis gamJRerebis movlena fiqsirdeba<br />
espanur endivia-Si, romelsac xSirad endibia-s formiT vxvdebiT.<br />
savaraudod, igi modis mosarabuli antubiya-<strong>da</strong>n, am ukanasknelSi ki Sedis<br />
laTinuri intubus-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
derivatis donezea <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli nt jgufi laTinur defunctus-Si. am<br />
sityvam k-s amovardnis Sedegad espanurSi mogvca defunto, romelic<br />
dRevandel espanurSi difunto-s formiT ufro aris gavrcelebuli. amave<br />
konsonantis amovardnam mogvca laT. punctum-<strong>da</strong>n esp. punto <strong>da</strong> laT. puncta<strong>da</strong>n<br />
esp. punta.<br />
sainteresoa guisante-s etimologia. savaraudod, igi modis<br />
mosarabuli bissaut-<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> laT. pisum-<strong>da</strong>n. Tumca, arsebobs<br />
meore versiac, romlis mixedviTac sityvis mosarabuli varianti un<strong>da</strong><br />
migveRo laTinuri frazi<strong>da</strong>n pisum sapidum, rac niSnavs ‘gemriel bar<strong>da</strong>s’<br />
(guisante sabroso). rogorc Cans, misi amgvari <strong>da</strong>saxelebiT moxsenieba saWiro<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> imis gamo, rom es mcenare ar areo<strong>da</strong>T msgavs mcenareebSi, romelic<br />
mravlad iyo romis imperiaSi. marTalia, mecnierebi verc erT versias ver<br />
a<strong>da</strong>stureben, magram faqtia, rom nt konsonanturi kompleqsi etimonis<br />
doneze ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rom igi derivatis donezea warmoqmnili.<br />
E erT-erTi yvelaze stabiluri kompleqsia nv. mas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d laTinuri<br />
etimonis doneze vxvdebiT <strong>da</strong> yvela espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
varirebis gareSe.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> convaleciente aris convalecer-s mimReoba <strong>da</strong> igi XV saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> kastiliurSi laTinuri convalescere-<strong>da</strong>n. es ukanaskneli<br />
ki miRebulia zmna valere-<strong>da</strong>n, rac ‛janmrTelad yofnas’ niSnav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
laTinuri convergere-<strong>da</strong>n, romelic Sedgeba TavsarT con-s <strong>da</strong>matebuli<br />
zmna vergere-sgan, momdinareobs <strong>espanuri</strong> convergir. igive movlena fiqsirdeba<br />
zmnebTan convivir <strong>da</strong> convenir. Tumca, gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic,<br />
80
oca nv kompleqsi iqmneba ara ori morfemis Serwymis Sedegad, aramed<br />
roca igi fuZiseulia. Mmag: convexo, romelic modis laT. convexus-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> convoy, romlis etimonsac warmoadgens frangul convoi (es ukanaskneli<br />
momdinareobs xalx. laT. conviare-<strong>da</strong>n).<br />
vxvdebiT ramdenime magaliTs, sa<strong>da</strong>c nv kompleqsi<br />
warmoqmnilia in prefiqsis <strong>da</strong>matebiT fuZeze. maTSorisaa invadir <strong>da</strong> inválido.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi fuZiseulia zmnaSi - invocar.<br />
cnobili frangi mogzauris lui antuan de bugenvilis saxels<br />
ukavSirdeba espaneTSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli mcenaris, bugenvilias (esp.<br />
buganvilla) saxelwodeba. swored man Camoitana es mcenare brazilii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
gaavrcela evropaSi. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, mcenaris espanur <strong>da</strong>saxelebaSi<br />
yovelgvari varirebis gareSea gadmotanili frangi mogzauris gvari.<br />
sainteresoa invierno-s etimologia. korominasi aRniSnavs, rom igi<br />
momdinareobs xalxuri laTinuri hibernum-<strong>da</strong>n, romelic Zvel espanurSi<br />
gvaZlevs ivierno-s. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, invierno-Si konsonanturi kompleqsi nv<br />
warmoqmnilia derivatis doneze.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: P<br />
(pl, pn, pp, pr, ps, pt)<br />
rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
vxvdebiT pl konsonantur kompleqss sityvis Tavkidur poziciaSi. gvaqvs<br />
misi rogorc konstanturobis, aseve varirebis araerTi magaliTi.<br />
Tavkiduri poziciisPpl kompleqsi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />
laTinur sityvebSi: laT. placenta - esp. placenta, laT. planta - esp. planta, laT.<br />
plicare - esp. plazo (arqauli espanurSi plazdo), laT. plegare - esp. plegar,<br />
laT. plumbum - esp. plomo, laT. pluma - esp. pluma.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli varirebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
espanurSi ramdenime berZnuli warmoSobis, oRond kastiliurSi<br />
laTinizirebuli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli sityvac. maT Sorisaa: planeta<br />
(berZ. planetes),plástico (berZ. plastikos), plátano (berZ. platanos), plinto (berZ. plintos),<br />
pleita (berZ. plekte), pleonasmo (berZ. pleonasmos).<br />
81
erZnuli<strong>da</strong>n pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> Semdegi<br />
sityvebi: berZ. plastikos, romelic plasso-<strong>da</strong>n (yo modelo, yo amaso)<br />
momdinareobs espanurSi gvaZlevs plástico-s, xolo berZ. plektron, romlis<br />
Ziric aris aseve berZnuli plesso (esp. yo golpeo) gvaZlevs plectro-s.<br />
rac Seexeba berZnul kompozit platys (plano) + rhis, rhinos (nariz)-s, igi<br />
kastiliur enaSi platirrrino-s formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
franguli<strong>da</strong>n Sevi<strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi plafón. igi momdinareobs<br />
kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n plat+fond. franguli kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n ( plate+form) miviReT<br />
plataforma -c.<br />
Tavkiduri pl kompleqsis mier gancdili fonetikuri cvlileba<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mdgomareobs konsonanturi kompleqsis palatalizaciaSi:<br />
laT. plagare - esp. llagar, laT. planctus - esp. llanto, laT. planus - esp. llano,<br />
laT. plenus - esp. lleno, laT. plorare - esp. llorar, laT. plovere - esp. llover,<br />
laT. pluviosus - esp. lluvioso.<br />
evoluciis gansxvavebuli gza ganvlo laT. pluteus-ma, romelmac<br />
espanurSi mogvca choza. savaraudod, pireneis naxevarkunZulze<br />
gavrcelebuli enebi<strong>da</strong>n igi pirvelad galisiurSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c Cveuli<br />
movlena iyo pl kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n afrikatis miReba, xolo Semdeg <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
kastiliurSi.<br />
Tavkidurma pl jgufma kidev erTi saxis, oRond, amjerad<br />
poziciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli cvlileba ganica<strong>da</strong>. espanur korelatSi man<br />
<strong>da</strong>imata xmovani a, ramac gamoiwvia is, rom laTinuri Tavkiduri<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi kastiliurSi iqca Sua konsonantur kompleqsad:<br />
laT. placare - esp. aplacar. rac Seexeba onomatopeur plast-s, romelic aris<br />
imitacia rbili sagnis <strong>da</strong>vardniT gamowveuli xmisa, igi espanur<br />
korelatSi qmnis zmnas aplastar.<br />
arcTu ise xSirad gvxvdeba pl konsonanturi kompleqsi sityvis Sua<br />
poziciaSi. yvela maTgani ucvleli formiT mkvidrdeba kastiliur enaSi:<br />
laT. triplex - esp. triple, laT. triplicare - esp. triplicar, laT. triplus - esp. triplicado.<br />
iSviaTY movlenas warmoadgens pn konsonanturi kompleqsi, rogorc<br />
Tavkidur poziciaSi, aseve sityvis SuaSi, rasac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs is faqtic,<br />
82
om masalis kvlevis dros mas mxolod oriode berZnuli warmomavlobis<br />
sityvaSi SevxvdiT.<br />
berZnuli pneumaticos jer laTinurSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis pneumaticus-is formiT,<br />
Semdeg ki kargavs kompleqsis pirvel elements <strong>da</strong> ise gvaZlevs<br />
espanur neumático-s.<br />
rac Seexeba berZnul hypnos (sueño), igi espanurSi gvaZlevs hipnosis.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT berZnuli Ziri espanur derivatSi SenarCunebulia <strong>da</strong> mas<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebuli aqvs kastiliuri sufiqsi sis, rac aris procesis amsaxveli<br />
bolosarTi.<br />
mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi vxvdebiT pp geminats.<br />
arcerT espanur derivatSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dis aRniSnuli konsonanturi jgufi<br />
ucvleli formiT. igi martivdeba <strong>da</strong> qmnis monofenemur korelats.<br />
laTinuri geminatis gamartiveba fiqsirdeba Semdeg sityvebSi: aparecer<br />
(laT. apparescere), aparar (laT. apparare), apéndice (laT. appendix), apetito<br />
(laT. appetitus), cepo (laT. cippus), popa (laT. puppis), capa (laT. cappa), copa<br />
(laT. cuppa), estopa (laT. stuppa) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
aRniSnul fonetikur movlenas SesaZloa mohyves sxva cvlilebac.<br />
mag: laTinurma appectorare-m, espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros jer<br />
mogvca apetrar, xolo Semdeg, r-s metaTezis Sedegad, miviReT apretar.<br />
laTinuri, berZnuli <strong>da</strong> Zv. oqsitanuri etimonis matarebelia<br />
sityvebi, romelTac aqvT Tavkiduri pr konsonanturi kompleqsi. sityvaSi<br />
Sua poziciiT igi mxolod laTinuri etimonis matarebel sityvebSi<br />
fiqsirdeba.<br />
berZ. praktike, romelic laTinurSi practice-s gvaZlevs, espanurSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis práctica-s formiT. Práctica warmoadgens kompozits prasso (vakeTeb) +<br />
berZnuli sufiqsi tico (esp. relacionado a) <strong>da</strong> niSnavs raime saqmesTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli qmedebas.<br />
laTinuris gavliT espanurSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> kidev ramdenime berZnuli<br />
sityvaTxzva. maT Sorisaa: problema, romelic miviReT berZ.N problema-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c pro aris prefiqsi <strong>da</strong> niSnavs ‛wins’ (esp. delante), xolo blema -<br />
‛gasrolas’.<br />
83
laTinuri etimonis matarebelia <strong>espanuri</strong> príncipe. igi modis princepsi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> niSnavs ‛pirvel pirs’. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es sityva<br />
warmoadgens primus ‛pirveli’ (esp. primero) <strong>da</strong> caput ‛Tavi’ (esp. cabeza)-sagan<br />
nawarmoeb kompozits.<br />
laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n espanurSi Tavkiduri konsonanturi jgufis varirebis<br />
gareSe <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> Semdegi sityvebic: laT. pratum - esp. prado, laT. praecicus<br />
-esp. preciso, laT. praedium - esp. predio, laT. praesagium - esp. presagio, laT.<br />
praestigium - esp. prestigio, laT. praetor - esp. pretor, laT. pristinus - esp. prístino, laT.<br />
praestare ((prae (delante) + stare (estar)) - esp. prestar <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
laTinuri pretium-i<strong>da</strong>n miviReT espanurSi precio. Tumca, korominasi ar<br />
gamoricxavs, rom igi laTinurSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo Zveli oqsitanuri pretz-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c ‛Rirebulebas’ aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
katalanuri premsa-<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi prensa. Tavad katalanurSi<br />
ki Sevi<strong>da</strong> laTinuri premere-s mimReobiTi formi<strong>da</strong>n - prems.<br />
ramdenime espanur korelatSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
pirveli elementis gamJRereba: bruno (laT. prunum), bravo (laT. pravus) <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.<br />
derivatis doneze aris warmoqmnili Tavkiduri pr kompleqsi<br />
espanur preguntar-Si. igi miviReT laT. percontari-<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
espanur korelatSi konsonanturi kompleqsis warmoqmna sityvis TavSi<br />
ganapiroba Tanxmovan r-s poziciis Secvlam.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pr konsonanturi kompleqsi sityvis SuaSi<br />
mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba. <strong>espanuri</strong> korelatis<br />
warmoqmnis dros igi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ganicdis varirebas, rac mdgomareobs<br />
TanxmovanTjgufis meore (yru) elementis gamJRerebaSi:<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> abrigar modis laT. apricare-<strong>da</strong>n, es ukanaskneli ki - apricus-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelmac, Tavis mxriv, mogvca abrigo.<br />
sainteresoa gazafxulis erT-erTi Tvis etimologia. mecnierTa<br />
erTi jgufi Tvlis, rom abril modis laT. aprilis-<strong>da</strong>n, romelic un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli aprerire (esp. abrir) - sTan, radgan swored am Tves iwyebs miwa<br />
ayvavebas, ¨gaxsnas. MmecnierTa meore jgufi ki miiCnevs, rom abril modis<br />
84
erZenTa qalRmerTis afrodites saxeli<strong>da</strong>n, radgan aphros berZnulad<br />
niSnavs qafs, sai<strong>da</strong>nac, legendis Tanaxmad, <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> siyvarulis<br />
qalRmerTi. dRemde ver <strong>da</strong>adgines weliwadis am Tvis <strong>da</strong>saxelebis zusti<br />
warmomavloba. Tumca, romeli versiac ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos swori, CvenTvis<br />
saintereso pr konsonanturi kompleqsi varirebas ganicdis orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong> espanurSi mkvidrdeba gamJRerebuli meore elementiT.<br />
igive fonetikuri cvlileba fiqsirdeba sityvebTan: cabra (laT. capra)<br />
<strong>da</strong> cobre (laT. cuprum).<br />
gvaqvs ramdenime iseTi sityva, sa<strong>da</strong>c konsonanturma kompleqsma<br />
SeinarCuna mudmivoba. maT Soris aris zodiaqos erT-erTi niSnis (Txis<br />
rqis) <strong>da</strong>saxeleba. E<strong>espanuri</strong> capricornio momdinareobs laT. capricornus-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelic warmoadgens caper+cornus kompozits.<br />
mxolod berZnuli warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
gvxvdeba ps TanxmovanTjgufi Tavkidur poziciaSi <strong>da</strong> espanurSi<br />
mkvidrdeba rogorc ucvleli, aseve saxecvlili formiT. ver vityviT<br />
imaves aRniSnul konsonantur kompleqsze, Tu mas sityvis SuaSi<br />
ganvixilavT. igi mxolod laTinuri etimonis matarebel sityvebSi<br />
vxvdeba.<br />
Psicología (RAE-Si vxvdebiT sicología-sac) modis berZnuli<br />
kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n: psykhe ‛suli’ <strong>da</strong> logia ‛raRacis Seswavla’. dReisaTvis,<br />
<strong>da</strong>Svebulia orive formis gamoyeneba. Tumca, Tvlian, rom sicología ufro<br />
Seesabameba kastiliur enas. Aaqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom sycon berZnulad<br />
niSnavs ‛leRvs’, ris gamoc xSirad uSveben Secdomas <strong>da</strong> sicología-s<br />
aigiveben am kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebasTan. Sicología-s mxolod<br />
erTi mniSvneloba aqvs, igi aris psicología-s sinonimi, mas ki aranairi<br />
saerTo ar aqvs aRniSnul mcenaresTan.<br />
berZnuli kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n modis psicrómetro-c, romelic Sedgeba psykhros<br />
‛sicive’ <strong>da</strong> metron ‛sazomi’-sagan.<br />
varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n pseudo ( ‛yalbi’) prefiqsiani<br />
sityvebic: pseudopodo, pseudohistoria, pseudocientífico <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
85
amdenime sityvaSi mox<strong>da</strong> Tavkidur poziciaSi<br />
myofi ps konsonanturi kompleqsis gamartiveba <strong>da</strong> kompleqsis pirveli<br />
elementis <strong>da</strong>kargva.<br />
berZ. psalmos-<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs <strong>espanuri</strong> salmo, rac ‛fsalmuns’<br />
niSnavs. Tavad berZnuli psalmos ki modis psalterion-<strong>da</strong>n, rac aris sakravi,<br />
romlis TanxlebiTac sruldebo<strong>da</strong> uflis sadidebeli kantigebi. Aamave<br />
Ziri<strong>da</strong>n modis <strong>espanuri</strong> zmna salmodiar, rac niSnavs galobas <strong>da</strong> arsebiTi<br />
saxeli salmodia, romelic aRniSnavs saRvTo liturgiis im nawils, roca<br />
sruldeba uflisadmi miZRvnili sagaloblebi.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ps konsonanturi kompleqsi sityvis SuaSi<br />
mxolod laTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi gvxvdeba.<br />
laT. capsa-m espanur korelatSi mogvca caja (Zv. esp. caxa). am faqts<br />
korominasi xsnis im movleniT, rom kastiliur enaSi aRniSnuli sityva<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> katalanuri caixa-<strong>da</strong>n. Capsa-s k<strong>nino</strong>biTi forma capsula-<strong>da</strong>n ki<br />
espanurSi miviReT capsula. rogorc Cans, capsula laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n kastiliurSi<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebula sxva <strong>enis</strong> gavliT, ramac gamoiwvia is, rom laTinuri<br />
variantis konsonanturi kompleqsi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi.<br />
mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi vxvdebiT pt jgufs sityvis<br />
SuaSi. igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saxecvlili formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur korelatSi.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqs pt-s mier gancdili cvlilebebi SegviZlia<br />
<strong>da</strong>vyoT ramdenime jgufad:<br />
1. kompleqsis pirveli elementi ikargeba <strong>da</strong> espanurSi viRebT<br />
monofonemur korelats. amis naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturia laTinuri aptare, romelmac<br />
jer mogvca attare (asimilaciis Sedegad), Semdeg ki miviReT atar.<br />
evoluciis igive gza ganvlo Semdegma sityvebmac: roto (laT. ruptu), rato<br />
(laT. raptu), catar (laT. captare) <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
2. saerTod ikargeba laTinuri binaruli konsonanturi kompleqsi.<br />
mag: laT. septimana - esp. semana.<br />
3. espanurSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dis binaruli kompleqsis arcerTi elementi <strong>da</strong><br />
Cndeba axali Tanxmovani: laT. captiare - esp. cazar, laT. captator - esp. cazador.<br />
4. konsonanturi kompleqsis meore elementi transformir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> pc-s formiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c meore Tanxmovnis JReradoba θ-s<br />
86
identuria. mag: capcioso, modis laT. captiosus-<strong>da</strong>n, xolo excepción -<br />
laT. exceptio,-onis-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
5. kompleqsis pirveli elementi ganicdis vokalizacias: laT.<br />
captivus - esp. cautivo, laT. captivitas - esp. cautivi<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom pt TanxmovanTjgufi sityvis SuaSi erT-erT<br />
yvelaze varirebad kompleqss warmoadgens, masalis Seswavlis dros<br />
SevxvdiT ramdenime iseT espanur sityvas, sa<strong>da</strong>c laTinuri etimonis<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi SenarCunebulia. maT Sorisaa: captación<br />
(laT. captatio, - onis), captura (laT. captura), inepto (laT. ineptus) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: R<br />
(rb, rd, rf, rg, rh, rl, rm, rn, rp, rr, rs, rt, rv)<br />
espanur enaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia iseTi konsonanturi<br />
komleqsebi, romelTa pirveli elementic aris Tanxmovani r. aseT jgufebs<br />
vxvdebiT rogorc laTinuri, aseve berZnuli, kelturi, arabuli <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
warmoSobis mqone sityvebSi. warmomavlobis mravalferovnebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
am kompleqsebs mxolod sityvis SuaSi vxvdebiT. gamonakliss<br />
warmoadgens rh konsonanturi kompleqsi, romelic Tavkidur poziciaSic,<br />
oRond aralaTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi, gvxvdeba. aRniSnuli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi arcerT espanur korelatSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dis varirebis<br />
gareSe.<br />
laTinur <strong>da</strong> aralaTinur etimons miekuTvneba rb kompleqsiani<br />
sityvebi. aRniSnuli TanxmovanTjgufi varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur<br />
enaSi.<br />
laTinuri etimonis ( arbor) matarebelia <strong>espanuri</strong> árbol. rogorc<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, konsonanturi kompleqsi SenarCunebulia espanur korelatSi.<br />
Tumca, sityvis bolokiduri konsonanti - r, disimilaciis Sedegad,<br />
transformir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erT-erTi uZvelesi etimologiis matarebeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos esp. barba,<br />
radgan am formiT, igi gavrcelebulia ara marto pireneis<br />
naxevarkunZulis, aramed italiisa <strong>da</strong> rumineTis enebSic. korominasis<br />
87
mixedviT, igi espanurSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> laTinuri barba-<strong>da</strong>n. am ukanasknelSi ki,<br />
SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuliyo berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> ‛Zvels’,<br />
‛moxucs’, radganac wveri aris zr<strong>da</strong>sruli asakis simbolo.<br />
Barbacoa momdinareobs karibis regionSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli xalxebis<br />
eni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> mis etimons warmoadgens barbacue.<br />
berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n, oRond laTinuris gavliT, <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
espanurSi bárbaro. amave Ziri<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs barbarismo-c. konsonantur<br />
kompleqss ar ganucdia varireba evoluciis procesSi.<br />
sainteresoa barbián-is etimologia. Barbián, romelic qarTulad<br />
iTargneba rogorc ‛haerovani’, savaraudod, modis boSaTa enaSi arsebuli<br />
sityvi<strong>da</strong>n barban, rac ‛haers’ niSnavs. Avaraudis donezea misi warmoSobis<br />
meore versia, romelic gulisxmobs aRiSnuli vokabulas indur Zirs<br />
(bara).<br />
italiuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi sorbete. Tumca, man, apeninis<br />
naxevarkunZulze Sesvlamde sakmaod didi gza ganvlo. misi etimologiis<br />
kvlevas mivyavarT arabul sarbat-amde, romelic arabuli sarba-s<br />
mravlobiTi ricxvis formaa <strong>da</strong> romelic romanul enebSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebamde<br />
jer TurqulSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> (serbet).<br />
franguli corvette-<strong>da</strong>n Semovi<strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi corbeta. am etapze<br />
ucnobia misi ufro zusti etimologia. arsebobs mosazreba misi<br />
germanikuli warmoSobis Sesaxebac.<br />
rac Seexeba esp. corbata-s, igi kastiliurSi gavrcel<strong>da</strong> (XVII<br />
saukune) italiuri corvatta-<strong>da</strong>n, rac ‛xorvatiuls’ niSnav<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
swored xorvati cxenosnebi iyenebdnen tansacmlis am saxeobas. rogorc<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, bolo or magaliTSi, rb konsonanturi kompleqsi aris<br />
warmoqmnili derivatis doneze ori fonemis arevis Sedegad.<br />
Sua konsonantur kompleqs rd-s vxvdebiT rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
berZnuli, arabuli <strong>da</strong> preromanuli (kelturi) warmoSobis sityvebSi. igi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis kastiliur enaSi.<br />
esp. arder momdinareobs laT. ardere-<strong>da</strong>n. amave Ziri<strong>da</strong>n miviReT ardiente,<br />
ardor. laT. cardus-ma ki, romelic xalxur laTinurSi cardunculus-is formiT<br />
88
iyo gavrcelebuli, espanurSi mogvca cardo. rac Seexeba esp. cordero-s, igi<br />
miviReT xalxuri laTinuri cor<strong>da</strong>rius-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
Cordobán Cndeba XIII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong> modis qalaq Córdoba-s<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n. Sua saukuneebSi misi xSiri gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
musulmanuri kordobis ganviTarebis maRal donesTan. rac Seexeba Tavad<br />
qalaqis <strong>da</strong>saxelebas, igi momdinareobs finikiuri sityva karduba-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
niSnavs ‛mdi<strong>da</strong>r, gasaocar qalaqs’. Ffinikielebis mier qalaqisaTvis am<br />
saxelis <strong>da</strong>rqmeva aixsneba imiT, rom naxevarkunZulze es adgili erT-erT<br />
umdidres <strong>da</strong> vaWrobisaTvis xelsayrel <strong>da</strong>saxlebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
arsebobs Cór<strong>da</strong>ba-s warmoSobis meore versiac. Aam versiis mixedviT,<br />
igi momdinareobs laT. corduba-<strong>da</strong>n, romelic espanur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
arabuli kortobani-s an mosarabiuli cordobano-s gziT [axvlediani c.,<br />
2009:134].<br />
Aarabuls ukavSireben kidev erTi <strong>espanuri</strong> sityvis etimologiasac.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> bar<strong>da</strong>ja modis arabuli bar<strong>da</strong>g-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic am ukanasknelSi,<br />
savaraudod, ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> sparsuli bar<strong>da</strong>gan-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
uamravi sityva <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanur enaSi berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n (laTinuris<br />
gavliT) rd konsonanturi kompleqsiT sityvis SuaSi. maT Sorisaa: cardíaco.<br />
igi momdinareobs berZ. kardiakos-<strong>da</strong>n, romlis Zirsac warmoadgnes kardia<br />
‛guli’ (esp. corazón). Aaseve, car<strong>da</strong>momo, romelic berZnuli<br />
kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n kar<strong>da</strong>mon + amomon miviReT. espanurSi igi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
laT. car<strong>da</strong>momum-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
sainteresoa ardilla-s warmomavloba. igi miviReT har<strong>da</strong>-s k<strong>nino</strong>biTi<br />
formi<strong>da</strong>n. Har<strong>da</strong>, rogorc korominasi aRniSnavs, ar aris laTinuri sityva<br />
<strong>da</strong> amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs im faqtiT, rom mas vxvdebiT sam araromanul<br />
(berberul, arabul <strong>da</strong> baskur) enaSi.<br />
preromanuli, kerZod kelturi Ziri aqvs bardo-s. rac Seexeba bar<strong>da</strong>nas,<br />
misi etimologia ucnobia. Tumca, viciT, rom gvian Sua saukuneebSi<br />
Cndeba laTinurSi.<br />
konsonantur kompleqss rd-s cvlileba arc franguli<br />
warmoSobis palurdo-Si ganucdia. frangulma balourd-ma, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
TanxmovanTjfugi bolokidur poziciaSia, espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros<br />
89
<strong>da</strong>imata xmovani <strong>da</strong> bolokiduri kompleqsi iqca sityvis Sua pociziis<br />
mqone kompleqsad.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom zemoT ganxiluli yvela magaliTi<br />
aris rd jgufis mudmivobis maCvenebeli, gvaqvs varirebis SemTxvevac. maT<br />
Sorisaa: esp. horchata; laT. hordeata, romelic Tavis mxriv momdinareobs<br />
hordeum-i<strong>da</strong>n, ganicdis italiuris gavlenas <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs horchata-s.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, derivatSi konsonanturi kompleqsis pirveli<br />
elementi SenarCun<strong>da</strong>, meorem ki - ganica<strong>da</strong> cvlilebebi.<br />
rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
vxvdebiT rf konsonantur kompleqss. igi ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
TiTqmis yvela espanur korelatSi. Tumca, wina jgufebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
sagrZnoblad mcirea sityvebi aRniSnuli kompleqsiT.<br />
esp. fárfara-s aqvs ori semantikuri mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> TiToeul maTgans<br />
aqvs gansxvavebuli etimologia. Fárfara, romelic mcenaris erT-erT<br />
saxeobas aRniSnavs, momdinareobs laT. farfarus-<strong>da</strong>n, xolo fárfara, romelic<br />
kvercxis naWuWis qveS arsebul Txel fenas aRniSnavs – arabuli halhal<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
rac ‛saTuT qsovils’ niSnavs. rogor vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, meore sityvaSi<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi warmoqmnilia derivatis doneze.<br />
oqsitanuri forfant-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi farfante.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi oqsitanur etimonSi warmoqmnilia far Zirze<br />
TavsarT for-is <strong>da</strong>matebiT. savaraudod, espanurSi farfante Semovi<strong>da</strong><br />
italiuri<strong>da</strong>n an franguli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
rac Seexeba esp. gerifalte-s, igi miviReT Zv. Ffrang. girfalt-<strong>da</strong>n, es<br />
ukanaskneli ki – Zv. skandinaviuri geirfalki-<strong>da</strong>n, romelic warmoadgens<br />
falki-sa <strong>da</strong> geiri-s kompozits. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, espanur korelatSi, axali<br />
xmovnis Camatebis Sedegad, mox<strong>da</strong> konsonanturi kompleqsis <strong>da</strong>Sla.<br />
derivatis doneze miviReT rf konsonanturi kompleqsi esp. amorfo-Si.<br />
igi momdinareobs berZ. amorphos-<strong>da</strong>n, rac ‛uformos’ niSnavs, xolo am<br />
ukanasknelis Ziria morphe (forma).<br />
laTinuri, berZnuli <strong>da</strong> preromanuli warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
vxvdebiT rg konsonantur kompleqss. igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d varirebis gareSe<br />
90
ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur koleratSi. Tumca, gvaqvs fonetikuri cvlilebebis<br />
oriode SemTxvevac.<br />
laT. argentum-<strong>da</strong>n modis esp. argento. Eetimonis doneze arsebuli<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> Semdeg espanur<br />
sityvebSic: laT. arguer - esp. arguir, laT. largus - esp. largo <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n, oRond laTinizirebuli formiT, <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
kastiliurSi liturgia (berZ. leiturgos), margarita (berZ. margarites), órgano (berZ.<br />
organon).<br />
preromanuli warmoSobisaa esp. árgoma. savaraudod, igi warmoadgens<br />
pireneis naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />
iberebis <strong>enis</strong> vokabulas, romelsac ar aqvs saerTo naxevarkunZulis sxva<br />
xalxebis enebTan.<br />
erT-erT uZveles sityvas warmoadgens argamasa <strong>da</strong> igi saerToa<br />
naxevarkunZulis yvela <strong>enis</strong>aTvis. savaraudod, igi warmoadgens<br />
kompozits arga+masa, sa<strong>da</strong>c masa aris laTinuri etimologiis matarebeli,<br />
xolo pirveli elementis warmoSoba aris ucnobi.<br />
Rg TanxmovanTjgufis mier gancdili fonetikuri cvlilebebi<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT or jgufad:<br />
1. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ikargeba konsonanturi kompleqsis meore<br />
elementi: laT. argenteus - esp. arienzo;<br />
2. jgufi, sa<strong>da</strong>c kompleqsis meore elementi ganicdis varirebas:<br />
laT. argilla - esp. arcilla.<br />
ganxilulma masalam gvaCvena, rom gvaqvs rg konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsis derivatis doneze warmoqmnis ramdenime SemTxvevac.<br />
Turquli kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n beg+armudi-<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs esp. bergamota,<br />
oRond kastiliur enaSi igi <strong>da</strong>kvidr<strong>da</strong> italiuri bergamotta-s gavliT.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, TanxmovanTjgufi warmoqmnilia italiur korelatSi<br />
(metaTezis Sedegad), sai<strong>da</strong>nac kastiliurSi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
goTurma brikan-ma ki, romelic kastiliurSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
katalanuri bergant-is gavliT, mogvca bergante. Bergante-s amgvari evolucia<br />
aixsneba r-s metaTeziT <strong>da</strong> yru k-s gamJRerebiT.<br />
91
ogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rh konsonanturi kompleqsi erTaderTia im r<br />
konsonantian kompleqsebs Soris, romlebic gvxvdeba rogorc Tavkidur<br />
poziciaSi, aseve sityvis SuaSi. igi gavrcelebulia berZnuli etimonis<br />
sityvebSi <strong>da</strong> arcerT espanur korelatSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dis varirebis gareSe.<br />
esp. retórico, romelic kastiliur enaSi Cndeba XII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
Semodis laT. rhetoricus-<strong>da</strong>n, es ukanaskneli ki momdinareobs berZ. rhetorikos<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romlis Zireuli sityva aris rhetor ‛oratori’.<br />
laT. rheuma-s gziT miviReT esp. reuma (berZ. rheuma-<strong>da</strong>n). igi<br />
dReisaTvis monacvleobs reumatismo-sTan <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens samedicino<br />
termins.<br />
ori berZnuli sityvis kombinacii<strong>da</strong>n miviReT esp. rinoceronte. igi<br />
warmoadgens rhinos ‛cxviri’ <strong>da</strong> ceros ‛rqa’-sagan Sedgenil kompozits.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom am sityvaTxzvis orive komponenti sakmaod<br />
gavrcelebulia <strong>da</strong> maTgan araerTi sxva kompozitia miRebuli. maT<br />
Soris rinitis, rinoplastia, otorrinolaringólogo, braquícero, monoceronte <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
laTinuris gavliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi ritmo (berZ. rhythmus - laT.<br />
rhythmus) <strong>da</strong> rombo (berZ. rhombus - laT. rhombus)-c.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, berZnul sityvebs ar <strong>da</strong>ukargavT kompleqsis<br />
meore elementi laTinurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros, TanxmovanTjgufis<br />
gamartiveba mxolod <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi rh, romelic gvxvdeba arabul etimonSi<br />
tarhun, laTinurSi Seesabameba tarchon-s. laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze miRebuli<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi, espanur korelatSi varirebs <strong>da</strong> viRebT rg<br />
kombinacias, romelic mogvianebiT iSleba axali a xmovniT <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs<br />
espanur tarragona-s [axvlediani c., 2009:140].<br />
Rl konsonanturi kopleqsi gvxvdeba aralaTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> yvela korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis ucvleli formiT.<br />
ori semantikuri mniSvneloba aqvs esp. berlina-s. im SemTxvevaSi<br />
Tu berlina aRniSnavs ‛oTxkarian manqanas’, igi momdinareobs<br />
franguli berline-<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c es vokabula Sevi<strong>da</strong> qalaq berlinis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n (adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi gamoigones), xolo Tu berlina aRniSnavs<br />
92
‛vinmes sasacilod agdebas’, igi momdinareobs italiuri berlina-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
‛masxara’.<br />
Zv. skandinaviuri kerling-<strong>da</strong>n modis fr. carlingue, romelic espanur<br />
korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis carlinga-s formiT. aRniSnul vokabulas ar ganucdia<br />
varireba derivatis arcerT doneze.<br />
sakuTari saxeli<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs tkbileulis erT-erTi saxeobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba - Carlota. Pam sityvis ‛tkbileulis’ mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes XIX saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac erTma qalbatonma, saxelad<br />
karlota, inglisis dedofals (jorj II-s cols) miarTva ugemrielesi<br />
torti. swored mis savativsacemod SemorCa namcxvris am saxeobas<br />
saxeli Carlota.<br />
ucnobia, merluza-s warmomavloba. Tumca, arsebobs erTi versia.<br />
SesaZloa, <strong>espanuri</strong> vokabula momdinareobdes franguli merlus-<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ukve aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> Tevzis erT-erT saxeobas. Ffranguli varianti ki un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos warmoqmnili fr. merlan-is (miRebuli germanikuli merlan-<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong><br />
laT. lucius-is Serwymis Sedegad.<br />
aseve ucnobia esp. arlequín-is warmomavloba. Tumca, korominasi<br />
varaudobs, rom aRniSnuli vokabula kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> Zv.<br />
franguli herlequin, hellequin-<strong>da</strong>n, italiuri arlecchino-s gavliT. SesaZloa,<br />
esp. arlequín momdinareobdes inglisuri Herle King-isaganac anu mefe Harilo-s<br />
(boroti sulebis winamZRoli) saxeli<strong>da</strong>n [axvlediani c., 145:2009]<br />
gvaqvs rl konsonanturi kompleqsis derivatis doneze warmoqmnis<br />
ramdenime magaliTi. esp. berlanga, rac banqos erT-erTi azartuli TamaSia,<br />
miviReT Zv. franguli berlant-<strong>da</strong>n ( brelenc-magi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c TamaSobdnen am<br />
TamaSs). es ukanaskneli ki momdinareobs germanuli bretling-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
aris brett ‛patara magi<strong>da</strong>’-is k<strong>nino</strong>biTi forma. rogor<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rl konsonanturi kompleqsi franguli etimonis doneze<br />
warmoiqmna <strong>da</strong> mas win uZRvo<strong>da</strong> t-s amovardna <strong>da</strong> r-s metaTeza.<br />
amave doneze miviReT esp. carlear. igi momdinareobs laT. calorear-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelmac jer, o-s sinkopis Sedegad, mogvca calrear, xolo Semdeg ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
metaTeza.<br />
93
mniSvnelovani stabilurobiT gamoirCeva Sua konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi rm, romelsac vxvdebiT rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri<br />
warmoSobis sityvebSi.<br />
laT. armenius mus ‛Tagvi sasomxeTi<strong>da</strong>n’-<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs esp. armiño,<br />
rac qarTulad ‛yaryums’ niSnavs. Ees ZuZumwovari arseba evropaSi Savi<br />
zRvis gavliT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, magram ara sasomxeTi<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc es SesaZloa<br />
vivaraudoT misi <strong>da</strong>saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare; sinamdvileSi, igi<br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> dRevandeli ruseTis miwebi<strong>da</strong>n. Tumca, Sua saukuneebSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTSi sasomxeTi ( armenia) ufro cnobili iyo, vidre aRmosavleTis<br />
sxva miwebi.<br />
perioduli sistemis erT-erTi qimiuri elementis, germaniumis<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxeleba germanio momdinareobs laT. Germania-<strong>da</strong>n, radgan<br />
swored germaniaSi iqna aRmoCenili es metali.<br />
laT. vermis <strong>da</strong> mis k<strong>nino</strong>biT derivats vermiculus-s Seesabameba<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> enaSi bermejo. laTinuri etimonis matarebeli sxva sityvebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
aRsaniSnvavia: arma (laT. arma), armario (laT. armarium), carmenar (laT. carminare),<br />
dormir ( laT. dormire), dormitorio (laT. dormitorium), firme ( laT. firmus), hormiga<br />
(laT. formica), hermano (laT. germanus) <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
berZnuli harmonia-<strong>da</strong>n Semovi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi armonía (laT. harmonia-s<br />
gavliT). amave Ziri<strong>da</strong>n modis sityvebi: armónico, armonioso, armonio,<br />
armonizar <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
arabul Zirs warmoadgens karm, romelmac espanurSi<br />
mogvca carmen. Carmesí-s etimologiis kvlevas ki mivyavarT sparsul kirm-<br />
Tan, romelic jer arabulSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> qarmazi-s formiT, xolo Semdeg<br />
espanurSi. Tumca, arsebobs mosazreba, rom arabuli qarmaz espanurSi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT ki ara, aramed katalanuri carmesi-<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> korelatis doneze warmoiqmna rm kompleqsi sityvaSi armón.<br />
igi espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> franguli armon-<strong>da</strong>n, xolo am ukanasknelSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> germanuli aram-<strong>da</strong>n. rogor vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>espanuri</strong> varianti<br />
warmoiqmna jer kidev frangulis doneze momx<strong>da</strong>ri a-s sinkopis Sedegad.<br />
amave fonetikuri movleniT aixsneba laT. paramu-<strong>da</strong>n esp. parmo-s miReba.<br />
94
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba Sua<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi rn. igi TanxmovanTjgufis mdgradobis erT-erTi<br />
saukeTeso nimuSia.<br />
laT. furnu, romelic evoluciis dros ganicdis Tavkiduri h-s <strong>da</strong><br />
bolokiduri u-s transformacias, espanurSi mkvidrdeba rn kompleqsis<br />
varirebis gareSe <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs horno-s. aRniSnuli kompleqsi arc Semdeg<br />
sityvebSi eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs: esp. pierna - laT. perna, esp. cuerno -laT.<br />
cornu, esp. carnero - laT. carnarius, esp. carnoso -laT. carnosus, esp. gobernador - laT.<br />
gubernator, esp. hernia - laT. hernia <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
laTinuri Ziri aqvs espanur torno <strong>da</strong> tornar-sac. laT. tornus <strong>da</strong> tornare,<br />
berZnulis gavliT, Semodian espanurSi <strong>da</strong> mkvidrdebian konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsis varirebis gareSe.<br />
Zv. skandinaviuri herrnest-i<strong>da</strong>n, fr. harneis (dR. harnais)-is gavliT,<br />
miviReT espanurSi arnés. aRniSnuli vokabulas skandinaviuri varianti<br />
warmoadgnes herr+nest-is kompozits. Rn konsonanturi kopleqsi franguli<br />
<strong>enis</strong> donezea warmoqmnili, sai<strong>da</strong>nac ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
kastiliurSi.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze aris <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli rn kompleqsis miReba<br />
ramdenime sityvaSi: laT. farinariu - esp. harnero, laT. coronare - esp. corner.<br />
orive sityvaSi rn jgufi warmoqmnilia sinkopis Sedegad: pirvel<br />
magaliTSi xdeba i-s amovardna, xolo meoreSi _ o-s <strong>da</strong>kargva.<br />
stabilur konsonantur kompleqss warmoadgens rp TanxmovanTjgufi,<br />
romelic rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
vxvdeba <strong>da</strong> ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis TiTqmis yvela vokabulaSi. Ggvaqvs<br />
mxolod erTi gamonaklisi.<br />
laT. etimoni aqvs esp. cuerpo-s. igi momdinareobs corpus-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi Semdegi sityvebic: serpiente (serpente),<br />
serpollo (serpullu) <strong>da</strong> a.S. laT. carpentarius-<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi carpintero.<br />
Tavad laTinurSi, savaraudod, <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> kelturi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
berZ. Ziri aqvs arpía-s. igi miviReT berZnuli harpyia-<strong>da</strong>n, romelic<br />
jer laTinurSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg ki - kastiliurSi.<br />
95
sami semantikuri mniSvneloba aqvs esp. carpa <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, samive SemTxvevaSi aqvs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etimologia:<br />
1. Carpa, rogorc ‛kobri’ (zool.) espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
goTuri karpa-<strong>da</strong>n;<br />
2. Carpa, rogorc ‛yurZnis mtevani’ momdinareobs franguli grappe<strong>da</strong>n;<br />
3. Carpa, rogorc ‛karavi’ kastiliurSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> keCuas eni<strong>da</strong>n carpa.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, or SemTxvevaSi konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
mdgradobas inarCunebs, xolo franguli<strong>da</strong>n Semosul sityvaSi adgili<br />
aqvs metaTezas.<br />
franguli carpette-<strong>da</strong>n Sevi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi carpeta. Tavad frangulSi ki<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> inglisuri carpet-<strong>da</strong>n. SesaZloa, inglisurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuliyo Zv.<br />
italiuri carpita-<strong>da</strong>n, romlis Ziric iyo laTinuri carpire.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom yvela romanul enaSi, stabilurobis maRali<br />
xarisiT gamoirCeva rp konsonanturi kompleqsi, espanurSi vxvdebiT misi<br />
varirebis erT SemTxvevasac. vgulisxmobT zmna sobreponer-s, romelic<br />
momdinareobs laT. superponer-i<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, derivatis doneze<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> metaTeza <strong>da</strong> yru konsonantis, p-s gamJRereba.<br />
rac Seexeba arpa-s, igi momdinareobs franguli harperi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
Rp kompleqsi derivatis doneze warmoqmnilia esp. párpado-Sic. igi<br />
miviReT laT. palpetrum-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic jer parpadro-Si ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, mogvianebiT<br />
ki, disimilaciis Sedegad, mogvca párpado.<br />
sakmaod gavrcelebulia sityvis SuaSi r-s geminati. umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi, mas vxvdebiT laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi. Tumca, gvaqvs<br />
preromanuli etimonis mqone <strong>espanuri</strong> sityvebic.<br />
laTinuri Ziris mqone sityvebia: arrogante (laT. arrogans), arroyo (laT .<br />
arrugia), correcto (laT. correctus), corrupto (laT. corruptus), horrible (laT. horribilis),<br />
puerro (laT. porrum) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
preromanuli (kerZod, kelturi) warmoSobisaa esp . berrendo. igi<br />
miviReT barrovindos-<strong>da</strong>n, romelic jer berruendo-d, xolo Semdeg berrendo-d<br />
transformir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
96
pireneis naxevarkunZulis yvela <strong>enis</strong>aTvis saerTo Ziria<br />
preromanuli karr, romelic espanur enaSi gvaZlevs carrasca-s.<br />
derivatis doneze warmoiqmna r-s geminati ramdenime arabuli<br />
warmoSobis, konsonant r-Ti <strong>da</strong>wyebul sityvaSi: roba - arroba, ruzz - arroz.<br />
savaraudod, aRniSnuli geminati warmoiqmna arabuli artiklis - al-is<br />
sityvasTan Serwymis <strong>da</strong> Semdeg, misi fuZiseul r-sTan asimilaciis<br />
Sedegad. ormagi r warmoiqmna laT. ruga-<strong>da</strong>nac. man espanurSi mogvca arruga,<br />
rac SesaZloa baskuris gavleniT an kastiliur enaSi baskuri <strong>enis</strong> gziT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebiT iyos ganpirobebuli. rogorc viciT, baskurSi sityva ar<br />
iwyeba r-ze <strong>da</strong> laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>suli, aRniSnuli konsonantiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
sityvebi, imateben xmovans Tavkidur poziciaSi.<br />
rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
gvxvdeba rs konsonanturi kompleqsi, romelic espanur korelatSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis rogorc ucvleli, aseve saxecvlili formiT.<br />
laTinuri zmna currere-s mimReobi<strong>da</strong>n - cursus modis <strong>espanuri</strong> curso,<br />
romelmac Semdeg araerTi kompozitis Semadgeneli nawili gax<strong>da</strong>. maT<br />
Sorisaa: concurso, sa<strong>da</strong>c prefiqsi con aqvs <strong>da</strong>matebuli fuZes; Discurso,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c TavsarT dis-s vxvdebiT; Transcurso, sa<strong>da</strong>c prefiqsi trans kompozitis<br />
pirvel elements warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
TanxmovanTkompleqsis varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi<br />
laT. aversio,-onis-c, romelmac kastiliurSi mogvca aversión. varireba arc<br />
esp. reservar-is etimologiis kvlevisas <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula. laT. reservare<br />
espanurSi mxolod bolokiduri xmovnis <strong>da</strong>kargviT ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
berZnuli tarsos-<strong>da</strong>n miviReT espanurSi tarso, xolo<br />
esp. torso momdinareobs berZ. thyrsos-i<strong>da</strong>n. pirveli vokabulasagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, torso-m evoluciis didi gza ganvlo. igi jer laTinurSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> thyrsus-is formiT, xolo mogvianebiT italiurSi mogvca torso,<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>nac ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi.<br />
rac Seexeba esp. arsenal-s, igi espanurSi italiuri arsenale-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Semovi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> arabuli <strong>da</strong>rsinaa-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
asimilaciis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
SemTxvevaa rs konsonanturi kompleqsi, romelic jer ss-Si ga<strong>da</strong>dis, bolos<br />
97
ki – xdeba s: cursus → cosso → coso, transversu → traviesso → travieso, reversare →<br />
revessar → revesar, versura → vassura → basura, ursu → osso → oso.<br />
aRniSnuli fonetikuri cvlilebis laTinur <strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsireba advilad SeiZleba, radgan laTinurad Sesrulebul<br />
dokumentebSi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive sityvis samive variants vxvdebiT: dorsuarius -<br />
dossum - deosum.<br />
Rt Sua konsonantur kompleqss vxvdebiT rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
berZnuli warmoSobis sityvebSi. Tumca, gvaqvs ramdenime iseTi vokabulac,<br />
romelTa etimologiis kvlevasac mivyavarT preromanul <strong>da</strong> arabul<br />
enebTan.<br />
laT. porta-<strong>da</strong>n modis esp. puerta. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rt konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi ucvlelad ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur korelatSi, rasac ver vityviT o-<br />
ze, romelic kastiliurSi difTongizacias ganicdis. evoluciis igive<br />
gza ganvlo esp. puerto-m, romelic miviReT laT. portus-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
laT. mors <strong>da</strong> sors-is mr. ricxvis formebi<strong>da</strong>n ( mortis, sortis)<br />
momdinareobs <strong>espanuri</strong> muerte <strong>da</strong> suerte. rac Seexeba esp. arte-s igi berZnuli<br />
warmoSobisaa <strong>da</strong> kastiliurSi laTinuri ars,artis-s gziT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n rt TanxmovanTjgufi varirebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
Semdeg espanur sityvebSic: cortina (laT. cortina), corto ( laT. curtus), experto<br />
(laT. expertus), liberto (laT. libertus), oportuno (laT. opportunus), portero (laT.<br />
portarius), huerto (laT. hortus) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
U YUuamrav berZnul sityvaSia <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli rt konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi Sua poziciaSi. radikalur cvlilebebs arc berZnuli etimonis<br />
matarebel espanur vokabulebSi vxvdebiT: arteria (berZ. arteria), ártico<br />
(berZ. arktikos) <strong>da</strong> a.S. maTi umravlesoba kastiliur enaSi laTinuris gziT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
franguli artesein-i<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi artesiano, rac niSnavs ‛Was’.<br />
Tavad frangulSi ki igi gaCn<strong>da</strong> Crdilo safrangeTis erT-erTi<br />
istoriuli provinciis <strong>da</strong>saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n ( Artois), sa<strong>da</strong>c pirvelad gaTxares<br />
Wa wylis mosapoveblad.<br />
frangul enas ukavSirdeba cuartago-s ‛tanmorCili cxeni’<br />
warmomavlobac. igi momdinareobs franguli courtaud-i<strong>da</strong>n, rac ‛<strong>da</strong>bal<br />
98
a<strong>da</strong>mians’ niSnavs (savaraudod, frangulSi igi laT. curtus-i<strong>da</strong>n Sevi<strong>da</strong>).<br />
kastiliur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis Semdeg, aRniSnulma vokabulam ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
esp. cuarto-s gavlena, rac ‛meoTxeds’ niSnavs.<br />
ucnobia artesa-s etimologia. Tumca, arsebobs versia misi<br />
preromanuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba esp. artanita-s, igi<br />
kastiliurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> arabuli artanita-<strong>da</strong>n. am ukanasknelSi ki, RAE-s<br />
monacemebiT, ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> siriuli<strong>da</strong>n. Rt konsonantur kompleqss arc am<br />
sityvaSi ganucdia varireba.<br />
ramdenime saxis cvlileba aris <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli rt konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsis evoluciis procesSi:<br />
1. Rt TanxmovanTjgufis meore elementi, romelic yru okluzivs<br />
warmoadgens, ga<strong>da</strong>dis c (θ) -Si: laT. assertion,-onis - esp. aserción, laT. martialis<br />
- esp. marcial, laT. portio,-onis - esp. porción <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
2. Rt konsonanturi kompleqsis meore elementi ga<strong>da</strong>dis afrikatSi:<br />
laT. cortex - esp. corcho.<br />
3. Rt konsonanturi jgufis yru elementi mJRerdeba: laT. fartum -<br />
esp. fardo.ç<br />
laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba rv konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi. igi espanur korelatSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis:<br />
laT. arvum -esp. arvense, laT. cervus - esp. ciervo, laT. corvus - esp. cuervo,<br />
laT. curvus - esp. corvo, laT. parvus - esp. parva <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
gvaqvs ramdenime iseTi SemTxveva, sa<strong>da</strong>c rv TanxmovanTjfugi<br />
warmoqmnilia laTinur fuZe-zmnaze TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>matebiT. maT Sorisaa:<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> sobrevivir, romelic momdinareobs laT. supervivire-<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aRniSnuli kompleqsi aRar figurirebs <strong>espanuri</strong>s doneze, rac<br />
gamowveulia yru konsonantis gamJRerebiT <strong>da</strong> r-s metaTeziT.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: S<br />
(sf, sg, sk, sm, sn, sp, ss, st)<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c pirvel elements warmoadgens<br />
Tanxmovani s, gvxvdeba rogorc Tavkidur poziciaSi, aseve sityvis SuaSi,<br />
99
iqneba es vokabula laTinuri Tu aralaTinuri etimonis matarebeli.<br />
ramdenime SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi, romelic etimonis doneze gvxvdeba Tavkidur poziciaSi,<br />
espanur korelatSi pozicias icvlis. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom masalis<br />
kvlevis dros, SevxvdiT ramdenime iseT magaliTs, sa<strong>da</strong>c CvenTvis<br />
saintereso TanxmovanTjgufebi warmoqmnilia derivatis doneze.<br />
ganvixiloT TiToeuli SemTxveva saTiTaod.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi sf, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, derivatis doneze gvxvdeba.<br />
espanurSi desfalcar <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> italiuri defalcare-<strong>da</strong>n, romelSic ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
Crdilo evropaSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi tomis, lombardielebis enaSi<br />
arsebuli sityvi<strong>da</strong>n - falkan.<br />
uamravi berZnuli warmoSobis sityva gvaZlevs kastiliur<br />
enaSi sf kompleqss. maT Sorisaa: esfacelo (berZ. sphakelos), esfenoides (berZ.<br />
sphenoeides), esfera (berZ. sphaera), esfigmógrafo (berZ. sphygmos+grapho) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
rac Seexeba esp. esfinge-s, igi espanur enaSi berZnuli sphinx,-ngos-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
laTinuri sphinx,-ngis-is gziT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mxolod erTaderTi SemTxveva gvaqvs, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sua<br />
konsonanturi sf kompleqsi laTinuri warmoSobis mqone sityvaSi gvxvdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> isic etimonis doneze. laT. disfi<strong>da</strong>re-<strong>da</strong>n espanurSi miviReT desafiar.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, espanur korelatSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> xmovani, ramac gamoiwvia<br />
etimonis doneze arsebuli konsonanturi jgufis <strong>da</strong>Sla.<br />
mxolod derivatis doneze vxvdebiT sg kompleqss.Aar gvaqvs<br />
arcerTi vokabula, sa<strong>da</strong>c sg kompleqsi iqneba Tavkiduri poziciiT.<br />
xalx. laT. mussicare-<strong>da</strong>n (laT. mussare) miviReT esp. amusgar. rogorc<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am sityvis evoluciis dros <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> ramdenime fonetikuri<br />
movlena: jer mox<strong>da</strong> i-s sinkopa, Semdeg yru Tanxmovanis gamJRereba,<br />
bolos ki - a xmovnis <strong>da</strong>mateba Tavkidur poziciaSi. msgavss fonetikur<br />
movlenebs vxvdebiT esp. sesgare-s etimologiis kvlevis dros. igi<br />
momdinareobs laT. sessicare-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
baskuri izokin-i<strong>da</strong>n modis esp. esguín. Tumca, arsebobs meore versiac,<br />
romlis mixedviTad, igi espanurSi laT. esocina-s gavliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
100
laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba sk kompleqsi. espanur<br />
enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis dros, igi yvela SemTxvevaSi imatebs sityvis TavSi e<br />
xmovans <strong>da</strong> Tavkiduri pozicii<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>dis sityvis SuaSi: laT. scala - esp.<br />
escala, laT. scandula - esp. escan<strong>da</strong>, laT. scan<strong>da</strong>lum - esp. escán<strong>da</strong>lo, laT. scoffina -<br />
esp. escofina, laT. scutum - esp. escudo.<br />
Sk kompleqsi varirebas arc sityvis SuaSi eqvemdebareba: laT.<br />
auscultare - esp. escuchar, laT. musca - esp. mosca.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi sm aralaTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> ar ganicdis fonetikur cvlilebebs. igi iSviaTad<br />
fiqsirdeba Tavkidur poziciaSi etimonis doneze. Tumca, mainc gvaqvs<br />
aRniSnuli movl<strong>enis</strong> oriode magaliTi. berZnuli smaragdos<br />
laTinizirebuli smaragdus-is formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur korelatSi <strong>da</strong><br />
gvaZlevs esmeral<strong>da</strong>-s.<br />
berZnuli warmoSobis aris esp. cosmos. igi miviReT berZ. kosmos-i<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelic kastiliurSi laT. cosmos-is gavliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT Sevi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi husmear. igi miviReT osmaomai-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romlis Ziric aris osme ‛suni’. igive osme aris berZ. kompozitis –<br />
onos+osme-s erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementi. aRniSnuli sityvaTxzva<br />
espanurSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> onosma-s formiT.<br />
laTinuris gavliT, espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> kidev ramdenime berZnuli<br />
sityva. maT Sorisaa: pasmo (berZ. spasmos - laT. pasmus), prisma (berZ. prisma -<br />
laT. prisma).<br />
qimiuri elementis – bismutis <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxeleba bismuto<br />
momdinareobs germanuli kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n wiese+muten, romlis pirveli<br />
nawili toponimikas ukavSirdeba.<br />
frangulis gziT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi sparsuli tilismat, romelic<br />
aris tilism-is mravlobiTi ricxvis forma. am ukanasknelSi ki ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
berZnuli telesma-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
derivatis doneze fiqsirdeba konsonanturi kompleqsi sm espanur<br />
chisme-Si. misi etimologia jer-jerobiT bundovania. Tumca, arsebobs<br />
101
versia misi laTinuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac esp.<br />
chisme momdinareobs laT. cimex-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
amave donezea warmoqmnili sm TanxmovanTjgufi desmazalado-Si. igi<br />
momdinareobs ebrauli mazzal-i<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc Cans, ebraulma sityvam,<br />
espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros, <strong>da</strong>imata laTinuri TavsarTi, rasac mohyva<br />
espanur korelatSi konsonanturi kompleqsis warmoqmna.<br />
sakmaod iSviaT movlenas warmoadgens sn jgufi sityvis SuaSi. Mmas<br />
sul ramdenime magaliTSi vxvdebiT <strong>da</strong> isic derivatis doneze.<br />
esp. asno miviReT laT. asinus-i<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aRniSnuli<br />
vokabulas espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas win uZRvo<strong>da</strong> i-s sinkopa. rac Seexeba<br />
esp. desnu<strong>da</strong>r-s, igi momdinareobs laT. denu<strong>da</strong>re-<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac evoluciis<br />
gzaze ganica<strong>da</strong> s-s epenTeza.<br />
erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul konsonantur kompleqss, romelsac<br />
laTinuri, berZnuli <strong>da</strong> goTuri warmoSobis sityvebis Tavkidur<br />
poziciaSi gvxvdebiT, warmoadgens sp TanxmovanTjgufi. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
aRniSnuli kompleqi, romelsac etimonis doneze vxvdebiT, arcerT<br />
espanur korelatSi ar inarCunebs Tavkidur pozicias. Yyvela ganxiluli<br />
magaliTSi igi imatebs xmovans. swored amis Sedegad<br />
icvleba sp konsonanturi kompleqsis pozicia Tavkiduri<strong>da</strong>n sityvis Sua<br />
poziciiT: laT. spatiosus - esp. espacioso, laT. spectaculum - esp. espectáculo,<br />
laT. spectrum - esp. espectro, laT. speculum - esp. espejo, laT. sperare -<br />
esp. esperar, laT. sponsus - esp. esposo, laT. spuma - esp. espuma,<br />
berZ. sparton (an spartos) - laT. spartum - esp. esparto, berZ. spastikos - laT.<br />
spasticus - esp. espástico, berZ. speiraia - laT. spiraea - esp. aspirina, berZ. spondeios<br />
- laT. spondeus - esp. espondeo <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
goTuri warmoSobis aris <strong>espanuri</strong> espeto. Kkorominasis mixedviT, igi<br />
momdinareobs goT. spitus-i<strong>da</strong>n. Aamave eni<strong>da</strong>n miviReT espia-c, romlis Ziric<br />
aris spaiha.<br />
sainteresoa esp. espliego-s etimologia. igi momdinareobs<br />
laT. spiculum -i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic warmoadgens spicum-is k<strong>nino</strong>biT formas.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, espliego-m evoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo. man jer<br />
102
ganica<strong>da</strong> mTliani marcvlis gauCinareba sityvis SuaSi, ramac gamoiwvia<br />
etimonis doneze arsebuli binaruli konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
polikonsonanturad qceva (spl), xolo Semdeg <strong>da</strong>imata xmovani e sityvis<br />
TavSi <strong>da</strong> preromanuli sufiqsi iego sityvis boloSi. swored am<br />
fonetikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi<br />
laT. spiculum, espliego-s formiT.<br />
rac Seexeba Sua konsonantur sp kompleqss, laTinuri <strong>da</strong> berZnuli<br />
warmoSobis sityvebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mas vxvdebiT sxva enobrivi wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul sityvebSic. igi ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs.<br />
laT. aspectus espanurSi gvaZlevs aspecto-s. Sp TanxmovanTjgufi<br />
varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis laTinuri warmoSobis sxva sityvebSic. maT<br />
Sorisaa: avispa (laT. vespa), despecho (laT. despectus), víspera (laT. vespera)<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
berZnuli despotes-<strong>da</strong>n, rac aRmosavleTis provinciebSi ‛batons’<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>, espanurSi miviReT déspota.<br />
ucnobia, caspa-s etimologia. Tumca, korominasi varaudobs, rom mas<br />
preromanuli etimoni aqvs, radgan msgavs vokabulas vxvdebiT pireneis<br />
naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebul laTinuris sxva dialeqtebSic.<br />
oqsitanuri etimonis matarebelia esp. esparceta. igi<br />
momdinareobs esparseto-<strong>da</strong>n, xolo is gza, romelic man ganvlo oqsitanur<br />
enaSi <strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad, ucnobia.<br />
arabuli<strong>da</strong>n ispinah-i<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c sparsuli ispanah-i<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>,<br />
espanurSi miviReT espinaca. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, sp konsonantur kopleqsTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli fonetikuri cvlileba arc am sityvaSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula.<br />
sainteresoa España-s etimologia. igi pireneis naxevarkunZulze<br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> laT. Hispania-<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> finikiuri i-spn-ya-<strong>da</strong>n, rac<br />
‛yurdRlebis miwas’ niSnavs. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, finikiuri etimonis doneze<br />
arsebuli polikonsonanturi kompleqsi laTinuri derivatis doneze<br />
binarulad iqca, sai<strong>da</strong>nac TanxmovanTjgufis varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
kastiliur enaSi.<br />
gvaqvs ramdenime SemTxveva, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sua konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi sp warmoqmnilia derivatis doneze. Mmag: esp. despierto<br />
103
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi xalx. laT. expertus-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic warmoadgens<br />
expergisci-is mimReobas. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, etimonis doneze gvaqvs<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi, romelic espanur korelatSi gvaZlevs sp-s. igive<br />
fonetikuri movlena fiqsirdeba laT. expaventare-<strong>da</strong>n esp. espantar-is miRebis<br />
dros.<br />
laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze gvxvdeba s-s geminati. igi yvela espanur<br />
korelatSi gamartivebuli saxiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis: laT. classicus - esp. clásico, laT.<br />
classis - esp. clase, laT. remissus - esp. remiso, laT. spissare - esp. espesar,<br />
laT. dissensus - esp. disenso.<br />
Sp kompleqsis analogiuri cvlileba ganica<strong>da</strong> st konsonanturma<br />
kompleqsma Tavkidur poziciaSi. man pozicia Seicvala yvela espanur<br />
derivatSi. aRniSnul TanxmovanTjgufs vxvdebiT rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi.<br />
esp. estambra kastiliurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> laT. stamen-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic<br />
momdinareobs zed.sax. stamineus-i<strong>da</strong>n. laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n modis erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani zmna nebismieri <strong>enis</strong>aTvis – estar (yofna), igi<br />
kastiliurSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> laT. stare-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
berZnuli Ziri aqvs esp. estadio-s. berZnuli stadion espanurSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> laTinuri stadium-is gavliT.<br />
berZnuli kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n – staphis+agria-<strong>da</strong>n miviReT estafisagria, xolo<br />
berZ. stalaktos-i<strong>da</strong>n (que gotea) - estalactica.<br />
goTuri etimologia aqvs espanur estaca-s. igi momdinareobs<br />
goTuri stakka-<strong>da</strong>n, romelsac mWidro kavSiri hqon<strong>da</strong> anglosaqsur stacasTan.<br />
binaruli konsonanturi kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n polikonsonanturad qcevis<br />
SemTxvevaa <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli esp. estrella-Si. igi miviReT laT. stella-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aq mox<strong>da</strong> r-s epenTeza, iseve rogorc xmovnis <strong>da</strong>mateba<br />
Tavkidur poziciaSi, rasac mohyva st TanxmovanTjgufis poziciis Secvla<br />
vokabulaSi.<br />
sainteresoa esp. estepa-s etimologia. igi ori semantikuri<br />
mniSvnelobis matarebelia <strong>da</strong> orives gansxvavebuli warmomavloba<br />
104
aqvs: estepa, rogorc ‛stepi’, momdinareobs rusuli степь-<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
franguli steppe-<strong>da</strong>n Sevi<strong>da</strong>, xolo estepa, rogorc ‛sakmelasebr mcenareTa<br />
ojaxis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli’ espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> laT. stippa-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
arsebobs laT. stippa-s meore variantic <strong>da</strong> es aris stipa, romelsac san<br />
isidoros xelnawerebSi vxvdebiT. rac Seexeba italiur stipa-s <strong>da</strong><br />
esp. estepa-s Soris kavSirs, korominasi maT SesaZlo naTesaobas<br />
gamoricxavs, radgan ar aris <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli, rom am or sityvas aqvs raime<br />
saerTo semantikuri TvalsazrisiT.<br />
Cvens mier ganxiluli yvela magaliTi naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturia imis, rom<br />
etimonis doneze arsebuli st konsonanturi kompleqsi espanur korelatSi<br />
pozicias icvlis. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, dRevandel espanurSi vxvdebiT<br />
ramdenime iseT sityvas, sa<strong>da</strong>c konsonanturi kompleqsebi grafikuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT ar icvlebian <strong>da</strong> arc pozicias icvlian, Tumca, maTi<br />
warmoTqmis dros xdeba xmovnis <strong>da</strong>mateba. Aam tipis sityvebi<br />
kastiliurSi inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n aris Semosuli <strong>da</strong>axl. XIX-XX saukuneebSi.<br />
swored amis naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturia esp. stop, romelsac espanelebi<br />
komunikaciis dros TiTqmis yovelTvis umateben xmovans ( estop).<br />
savaraudod, es movlena aixsneba saartikulacio meqanizmTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli faqtorebiT. rogorc ganxilulma masalam gviCvena,<br />
espanelebs odidganve uWir<strong>da</strong>T iseTi sityvebis warmoTqma, romelic<br />
iwyebo<strong>da</strong> frikativisa <strong>da</strong> yru okluzivis kombinaciiT. bunebrivia, es<br />
problema, arc XX saukuneSi ga<strong>da</strong>iWrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqi st erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufia, romelsac vxvdebiT espanur enaSi. aRniSnuli jgufi<br />
fiqsirdeba rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis ucvleli formiT.<br />
esp. bastón momdinareobs laT. bastum-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> warmodgenilia<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis yvela romanul enaSi. laTinuri Ziri aqvs esp. castigar-esac,<br />
romelic miviReT laT. castigare-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>axl. X saukuneSi.<br />
berZnuli amethystos-<strong>da</strong>n, laT. amethystus gziT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
espanurSi amatista. igive gza ganvlo berZ. apostolos-ma, romelmac espanurSi<br />
mogvca apóstol <strong>da</strong> berZ. kastor-ma, romlisganac miviReT kast. castor.<br />
105
preromanuli etimologiis matarebelia esp. ambuesta. Mmisi Ziria<br />
kelturi ambosta, romelic warmoadgens bosta + ambi (ambos)-s kompozits.<br />
rac Seexeba sityvaTxzvis pirvel elements (bosta), igi momdinareobs<br />
irl. boss-<strong>da</strong>n an bret. boz-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
preromanuli, kerZod baskuri lasto-<strong>da</strong>n miviReT esp. lastón.<br />
savaraudod, amave preromanuli eni<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs esp. pestaña. Tumca, am<br />
etapze es versia mxolod varauds warmoadgens.<br />
espanurSi mkvidrdeba germ. pistole-c <strong>da</strong> igi gvaZlevs esp. pistola-s.<br />
sainteresoa esp. pedestal-is mier ganvlili gza. italiuri kompoziti<br />
piedistallo, romelsac laTinuri warmoSobis piede-sa <strong>da</strong> germanikuli<br />
warmoSobis stallo-s gaerTianebis Sedegad viRebT, frangulis gavliT<br />
aRwevs espanurSi. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, st konsonanturi kompleqsi arcerTi<br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze ar Secvlila [axvlediani c., 2009:185].<br />
ganxilulma masalam gviCvena, rom espanur enaSi gvaqvs<br />
inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli ramdenime sityvac, romlebSic fiqsirdeba Sua<br />
konsonanturi jgufi st. maT Sorisaa: esp. balasto, romelic momdinareobs<br />
ing. ballast-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> esp. bistec, romelic Semovi<strong>da</strong> inglisuri<br />
kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n beef+steak. Oorive vokabula espanurSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> XIX<br />
saukuneSi.<br />
ucnobia, esp. restinga-s etimologia. Tumca, arsebobs varaudi misi<br />
inglisuri (rock string)-i<strong>da</strong>n warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.<br />
aseve ucnobia esp. susto-s warmoSoba. SesaZloa, igi momdinareobs<br />
onomatopeuri ¡Sst! Ziri<strong>da</strong>n, rac gamoxatavs SeSinebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
moulodnel moZraobas.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> derivatis donezea warmoqmnili st konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
ramdenime magaliTSi. xalxuri laT. oscitiare Seesabameba esp. bostezar-s.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aRniSnulma sityvam evoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo. man<br />
jer marcvali ci Seicvala te-Ti momdevno marcval ti-sTan, romelic<br />
mogvianebiT amovar<strong>da</strong> ( disimilaciis Sedegad), Semdeg ki <strong>da</strong>imata<br />
Tavkiduri b (boca-s gavleniT).<br />
106
esp. conquistar ki momdinareobs laT. conquisitare-<strong>da</strong>n. am magaliTSi<br />
naTlad Cans, rom espanur korelati miviReT i-s sinkopis Sedegad, rasac<br />
mohyva derivatis doneze st kompleqsis warmoqmna.<br />
rac Seexeba, esp. sustancia-is, igi miviReT laT. substantia-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelic momdinareobs berZ. hypostasis-i<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
berZnul variantSi binaruli konsonanturi kompleqsi gvaqvs, romelic<br />
laTinurSi xdeba polikonsonanturi, espanur korelatSi ki - ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
berZnuli variantiT.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelTa pirveli elementia: T<br />
(tr)<br />
Tr konsonanturi kompleqsi sakmaod gavrcelebul TanxmovanTjgufs<br />
warmoadgens, romelsac vxvdebiT rogorc Tavkidur poziciaSi, aseve<br />
sityvis SuaSi.<br />
Tr TanxmovanTjgufi Tavkidur poziciaSi warmodgenilia uamravi<br />
laTinuri, berZnuli, preromanuli, goTuri, arabuli <strong>da</strong> inglisuri<br />
etimonis matarebel sityvebSi. igi yvela maTganSi ucvleli formiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
Tr konsonanturi kompleqsis mdgradobis TvalsaCino magaliTebia<br />
Semdegi laTinuri warmoSobis mqone sityvebi: laT. tradition,-onis -<br />
esp. tradición, laT. tragella (tragula) - esp. trailla, laT. trahere - esp. traer, laT.<br />
traditio, -onis (← laT. tradere) - esp. traición, laT. traginare - esp. trajinar, laT.<br />
transferre - esp. transferir, laT. tractiare - esp. trazar, laT. tribus - esp. tribu,<br />
laT. triticum - esp. trigo.<br />
Tavkiduri tr kompleqsis mdgradoba kargad Cans berZnuli warmoSobis<br />
araerT sityvaSi: berZ. trapezion - esp. trapecio, berZ. triphyllon - esp. trepol, berZ.<br />
trakheia - esp. tráquea, berZ. traumatikos (momdinareobs berZ. trauma-<strong>da</strong>n) - esp.<br />
traumático, berZ. trilogia (tri-sa <strong>da</strong> logos-is kompoziti) - esp. trilogía.<br />
Segvxv<strong>da</strong> ramdenime iseTi sityvac, romlebic espanurSi berZnuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
laTinuris gavliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. maT Sorisaa: esp. tragedia ( ← laT. tragoedia<br />
← berZ. tragoidia).<br />
107
ac Seexeba esp. trepano-s, romelic aseve berZnuli etimoni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinareobs ( trypanon), espanurSi franguli trepan-is gavliT mkvidrdeba<br />
(XVI saukunis bolos).<br />
franguli<strong>da</strong>n pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT gamkvidr<strong>da</strong> esp. tropa. Ffranguli troupe<br />
(Zv. Ffr. tropel) espanurSi Tavkiduri konsonanturi kompleqsis varirebis<br />
gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
ucnobia esp. trance-s etimologia. Tumca, igi SesaZloa<br />
ukavSirdebodes Zv. Ffrangul trenchier (trancher)-s, romlis wamomavlobac<br />
aseve bundovania. SesaZloa, igi momdinareobdes kelturi trenco-<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
[korominasi, 2008:550].<br />
ucnobia esp. tripa-s warmomavlobac. Tumca, viciT, rom igi saerTo<br />
yvela romanuli <strong>enis</strong>aTvis (ruminulis gar<strong>da</strong>).<br />
mosarabiul dialeqts ukavSireben esp. trapiche-s warmomavlobas. esp.<br />
tregua-s etimologiis kvlevas ki goTur triggwa-mde mivyavarT.<br />
Tavkidur tr kompleqss vxvdebiT inglisuri warmoSobis sityvebSic.<br />
inglisuri tramway, romelic tram ( esp. barra de madera o de hierro)-isa <strong>da</strong> way<br />
(esp. vía)-s kompozits warmoadgens kastiliurSi gvaZlevs tranvía-s.<br />
sainteresoa esp. troquel-is etimologia, romelic jer kidev<br />
<strong>da</strong>udgenelia. Tumca, korominasi varaudobs, rom igi SesaZloa<br />
momdinareobdes ori sityvis - kat. trossell-is <strong>da</strong> kast. tórculo-s Serwymis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, tr konsonanturi kompleqsi mdgradia yvela<br />
CamoTvlil vokabulaSi. Tumca, imaves ver vityviT sityvaSi Semaval sxva<br />
xmovnebsa <strong>da</strong> Tanxmovnebze, romlebic araerT fonetikur cvlilebas<br />
ganicdian, maT Soris, yru Tanxmovnis gamJRerebas, geminatis gamartivebas,<br />
ori mJReri nazalis arevas <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis varirebas.<br />
ramdenime sityvaSi, etimonis doneze arsebuli Tavkiduri<br />
konsonanturi kopleqsi tr, proTetikuli xmovnis xarjze icvlis<br />
pozicias <strong>da</strong> espanur korelatSi gvaZlevs Sua konsonantur<br />
kompleqss: atravesar (laT. transcersare), atribular (laT. tribulare), atresia<br />
(berZ. tresis).<br />
108
gvaqvs oriode iseTi vokabula, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tavkiduri tr kompleqsi<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili. mag: esp. trapo, romelic momdinareobs<br />
kelturi (an prekelturi) drappus-i<strong>da</strong>n. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavkiduri<br />
konsonanti d romanuli enebis umravlesobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> varirebis gareSe<br />
(savaraudod, im enebSi sa<strong>da</strong>c, laTinurisaTvis gverdis avliT, pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
kelturi<strong>da</strong>n an prekelturi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>), kastiliurisa <strong>da</strong><br />
portugaliurisagan gansxvavebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRniSnuli vokabula laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Sevi<strong>da</strong> d-s t-Ti Canacvlebuli formiT, rac sakmaod iSviaT movlenas<br />
warmoadgens, radgan, rogorc wesi, piriqiT xdeba <strong>da</strong> yru konsonanti<br />
mJRerdeba. gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom laTinurSi dr kompleqsi Tavkidur<br />
poziciaSi ar arsebobs, espanur korelatSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> zemoT<br />
aRniSnuli fonetikuri cvlileba.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi tr gvxvdeba rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi; ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, igi varirebis gareSe<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur korelatSi.<br />
laT. atrium mxolod <strong>da</strong>boloebas icvlis <strong>da</strong> espanur enaSi<br />
gvaZlevs atrio-s. igive xdeba laT. atrox-Si, romelic espanur atroz-s<br />
Seesabameba.<br />
berZnuli metron laT. metrum-is gziT ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanurSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
viRebT metro-s. rac Seexeba esp. matraz-s, igi, savaraudod, franguli matras<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvir<strong>da</strong> espanurSi.<br />
arabul enasTan mivyavarT esp. matraca-s etimologiis kvlevas. igi<br />
momdinareobs arabuli matraqa-<strong>da</strong>n, romelsac kl. arabulSi<br />
Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> mitraqah.<br />
rogorc zemoT ganxilul magaliTebSi vnaxeT, etimonis doneze<br />
arsebuli tr TanxmovanTjgufi mdgradobis maRali maCvenebliT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
espanur korelatSi. Tumca, gvaqvs oriode SemTxveva aRniSnuli<br />
kompleqsis varirebis saxiT. maT Sorisaa, esp. cidro, romelic laT. citrusi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miviReT <strong>da</strong> romelic warmoiqmna yru konsonantis gamJRerebis<br />
xarjze [axvlediani c., 2009:198].<br />
etimonis doneze arsebuli binaruli TanxmovanTjgufis<br />
monofonemurad qcevis movlena fiqsirdeba berZ. petroselinon-is mier<br />
109
ganvlil gzaze. igi jer laTinurSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> petroselinum-is formiT,<br />
xolo Semdeg <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi perejil-is saxiT [axvlediani c., 2009:199].<br />
$ 2. samelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi<br />
(lbr, ldr, ltr, mbl, mbr, mpl, mpr, msp, ndf, ndr, nfl,<br />
nfr, ngl, ngr, nkl, nkr, nkt, nsp, nst, ntr, rdl, rkt, rpr, rsp, sgr, skl, skr, spl, stl, str)<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirea espanur enaSi iseTi sityvebis raodenoba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
samelementian konsonantur kompleqss vxvdebiT sityvis SuaSi. kidev<br />
ufro mcirea Tavkiduri polikonsonanturi kompleqsebis matarebeli<br />
sityvebis raodenoba, romlebic espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros,<br />
proTetikuli xmovnis xarjze, sityvaSi adgils icvlian, magram<br />
konsonantur kompleqsTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli fonetikuri cvlilebebis<br />
gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dian espanurSi. gvaqvs ramdenime iseTi SemTxvevac, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
samelementiani kompleqsi ara laTinuri <strong>enis</strong>, aramed derivati <strong>enis</strong><br />
(<strong>espanuri</strong>s) doneze Segvxv<strong>da</strong>. swored msgavsi ori TanxmovanTjgufiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyeb moZiebuli kompleqsebis ganxilvas.<br />
samelementiani konsonanturi jgufi lbr mxolod erTxel Segvxv<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> isic derivatis doneze. esp. albricias momdinareobs kl. arabuli busra<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelic pireneis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebul arabulSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> al artiklis <strong>da</strong>matebiT – albusra. rogorc Cans, aRniSnulma<br />
sityvam mogvianebiT r-s meTateza ganica<strong>da</strong>, ramac ganapiroba laT. busra-s<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>svla espanurSi.<br />
amave donezea <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli ldr kompleqsi sityvaSi baldragas. ori<br />
versia arsebobs baldragas-s etimologiis Sesaxeb. RAE-Si vkiTxulobT, rom<br />
igi modis arabuli hatraq-i<strong>da</strong>n. am mosazrebis sisworis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom <strong>espanuri</strong> vokabula miviReT ori yru konsonantis<br />
gamJRerebisa <strong>da</strong> ori Tanxmovnis epenTezis Sedegad. Tumca, korominasis<br />
etimologiur leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT, rom esp. baldragas SesaZloa<br />
momdinareobdes XIII saukuneSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
110
<strong>da</strong>bali f<strong>enis</strong>aTvis gankuTvnili TamaSis bufa de baldrac-is <strong>da</strong>saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelsac, savaraudod, kavSiri un<strong>da</strong> hqondes qalaq baR<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
saxelwodebasTan, romelsac Sua saukuneebSi Bal<strong>da</strong>c-s eZaxdnen.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros,Kkonsonanturi kompleqsi ltr Segvxv<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc etimonis, aseve derivatis doneze.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsis varirebis gareSe miviReT<br />
franguli altruime -<strong>da</strong>n esp. altruismo (XIX saukuneSi).<br />
berZ. thermos-ma arabuli turmus-is gavliT mogvca espanurSi altramuz.<br />
aRniSnuli sityvis amgvari evolucia aixsneba arabul sityvaze aseve<br />
arabuli artiklis <strong>da</strong>matebiT <strong>da</strong> u-s sinkopiT.<br />
Sua konsonanturi mbl kastiliur enaSi fonetikuri cvlilebebis<br />
gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis. Aamis naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturia esp. amblar, romelic laT. amblare<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinareobs.<br />
samelementian kompleqs mbr-s vxvdebiT rogorc etimonis, aseve<br />
derivatis doneze. aRniSnuli konsonanturi jgufi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, laTinuri<br />
warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba.<br />
laT. imbricatus-s espanur enaSi Seesabameba imbrica<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />
laT. membrum-s – esp. miembro. varirebas arc esp. lambrusco ganicdis. igi<br />
momdinareobs laT. lambrusca-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
safrangeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare qalaqis saxelwodebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(Cabray an Cabrai) momdinareobs esp. cambray; rac Seexeba Tavad qalaqis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebis etimologias, igi ucnobia.<br />
laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> etimonis doneze arsebuli samelementiani<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi mbr ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> Semdeg espanur<br />
sityvebSic: lombriga (laT. lumbricu), umbroso (laT. umbrosus),<br />
noviembre (laT. novembre) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
uamravi SemTxveva gvaqvs mbr kompleqsis derivatis doneze<br />
warmoqmnis. maT Sorisaa: laT. aeramen, romelmac mogvca esp. arambre.<br />
mogvianebiT, mox<strong>da</strong> disimilacia <strong>da</strong> dRevandel espanurSi aRniSnuli<br />
vokabula Seesabameba alambre-s.<br />
111
ac Seexeba azumbre-s, igi momdinareobs arab. tumn-i<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c t JRers, rogorc Tanamedrove <strong>espanuri</strong> z (θ). etimonis doneze<br />
arsebulma binarulma kompleqsma evoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo <strong>da</strong><br />
espanur korelatSi, erTi konsonantis epenTezis <strong>da</strong> kidev erTi<br />
Tanxmovnis transformaciis Sedegad, mogvca samelementiani konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi.<br />
samelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsi mpl, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, laTinuri<br />
warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> espanurSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis rogorc ucvleli,<br />
aseve Secvlili formiT. gvaqvs ramdenime iseTi SemTxveva,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c mpl TanxmovanTkompleqsis matarebeli vokabula espanur<br />
korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> katalanuri <strong>da</strong> franguli eni<strong>da</strong>n. masalis kvlevis<br />
dros ar Segvxvedria arcerTi iseTi sityva, sa<strong>da</strong>c konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi derivatis donezea warmoqmnili.<br />
laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n konsonanturi kompleqsis ucvleli formiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis magaliTebia: complejo (laT. complexus), cumplir (laT. complere),<br />
completo (laT. completus), cómplice (laT. complex), complicar (laT. complicare) <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.<br />
katalanuri kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n canta i plora (canta y llora)-<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs<br />
esp. cantimplora. Ggamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom kompozitis meore elementi<br />
aSkarad laTinuri warmomavlobis aris, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom<br />
aRniSnuli vokabula espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n oRond<br />
katalanuris gziT, rac kargad Cans sityvaTxzvis meore<br />
elementis pl kompleqsiT, romelic palatalizebuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo misi<br />
laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc viciT,<br />
katalanur enaSi, kastiliurisagan gansxvavebiT, ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra pl<br />
kompleqsis palatalizacia.<br />
arapir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi laT. complicitium-c. igi<br />
franguli complot-is gavliT mkvidrdeba kastiliurSi <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs<br />
complot-s.<br />
laTinur warmoSobis, mpl kompleqsianma ramdenime sityvam ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
iseTi didi transformacia, rom derivatis doneze, konsonanturi jgufis<br />
arcerTi elementi an SenarCunebula. maT Sorisaa: laT. amplu <strong>da</strong><br />
112
laT. examplare. orive SemTxvevaSi mox<strong>da</strong> kompleqsis pirveli elementis<br />
Canacvleba <strong>da</strong> yru afrikatis epenTeza. swored am fonetikuri<br />
cvlilebebis Sedegad miviReT espanurSi ancho <strong>da</strong> ensanchar.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi mpr mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> arcerT espanur korelatSi ar ganicdis<br />
varirebas. misi derivatis doneze warmoqmnis mxolod erTi SemTxveva<br />
gvaqvs.<br />
laT. comprimere esp. korelatSi Seesabameba comprimir-s. rogorc<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aRniSnul vokabulaSi CvenTvis saintereso konsonantur<br />
kompleqss ar ganucdia aranairi varireba.<br />
varirebas mpr kompleqsi arc esp. lamprea-Si <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara. laT.<br />
lampre<strong>da</strong> TanxmovanTjgufTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli cvlilebebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
espanurSi.<br />
derivatis doneze miviReT esp. comprar. igi momdinareobs<br />
laT. comparare-<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac evoluciis ganvlil gzaze ganica<strong>da</strong> a-s<br />
sinkopa.<br />
erT-erT uiSviaTes konsonantur kompleqss warmoadgens msp jgufi.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros igi mxolod erTxel Segvxv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> espanur<br />
korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> pirveli elementis varirebiT.<br />
laT. circumspectus gvaZlevs esp. circunspecto-s. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
konsonanturi jgufis pirveli elementi, romelic mJRer nazals<br />
warmoadgens, Canacvlebul iqna meore mJReri, aseve nazaliT.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi ndf gvxvdeba germanikul etimonSi.<br />
germanikuli gundfalo aRwevs espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong> Seesabameba gonfalón-s.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, polikonsonanturi kompleqsis meore elementi qreba,<br />
rac aixsneba d-s warmoTqmis sirTuliT n-sa <strong>da</strong> f-s Soris [axvlediani c.,<br />
2009:205]. Eespanur enaSi ar arsebobs df mimdevroba, nf kombinaciisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi ndr gvxvdeba rogorc laTinur, aseve<br />
berZnul etimonSi. TanxmovanTjgufi yvela espanur korelatSi ucvleli<br />
formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
113
laTinuri etimonis matarebelia esp. malandrín. igi momdinareobs<br />
laT. malandria-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis italiuri malandrino-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
Tumca, am versias korominasi umatebs kidev erT mosazrebas, romlis<br />
mixedviTad aRniSnuli vokabula espanurSi SesaZloa ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo Zv.<br />
katalanuri malandri-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
berZnuli etimonis matarelebia esp. escolopendra (berZ. skolopendra) <strong>da</strong><br />
esp. mandrágora (berZ. mandragora). orive sityva kastiliur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
laTinizirebuli formiT <strong>da</strong> konsonanturi kompleqsis varirebis gareSe.<br />
masalis kvlevisas mxolod or sityvas SevxvdiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c ndr jgufi<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili. xalx. laT. lendis,-inis (kl.<br />
laT. lens, lendis)-i<strong>da</strong>n miviReT esp. liendre. konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
warmoqmna ganapiroba r-s epenTezam. igive fonetikuri movlena <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong><br />
xalx. laT. glando,-dinis-is mier ganvlil gzaze espanur enaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebamde. igi kastiliur enaSi Seesabameba landre-s.<br />
iSviaT movlenas warmoadgens nfl <strong>da</strong> nfr konsonanturi kompleqsebi.<br />
etimonis doneze maT mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis mqone TiTo-TiTo<br />
magaliTSi vxvdebiT.<br />
laT. inflare esp. gvaZlevs inchar-s, xolo laT. anfractuosus-igan miviReT<br />
esp. anfractuoso. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, pirvel magaliTSi mox<strong>da</strong> afrikatis<br />
warmoqmna, xolo meoreSi - polikonsonanturi kompleqsi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
ucvleli formiT.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi ngl gvxvdeba laTinur <strong>da</strong> berZnul etimonSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis rogorc varirebis gareSe, aseve<br />
saxecvlili formiT.<br />
laT. conglobare <strong>da</strong> laT. conglutinare espanur enaSi Seesabameba Semdeg<br />
vokabulebs: conglobar <strong>da</strong> conglutinar. Eespanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros,<br />
aRniSnul sityvebs aranairi varireba ar ganucdia. ver vityviT imaves<br />
laT. fung(u)lum-ze, romelmac espanurSi mogvca foncho.<br />
varirebis gansxvavebuli gza ganvlo laT. ung(u)la-m, romelmac Sua<br />
konsonanturi samelementiani kompleqsis palazalitaciis xarjze mogvca<br />
esp. uña.<br />
114
ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi berZ. ganglion, romelic jer<br />
laTinurSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> ucvleli formiT, xolo Semdeg, laTinuris gziT<br />
Sevi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi enaSi <strong>da</strong> dRevandel kastiliurSi Seesabameba ganglio-s.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi ngr laTinuri <strong>da</strong> berZnuli warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> arcerT espanur korelatSi ar ganicdis varirebas.<br />
laT. congressus, romelic momdinareobs con+gredi kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
espanur enaSi Seesabameba congreso-s, xolo laT. congruere-s<br />
mimReoba congrens-i<strong>da</strong>n miviReT esp. congruente.<br />
berZ. gangraina espanurSi laTinuri gangraena-s gavliT ga<strong>da</strong>dis <strong>da</strong><br />
Seesabameba gangrena-s.<br />
gvaqvs ramdenime magaliTi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ngr TanxmovanTjgufi derivatis<br />
doneze warmoiqmna. maT Sorisaa: esp. engrudo (Zv. esp. engrut). igi<br />
momdinareobs laT. glus,-utis-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
germanikuli gruts-is gavlena <strong>da</strong> espanurSi miviReT samelementiani<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi. rac Seexeba esp. sangre-s, igi miviReT<br />
laT. sanguis,-inis-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac evoluciis pirvel etapze jer sangne,<br />
xolo Semdeg, disimilaciis xarjze, mogvca sangre.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi nkl gvxvdeba mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi <strong>da</strong> espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis rogorc varirebis gareSe, aseve<br />
saxecvlili formiT.<br />
sainteresoa esp. conclave-s etimologia. igi momdinareobs laT.<br />
sityvaze windebulis <strong>da</strong>matebiT - con+clave <strong>da</strong> niSnavs adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
kaTolikuri eklesiis kardinalebi ikribebodnen momdevno papis<br />
asarCevad. Aam Sekrebaze saeklesio pirebi gasaRebiT Caketil oTaxSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen <strong>da</strong> krebis <strong>da</strong>mTavreba <strong>da</strong> miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
sakvamuri<strong>da</strong>n amosuli bolis feris mixedviT un<strong>da</strong> SeetyobinebinaT<br />
mosaxleobisaTvis (Savi kvamli maniSnebeli iyo imisa, rom im kontretul<br />
Sekrebaze SeTanxmebas ver miaRwies, xolo Tu TeTri kvamli amovido<strong>da</strong>,<br />
igi axali papis arCevis niSani iyo).<br />
laT. fuZeze con-is <strong>da</strong>matebiT miviReT <strong>espanuri</strong> zmna concluir ( laT.<br />
concludere) <strong>da</strong> misgan nawarmoebi arsebiTi saxeli conclusión ( laT. conclusio,-<br />
115
onis). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, nkl konsonanturi kompleqsi varirebis gareSe<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanur enaSi samive SemTxvevaSi.<br />
TanxmovanTjgufis varireba fiqsirdeba laT. trunc(u)lus-i<strong>da</strong>n esp.<br />
troncho-s miRebisas. jgufis pirveli elementi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
espanur korelatSi, rasac ver vityviT meore <strong>da</strong> mesame elementze,<br />
romelTac yru afrikati mogvces.<br />
uiSviaTes konsonantur kompleqss warmoadgens nkr TanxmovanTjgufi.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros, mas mxolod erTxel SevxvdiT <strong>da</strong> isic laTinuri<br />
warmoSobis sityvaSi.<br />
laT. concretus, romelic laT. zmnis concrescere-s mimReobas warmoadgens,<br />
espanur korelatSi gvaZlevs concreto-s. konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
kastiliur enaSi varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze varirebadi konsonanturi kompleqsia nkt. igi<br />
mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> arcerT espanur<br />
korelatSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dis ucvleli formiT.<br />
kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisas aRniSnuli TanxmovanTjgufi<br />
kargavs meore an mesame elements <strong>da</strong> binaruli kompleqsis saxiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
espanurSi. Mmeore konsonantis gauCinarebis magaliTebia: laT. sanctus -<br />
esp. santo, laT. cinctus - esp. cinto, laT. coniunctus - esp. conjunto, laT. punctus -<br />
esp. punto. rac Seexeba mesame elementis amovardnas, igi fiqsirdeba<br />
esp. punción-Si, romelic laT. punctio,-onis-i<strong>da</strong>n modis <strong>da</strong> esp. conjunción-Si,<br />
romelic miviReT laT. coniunctio,-onis-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis nsp TanxmovanTjgufi espanur enaSi. igi<br />
mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> mxolod iseT<br />
vokabulebSi, romlebic Sedgeba n konsonantiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli<br />
TavsarTisagan: laT. conspicuus - esp. conspicuo, laT. conspiratio,-onis -<br />
esp. conspiración, laT. inspector - esp. inspector, laT. inspirare - esp. inspirar,<br />
laT. inspectio,-onis - esp. inspección. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
arsebuli polikonsonanturi kompleqsi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>Ayvela<br />
espanur vokabulaSi.<br />
mxolod erTi SemTxveva gvaqvs aRniSnuli konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
derivatis doneze warmoqmnisa: laT. circumspectus - esp. circunspecto.<br />
116
konsonanturi kompleqsi nst erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufia. igi mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis yvela espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis ucvleli formiT. aqve<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom nst konsonanturi kompleqsi iseT laTinur sityvebSi<br />
gvxvdeba, romelTa SemadgenlobaSic aris con <strong>da</strong> in prefiqsebi:<br />
laT. constantia - esp. constancia, laT. constipare - esp. constipar, laT. constitutio,-<br />
onis - esp. constitución, laT. institutum - esp. instituto, laT. instinctus - esp. instinto.<br />
masalis kvlevisas mxolod erT sityvas SevxvdiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c laTinuri<br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze arsebuli polikonsonanturi kompleqsi espanurSi ga<strong>da</strong>iqca<br />
binarulad. laT. constare-m con TavsarTis bolo elementi <strong>da</strong>karga <strong>da</strong><br />
espanur korelatSi miviReT costar.<br />
erTi magaliTi gvaqvs nst kompleqsis derivatis doneze warmoqmnisa:<br />
laT. circumstare-s mimReobiTi forma circumstans,-antis-i<strong>da</strong>n miviReT -<br />
circunstante.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi ntr gvxvdeba rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
berZnuli warmoSobis sityvebSi. igi arcerT espanur korelatSi ar<br />
ganicdis cvlilebas.<br />
laT. intrare espanurSi gvaZlevs entrar-s. samelementian<br />
TanxmovanTjgufTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli fonetikuri cvlilebebi arc<br />
Semdegi sityvebis evoluciisas <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula: laT. contra - esp. contra,<br />
laT. contritus - esp. contrito, laT. deintro - esp. dentro, laT. intricare - esp.<br />
intrincar, laT. intrusis - esp. intruso.<br />
berZnulTan mivyavarT ramdenime sityvis etimologiis kvlevas. maT<br />
Sorisaa esp. centro, romelic kastiliurSi berZ. kentron-i<strong>da</strong>n, oRond<br />
laTinizirebuli centrum-is formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mxolod erTi SemTxveva gvaqvs aRniSnuli konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> derivatis doneze warmoqmnisa: laT. inter-i<strong>da</strong>n, metaTezis<br />
xarjze, miviReT esp. entre.<br />
uiSviaTesKkonsonantur kompleqsebs warmoadgens Tanxmovan r-ze<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli samelementiani jgufebi. yvela maTgans vxvdebiT saTiTaod <strong>da</strong><br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi.<br />
117
sainteresoa esp. ferlín-is etimologia. igi momdinareobs inglisuri<br />
feordling-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ganicdis samelementiani kompleqsis binarul<br />
TanxmovanTjgufad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, swored meore elementis<br />
gauCinarebis Sedegad miviReT rdl kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n rl, xolo feordling-i<strong>da</strong>n -<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> ferlín.<br />
cvlilebebis Sedegad ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur enaSi erT-erTi iSviaTi<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi. Rkt konsonanturi kompleqsi evoluciis gzaze kargavs<br />
meore elements, ris gamoc xalx. laT. torctu-s gvaZlevs esp. tuerto-s.<br />
varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis kastiliur enaSi rpr Tanxmovanjgufi:<br />
laT. interpres,-etis espanur enaSi gvaZlevs intérprete-s.<br />
rac Seexeba rsp konsonantur kompleqss, igi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia<br />
esp. perspectiva-Si <strong>da</strong> mis etimons warmoadgens laT. perspectivus, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
samelementiani jgufi warmoqmnilia per TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>matebiT fuZeze.<br />
varirebas arc sgr TanxmovanTjgufi ganicdis: laT. disgregare<br />
espanurSi gvaZlevs disgregar-s. isic mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba etimonis<br />
doneze.<br />
berZnuli etimonis sityvebSi gvxvdeba skl konsonanturi kompleqsi.<br />
espanur korelatSi igi varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis. swored berZnuli<br />
asklepiadeion-i<strong>da</strong>n miviReT esp. asclepiadeo. igi kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
laT. asclepiadeus-is gavliT. rac Seexeba Tavad berZnul variants, igi<br />
momdinareobs berZeni poetis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac pirvelad gamoiyena<br />
poeziaSi leqsis es saxeoba.<br />
rac Seexeba esp. esclavo-s, igi berZnuli sklavos-i<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs <strong>da</strong><br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> slavi xalxebis <strong>da</strong>saxelebas ( eslavo). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
etimonis doneze TanxmovanTkompleqsis pozicia sityvaSi iyo Tavkiduri,<br />
rasac ver vityviT derivatis doneze, sa<strong>da</strong>c TanxmovanTjgufi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
vokabulas SuaSi.<br />
mxolod or sityvaSi gvxvdeba skr konsonanturi kompleqsi etimonis<br />
doneze. pirvel sityvaSi Tavkidur, xolo meoreSi - Sua poziciaSi.<br />
laT. scribere, espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros, imatebs xmovans <strong>da</strong> icvlis<br />
pozicias, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c viRebT esp. escribir-s. laT. discrepare ki,<br />
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konsonanturi kompleqsTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli cvlilebebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
espanurSi <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs discrepar-s.<br />
xSirad vxvdebiT spl konsonantur kompleqss Tavkidur poziciaSi,<br />
iqneba sityva laTinuri Tu berZnuli warmoSobis. igi aranair fonetikur<br />
cvlilebas ar ganicdis espanur korelatSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros.<br />
erTaderTi, rac aRniSnul TanxmovanTjgufs kastiliur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />
dros axasiaTebs aris proTetikuli xmovnis xarjze sityvaSi poziciis<br />
cvlileba <strong>da</strong> Tavkiduri<strong>da</strong>n sityvis SuaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla: laT. splendere - esp.<br />
esplender, laT. splendidus - esp. espléndido, berZn. splenicos - laT. splenicus - esp.<br />
esplénico. rac Seexeba, esp. espliego-s, igi laT. spicum-is k<strong>nino</strong>biTi<br />
forma spiculum-i<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, spl konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi derivatis donezea warmoqmnili.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros mxolod erTxel SevxvdiT stl konsonantur<br />
kompleqss <strong>da</strong> isic Tavkidur poziciaSi. laT. stloppus sawyis etapze<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> italiurSi scoppietta-s an scoppietto-s saxiT, xolo Semdeg,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi escopeta-s formiT. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aRniSnulma<br />
sityvam evoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo, masSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulma<br />
TanxmovanTjgufma ara marto pozicia Seicvala, aramed<br />
polikonsonanturi<strong>da</strong>n binarul kompleqsad iqca. Pkompleqsis gamartiveba<br />
italiuri <strong>enis</strong> donezeve <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>, xolo poziciis varireba mxolod<br />
espanur korelatSi Segvxv<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli samelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsia str.<br />
igi gvxvdeba rogorc Tavkidur poziciaSi, aseve sityvis SuaSi, iqneba<br />
sityva laTinuri Tu aralaTinuri warmoSobisa. AarcerT SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula (Tu ar CavTvliT poziciis varirebas) TanxmovanTjgufTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli fonetikuri cvlileba.<br />
espanurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisas laT. stratus iRebs estrado-s formas, xolo<br />
laT. strena gvaZlevs - esp. estrena-s. laTinuris doneze arsebuli<br />
Tavkiduri ñTanxmovanTjgufi poziciis varirebis gareSe arcerT espanur<br />
korelatSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dis: laT. strictus - esp. estricto, laT. stridor - esp. estridor,<br />
laT. struma - esp. estruma, laT. structura - esp. estructura, laT. stringere - esp.<br />
estreñir, laT. strepitus - esp. estrépito, laT. stria - esp. estría, laT. stragare - esp.<br />
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estragar, laT. strangulare -esp. estrangular <strong>da</strong> sxv. igive e xmovnis <strong>da</strong>mateba<br />
SeimCneva berZ. strategema-s <strong>da</strong> berZ. strophe-s mier ganvlil gzaze espanur<br />
enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebamde. isini laTinuris gavliT ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen kastiliur<br />
enaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c miviReT estragema <strong>da</strong> estrofa.<br />
aseve uamravi magaliTi gvaqvs str kompleqsiT sityvis SuaSi. maT<br />
Sorisaa: laT. capistrum - esp. cabestro, laT. colostrum - esp. calostro, laT.<br />
districtus - esp. distrito, laT. distribuere - esp. distribuir, laT. ligustrum - esp.<br />
ligustro, laT. sequestrare - esp. secuestrar, berZ. alabastros - laT. alabaster - esp.<br />
alabastro, berZ. apostrophe - laT. apostrophe - esp. apóstrofe.<br />
ramdenime espanur vokabulaSi str konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia derivatis doneze: laT. crusta evoluciis gzaze ganicdis<br />
metaTezas <strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi viRebT costra-s. rac Seexeba laT. stela-s igi<br />
ganicdis r-s epenTezas <strong>da</strong> espanurSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis estrella-s saxiT.<br />
$ 3. oTxelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi<br />
( bskr, bstr, dskr, dstr, mskr, ngst, nsfl, nsfr, nsgr, nskr, nstr, rskr)<br />
KTanxmovanTa oTxelementiani jgufebi, romelTa CamonaTvalic or<br />
<strong>da</strong> samelementian kompleqsebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirea, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d laTinuri<br />
etimonis sityvebSi gvxvdeba. isini yvela vokabulaSi sityvis Sua<br />
poziciis matareblebi arian, ris Tqmis safuZvelsac gvaZlevs is, rom<br />
masalis kvlevis dros, arcerT sityvaSi ar SevxvdrilvarT<br />
oTxelementian konsonantur kompleqss Tavkidur poziciaSi. aqve un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRiniSnos, rom TiTqmis yvela maTgani varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur<br />
enaSi. mxolod oriode SemTxveva gvaqvs oTxelementiani kompleqsis erTerTi<br />
elementis transformaciisa <strong>da</strong> polikonsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
gamartivebisa. oriode sityvaSi gvxvdeba oTxelementiani konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsis derivatis doneze warmoqmna.<br />
prefiqsis xarjze Seiqmna konsonanturi kompleqsi - bskr. laT.<br />
subscribere, romelic warmoiqmna TavsarT sub-is laT. scribere-ze <strong>da</strong>matebiT,<br />
espanurSi gvaZlevs subscribir-s. igive TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>matebiT aris<br />
120
ganpirobebuli Semdegi <strong>espanuri</strong> sityvebis warmoebac: subscripción (laT.<br />
subscriptio,-onis), subscripta (laT. subscrutus), subscriptor (laT. subscriptor).<br />
esp. abstracto modis laT. abstractus-i<strong>da</strong>n, es ukanaskneli ki Sedgenilia<br />
TavsarT abs-is fuZe tractus-ze <strong>da</strong>matebiT, rac warmoadgens zmna trahere-s<br />
mimReobas. igive TavsarTi figurirebs esp. abstracción-Si. Tumca, aRniSnul<br />
sityvaSi, romelic laT. abstraction,-onis-i<strong>da</strong>n modis, prefiqsis gar<strong>da</strong> gvaqvs<br />
sufiqsi ción-ic. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad orive sityvis rTuli<br />
Semadgenlobisa, laTinuris doneze arsebuli polikonsonanturi<br />
kompleqsi ar ganicdis varirebas <strong>da</strong> espanurSi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
TavsarT ob-Tan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli bstr kompleqsiani Semdegi<br />
sityvebis etimologia. prefiqs ob + struere-<strong>da</strong>n an ob + structio, -onis-i<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miviReT espanurSi obstruir <strong>da</strong> obstrucción.<br />
M masalis kvlevis dros SevxvdiT or iseT sityvasac, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRniSnul<br />
prefiqsian sityvebze kidev erTi, des TavsarTia <strong>da</strong>matebuli: laT. des +<br />
obstruere - esp. obstruir, laT. des + obstructio,-onis - esp. desobstrucción.<br />
derivatis donezea warmoqmnili oTxi konsonanti esp. substraer-Si,<br />
romelic modis laT. subtrahere-<strong>da</strong>n. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, laTinur enaSi<br />
samelementiani kompleqsi gvaqvs. S-s epenTeza <strong>da</strong> kompleqsis<br />
oTxelementianad qceva, savaraudod ( RAE-s mixedviT), ganapiroba<br />
aRniSnuli vokabulaze esp. extraer-is gavlenam.<br />
aRsaniSnavia TavsarTiT warmoqmnili dskr <strong>da</strong> dstr konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebic. orive maTgani laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
kastiliur enaSi ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis. laT. adscribere, romelic<br />
miviReT prefiqs ad+scribere-s Sedegad, espanurSi gvaZlevs adscribir-s. amave<br />
fuZi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs esp. adscripción <strong>da</strong> esp. adscripta.<br />
rac Seexeba esp. adstrato-s, igi miviReT adstratus-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic<br />
warmoadgens laT. adsternere-s mimReobas. laT. adstringere ki espanurSi<br />
gvaZlevs adstringir-s.<br />
pirveli elementis cvalebadobis Sedegad ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanur<br />
korelatSi mskr konsonanturi kompleqsi. igi yvela espanur korelatSi<br />
eqvemdebareba pirveli elementis cvalebadobas. xdeba ori mJReri<br />
121
nazalis erTmaneTSi areva <strong>da</strong> mskr kompleqsis nskr-is saxiT ga<strong>da</strong>svla<br />
kastiliur enaSi: laT. circumscribere - esp. circunscribir, laT. circumscriptio,-onis<br />
- esp. circunscripción, laT. circumscriptus - esp. circunscripto, laT. incircumscriptus -<br />
esp. incircunscrita. AarcerTi magaliTi ar gvaqvs aRniSnuli kompleqsis<br />
ucvleli formiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros mxolod or <strong>da</strong> isic aralaTinuri<br />
warmoSobis sityvaSi SevxvdiT ngst konsonantur kompleqss.<br />
esp. gánster kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> inglisur gang + ster-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aRniSnulmaM vokabulam evoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo. CvenTvis<br />
saintereso oTxelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsi ki derivatis<br />
(inglisuri <strong>enis</strong>) donezea warmoqmnili, sai<strong>da</strong>nac varirebis gareSe<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> kastiliurSi.A<br />
sainteresoa erT-erTi myari metalis, volframis <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebis etimologia. iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom volframi Svedma<br />
qimikosma aRmoaCina, logikuria, rom volframis espanur <strong>da</strong>saxeleba -<br />
tungsteno-s aqvs Sveduri Ziri. igi miviReT Sveduri tung (mZime) + sten<br />
(qva) kompozitis Sedegad.<br />
TavsarT trans-s ukavSirdeba ori – nsfl <strong>da</strong> nsfr konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsis warmoqmna, rac TvalnaTliv Cans Semdeg espanur<br />
sityvebSi: transflor, transflorear, transfregar, transfretar, transfretano. AarcerT<br />
maTgans ar ganucdia TanxmovanTjfugTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli raime<br />
fonetikuri cvlileba istoriuli evoluciis manZilze.<br />
imave trans TavsarTma ganapiroba nsgr konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
warmoqmna. igi sul samiode sityvaSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong> samives erTi Ziri aqvs:<br />
laT. trans + gredi - esp. transgredir, laT. trans + gressio, - onis - esp. transgresión,<br />
laT. trans + gresor - esp. transgresor.<br />
Nskr konsonanturi kompleqsi SeiZleba Segvxvdes laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
donezec. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela vokabulaSi oTxelementiani kompleqsis<br />
warmoqmna ganpirobebulia TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>matebiT, iqneba es prefiqsi in,<br />
con Tu trans. laT. inscribere (TavsarTi in + scribere) espanurSi<br />
gvaZlvs inscribir-s, xolo laT. inscription,-onis -esp. inscripción-s. laT.<br />
conscriptus espanurSi Seesabameba conscripto-s. rac Seexeba TavsarT trans, igi<br />
122
<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia Semdeg sityvebSi: esp. transcribir (laT. trans + scribere) <strong>da</strong><br />
esp. transcripto (laT. transcriptus).<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli oTxelementiani konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsia nstr. igi mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
espanurSi varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis. sityvebis umravlesoba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
aRniSnuli kompleqsi aris <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli, Seicavs TavsarT con <strong>da</strong> in-s.<br />
swored con <strong>da</strong> in prefiqsebis bolo elementi aris konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsis pirveli Tanxmovani Semdeg espanur sityvebSi: construir<br />
(laT. con + struere), construcción (laT. con + structio,onis), instruir (laT. in +<br />
struere). gvaqvs ramdenime SemTxveva, sa<strong>da</strong>c TavsarTian sityvaSi kidev erTi<br />
TavsarTi Cndeba. mag: reconstruir <strong>da</strong> reconstrucción. Oorive vokabulaSi re<br />
prefiqsi laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze fiqsirdeba.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros SevxvdiT ramdenime iseT sityvas, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
etimonis doneze arsebuli konsonanturi kompleqsi ar aris warmoqmnili<br />
prefiqsis xarjze. maT Sorisaa: esp. monstruo, romelic modis<br />
laT. monstruum-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> esp. monstruosa, romelic miviReT laT. monstruosusi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
etimonis doneze nstr kompleqsi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> laT. monstrare-Sic.<br />
aRniSnulma TanxmovanTjgufma ganica<strong>da</strong> konsonanturi kompleqsis<br />
gamartiveba <strong>da</strong> iqca samelementianad espanur enaSi: mostrar. Ggvaqvs<br />
radenime sityva, sa<strong>da</strong>c laTinurma versiam <strong>da</strong>imata TavsarTi de:<br />
laT. demonstrare - esp. demostrar, laT. demonstratio,-onis - esp. demostración.<br />
uiSviaTesi konsonanturi kopleqsia rskr, romelic masalis moZiebis<br />
dros mxolod erTxel Segvxv<strong>da</strong>. laT. imperscrutabilis-ma espanurSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros konsonantur kompleqsTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli cvlileba<br />
ar ganica<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kastiliur enaSi TiTqmis ucvleli formiT (mxolod<br />
sityvis <strong>da</strong>boloeba Seicvala) <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> – imperscrutable.<br />
123
$ 4. xuTelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi<br />
(mskrt, ngstr)<br />
TiTqmis ar arsebobs espanur enaSi xuTkonsonantiani kompleqsis<br />
Semcveli sityva. RAE-Si mxolod erTi vokabulaa <strong>da</strong>registrirebuli<br />
msgavsi kompleqsiT <strong>da</strong> es aris angstrom, romelic warmoadgens 0,1<br />
nanometris an 10 -10 metris toli sazomi erTeulis (qarT. ‛angstremi’)<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebas. aRniSnuli vokabula yvela enaSi ucvleli formiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>, radgan igi Svedi fizikosis <strong>da</strong> misi gamomgoneblis gvaris<br />
(Angström) srul analogs warmoadgens.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros SevxvdiT kidev erT, saintereso<br />
etimologiis mqone sityvas, romelsac etimonis doneze aqvs xuTi<br />
konsonantisgan Sedgenili kompleqsi. indoeTis uZvelesi literaturuli<br />
<strong>enis</strong> <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxeleba sanscrito, momdinareobs am <strong>enis</strong> sanskrituli<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n - samskrta. etimonis doneze arsebulma polikonsonanturma<br />
kompleqsma evoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo <strong>da</strong> imis gar<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
kompleqsis pirveli elementi meore mJReri nazaliT - n-Ti iqna<br />
Canacvlebuli, mox<strong>da</strong> meoTxe <strong>da</strong> mexuTe konsonants Soris i-s sinkopa, ris<br />
Sedega<strong>da</strong>c derivatis doneze miviReT oTxelementiani kompleqsi.<br />
124
V Tavi<br />
K<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebis klasifikacia stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
variaciulobis mixedviT<br />
$1. Borelementiani kompleqsebis klasifikacia<br />
K konsonanturi kompleqsebis sferoSi Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina,<br />
rom espanur enaSi gvaqvs uamravi binaruli <strong>da</strong> polikonsonanturi<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi, romelTaganac zogi mdgradobis maRali maCvenebliT<br />
jer kidev laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doni<strong>da</strong>n gamoirCeva, zogic ki ganicdis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva cvlilebebs evoluciis procesSi.<br />
Catarebuli kvlevaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, Seswavlili konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebi <strong>da</strong>vajgufeT Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT:<br />
1. TanxmovanTjgufebi, romlebic stabilurobis maRali xarisxiT<br />
gamoirCevian;<br />
2. TanxmovanTjgufebi, romlebic mxolod varirebisaken arian<br />
midrekilni;<br />
3. TanxmovanTjgufebi, romlebic espanur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dian rogorc<br />
formaucvleli, aseve formaSecvlili saxiT;<br />
4. TanxmovanTjgufebi, romelbic derivatis doneze fiqsirdeba.<br />
aRniSnuli TanamimdevrobiT TanxmovanTjgufebis klasifikaciis<br />
paralelurad, ganvsazRvravT, Tu romeli fonetikuri cvlilebiT iyo<br />
ganpirobebuli ama Tu im kompleqsis varireba.<br />
yvelaze stabiluri Tavkiduri konsonanturi kompleqsebis<br />
CamonaTvalSi SeviyvaneT: br, fr, gr <strong>da</strong> tr kombinaciebi: brazo (laT. braciolum),<br />
fruta (laT. fruta), grado (laT. gradus), trigo (laT. triticul). aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
CamoTvlil TanxmovanTjgufebs varireba arc laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> evoluciis<br />
procesSi ganucdiaT. erTaderT gamonaklis warmoadgens br kompleqsi,<br />
romelic sityva brevis-is arqaul variantSi warmodgenili iyo Tavkiduri<br />
mr kompleqsiT: mreghuis → brevis → breve.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos rom br, fr, gr <strong>da</strong> tr kombinaciebis <strong>stabiluroba</strong><br />
gvaqvs aralaTinuri warmoSobis sityvebSic: bregar (goT. brikan), fraile (oqs.<br />
125
fraile), gráfico (berZ. graphicus), tregua (goT. triggwa). aralaTinuri warmoSobis<br />
sityvebSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> gn kombinaciis mdgradobac: berZ. gnomikos - esp.<br />
gnómico.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rogorc etimonis, aseve derivatis doneze yvela<br />
mdgradi TanxmovanTjgufi warmodgenili iyo ori mJReri okluzivis (b,g),<br />
erTi yru okluzivis ( t) an erTi yru frikativis ( f) <strong>da</strong> vibrantis (r)<br />
kombinaciiT. Aaseve mJReri okluzivis (g) <strong>da</strong> nazalis (n) TanamimdevrobiT.<br />
A amave jgufSi SeviyvaneT sk, sm, st kompleqsebic. Aarc maT ganucdiaT<br />
fonetikuri cvlilebebi evoluciis procesSi, Tu ar CavTvliT<br />
proTetikuli xmovnis xarjze maTi poziciis Secvlas sityvaSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom sk <strong>da</strong> st kompleqsebis <strong>stabiluroba</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>rRveula arc<br />
laTinuri <strong>da</strong> arc aralaTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi: laT. scutum -<br />
esp. escudo, berZ. skolex - esp. escólex, laT. stare - esp. estar, berZ. stadio - esp.<br />
estadio. YCamoTvlili sami kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze iSviaTi aris sm<br />
kombinacia.<br />
rogorc Cans, mdgradi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> yru frikativis ( s) <strong>da</strong> yru<br />
okluzivebis kombinaciac ( t,k). aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />
rom sityvis Tavkidur poziciaSi yvelaze stabilur kompleqsebs<br />
warmoadgenen iseTi kombinaciebi, romelTa erT-erTi elementic aris<br />
okluzivi (mJReri an yru). Tumca, bunebrivia, maT <strong>stabiluroba</strong>s mxolod<br />
es ar gansazRvravs. maT mdgradobaSi did rols arsuleben is<br />
konsonantebic, romlebic maTTan erTad hqmnian binarul<br />
TanxmovanTjgufs (am SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmobT vibrant r-s <strong>da</strong> frikativ s-<br />
s).<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mravalricxovania mdgradi Sua konsonanturi kompleqsebis<br />
CamonaTvali. Bd, bs, bt, dr, fr, kr, ld, lf, lg, lm, ls, lv, nh, nk, nv, pl, pn, rb, rl, rm, rn, rr, sk,<br />
sm, sp, st 1 ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dian espanurSi, maTi Semcveli sityvis<br />
warmoSobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad: laT. procreator - esp. procreador, laT. barba - esp. barba,<br />
1 Lg, lm, ls, pn, rb, rm, rn, rr, sk, sp, st kompleqsebi gvxvdeba rogorc laTinuri, aseve<br />
aralaTinuri etimonis mqone sityvebSi.<br />
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laT. dormitorium - esp. dormitorio, berZ. harmonia - esp. armonía, laT. aspectus-esp.<br />
aspecto, berZ. despotes - esp. déspota, arab. sarbat - esp. sorbete. 1<br />
maTi garkveuli nawili varirebas arc laTinuri <strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
<strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara. swored aseT konsonantur kompleqsebSi SeviyvaneT kr, rb, rm<br />
<strong>da</strong> sp kombinaciebi.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, Tavkiduri jgufebis msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic<br />
vibranti Warbobs. swored Tanxmovani r warmoadgens oTxi stabiluri<br />
kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n sami jgufis erT-erT elements: kr, rb, rm; meoTxe kompleqsi<br />
ki Sedgeba yru frikativisa <strong>da</strong> yru okluzivisagan: sp.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirea iseTi konsonanturi kompleqsebis raodenoba,<br />
romlebic meore jgufSi gavaerTianeT. maTi simcire kidev ufro<br />
TvalsaCinoa Tavkidur konsonantur kompleqsebTan, radgan masalis<br />
kvlevis dros arcerT iseT binarul Tavkidur kompleqss ar SevxvdiT,<br />
romelic espanur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis procesSi mxolod cvlilebebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>, rac aixsneba imiT, rom binaruli Tavkiduri<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi manamde gamartiv<strong>da</strong>, sanam maTi Semcveli<br />
sityvebi pireneis naxevarkunZulze gavrceldebo<strong>da</strong>. laTinuri <strong>enis</strong><br />
istoriis adreul etapze gamartivebuli TanxmovanTjgufebia: pt, tl, kt, sl, dn.<br />
swored am movlenas vxvdebiT CamoTvlil sityvebTan: laT. ptisana - laT.<br />
tisana - esp. tisana, laT. tlatos - laT. latus - esp. lato, laT. ctunica - laT. túnica - esp.<br />
túnica, laT. slubricus - laT. lubricus - esp. lúbrico, laT. dnuk - laT. nux - esp. nuez.<br />
Giqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom aRniSnuli TanxmovanTjgufebi laTinuri<br />
<strong>enis</strong> sawyis donezeve gamartiv<strong>da</strong>, espanur enaSi TiTqmis arcerTi sityva<br />
ar iwyeba am kompleqsebiT. gamonakliss warmoadgens espanur enaSi bolo<br />
(XX) saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli inglisurenovani sityva slogan, romelic<br />
mTel rig leqsikonebSi ukve proTetikuli xmovniT aris Cawerili: slogan<br />
an eslogan <strong>da</strong> Ctesifonte (toponimikaSi).<br />
etimonis doneze varirebis ramdenime SemTxveva gvaqvs Sua<br />
konsonantur kompleqsebTanac. marTalia, laTinurSi ar mox<strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
1 esp. sorbete-m kastiliur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebamde rTuli gza ganvlo. arabuli sarbat,<br />
romelic arabuli sarba-s mravlobiTi ricxvis formaa, jer TurqulSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> serbet-is<br />
formiT, Semdeg italiurSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>, rogorc sorbetto <strong>da</strong> bolos ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
kastiliurSi sorbete-s saxiT.<br />
127
monofonemurad gar<strong>da</strong>qmna, magram <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> maTi formis Secvla<br />
asimilaciis xarjze. swored aseT konsonanturi kompleqsebs<br />
warmoadgenen – bf, bg, df, dg, kf, pf, ds jgufebi, romelTac jer kidev<br />
laTinurSi mogvces ff, gg, ff, gg, ff, ff, ss, xolo espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
dros gamartivdnen. mag: op(i)ficina - officina - oficina <strong>da</strong> a.S.Ggamartiv<strong>da</strong> iseTi<br />
geminatebic, romlebic ar migviRia asimilaciis xarjze. maT Sorisaa:<br />
mJReri <strong>da</strong> yru okluzivis geminatebi – bb <strong>da</strong> pp ( laT. iabattia - esp. abadia,<br />
laT. cappa - esp. capa). Aaseve, nazalebi (mm, nn): laT. commodus - esp. cómodo,<br />
laT. annualis - esp. anual. masalis kvlevis dros, SevxvdiT nazalebis<br />
sxvagvar transformaciasac: laT. immigrare - esp. inmigrar, laT. pannus - esp.<br />
paño. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros geminatebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarnen cvlilebebs.<br />
gansxvavebuli saxis varirebas <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarnen Semdegi konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebi. Rh <strong>da</strong> sf TanxmovanTjgufebi xmovnis warmoqmnis Sedegad<br />
<strong>da</strong>iSalnen: arab. tarhun - esp. taragona, laT. disfi<strong>da</strong>re - esp. desafiar.<br />
polikonsonantur kompleqsad transformir<strong>da</strong> gd kombinacia esp. almendra-<br />
Si, romelic momdinareobs laT. amyg<strong>da</strong>la-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
M mesame jgufSi gavaerTianeT iseTi konsonanturi kompleqsebi,<br />
romlebic espanur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dian rogorc varirebis gareSe, aseve<br />
formaSecvlili saxiT. swored am jgufSi Sedis TanxmovanTjgufebis<br />
umravlesoba. maTi konstanturoba-variaciulobis paralelurad,<br />
SevecdebiT avxsnaT, romeli lingvisturi movleniT iyo ganpirobebuli<br />
ama Tu im kompleqsis varireba.<br />
Mmesame jgufSi Semaval Tavkidur konsonantur kompleqsebSi<br />
gavaerTianeT: bl, dr, fl, gl, kl, kr, pl, pr, sp, st kombinaciebi. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n or – bl <strong>da</strong> gl<br />
TanxmovanTjgufSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> pirveli elementis <strong>da</strong>kargva: laT.<br />
blastemare - esp. lastimar, laT. glirone - esp. lirón. Tumca, gvaqvs maTi<br />
stabilurobis araerTi SemTxvevac: laT. blandu - esp. blando, laT. globus -<br />
esp. globo.<br />
or kompleqsSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> yru konsonantis gamJRereba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom kr <strong>da</strong> pr kombinaciebis mdgradobis araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs<br />
espanurSi: laT. crimen - esp. crimen, laT. pratum - esp. prado, Segvxv<strong>da</strong> kr-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
128
gr-s, xolo pr-<strong>da</strong>n br-s miRebis movlenac: laT. crupta - esp. gruta, laT.<br />
prunum - esp. bruno.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT rTuli mdgomareobaa Semdeg sam Tavkidur kompleqsTan.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia fl, kl <strong>da</strong> pl<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebis konstanturobac, isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d varireben, rac<br />
ukavSirdeba palatalizaciis movlenas. swored am movlenas vxvdebiT<br />
espanur enaSi xalxuri laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>sul Semdeg sityvebSi: llamar<br />
(laT. clamare), llama (laT. flamma), llorar (laT. plorare). maTi <strong>variaciuloba</strong><br />
mxolod palatalizaciiT ar Semoifargla, rac kargad CansG fl, kl, pl<br />
kompleqsebis Semcvel <strong>da</strong>narCen magaliTebSi: laT. flaccidus - esp. lacio,<br />
laT. pluteus - esp. choza (galisiuris gavleniT), laT. placare - esp. aplacar. rac<br />
Seexeba maT konstanturobas, igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d axasiaTebs espanur enaSi<br />
gviandel periodSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul sityvebs: ing. club - esp. club, fr. flan -<br />
esp. flan, fr. plafond - esp. plafón.. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom pl, kl, fl<br />
kompleqsebis mdgradoba, zog SemTxvevaSi, aixsneba maTi Semcveli<br />
sityvebis espaneTSi ara xalxuri, aramed saliteraturo laTinuris gziT<br />
gavrcelebiT. Mmag: laT. pluma - esp. pluma, laT. clavicula - esp. clavija, laT. flore -<br />
esp. flor.<br />
rac Seexeba <strong>da</strong>rCenil sam kombinacias, dr-Si mox<strong>da</strong> or fonemas Soris<br />
simJRere-siyruis areva <strong>da</strong> miviReT tr: esp. trapo ( ←kelt. an prekelt. drappus);<br />
St kompleqsi ki, epenTezirebuli r-s xarjze, xdeba polikonsonanturi:<br />
laT. stella - esp. estrella; igive movlena gvxvdeba sp kompleqsTanac: l-s<br />
epenTezis Sedegad viRebT spl Tanamimderobas: laT. speculum - esp. espliego. Dr, sp<br />
<strong>da</strong> st kompleqsebis <strong>stabiluroba</strong> Cans DSemdeg magaliTebSi:<br />
dragón (berZ. drákon - laT. draco), laT. spectaculum - esp. espectáculo, laT.<br />
castigare - esp. castigar.<br />
M Sua konsonantur kompleqsebis mesame jgufSi SeviyvaneT br, fl, gl, gm,<br />
gn, gr, kl, kt, ln, lp, lt, mb, mp, nd, nf, ng, ns, nt, pr, ps, pt, rd, rf, rg, rs, rt, tr kombinaciebi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom CamoTvlili TanxmovanTjgufebis umravlesoba,<br />
stabilurobis paralelurad, ganicdis ramdenime saxis fonetikur<br />
129
cvlilebas. swored fonetikuri cvlilebebis raodenobis mixedviT<br />
movaxdineT maTi klasifikacia.<br />
Kpirvel qvejgufSi SeviyvaneT iseTi TanxmovanTjgufebi, romlebic<br />
zog sityvaSi stabiluria <strong>da</strong> zogSic varirebas, oRond erTi saxis<br />
cvlilebas ganicdian. Fl, gl, gm, gr, ln, mp, ns, pr, ps, rd, rf, rs kompleqsebi<strong>da</strong>n gl,<br />
gm, gr kombinaciebi gamartivdnen pirveli an meore elementis <strong>da</strong>kargvis<br />
(an varirebis) xarjze: laT. espeglo - esp. esplego, laT. augmentum - esp.<br />
aumento, laT. pigritia - esp. pereza. Ppirveli elementi <strong>da</strong>ikarga ns <strong>da</strong> rs<br />
kombinaciebSic: laT. sensus - esp. seso, laT. ursu - laT. osso - esp. oso.<br />
monofonemur variants viRebT esp. baño-Sic, romelic laT. balneum-i<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinareobs.<br />
Ggansxvavebuli fonetikuri cvlilebebi xdeba fl, mp <strong>da</strong> pr<br />
kompleqsebTan. Fl jgufi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> pl-Si; Mp-m, metaTezis xarjze, mogvca<br />
polikonsonanturi kompleqsi - mpr, xolo pr-Si mox<strong>da</strong> yru konsonantis<br />
gamJRereba: laT. suflare - esp. soplar, laT. semper - esp. siempre, laT. apricus -<br />
esp. abrigo.<br />
katalanur enas ukavSirdeba ps kompleqsis varireba esp. caja-Si. rogorc<br />
viciT, igi momdinareobs laT. capsa-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> espanur variants gvaZlevs<br />
katalanuri caixa-s gavleniT.<br />
iSviaTad, magram mainc gvaqvs rd kompleqsis <strong>variaciuloba</strong>, rac<br />
ganpirobebulia meore elementis transformaciiT: laT. hordeum, jer<br />
orzuelo-s gvaZlevs (savaraudod it. orzata-s gavleniT), xolo Semdeg viRebT<br />
horchata-s.<br />
I-s Camatebas ukavSirdeba rf kombinaciis <strong>da</strong>Sla <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze.<br />
Zv. frang. girfalt espanur enaSi gvaZlevs gerifalt-s.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi varirebisa, aRniSnuli konsonanturi kompleqsebi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d stabilurobiT gamoirCevian: laT. diflagrare - esp. deflagrar, laT.<br />
deglurrio,-onis - esp. deglución, laT. segmentum - esp. segmento, laT. agrarius - esp.<br />
agrario, laT. diflagrare - esp. deflagrar, laT. campus - esp. campo, laT. capricornusesp.<br />
capricornio, laT. cor<strong>da</strong>rius - esp. cordero, laT. insectum - esp. insecto, laT.<br />
capsula -esp. cápsula,laT. farfarus - esp. fárfara, berZ. tarsos - esp. tarso.<br />
130
Mmeore qvejgufSi gavawevrianeT iseTi kombinaciebi, romelTac<br />
konstanturobis paralelurad, mTel rig sityvebSi ganicades ori saxis<br />
varireba. swored am qvejgufSi gavaerTianeT br, gn, kl, lp, lt, mb, nd, nf, rg <strong>da</strong> tr<br />
kompleqsebi.<br />
Br TanxmovanTjgufTan gvaqvs rogorc kompleqsis meore elementis<br />
gauCinareba: laT. labrum - esp. labio, aseve binaruli kompleqsis <strong>da</strong>Sla<br />
Tanxmovnebs Soris xmovnis Camatebis Sedegad: laT. ebriacus - esp. borracho.<br />
Yyru konsonantis gamJRereba <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> kl kompleqsTan sityvis<br />
SuaSi: berZ. ecloga - esp. égloga. aseve Segvxv<strong>da</strong> kl kompleqsis sxvagvari<br />
transformaciac: laT. oc(u)lus - esp. ojo.<br />
pirveli elementi ikargeba gn kompleqsSic: laT. cognoscere - esp.<br />
conocer. Tumca, gvaqvs misgan ɲ(ñ)-s miRebis araerTi magaliTic: laT. ligna -<br />
esp. leña.<br />
vokalizacias <strong>da</strong> disimilacias vxvdebiT lp konsonantur kompleqsTan.<br />
swored lp kompleqsi gvaZlevs up kombinacias, romelic winamdebare<br />
xmovan a-sTan qmnis difTongs, romelic Semdeg monofTongizacias<br />
eqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong> viRebT topo-s ( talpus-taupo). Ddisimilacias ki vxvdebiT<br />
laT. palpetrum-is SemTxvevaSi, romelic jer parpadro-s, xolo mogvianebiT,<br />
párpado-s gvaZlevs.<br />
vokalizaciis movlenas aqvs adgili lt kompleqsTanac: laT. saltu -<br />
sauto -esp. soto. Tumca, misi fonetikuri <strong>variaciuloba</strong> amiT ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebula. masalis kvlevis dros Segvxv<strong>da</strong> misi varirebis meore<br />
SemTxvevac: laT. altiare - esp. alzar.<br />
binaruli Sua konsonanturi kompleqsis monofonemurad<br />
transformacia an misi gar<strong>da</strong>qmna samelentian Tanxmovanjgufad<br />
fiqsirdeba Semdeg kompleqsTan. Mb kombinacia, vestgoTTa <strong>enis</strong> gavleniT,<br />
zog sityvaSi kargavs meore elements: laT. lumbus - esp. lomo, zogSic ki<br />
Tanxmovnebs Soris arsebuli xmovnis sinkopis Sedegad xdeba<br />
polikonsonanturi: laT. umbilicus -esp. ombligo.<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT igive fonetikuri cvlilebebi gvxvdeba nd kompleqsTan.<br />
igi martivdeba <strong>da</strong> Semdeg <strong>da</strong>rCenili erTi elementis xarisxi icvleba<br />
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(anu palatalizdeba) an polikonsonanturi xdeba r-s epenTezis Sedegad:<br />
laT. grundire - esp. gruñir, 1 laT. glando - esp. landre.<br />
or jgufad iyofa nf kombinaciis mier gancdili cvlilebebic.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi meore elementi ganicdis varirebas, meoreSi ki –<br />
ikargeba pirveli elementi <strong>da</strong> meore konsonanti varirebs imave gziT, ra<br />
gziTac pirvel jgufSi Semaval sityvebSi: laT. confortare - esp. conhortar,<br />
laT. confundere - esp. cohonder.<br />
or fonetikur cvlilebas ganicdis rg kompleqsic. igi an<br />
monofonemuri xdeba meore elementis <strong>da</strong>kargvis xarjze an igive meore<br />
elementi ga<strong>da</strong>dis c (anu θ)-Si: laT. argenteus - esp. arienzo, laT. argilla - esp.<br />
arcilla.<br />
yru konsonantis gamJRereba an binaruli kompleqsis monofonemurad<br />
qceva <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> tr kombinaciasTan: laT. citrus - esp. cidro, berZ. petroselinon -<br />
laT. petroselinum - esp. perejil.<br />
M miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom CamoTvlilma konsonanturma kompleqsebma<br />
evoluciis procesSi ganicades sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva cvililebebi, gvaqvs maTi<br />
mdgradobis araerTi magaliTic: laT. labrusca - esp. labrusca, berZ. ekleipsis -<br />
laT. eclipsis - esp. eclipse, laT. magnus - esp. magno, laT. palpitare - esp.<br />
palpitar, laT. altus - esp. alto, laT. ambitus - esp. ámbito, arab. sindiya - esp.<br />
sandia, laT. confectio,-onis - esp. confección, berZ. margarites - esp. margarita, berZ.<br />
metron - esp. metro.<br />
mesame qvejgufSi gavaerTianeT iseTi konsonanturi kompleqsebi,<br />
romelTac stabilurobis paralelurad, ganicades sami saxis varireba.<br />
swored am qvejgufSi ganvixilavT kt, nt <strong>da</strong> rt Sua konsonantur<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebs.<br />
Kt konsonanturma kompleqsma espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisas ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc pirveli elementis gauCinareba: laT. respectus - esp. respeto, aseve<br />
geminatis warmoqmna: laT. defectio,-onis - esp. defección. misTvis yvelaze<br />
metad <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ki mesame cvlilebaa, rac mdgomareobs Tanxmovnis<br />
1 aRsaniSnavia, rom gruñir-is etomologiis kvleva did kamaTs iwvevs lingvistTa Soris.<br />
maT mosazrebebze yuradReba gamaxvilebuli gvaqvs naSromis mesame TavSi.<br />
132
jer frikativizaciaSi, Semdeg yod-is warmoqmnaSi <strong>da</strong> bolos afrikatis<br />
miRebaSi: nocte → noxte → noite → noche.<br />
Nt kompleqsi arcerT vokabulaSi ar xdeba monofonemuri. igi isev<br />
binaruli rCeba, oRond ganicdis erT-erTi elementis varirebas an xdeba<br />
polikonsonanturi. Nt kompleqsis transformireba ukavSirdeba yru<br />
okluzivis gamJRerebas: mosarab. antubiya - esp. endivia an igive yru<br />
konsonantis c (θ)-Si ga<strong>da</strong>svlas: laT. amentia - esp. amencia. 1 aRniSnuli<br />
kompleqsis mesame saxis varireba gamoixateba etimonis doneze arsebul<br />
binarul kombinaciasa <strong>da</strong> mis mezoblobaSi myof konsonants Soris<br />
mdebare e xmovnis gauCinarebiT: laT. interaneus-is mravlobiTi ricxvis<br />
formi<strong>da</strong>n - interanea miviReT entraña.<br />
mravalferovania rt kompleqsis mier ganvlili gzac. Kkompleqsis<br />
meore elementi zog sityvaSi c (anu θ)-Si ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>: laT. martialis - esp.<br />
marcial, zogSi ki – yru afrikatSi: laT. cortex - esp. corcho. yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli ki yru elementis gamJRerebaa: laT. fartum - esp. fardo.<br />
rac Seexeba maT mdgradobas, igi naTlad Cans Semdeg magaliTebSi:<br />
laT. dictare - esp. dictar, laT. contactus - esp. contacto, berZ. arteria -esp. arteria.<br />
meoTxe qvejgufSi SeviyvaneT iseTi Sua konsonanturi kompleqsebi,<br />
romelTac evoluciis procesSi ganicades samze meti fonetikuri<br />
cvlileba. swored aseT konsonantur kompleqsebs warmoadgens ng <strong>da</strong> pt<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebi.<br />
Ng kompleqsi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli kombinaciaa. igi is<br />
erT-erTi kompleqsTagania, romelTac espanur korelatebSi ufro xSrad<br />
vxvdebiT saxecvlili formiT, vidre varirebis gareSe. Ng kompleqsi xan<br />
meore elements kargavs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCenili pirveli elementi ucvleli<br />
formiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanurSi: laT. pungent - esp. puniente <strong>da</strong> xanac <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />
erTi elementi palatalizaciis xarjze icvlis xarisxs: laT. cingere - esp.<br />
ceñir. SesaZloa, meore elementi ar gauCinardes <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
transformirdes, rac mdgomareobs g-s θ(anu c+e)-Si an ʧ (ch)-Si ga<strong>da</strong>svlaSi:<br />
laT. singellus - esp. sencillo, laT. cingulum - esp. cincho. ramdenime sityvaSi<br />
1 aRsaniSnavia, rom nt kompleqsis yru konsonantis meore saxis varireba mxolod iseT<br />
sityvebSi gvxvdeba, romelTac aqvT sufiqsebi: -tia <strong>da</strong> -tio.<br />
133
aRniSnuli kompleqsi xdeba polikonsonanturi, rac yvela xSirad<br />
narnara r-s ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT aris ganpirobebuli: laT. conger - esp. congrio.<br />
Ng kompleqsisagan gansxvavebiT susti aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> pirveli elementi pt<br />
kompleqsSi. swored yru okluzivi (p) ikargeba an ganicdis vokalizacias<br />
espanur korelatSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis dros: laT. aptare - esp. atar, laT. captivus -<br />
esp. cautivo. gvaqvs magaliTebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saerTod ikargeba binaruli<br />
kompleqsi an ikargeba, magram espanur derivatSi Cndeba axali konsonanti.<br />
mag: laT. septimana espanurSi gvaZlevs semana, xolo laT. captiare - esp.<br />
cazar-s.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ng <strong>da</strong> pt konsonanturi kompleqsebi yvelaze<br />
varirebadi kombinaciebia sityvis SuaSi, gvaqvs maTi stabilurobis<br />
ramdenime magaliTic: laT. fungus - esp. hongo, laT. captura - esp. captura.<br />
meoTxe jgufSi gavaerTianeT iseTi konsonanturi kompleqsebi,<br />
romlebic derivatis doneze fiqsirdeba. iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom masalis<br />
kvlevis dros mxolod derivatis doneze warmoqmnil kombinaciebs ar<br />
SevxvedrivarT, meoTxe jgufSi ganvixilavT iseT konsonantur<br />
kompleqsebs, romlebic fiqsirdeba rogorc etimonis, aseve derivatis<br />
doneze.<br />
Tavkiduri jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze miviReT br, gr <strong>da</strong> pr<br />
kompleqsebi. Gr miviReT yru konsonantis gamJRerebiT an ori fonemis<br />
arevis Sedegad (dr/gr), br – aseve yru konsonantis gamJRerebiT an r-s<br />
metaTeziT, xolo pr – mxolod r-s metaTeziT. Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs,<br />
rom igive konsonanturi jgufebi etimonis doneze ar gvqonia: laT.<br />
brachiolum - esp. brazo, berZ. graphicus - esp. gráfico, laT. pratum - esp. prado.<br />
MSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT mravalricxovania derivatis doneze warmoqmnili Sua<br />
konsonanturi kombinaciebis CamonaTvali. Tavkidurebis msgavsad, isinic<br />
orive doneze gvxvdeba. Tumca, gvaqvs erTi gamonaklisi. Sn kompleqss,<br />
romelic sakmaod iSviaT movlenas warmoadgens, espanur enaSi viRebT<br />
xmovnis (i) sinkopis an s-s epenTezis Sedegad: laT. asinus - esp. asno, laT.<br />
denu<strong>da</strong>re - esp. desnu<strong>da</strong>r.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom xmovnis sinkopa or konsonants Soris erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli movlenaa, rac ganapirobebs derivatis doneze<br />
134
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva konsonanturi kompleqsebis miRebas. xdeba sxva fonetikuri<br />
cvlilebebic. Tumca, yvelaze gavrcelebuli formula etimonSi<br />
ararsebuli kombinaciis <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze miRebisa aseTia: xmovnis<br />
sinkopa + meore fonetikuri cvlileba (disimilacia, ori konsonantis<br />
areva <strong>da</strong> yru konsonantis gamJRereba). meoTxe jgufSi Semavali<br />
kompleqsebis klasifikacias movaxdenT imis mixedviT, Tu ramden <strong>da</strong><br />
romel fonetikur varirebas ukavSirdeba ama Tu im kompleqsis <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze warmoqmna.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi, romlebic mxolod xmovnis sinkopis<br />
Sedegad warmoiqmnen: fl, gl, rn. Tumca, maT Soris gansxvavebac aris. isini<br />
ara erTi <strong>da</strong> imave, aramed sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xmovnis gauCinarebis Sedegad<br />
miviReT. Fl mogvca i-s sinkopam: laT. sifilare - esp. chiflar; Gl kompleqsi ki –<br />
u-s amovardnam: laT. regula- esp. regla, xolo rn miviReT i-s an o-s sinkopis<br />
Sedegad: laT. farinariu - esp. harnero, laT. coronare - esp. coronar.<br />
SesaZloa, moxdes konsonantis amovardnac <strong>da</strong> etimonis doneze<br />
arsebuli samelementiani kompleqsi binarulad ga<strong>da</strong>iqces: laT. defunctus -<br />
esp. defunto.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> orelementiani kompleqsis warmoqmna ramdenime sityvaSi<br />
ganpirobebulia Tanxmovnis epenTeziTac. swored am movlenas vxvdebiT<br />
espanurSi mp kompleqsTan, romelic ramdenime berZnul <strong>da</strong> laTinur<br />
sityvaSi monofonemuria: berZ. pepon - laT. pepo - esp. pimpinela.<br />
yru konsonantis gamJRerebiT miviReT gr kompleqsi. aRniSnuli<br />
movlena araerT sityvaSia <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli. maT Sorisaa esp. sagrado,<br />
romelic momdinareobs laT. sacratus-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
fonetikurad axlos mdgomi ori Tanxmovnis areva gvxvdeba mb<br />
kompleqsTan. arabuli warmoSobis mqone sityvebSi nb kompleqsis pirveli<br />
elementi Canacvlebul iqna sxva, oRond isev mJReri nazalis mier: arab.<br />
tunbak - esp. tumbaga.<br />
konsonantebis arevas aqvs adgili rb kombinaciasTanac. Tumca,<br />
amjerad, rb kompleqsi miviReT ori frikativis arevis Sedegad: fr. corvette<br />
- esp. corbeta.<br />
135
disimilacias ukavSirdeba rp kompleqsis warmoqmna espanur <strong>enis</strong><br />
doneze. laT. palpetrum jer ga<strong>da</strong>dis parpadro-Si, Semdeg ki, disimilaciis<br />
xarjze, gvaZlevs párpado-s.<br />
ormagi varirebis Sedegad miviReT bl, br, dr, ld, lg, lv <strong>da</strong> rg kompleqsebi.<br />
sinkopa + disimilacia gvaqvs sityvaSi roble. igi momdinareobs laT. robere<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelmac jer e-s sinkopa ganica<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mogvca robre, xolo Semdeg<br />
disimilaciis xarjze, miviReT roble.<br />
sinkopa + ori konsonantis areva gvaqvs lv kombinaciasTan sityvaSi<br />
malvado. igi momdinareobs laT. malifatius-i<strong>da</strong>n, romelic jer i-s sinkopas<br />
ganicdis, xolo Semdeg xdeba ori frikativis areva, rac ganapirobebs<br />
aRniSnuli laTinuri vokabulis espanurSi malvado-s formiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas.<br />
yvelaze xSiria sinkopa + yru konsonantis gamJRereba. Br kompleqss<br />
vRebulobT e-s amovardnis <strong>da</strong> p-s gamJRerebiT: laT. aperire - esp. abrir; Dr<br />
kombinacias ki _ e-s sinkopiT <strong>da</strong> t-s d-d gar<strong>da</strong>qmniT: laT. lateralis - esp.<br />
adral; Ld jgufi warmoiqmna i-s sinkopis <strong>da</strong> t-s gamJRerebiT: laT. malitas -<br />
esp. mal<strong>da</strong>d.<br />
I-s sinkopas <strong>da</strong> yru Tanxmovnis Secvlas ukavSirdeba lg kompleqsis<br />
warmoqmnac, rac kargad Cans laT. delicatus-i<strong>da</strong>n esp. delgado-s miRebaSi.<br />
sinkopas ar ukavSirdeba, Tumca rg kompleqsic ori fonetikuri<br />
varirebis Sedegad gvaqvs miRebuli. goT. brikan, romelic katalanuri<br />
bergant-is gavliT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> espanurSi <strong>da</strong> mogvca bergante. Mmisi amgvari<br />
evolucia ukavSirdeba r-s metaTezas <strong>da</strong> yru konsonantis gamJRerebas.<br />
rac Seexeba nd kompleqss, igi miviReT ara marto i-s amovardnis <strong>da</strong><br />
t-s gamJRerebiT, aramed m-s n-d transformaciis xarjzec: laT. comitatusesp.<br />
con<strong>da</strong>do. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sammag<br />
varirebasTn.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom igive konsonanturi kompleqsebi (br, dr, ld)<br />
SesaZloa warmoiqmnas ara mxolod aRniSnuli ori fonetikuri varirebis<br />
Sedegad, aramed erTi cvlilebis xarjzec: laT. parabola - esp. palabra<br />
136
(metaTeza), laT. crocodilus - esp. cocodrilo (metaTeza), arab. sultan - esp. soldán<br />
(yru Tanxmovnis gamJRereba).<br />
Dderivatis doneze aris warmoqmnuli lm kompleqsi mTel rig<br />
sityvebSi, rac aixsneba arabuli warmoSobis, m-ze <strong>da</strong>wyebuli sityvebis<br />
espanurSi arabuli al artikliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebiT. swored amiT aixsneba<br />
arabuli mudd-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>espanuri</strong> almud-is miReba.<br />
igive movlenas ukavSirdeba f-ze <strong>da</strong>wyebuli arabuli sityvebi<strong>da</strong>n lf<br />
kompleqsis miReba ramdenime espanur sityvaSi: arab. far<strong>da</strong> - esp. alfar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
arabul artikls ukavSirdeba <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze r-s geminatis<br />
miRebac. R-ze <strong>da</strong>wyebuli arabuli sityvebi, espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
dros, ganicdis arabuli artiklis sityvasTan Serwymas <strong>da</strong> Semdeg mis<br />
fuZiseul r-sTan asimilacias: arab. ruzz - esp. arroz.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos iseTi kombinaciebic, romlebic iqmneba ara<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong>, aramed Suamavali <strong>enis</strong> doneze <strong>da</strong> espanurSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
ucvleli formiT. swored maT Soris aris rl <strong>da</strong> rm kombinaciebi.<br />
Sua konsonanturi kompleqsi rl, romelic Zv. frangulis doneze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> sityvaSi berlant, momdinareobs Zveli germanuli bretling-i<strong>da</strong>n. 1<br />
frangulis gavliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> espanurSi Zv. germanuli aram-ic. man jer<br />
armon mogvca frangulSi, xolo Semdeg ucvleli formiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
espanurSi.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT meoTxe jgufis meore qvejgufSi Semavali<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi evoluciis procesSi Segvxv<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
etimonis, aseve derivatis doneze. gamomdinare aqe<strong>da</strong>n, gvaqvs maTi<br />
stabilurobis araerTi magaliTic: laT. rubrica - esp. rúbrica, laT. quadrus -<br />
esp. cuadro, laT. diflagrare - esp. deflagrar, laT. deglurrio,-onis - esp. deglución,<br />
laT. agrícola - esp. agrícola, savaraudod frank. fal<strong>da</strong> - esp. fal<strong>da</strong>, laT. fulgor -<br />
esp. fulgor, laT. palma -esp. palma, laT. altus - esp. alto, laT. salvus - esp. salvo,<br />
laT. ambiens - esp. ambiente, laT. campus - esp. campo, laT. candi<strong>da</strong>tus - esp.<br />
candi<strong>da</strong>to, laT. infidelis -esp. infiel, laT. tensus - esp. tenso, laT. arbor - esp. árbol,<br />
1<br />
ramdenime sityvaSi rl kompleqsi <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze miviReT sinkopa+metaTezas<br />
Sedegad. mag: calorear - calrear - carlear.<br />
137
erZn. organon - esp. órgano, laT. dormire - esp. dormir, laT. furnu - esp. horno,<br />
laT. corpus - esp. cuerpo, kelt. barronvides - esp. berrendo <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
binaruli konsonanturi kompleqsebi bolokidur poziciaSi (lm, mn,<br />
ns, rd, rm, rr, sm <strong>da</strong> st) gvxvdeba rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri<br />
warmoSobis sityvebSi. isini arcerT espanur korelatSi ar inarCuneben<br />
bolokidur pozicias <strong>da</strong> xan xmovnis (e an o) <strong>da</strong> xanac mTliani marcvlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiT ga<strong>da</strong>dian sityvis SuaSi. SesaZloa, xmovnis <strong>da</strong>matebas Tan<br />
axldes binaruli kompleqsis, Tanxmovnis epenTezis Sedegad,<br />
polikonsonanturad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva. swored aseT kombinacias warmoadgens<br />
arabuli bolokiduri mn, romelic jer xdeba mbr, Semdeg ki imatebs e-s.<br />
$2. samelementiani kompleqsebis klasifikacia<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirea samelementiani kompleqsebis raodenoba rogorc<br />
etimonis, aseve derivatis doneze. isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sityvis SuaSi gvxvdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> xasiaTdebian rogorc stabilurobiT, aseve varirebiT. Bbinaruli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebis msgavsad, oTx jgufad <strong>da</strong>vyaviT samelementiani<br />
kompleqsebic:<br />
1. TanxmovanTjgufebi, romlebic stabilurobis maRali xarisxiT<br />
gamoirCevian;<br />
2. TanxmovanTjgufebi, romlebic mxolod varirebisaken arian<br />
midrekili;<br />
3. TanxmovanTjgufebi, romlebic espanur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dian rogorc<br />
formaucvleli aseve formaSecvlili saxiT;<br />
4. TanxmovanTjgufebi, romlebic derivatis doneze fiqsirdeba.<br />
yvelaze stabiluri samelementiani kompleqsebi Tavkidur<br />
poziciaSi aris: skl, skr, spl, str. isini espanur enaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis procesSi<br />
ar eqvemdebarebian aranair fonetikur varirebas, magram proTetikuli<br />
xmovnis xarjze icvlian pozicias sityvaSi: berZ. sklavos - esp. esclavo, laT.<br />
scribere -esp. escribir, laT. splendidus - esp. espléndido, laT. strena - esp. estrena.<br />
138
ac Seexeba yvelaze mdgrad Sua konsonantur kompleqsebs, esenia:<br />
ltr, mbl, mbr, mpr, ndr, nfr, ngr, nkr, nsp, ntr, rpr, rsp, skl, skr, sgr, str jgufebi. maTi<br />
<strong>stabiluroba</strong> kargad Cans Semdeg magaliTebSi: frang. altruime - esp.<br />
altruismo, laT. amblare - esp. amblar, laT. membrum - esp. miembro, laT.<br />
comprimere - esp. comprimir, laT. concretus - esp. concreto, berZ. skolopendra - esp.<br />
escolopendra, laT. anfractuosus - esp. anfractuoso, berZ. gangraina - esp. gangrena,<br />
laT. inspector - esp. inspector, 1 laT. intrusis - esp. intruso, laT. interpres,-etis - esp.<br />
interprete, laT. perspectivus - esp. perspectiva, laT. asclepiadeus - esp. asclepiadeo,<br />
laT. discrepare -esp. discrepar, laT. disgregare - esp. disgregar, berZ. apostrophe -<br />
esp. apóstrofe.<br />
varirebis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva msp, ndf, nfl, nkt, rdl <strong>da</strong> rkt<br />
kombinaciebi. Ggar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom es eqvsi samelementiani kompleqsi<br />
yvelaze varirebadia, isini yvelaze iSviaT kombinaciebsac warmoadgenen,<br />
rac naTlad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> masalis kvlevis dros, radgan aRniSnuli<br />
konsonanturi jgufebis matarebeli arcTu ise bevri vokabula Segvxv<strong>da</strong>.<br />
CamoTvlili varirebadi kompleqsebis transformireba ukavSirdeba<br />
meore elementis amovardnas an meore <strong>da</strong> mesame elementis axal<br />
Tanxmovnad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas. swored meore Tanxmovani ikargeba rdl, ndf <strong>da</strong> rkt<br />
kombinaciebSi: xalx. laT. torctu-esp. tuerto, xolo meore <strong>da</strong> mesame elementi<br />
varirebs nfl kompleqsSi: laT. inflare - esp. inchar. samelementian<br />
kombinaciaSi pirveli elementis varireba mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>. laTinuris doneze arsebuli msp kompleqsi espanur enaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dros, ganicdis pirveli elementis meore mJReri nazaliT<br />
Canacvlebas: laT. circumspectus - esp. circunspecto. rac Seexeba nkt kompleqss,<br />
igi kargavs xan meore <strong>da</strong> xan mesame konsonants: laT. sanctus - esp. santo,<br />
laT. punctio,-onis - esp. punción.<br />
mesame jgufSi gavaerTianeT iseTi kompleqsebi, romlebic garkveuli<br />
raodenobis sityvebSi mdgradia, xolo ramdenimeSi - varirebadi. Aam<br />
jgufSi mxolod oTxi konsonanturi kompleqsi moxv<strong>da</strong>. Eesenia: mpl, ngl, nkl,<br />
1 laTinuris doneze arsebuli nsp kompleqsi Sedgenilia n TanxmovniT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebul<br />
prefiqss (con an in) + sp kombinaciiT.<br />
139
nst. maTi varireba yvelaze xSirad ganpirobebulia pirveli elementis<br />
amovardniT an meore <strong>da</strong> mesame elementis afrikatad transformaciiT.<br />
varirebis pirveli SemTxveva <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia nst kompleqsTan, rac<br />
kargad Cans laTinuri constare-<strong>da</strong>n esp. costar-is miRebis SemTxvevaSi. Mmeore<br />
<strong>da</strong> mesame elementis gar<strong>da</strong>qmna ki <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> esp. troncho-Si, romelic<br />
momdinareobs laT. trunc(u)lus-i<strong>da</strong>n. SesaZloa aRniSnul fonetikur<br />
varirebas Tan axldes kompleqsis pirveli elementis cvlilebac, rac<br />
Cans esp. ancho-Si, romelic laTinuri amplu-<strong>da</strong>n transformir<strong>da</strong>. iSviaTad<br />
gvxvdeba, magram kvlevis dros mainc <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> iseTi kombinacia,<br />
romelic ori saxis varirebas ganicdis. es aris ngl kompleqsi, romelic<br />
zog sityvaSi nazals + yru afrikats gvaZlevs <strong>da</strong> zogSi _ ɲ(ñ)-s: laT.<br />
cing(u)lum - esp. cincho, laT. ung(u)la - esp. uña.<br />
aRniSnuli samelementiani kompleqsebis varirebis paralelurad,<br />
gvaqvs maTi mdgradobis araerTi SemTxvevac: laT. completus - esp. completo,<br />
laT. concludere - esp. concluir, laT. conglobare - esp. conglobar, laT. institutus -<br />
esp. instituto.<br />
meoTxe jgufSi SeviyvaneT iseTi kombinaciebi, romlebic gvxvdeba<br />
rogorc etimonis, aseve derivatis doneze. aRsaniSnavia, rom masalis<br />
kvlevis dros, SevxvdiT or iseT kombinaciasac, romelic ar fiqsirdeba<br />
etimonis doneze <strong>da</strong> mxolod espanur korelatebSi gvxvdeba. esenia: lbr <strong>da</strong><br />
ldr kompleqsebi. orive maTgani ukavSirdeba arabul Zirs, radgan<br />
kompleqsis pirveli elementi - narnara l, arabuli artikli al-is<br />
Semadgeneli komponentia. Aarabuli artiklis espanur sityvasTan<br />
mierTebas xSirad axlavs sxva fonetikuri varirebac, risi naTeli<br />
magaliTic aris arab. busra-<strong>da</strong>n, r-s <strong>da</strong>matebis xarjze, esp. albricias-is<br />
miReba, xolo arab. hatraq-i<strong>da</strong>n, yru konsonantis gamJRerebis Sedegad, esp.<br />
baldragas-is warmoqmna.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mravalricxovania iseT kompleqsebi, romelTac orive<br />
doneze vxvdebiT. esenia: ltr, mbr,mpr, ndr, ngr, nsp, nst, ntr <strong>da</strong> str kombinaciebi.<br />
140
arabuli artiklis <strong>da</strong>matebiT <strong>da</strong> u-s sinkopiT aixsneba berZnuli<br />
thermos-is, arabuli turmus-is gavliT, <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba espanurSi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
miviReT altramuz.<br />
A-s sinkopas ukavSirdeba laT. comparare-<strong>da</strong>n esp. comprar-is<br />
miReba,Mxolo metaTezas ukavSirdeba ntr kompleqsis warmoqmna sityvaSi<br />
entre, romelic momdinareobs laT. inter-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
B-s epenTeziT <strong>da</strong> n-s r-iT Canacvlebis Sedegad miviReT arab. tumn-i<strong>da</strong>n<br />
esp. azumbre. epenTeza, oRond amjerad r-s <strong>da</strong>mateba gvaqvs laT. lendis-Tan,<br />
romelmac esp. liendre mogvca. jer epenTeza <strong>da</strong> Semdeg ori msgavsi<br />
konsonantis disimilacia gvaqvs esp. sangre-Si, romelic momdinareobs<br />
laT. sanguis-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> romelmac evoluciis pirvel etapze mogvca sangne.<br />
Oori mJReri nazalis arevis Sedegad miviReT esp. cincunspecto, romelic<br />
momdinareobs laT. circumspectus-i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> esp. circunstante, romlis Ziric aris<br />
laT. circumstans.<br />
rac Seexeba str kompleqss, igi derivatis doneze ori gansxvavebuli<br />
fonetikuri varirebis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili. esp. costra-Si man r-s<br />
metaTeza ganica<strong>da</strong> (laT. crusta), xolo esp. estrella-Si igive konsonantis<br />
epenTeza (laT. stela).<br />
meoTxe jgufSi Semavali konsonanturi kompleqsebis umravlesoba<br />
gvxvdeba etimonis donezec, rac kargad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong> (yvelaze mdgradi<br />
kompleqsebis) jgufSi. ganmeorebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis mizniT, aRar<br />
moviyvanT im magaliTebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c es kompleqsebi etimonis doneze<br />
fiqsirdeba.<br />
141
$3. BoTxelementiani kompleqsebis klasifikacia<br />
OoTxelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebi stabilurobis yvelaze<br />
didi xarisxiT gamoirCevian. sityvis Sua poziciis mqone kompleqsebi<br />
mxolod oriode SemTxvevaSi varireben an iqmnebian etimonis doneze.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom vokabulaTa umravlesobaSi oTxelementiani jgufebi<br />
Sedgenilia TavsarTis xarjze; yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebulia prefiqsebi:<br />
con, in, ad, sub, trans, abs, ob <strong>da</strong> des, rac ganapirobebs oTxelementiani<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebis pirveli an pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore elementis <strong>da</strong>mTxvevas<br />
TavsarTis bolokidur konsonantTan.<br />
mxolod erTi TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>matebiT miviReT espanurSi bskr, dskr, dstr,<br />
nsgr, nsfl <strong>da</strong> nsfr kombinaciebi. Ppirvel kompleqsi miviReT sub TavsarTis<br />
xarjze: laT. subscribere - esp. subscribir, meore <strong>da</strong> mesame – ad prefiqsis<br />
xarjze: laT. adscribere - esp. adscribir, laT. adstratus - esp. adstrato, xolo<br />
bolo sami - trans prefiqsis mierTebiT: laT. transgresor - esp. transgresor,<br />
laT. transflor - esp. transflor, laT. transfretare - esp. transfretar.<br />
ori kompleqsi momdinareobs or-ori prefiqsis <strong>da</strong>rTviT. Bstr-s<br />
Sedgenilia abs an ob TavsarTebisagan: laT. abstractio,-onis - esp. abstracción,<br />
laT. obstruere - esp. obstruir. Nstr ki miviReT con <strong>da</strong> in TavsarTebiT: laT.<br />
instruere - esp. instruir, laT. construere - esp. construir. mxolod oriode sityvaSi<br />
ar warmoqmnila nstr kompleqsi TavsarTis xarjze, rac kargad Cans<br />
espanur monstruo-Si, romelic momdinareobs laT. monstrum-i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
rac Seexeba nskr kompleqss, igi miviReT in, con <strong>da</strong> trans prefiqsebiT:<br />
laT. inscribere - esp. inscribir, laT. conscriptus - esp. conscripto, laT. transcribere -<br />
esp. transcribir. 1<br />
aranairi saerTo ar aqvs TavsarTebTan erT-erT yvelaze iSviaT rskr<br />
kompleqss: laT. imperscrutabilis - esp. imperscrutable.<br />
yvelaze varirebadi oTxelementiani kompleqsia mskr, romelic ori<br />
mJReri nazalis arevis Sedegad gvaZlevs nskr kompleqss: laT.<br />
circumscribere-esp. sircunscribir.<br />
1 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, abs <strong>da</strong> trans TavsarTebis bolo ori konsonanti ( <strong>da</strong> ara bolo erTi,<br />
rogorc umravles SemTxvevaSi) warmoadgens oTxelementiani kompleqsis pirvel or<br />
elements.<br />
142
varirebas eqvemdebareba nstr kompleqsic, oRond mxolod oriode<br />
sityvaSi. misi stabilurobis magaliTebi bevrad Warbobs varirebis<br />
SemTxvevebs: laT. monstrare kargavs kompleqsis pirvel elements <strong>da</strong> xdeba<br />
samelementiani, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c espanurSi viRebT mostrar-s.<br />
rac Seexeba bstr kombinacias, igi gvxvdeba rogorc etimonis, aseve<br />
derivatis doneze. misi espanur korelatSi warmoqmna ukavSirdeba<br />
konsonantis epenTezas: laT. subtrahere, s-s <strong>da</strong>matebis Sedegad, gvaZlevs<br />
substraer-s, ras RAE-s mixedviT ganpirobebulia esp. extraer-is gavleniT.<br />
$4. BxuTelementiani kompleqsebis klasifikacia<br />
uiSviaTesia xuTelementiani kompleqsi espanur enaSi. moZiebuli ori<br />
kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n erTi varirebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>dis espanurSi: Svedi fizikosis<br />
gvari Angström - esp. angstrem (sazomi erTeuli), xolo meore kargavs erTerT<br />
elements <strong>da</strong> espanur korelatSi viRebT oTxelementian kombinacias:<br />
samskrta - sanscrito.<br />
143
<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonotaqtikam evoluciis sakmaod<br />
rTuli <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad, mravalferovani gza ganvlo <strong>da</strong>Gganica<strong>da</strong><br />
uamravi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis varireba. maTi umravlesoba ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
fonemaTa SeerTebisas warmoTqmis gamartivebas asimilaciis,<br />
disimilaciis, metaTezis, sinkopis, epenTezis xarjze, magram Segvxv<strong>da</strong><br />
ramdenime iseTi varirebac, romelTac enaTmecnierebi lingvistur<br />
Secdomad miiCneven. Kkonsonanturi kompleqsebis varireba ukavSirdeba<br />
TavsarTis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis windebulSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlasac (mag: laT. inhabitare →<br />
esp. habitar en) <strong>da</strong> laTinuri bolosarTis varirebasac, romlis Tanxmovanic<br />
kompleqsis erT-erT elements warmoadgens (mag: laTinuri sufiqsebi -tia<br />
<strong>da</strong> -tio espanur derivatSi gvaZleven -cia <strong>da</strong> -ción bolosarTebs, rac iwvevs<br />
laTinuri nt kompleqsis varirebas).<br />
Mmenendes pi<strong>da</strong>li lingvistur Secdomad miiCnevs sityvis iseT<br />
transformacias, romelsac safuZvlad akustikuri ekvivalentoba<br />
(Equivalencia acústica) <strong>da</strong>edo [Menéndes Pi<strong>da</strong>l, 1977:190-201]. rogorc aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>enis</strong> evoluciis procesSi xSirad xdebo<strong>da</strong> erTi fonemis meore fonemiT<br />
Canacvleba msmenelis mier sityvis arasworad aRqmis gamo. SecdomiT<br />
aRqmul sityvas ki msmeneli komunikaciisas araswori formiT iyeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rogorc kvlevam gvaCvena, espanur enaSi akustikur ekvikalentobas<br />
vxvdebiT fonetikurad axlos mdgomi ori fonemis arevaSi. Oori fonemis<br />
areva ki ukavSirdeba artikulaciis wertilis (m/n) an fonemebis simJReresiyruis<br />
(d/t) varirebas.<br />
ar xdeba, rom enaSi arsebuli yvela konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
<strong>da</strong>eqvemdebaros varirebas. maTi garkveuli nawili rCeba ucvleli, rac<br />
"Taobebs Soris gagebinebis SenarCunebis aucileblobis" mniSvnelovani<br />
winapirobaa [axvlediani c., 2008:43].<br />
swored es ori sawinaaRmdego Zala urTierTqmedebs mudmivad <strong>da</strong><br />
ganapirobebs <strong>enis</strong> evolucias. maTgan erTi, romelic mimarTulia<br />
varirebisaken, ufro Zlieria <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia <strong>enis</strong> mdgomareoba nebismier<br />
144
dros Secvalos an ganaaxlos. Mmeore ki – abrkolebs <strong>enis</strong> swraf<br />
cvalebadobas, radgan enam ar <strong>da</strong>kargos misi komunikaciuri funqcia <strong>da</strong><br />
SeZlos misi ganxorcieleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Taobebs Soris. Ees ori Zala<br />
erTmaneTs uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n abalansebs, rac ganapirobebs <strong>enis</strong> neli<br />
tempiT ganviTarebas.<br />
<strong>stabiluroba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>variaciuloba</strong> saintereso Temas warmoadgens ara<br />
marto zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>enis</strong> ganviTarebis procesSi, aramed fonotaqtikaSic,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca igi konsonantTa kombinaciebs ikvlevs.<br />
winamdebare naSromma, romelic warmoadgens <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> fonotaqtikuri<br />
sistemis diaqroniul kvlevas, mniSnelovani Sedegebi mogvca stabiluri<br />
<strong>da</strong> cvalebadi TanxmovanTkompleqsebis sistemurobis Sesaxeb.<br />
sul ganvixileT 114 konsonanturi kompleqsi. maTgan 70 aris<br />
orelementiani, xolo 44 - polikonsonanturi. Gganxiluli 70 binaruli<br />
TanxmovanTjgufi<strong>da</strong>n TiTqmis yvela ( sg-sa <strong>da</strong> sn-s gar<strong>da</strong>) sityvaSi Sua<br />
poziciis mqonea. maTi garkveuli nawili ki gvxvdeba ormagi poziciiT:<br />
Tavkidur <strong>da</strong> Sua poziciaSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> 19 kompleqsi, xolo Sua <strong>da</strong><br />
bolokidur poziciaSi - 6 kompleqsi. mxolod ori konsonanturi jgufi<br />
Segvxv<strong>da</strong> samive poziciiT. rac Seexeba polikonsonantur kompleqsebs, 30<br />
maTgani Sedgeba sami Tanxmovnisagan, 12 – oTxi Tanxmovnisagan, xolo 2 –<br />
xuTi konsonantisagan. aRsaniSnavia, rom samelementian kombinaciebSi<br />
Warbobs sityvis Sua pozicia (mxolod xuTi jgufi gvaqvs Tavkiduri<br />
poziciiT etimonis doneze), xolo oTx <strong>da</strong> xuTelementian kompleqsebSi -<br />
yvela Sua poziciis mqonea.<br />
Bbunebrivia, TiToeul kombinacias aqvs misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
konstanturoba-variaciulobis niSnebi. Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad,<br />
yvelaze mdgrad <strong>da</strong> varirebad binarul <strong>da</strong> polikonsonantur<br />
kompleqsebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT:<br />
Tavkidur poziciaSi mdgradi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> or mJRer okluzivs +<br />
vibranti (br, gr) <strong>da</strong> yru frikativs + vibranti (fr) kombinaciebi. Aaseve, yru<br />
frikativis <strong>da</strong> yru okluzivis ( sk) Tanamimdevroba, romelmac<br />
stabilurobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, sityvis TavSi <strong>da</strong>imata proTetikuli xmovani<br />
<strong>da</strong> amiT sityvaSi pozicia Seicvala. varirebas arc gn, sm <strong>da</strong> tr<br />
145
kombinaciebi <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara. sami jgufi<strong>da</strong>n orma xmovnis xarjze<br />
Seicvala pozicia: sm-m <strong>da</strong>imata proTetikuli e, xolo tr kompleqsma – a.<br />
P Tavkidur poziciaSi, mxolod varirebisaken midrekili jgufebi<br />
TiTqmis ar arsebobs, rac ganapiroba im faqtma, rom konsonanturi<br />
kompleqsebis umravlesoba Tavad etimonis (laTinuris) donezeve<br />
gamartiv<strong>da</strong>. swored aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinarea, rom is oriode gamonaklisi,<br />
romelic Segvxv<strong>da</strong> vokabulebis pireneis naxevarkunZulze <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
dros, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia aralaTinuri etimonis sityvebTan. Pn<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsi berZnul, xolo rh berZnul <strong>da</strong> arabul<br />
sityvebTan fiqsirdeba.<br />
binaruli Tavkiduri konsonanturi kompleqsebis kvlevis dros<br />
vnaxeT, rom maTi didi nawili eqvemdebareba rogorc varirebas, aseve<br />
rCeba stabiluri. swored maT Sorisaa bl, dr, fl, gl, kl, kr, pl, pr, ps, sp, st<br />
kombinaciebi. okluzivebiTa <strong>da</strong> narnara TanxmovnebiT Sedgenili<br />
kombinaciebi xalxuri laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi varireben,<br />
radgan rogorc viciT, pireneis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebulma<br />
laTinurma adgilobrivi preromanuli enebis gavlena ganica<strong>da</strong>, xolo Tu<br />
aRniSnuli konsonanturi kompleqsebis Semcveli vokabulebi espaneTSi<br />
gavrcelebul primitiul romanseSi mkvidrdebian mogvianebiT (mag:<br />
franguli eni<strong>da</strong>n) an ga<strong>da</strong>dian saliteraturi laTinuris gziT,<br />
stabilurobiT gamoirCevian.<br />
polikonsonantur TanxmovanTjgufebSi Tavkidur poziciaSi<br />
mxolod 5 samelementiani kompleqsebi gvxvdeba. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n oTxi stabiluri<br />
kompleqsia (mxolod pozic ias icvlian xmovnis <strong>da</strong>matebis xarjze) <strong>da</strong><br />
oTxive YmaTgans aqvs msgavsi mimdevroba: frikativi + yru okluzivi +<br />
narnara ( skl, skr, spl, str), xolo <strong>da</strong>rCenili erTi jgufi ( stl), evoluciis<br />
rTul gzas gadis <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fonetikuri cvlilebebis xarjze xdeba<br />
binaruli. aRniSnuli kompleqsi, proTetikuli xmovnis gamo, icvlis<br />
poziciasac.<br />
sityvis Sua konsonanturi kompleqsebi warmoadgenen yvelaze<br />
mravalferovan TanxmovanTjgufebs. Bd, bs, bt, dr, fr, kr, ld, lf, lg, lm, ls, lv, nh, nk,<br />
nv, pl, pn, rb, rl, rm, rn, rr, sk, sm, sp, st kombinaciebi mdgradia yvela sityvaSi maTi<br />
146
etimologiis ganurCevlad. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, konsonanturi kompleqsebis<br />
umravlesobaSi erT-erTi elementi aris narnara l an r.<br />
Mmxolod varirebisaken midrekilia bl, gd, nb, rh, sf kompleqsebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Semdegi geminatebi - bb, mm, nn, pp, ss.<br />
mravalferovania iseTi kombinaciebis CamonaTvalic, romlebic<br />
espanur enaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dian rogorc formaucvleli, aseve formaSecvlili<br />
saxiT. BBBr, fl, gl, gm, gn, gr, kl, kt, lb, lk, ln, lp, lt, mb, mn, mp, nd, nf, ng, ns, nt, pr, ps, pt,<br />
rd, rf, rg, rp, rs, rt, rv, tr kombinaciebi, mdgradobis paralelurad, ganicdian ara<br />
marto erTi, aramed ori an meti saxis varirebasac. CamoTvlilTagan<br />
ToTxmeti kompleqsi, stabilurobis paralelurad, ganicdis erTi saxis<br />
varirebas ( fl, gl, gm, gr, ln, mp, ns, pr, ps, rd, rf, rp, rs, rv), cameti – ori saxis<br />
varirebas (br, gn, kl, lb, lk, lp, lt, mb, mn, nd, nf, rg, tr), sami kompleqsi – sami saxis<br />
cvlilebas (kt, nt, rt), xolo ori – samze met transformacias (ng <strong>da</strong> pt).<br />
swored Sua poziciis matarebelia polikonsonanturi kompleqsebis<br />
umravlesoba. samelementianebSi, 16 kompleqsi aris stabiluri (ltr, mbl, mbr,<br />
mpr, ndr, nfr, ngr, nkr, nsp, ntr, rpr, rsp, sgr, skl, skr, str ), 4 – ramdenime sityvaSi<br />
icvleba <strong>da</strong> ramdenimeSi stabiluria (mpl, ngl, nkl, nst), xolo 6 – mxolod<br />
varirebs ( msp, ndf, nfl, nkt, rdl, rkt). isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d icvlebian meore<br />
elementis amovardnis xarjze. 2 TanxmovanTjgufi ( lbr, ldr) warmoqmnilia<br />
derivatis doneze. rac Seexeba <strong>da</strong>rCenil 2 kombinacias ( spl, stl), maT<br />
Tavkiduri poziciisagan gansxvavebiT, arcerT vokabulaSi ar vxvdebiT<br />
sityvis SuaSi. M<br />
mxolod Sua pozicia aqvT oTxelementian kombinaciebs. 12<br />
kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n 10 mdgradia ( bskr, bstr, dskr, dstr, ngst, nsfl, nsfr, nsgr, nskr, rscr),<br />
xolo ori ( mskr, nstr) – varirebs. xuTelementianebSi ki – erTi ( ngstr)<br />
cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba, xolo meore – martivdeba ( mskrt) <strong>da</strong> xdeba<br />
oTxelementiani.<br />
bolokiduri poziciis mqone, etimonis doneze arsebul binarul<br />
kompleqsebs SevxvdiT rogorc laTinuri, aseve aralaTinuri<br />
(preromanuli, arabuli, inglisuri <strong>da</strong> a.S.) warmoSobis sityvebSi. Lm, mn,<br />
ns, rd, rm, rr, sm <strong>da</strong> st kompleqsebma, zog sityvaSi, varireba ganicades, zogSi<br />
ki – ar <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarnen fonetikur cvlilebebs. Tumca, yvela SemTxvevaSi<br />
147
Seicvales pozicia, rac mox<strong>da</strong> xmovnis ( e an o) an marcvlis <strong>da</strong>matebis<br />
xarjze. amrigad, 8 bolokiduri kompleqsi<strong>da</strong>n 2 ( mn, ns) varirebs,<br />
xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni xuTi – icvlis pozicias.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros, araerTi iseTi konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
Segvxv<strong>da</strong>, romlebic miviReT <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> derivatis doneze. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom am movlenas iSviaTad aqvs adgili Tavkidur kompleqsebTan, rac imis<br />
niSania, rom <strong>espanuri</strong> ena uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n iyo midrekili Tavkiduri<br />
TanxmovanTkompleqsebis gamartivebisaken <strong>da</strong> ara axal-axali kompleqsebis<br />
warmoqmnisaken evoluciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze. gamonaklisis saxiT<br />
SevxvdiT Tavkiduri br <strong>da</strong> pr kompleqsebis derivatis doneze warmoqmnas,<br />
rac r-s metaTezas an epentezas ukavSirdeba.<br />
imaves ver vityviT Sua konsonantur kompleqsebze, radgan<br />
aRniSnuli movlena araerTxel Segvxv<strong>da</strong> sityvis SuaSi. TanxmovanTa<br />
kombinaciebis warmoqmna <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze, yvelaze xSirad,<br />
fiqsirdeba xmovnebis an k Tanxmovnis (n-sa <strong>da</strong> t-s Soris) amovardna (fl, gl,<br />
lp, rm, rn, nt), m konsonantis epenTezis (mp), ori fonetikurad axlos mdgomi<br />
fonemis arevis (nb/mb) <strong>da</strong> yru konsonantebis gamJRerebis ( gr, ld) xarjze;<br />
aseve, ormagi varirebis Sedegad, romelTaganac xSiria sinkopa (e,i) + yru<br />
konsonantis gamJRereba (lg, sg). Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi sixSiriT gvxvdeba<br />
ormagi varirebis SemTxvevebi, romlebic miRebulia sinkopa + ori<br />
frikativis arevis (lv) <strong>da</strong> sinkopa + metaTezis (rl) Sedegad. Mmasalis<br />
kvlevis dros, Segvxv<strong>da</strong> sammagi varirebis movlenac, romelic<br />
warmodgenilia fonetikuri cvlilebebis Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT:<br />
sinkopa + yru konsonantis gamJRereba + ori nazalis areva (nd).<br />
E etimoni <strong>enis</strong> doneze ararsebuli kompleqsebis espanurSi gaCena<br />
ukavSirdeba morfologiur faqtorsac. vgulisxmobT arabul artikls -<br />
al, romlis sityvasTan Serwymam ganapiroba, rom espanurSi miviReT l-ze<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli ramdenime binaruli kombinacia. Aaxali kompleqss gvaZlevs<br />
arsebiTi saxelisa <strong>da</strong> windebulis Serwymac, rac kargad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> nd<br />
kompleqsTan.<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> derivatTa doneze sul miviReT 35 binaruli<br />
kompleqsi: bl, br, dr, fl, gl, gr, ld, lf, lg, lm, lp, lt, lv, mb, mp, nd, ns, nt, nv, pr, rb, rf, rg, rl,<br />
148
m, rn, rp, rr, sf, sg, sm, sn, sp, st, tr. Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, rom igive<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi ar SeiZleba Segvxvdes etimonis doneze.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, etimonis doneze Segvxv<strong>da</strong> 12 samelementiani kompleqsi,<br />
romelTaganac ori mxolod <strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong> doneze <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> ( lbr, ldr),<br />
xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni aTi - rogorc etimonis, aseve derivatis doneze (ltr, mbr,<br />
mpr, ndr, ngr, nsp, nst, ntr, spl, str). aRniSnuli kompleqsebis warmoqmna umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi xdebo<strong>da</strong> r-s epenTeziT an metaTeziT.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas ara mxolod<br />
<strong>espanuri</strong> <strong>enis</strong>, aramed im <strong>enis</strong> donezec, romelic Suamaval enas<br />
warmoadgens etimonsa <strong>da</strong> derivats Soris. aseT enebis saxiT, yvelaze<br />
xSirad Segvxv<strong>da</strong> franguli <strong>da</strong> arabuli.<br />
masalis kvlevis dros, erTi <strong>da</strong> igive konsonanturi kompleqsi<br />
TiTqmis arsad ar Segvxvedria samive poziciaSi. Ggamonaklisis saxiT<br />
gvaqvs sm <strong>da</strong> st kompleqsebi, romlebic gvxvdeba rogorc Tavkidur <strong>da</strong><br />
bolokidur, aseve sityvis Sua poziciaSi. sityvis etimologiis<br />
ganurCevlad, isini, oriode gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong>, ar varireben.<br />
vrceli arc iseTi kompleqsebis CamonaTvalia, romlebic or<br />
(Tavkidur <strong>da</strong> Sua an Sua <strong>da</strong> bolokidur) poziciaSi gvxvdeba. ganxiluli<br />
binaruli <strong>da</strong> polikonsonanturi TanxmovanTjgufebis umravlesobas<br />
axasiaTebs sityvis Sua pozicia. maTi sityvaSi mdebareoba ki, garkveul<br />
wilad, moqmedebs kompleqsebis varireba-mdgradobaze, radgan identurma<br />
TanxmovanTjgufebma SeiZleba TavSi varireba ganicadon <strong>da</strong> SuaSi – ara<br />
an piriqiT. Kkompleqsis mdgradoba-varirebaze moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> isic, Tu<br />
ramdenad harmoniul kombinacias qmni<strong>da</strong> esa Tu is Tanxmovani mezobel<br />
konsonantTan <strong>da</strong> ramdenam martivad warmosaTqmeli iyo esa Tu is<br />
konkretuli sityva pireneis naxervarkunZulis mosaxleobisaTvis.<br />
konsonanturi kompleqsebis konstanturoba-<strong>variaciuloba</strong>s<br />
ganapirobebs kidev ori faqtori: a) Tu romeli eni<strong>da</strong>n Semodis ama Tu im<br />
konkretuli kompleqsis Semcveli sityva espanurSi <strong>da</strong> b) rogori<br />
lingvisturi mdgomareobaa (anu romeli enebia gavrcelebu li) im<br />
periodis espaneTSi, roca xdeba romelime sityvis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba.<br />
149
A amrigad, orelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis umravlesoba<br />
ganicdis varirebas sityvaSi poziciis ganurCevlad, samelementianebi<br />
(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sityvis SuaSi) ufro stabilurobisaken arian midrekilni,<br />
oTx <strong>da</strong> xuTelementianebi (romle bic aseve sityvis SuaSi gvxvdeba) ki –<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d konstanturebi arian. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom rac ufro met konsonants Seicavs jgufi an rac ufro<br />
iSviaTia, miT ufro stabiluria igi.<br />
150
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155
<strong>da</strong>narTi<br />
orelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis cxrili<br />
etimonis doneze<br />
varireba <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/bb/<br />
/b/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/bd/<br />
/bd/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri /bl/<br />
/bl/, /l/<br />
Sua<br />
/bl/<br />
/lb/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri /br/<br />
/br/<br />
Sua<br />
/br/<br />
/br/, /b/, /bor/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/bs/<br />
/bs/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/bt/<br />
/bt/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri /dr/<br />
/dr/, /tr/<br />
Sua<br />
/dr/<br />
/dr/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri /fl/<br />
/fl/, /ʎ/, /l/, /fr/<br />
Sua<br />
/fl/<br />
/fl/, /pl/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri /fr/ /fr/<br />
warmoqmna <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
e-s sinkopa + disimilacia<br />
/p/-s gamJR.+/r/-s met.,/r/-sep.<br />
/p/-s gamJR.+ e-s sink., met.<br />
/t/-s gamJR., /r/-s met.Aan<br />
e-s sink.+ /t/-s gamJR.<br />
i-s sinkopa<br />
156
Sua<br />
/fr/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/gd/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /gl/<br />
Sua<br />
/gl/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/gm/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /gn/<br />
Sua<br />
/gn/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /gr/<br />
Sua<br />
/gr/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /kl/ (cl)<br />
Sua<br />
/kl/ (cl)<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /kr/ (cr)<br />
Sua<br />
/kr/ (cr)<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /kt/ (ct)<br />
Sua<br />
/kt/ (ct)<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/lb/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/ld/<br />
/fr/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/nd/ → /ndr/<br />
-<br />
/gl/, /l/<br />
/gl/, /g/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/gm/, /m/<br />
-<br />
/gn/<br />
/gn/, /n/, /ɲ/<br />
-<br />
/gr/<br />
/gr/, /r/<br />
/kl/, /ʎ/<br />
/kl/, /gl/, /x/<br />
-<br />
/kr/, /gr/<br />
/kr/<br />
-<br />
/kt/<br />
/kt/, /ʧ/, /kk/, /t/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/lb/, /lip/, /b/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/ld/<br />
u-s sinkopa<br />
/k/-s gamJRereba, /gr/ ←/dr/<br />
/k/-s gamJRereba<br />
/t/-s gamJRereba an i-s<br />
157
olokiduri - - sinkopa + /t/-s gamJRereba<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/lf/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/lg/<br />
bolodikuri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/lk/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/lm/<br />
bolokiduri /lm/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/ln/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/lp/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/ls/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/lt/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/lv/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/mb/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
/lf/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/lg/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/lk/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/lm/<br />
/lm/+o<br />
-<br />
/ln/, /ɲ/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/lp/, /up/→/au/→/o/, /rp/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/ls/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/lt/, /lθ/, /ut/→/au/→/o/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/lb/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/mb/, /m/, /mbl/<br />
-<br />
158<br />
arab. al +/f/, /lf/←lph<br />
/k/-s gamJRereba + i-s<br />
sinkopa<br />
arab. al + /m/<br />
a-s sinkopa<br />
i-s sinkopa<br />
i-s sinkopa + ori<br />
frikativis areva<br />
ori nazalis<br />
(/m/ ←/n/) areva
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/mm/<br />
/m/, /nm/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/mn/<br />
/mn/, /ɲ/<br />
bolokiduri /mn/<br />
/mbr/+e<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/mp/<br />
/mp/, /mpr/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/nb/<br />
/mb/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/nd/<br />
/nd/, /ndr/, /ɲ/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/nf/<br />
/nf/, /n/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/ng/<br />
/ng/,/n/, /ɲ/,/ngr/, /nʧ/,/nθ/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/nh/<br />
/n/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/nk/<br />
/nk/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
-<br />
Sua<br />
/nn/<br />
/n/, /ɲ/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
Tavkiduri - -<br />
/m/-s epenTeza<br />
/t/-s gamJR. an /t/-s gamJR.+<br />
i-s sink.+nazalebis areva<br />
159
Sua<br />
/ns/<br />
bolokiduri /ns/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/nt/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/nv/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /pl/<br />
Sua<br />
/pl/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /pn/<br />
Sua<br />
/pn/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/pp/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /pr/<br />
Sua<br />
/pr/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /ps/<br />
Sua<br />
/ps/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/pt/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rb/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rd/<br />
/ns/, /s/<br />
/nt/+e<br />
-<br />
/nt/, /ntr/, /nθ/, /nd/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/nb/<br />
-<br />
/pl/, /ʎ/, /ʧ/, a+/pl/<br />
/pl/<br />
-<br />
/n/<br />
/pn/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/p/, /pr/<br />
-<br />
/pr/, /br/<br />
/pr/, /br/<br />
-<br />
/ps/, /s/<br />
/ps/, /x/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/pt/, /t/, --, /θ/, /pθ/, /ut/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/rb/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/rd/, /rʧ/<br />
160<br />
/ns/←/mps/<br />
/k/-s amovardna (←/nkt/)<br />
epenTeza<br />
/r/-s metaTeza<br />
/b/ <strong>da</strong> /v/-s areva (/b/←/v/)
olokiduri /rd/ /rd/+o<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rf/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rg/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /rh/<br />
Sua<br />
/rh/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rl/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rm/<br />
bolokiduri /rm/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rn/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rp/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rr/<br />
bolokiduri /rr/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rs/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rt/<br />
-<br />
/rf/, /rif/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/rg/ , /r/, /rθ/<br />
-<br />
/r/<br />
/rag/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/rl/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/rm/<br />
/rm/ +en an /rm/+az<br />
-<br />
/rn/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/rp/, /br/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/r/<br />
/r/+asca<br />
-<br />
/rs/, /s/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/rt/, /rθ/, /rʧ/, /rd/<br />
161<br />
/rf/←/rph/<br />
MmetaTeza an /k/-s<br />
gamJRereba +/r/-s metaTeza<br />
o-s sinkopa + metaTeza<br />
a-s sinkopa<br />
i an o-s sinkopa<br />
disimilacia<br />
asimilacia
olokiduri - -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rv/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/sf/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua -<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /sk/<br />
Sua<br />
/sk/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /sm/<br />
Sua<br />
/sm/<br />
bolokiduri /sm/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua -<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /sp/<br />
Sua<br />
/sp/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/ss/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
Tavkiduri /st/<br />
Sua<br />
/st/<br />
bolokiduri /st/<br />
Tavkiduri /tr/<br />
Sua<br />
/tr/<br />
bolokiduri -<br />
-<br />
/rb/, /br/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/saf/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
e+/sk/<br />
/sk/<br />
-<br />
e + /sm/<br />
/sm/<br />
/sm/+an<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
e+/sp/ an e+ /spl/<br />
/sp/<br />
-<br />
-<br />
/s/<br />
-<br />
e+/st/, e+/str/<br />
/st/<br />
/st/ + o<br />
/tr/, a + /tr/<br />
/tr/, /dr/, /r/<br />
-<br />
162<br />
/sf/ (← sph)<br />
/k/-s gamRJereba+ i-s an o-s<br />
sinkopa (/sg/)<br />
/s/-s epenTeza<br />
i-s sinkopa an /s/-s<br />
epenTeza (/sn/)<br />
/sp/ ← /spn/<br />
i-s sinkopa an<br />
disimilacia+epenTeza<br />
/tr/ ← /dr/
samelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis cxrili<br />
etimonis doneze<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua -<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua -<br />
varireba <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
warmoqmna <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
-<br />
- /lbr/ (r-s metaTeza)<br />
-<br />
- /ldr/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
/ltr/<br />
Sua<br />
/mbl/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
/mbr/<br />
Sua<br />
/mpl/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/mpr/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/msp/<br />
/ndf/<br />
/ndr/<br />
/nfl/<br />
/nfr/<br />
/ngl/<br />
-<br />
/ltr/<br />
-<br />
/mbl/<br />
-<br />
/mbr/<br />
-<br />
/mpl/, /nʧ/<br />
-<br />
/mpr/<br />
-<br />
/nsp/<br />
-<br />
/nf/<br />
-<br />
/ndr/<br />
-<br />
/nʧ/<br />
-<br />
/nfr/<br />
-<br />
/ngl/, /nʧ/, /ɲ/<br />
Tavkiduri - -<br />
/ltr/ (u-s sinkopa<br />
+arabuli artikli al)<br />
/mbr/ (b-s epenTeza an<br />
disimilacia)<br />
/mpr/ (a-s sinkopa)<br />
/ndr/ (r-s epenTeza)<br />
163
Sua /ngr/ /ngr/ /ngr/ (disimilacia)<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/nkl/<br />
/nkr/<br />
/nkt/<br />
/nsp/<br />
/nst/<br />
/ntr/<br />
/rdl/<br />
/rkt/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
/rpr/<br />
Tavkiduri -<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri<br />
Sua<br />
Tavkiduri<br />
Sua -<br />
Tavkiduri<br />
Sua -<br />
/rsp/<br />
/sgr/<br />
/skl/<br />
/skl/<br />
/skr/<br />
/skr/<br />
/spl/<br />
/stl/<br />
164<br />
-<br />
/nkl/, /nʧ/<br />
-<br />
/nkr/<br />
-<br />
/nt/, /nθ/<br />
-<br />
/nsp/<br />
-<br />
/nst/, /st/<br />
-<br />
/ntr/<br />
-<br />
/rl/<br />
-<br />
/rt/<br />
-<br />
/rpr/<br />
-<br />
/rsp/<br />
-<br />
/sgr/<br />
e+/skl/<br />
/skl/<br />
e+/skr/<br />
/skr/<br />
/nsp/ ← /msp/<br />
/nst/ ← /mst/<br />
(r-s metaTeza)<br />
e+/spl/<br />
- /spl/ (l-s metaTeza)<br />
e+/sk/<br />
-
Tavkiduri<br />
Sua<br />
/str/<br />
/str/<br />
e+/str/<br />
/str/<br />
r-s metaTeza an<br />
epenTeza<br />
oTxelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis cxrili<br />
etimonis doneze<br />
varireba <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
warmoqmna <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
Sua /bskr/ /bskr/<br />
Sua /bstr/ /bstr/ /s/-s epenTeza<br />
Sua /dskr/ /dskr/<br />
Sua /dstr/ /dstr/<br />
Sua /mskr/ /nskr/<br />
Sua /ngst/ /ngst/<br />
Sua /nsfl/ /nsfl/<br />
Sua /nsfr/ /nsfr/<br />
Sua /nsgr/ /nsgr/<br />
Sua /nskr/ /nskr/<br />
Sua /nstr/ /nstr/, /str/<br />
Sua /rskr/ /rskr/<br />
xuTelementiani konsonanturi kompleqsebis cxrili<br />
etimonis doneze<br />
varireba <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
warmoqmna <strong>espanuri</strong><br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
Sua /mskrt/ /nskr/<br />
Sua /ngstr/ /ngstr/<br />
<strong>enis</strong> doneze<br />
165
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